Address Selection 74F139 2-line to 4-line decoder =: eS ef = fpse4 ve ee | an =(2ec =oMemory Types *ROM (Read Only Memory + ROMis the type of memory that does not lose its contents when power is turned off. It is also called nonvolatile memory. “PROM (Programmable Memory) User programmable (one-time programmable) memory ¥ If the information burned into PROM is wrong. it needs to be discarded since internal fuses are blown permanently. »Special equipment needed: ROM bumer or ROM programmer *?EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) 2,000 times Allows making changes in the contents of PROM after itis burned One can program the memory chip and erase it thousands of times Erasing its contents can take up to-20 minutes: the entire: chip is erased >All EPROM chips have a window that is used to shine ultraviolet (UV) radiation to erase its contents Also referred to as UV-EPROM ” Memory Types EEPROM (Electrically Erasable ROM) 500,009 times Method of erasure is elecirical % Moreover, one can select which byte to be erased Cost per bit is much higher than far UV-EPROM Flash Memory EPROM » First, the process of erasure of the entire contents takes less than a second, or one might say in a fash, hence its name: flash memory When flash memory's contents are erased, the entire device is erased. » Even though flash memories are writeable, like EPROMs they find their widest use in microcomputer systems for storage of firmware RAM (Random Access Memory) infinite times > RAM memory is called volatile memory since cutting off the power to the IC will mean the loss of data, » Also referred to as R/WM (Read And Write Memory)80x86 Interrupts + An interrupt is an event that causes the processor to suspend its present task and transfer control to a new program called the interrupt service routine (ISR) + There are three sources of interrupts — Processor interrupts = Hardware interrupts generated by a special chip, for ex: 8259 Interrupt ‘Controller. = Software interrupts Software Interrupt is just similar to the way the hardware interrupt actually works!. The INT Instruction requests services from the OS, usually for (0. These services are located in the OS. + INT has a range 0-> FFh. Before INT is executed AH usuall contains a function number that identifies the subroutine. * Each interrupt must supply a type number which is used by the processor a8 @ pointer to an interrupt vector table (IVT) to determine the address of that interrupt's. service routine + Interrupt Vector Table: CPU processes an interrupt instruction using the interrupt vector table (This table resides in the lowest 1K memory) + Each entry in the IVT=32 bit segmentsoffset adress in OS, points to the: location of the corresponding ISR. + Before transferring control to the ISR, the processor performs one very important task — It saves the current program address and flags on the stack ~ Control then transfers to the ISR. — When the ISR finishes, it uses the instruction IRET to recover the flags and old. program address from the stack + Many of the vectors in the IVT are reserved for the processor itself and others have been reserved by MS-DOS for the BIOS and kernel. — 10-1A areused by the BIOS = 20 ~3F are used by the MS-DOS kernelDB DW DD -data MESSAGE2 DB '1234567' MESSAGE3 DW 6667H datal db 1,2,3 db 45h db tat db 11110000b data? dw 12,13 dw 2345h dd 300h ; how it looks like in memory, 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 67 66 123 45 61 Fo oc oa oD 00 45 23 More Examples DB 6 DUP(FFh); £111 6 bytes with ffh DW 354 DW 253Fh DW 253Fh,’HI’ DD SC2A87F2h DQ ’HI" ; allocates two bytes yallocates four bytes allocates eight bytes COUNTERL DB COUNT COUNTER2 DB COUNTWeek 4 8088/8086 Microprocessor Programming Assemble, Link and Run a Program + Steps in creating an executable Assembly Language Program Step Input Program Output 1. Exiting Usually Keyboard | Editor (Text word | Myfile.asm editors etc.) 2. Assemble Myfile.asm MASM Myfile. obj 3.Link Myfile.obj LINK Myfile. exe ctneroth esgeas sary plat at Cott 0880BCD + BCD code provides a way for decimal numbers to be encoded in binary ‘form that is easily converted back to decimal ~ 26 => 0010 0110 (BCD) => 11010 (unsigned binary) ~ 243 => 0010 0100 0011 (BCD) => 1111 0011 (unsigned binary) * Used in seven segment displays Sa 0123456189 IE Py Computer Programming + Machine Language vs Assembly Language — Machine language or object code is the only cade a computer can ‘execute but it is nearly impossible for a human to work with — E4 27 88 C3 Ed 27 00 D& E6 30 Fa the object code for adding two numbers input from the keyboard When programming a microprocessor, pragrammers often use assembly language — This invelves 3-5 letter abbreviations for the instruction codes: (mnemonics) rather than the binary or hex abject codes Tap oe po Tanna A af [o> a wor_[ ee fae 5 [warped wear Po [RBS [AL — [aan A ar wor_[ oe | foot amt [ouger at encm wer ar ae mee 43General Purpose Microprocessors Microprocessors lead to versatile products Data bus Serial RAM| |ROM vo | |Timer| | com Port Address bus These general microprocessors contain no RAM, ROM, or I/O ports on the chip itself Ex, Intel’s x86 family (8088, 8086, 80386, 80386, 80486, Pentium) Motorola’s 680x0 family (68000, 68010, 68020, etc) a Microcontrollers Microcontroller A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports on one single chip; this makes them ideal for applications in which cost and space are critical Example: a TV remote control does not need the computing power of a 486 23