Algebraic expressions After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Multiply and divide integer powers > pages 2-3 © Expand a single term over brackets and collect like terms > pages 3-4 © Expand the product of two or three expressions > pages 4-6 © Factorise linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions > pages 6-9 © Know and use the laws of indices “> pages 9-11 © Simplify and use the rules of surds “> pages 12-13 ©. Rationalise denominators > pages 13-16 1 Simplify: a Amen + Sin? — 2men + mn? — 3mn? b 3x25 42+ 3x2 7-12 © GCSE Mathematics Write as a single power of 2: a 2x2 b 262% < @y © GCSE Mathematics Expand: a 3(x+4) — b 5(2-3x) ¢ 6(2x-5)y) GCSE Mathematics fl Write down the highest common factor of a 2hand16 b 6xand 8x? Computer scientists use indices to describe © 4xy® and 3xy + GCSE Mathematics very large numbers. A quantum computer with 1000 qubits (quantum bits) can consider 210 values simultaneously. This is greater than a 10x ¢ 40x the number of particles in the observable 24 universe. + GCSE Mathematics simplifyChapter 1 (1.1) Index laws ® You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. + a" xat=anen ee c= + yt ann + yaa Ee ‘This is the index, power or ‘exponent. Simplify these expressions: a xxx b2rx3r ¢ d 6x = e axle? f Gxbext a x2xxS=x24 | b Qn? x 3r2= 2x3 x rex 1? Gxr2+3=6r5 = 2x x2 = 2x? © (a? x 2a? = a8 x 242 = 2xa® xa? = 2a°-——_ CEEEDD A mrinus sign oursice Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: Becker enmenteettee a -3x(7x-4) b ¥G-2)) every term inside the brackets. © 4x(3x—2x? + 5x3) d 2x(Sx + 3)-S(2x +3)Algebraic expressions ~3x(7x— 4) = ~21x2 + 12x b 3 - 299 y2 — Dye ° 4x(3x— 2x? + 5°) = 12x? ~ 8x? + 20x4 rons nese) | = 10x? + Gx-10x- 15 = 10x? - 4x—15 o Simplify these expressions: xT+x4 3x2 - 6x5 20x? + 15x3 p= — SS oe 2x 5x? ¢ 20x" +1539 _ 20x 5x? x72 + 3x? oes 1 Simplify these expressions: RB a xexxt b 2x3 x 3x? eb 4p? 3x3 as eae £ oF g 0x5 2x! h (pi = pt i Qa'P+ 2a! j Spt = 4p? k 2at x 3a Tee Tabi m 9x2 x 302) 3x! x 2x? x 4x 0 Ta! x Ba)? py) +299 4 2a = 3a? x 605 1 3a! x 205 xaChapter 1 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a %x-2) b x(x+9) © -3(4-3)) @ x +5) e -xBx+5) f -Sx4x +1) g x+5)r h -3y(5 - 2°) i -2x(5x-4) i Gx-5)x2 k 3r+2)+(x-7) 1 5x-6-@Gx-2) m 4(c-+ 3d?) - 3(2c+d?)_ om (72 +38 +9)- (20? + 3-4) © x(Bx? - 2x +5) Pp 7y%2- Sy +392) 4 -2y5 - Ty + 372) 1 Tex 2) + Hox + 4) - 6x - 2) s Sx-3(4-2x) +6 t 3x? - x3 - 4x) +7 w 4x(x + 3) - 2x(3x — 7) Vv 3x7(2x + 1) - Sx(3x - 4) 3 Simplify these fractions: 6x4 + 10x p eae! ¢ 2xtndx? 2x x ax gq S8+5x e B14 5x? fp 2x8=Sx3 2x 3x 3x @® Expanding brackets To find the product of two expressions you multiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression. Multiplying each of the 2 terms in the first expression by each of the ve 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x 3 = 6 terms. ~~ (4 5)(Gx-—2y + 3) = x(Gx-2y +3) + 5(4x-2y +3) Se A = 4x2 2xy + 3x + 20x- 10y + 15, 5x = Ax?—2xy +23x—10y +15 Simplify your answer by collecting like terms. Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a (x+5)(x+2) b (x-2y)a? +1) © @-yP d (x+y)Gx-2y-4) 2 xt + 2x + 5: x~ 2x2y ~ 2y-— I© (x—y?-—________ = (= yey) = x? — xy = ay ty? = x2 = 2xy +92 d (+ y)Bx - 27-4) = xBx = 29-4) + yx - 2y- 4) Bx? — 2xy — 4x + Bxy — 2y? — ay Bx? + xy — 4x - By? - 44 ex) Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a xQx-+3)(x-7) b x(Sx-3y)Qx-y +4) a x2x + 3)(x-7) x? + 3x)(x = 7) = 14x2 + 3x2 ~ 2x = Mx? = 21x =2 b x(x - 3y)(2x-y + 4) = (6x? - 3xy)l2x-y + 4) = Sx%(2x- y + 4) - 3xyl2x-y + 4) 10x? — 5x2y + 20x — 6x®y + 3xy? = 12xy 10x? ix2y + 20x? + 3xy? — 1239 © (x= Alix + 3) +1) = x2 = x= 12) +1) xe(x + 1) xb + 1) = 12lx +1) x2 = a2 = x= 12-12 #— 13x — 12 Lars 1 Expand and simplify if possible: a (x+4)(x47) b (x3) +2) d (x-y)(2x 43) © (x+3p)4x—y) g 2x-3)(x-4) h x4 29)? j (&+5)Qx+3y-5) k (x- Gx 4y—5) m (x+2y- e+ 3) n (2x4 2y +3)(x+6) p (4y + 5)3x-y +2) q (Sy = 2x + 3)(x-4) oni (c= 9)? means (x - ») multiplied by itself, ayy xy =-2xy Multiply x by (x -2y - 4) and then multiply y by Gx-2y-4). © (x= 4)(x + 3) + 1) Start by expanding one pair of brackets: x(@x +3) = 2x2 + 3x You could also have expanded the second pair of brackets first: (2x + 3)(x—7) Then multiply by x: 2x2- 1x21 Be careful with minus signs. You need to change every sign in the second pair of brackets when you multiply it out. Choose one pair of brackets to expand first, for example: (x= 4) (x43) =a + 3x— 4x12 =xt-x-12 You multiplied together three linear terms, so the final answer contains an x? term, («27 (2x = 4y)(3x +9) (2x + 8y)(2x + 3) (x= 4)Qx+y+ 5) 4-y)4y-x43) (4y-x= 25-9)Chapter 1 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a S(x+ I)(x-4) b 7x -2)(2x +5) © 3(x-3)(v-3) x(x yy) © x(2x + y)Gx+4) £ ye- Sort 1) g Gx —2y)(4x +2) h y(7-x)2x-5) i xQx+y)(5x-2) J x0v+2)0+3y-4) k yQxty-D@+5) 1 yGx+2y-3)2x 41) m x(Qx-+3)(x+y-5) n 2x(3x-1x—y-3) 0 3x(x- 2y)Qv+3y +5) P (x+3)(x+ 2x41) q (e+ 2-443) oF (w+ 3)(x- I 5) s (x= 5)(x-4)(x- 3) t Qx4+DQx-2ee4+1) uw 2x 43)Gx-1(r+2) V x= 2)2x+ DGx-2) — w(x+y)(e-WOr-D * Qx-3yy © 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut out. @ SSE ‘The rectangle has length 3x — y + 4 and width x +7. ‘The square has length x — 2. Use the same strategy as you would use andere dst ete ihedlexnress(onl Cae ee eer Doses for the shaded area. Gem x+7 Toem 3x4 A cuboid has dimensions x + 2cm, 2x — lcm and 2x + 3cm. Show that the volume of the cuboid is 4x3 + 12x? + 5x -6cm', Given that (2x + Sy)(3x- y)(2x +») = ax? + by?y + exy? + dy, where a, b, cand dare constants, find the values of a, b, ¢ and d. (2 marks) Ray cy (Eemeattinticeteget Expand and simplify (x + y)4 expressions like (x + y)* quickly. 4 Section 8.3, @® Factorising You can write expressions as a product of their factors. E> ™ Factorising is the opposite of expanding ax(ex +) «8x24 xy brackets. (e+ 5) 2x3 + 15x2 + 75x 4 125 (x + 2y)(x - Sy) = x? - 3xy- 10y? << Treeisg 7]Factorise these expressions completely: a 3x49 b e-Sx © 8x2 +20 d 9x2y + 15xy2 ee 3x? - Oxy zee _ Eee a 3x+9=3(r+3) 5x = x(x - 5) © 8x? + 20x= 4x(2x + 5) | d Ox2y + 15xy? = 3xy(3x + Sy) © 3x? - Oxy = 3x(x - 3y) | = A quadratic expression has the form CREED reat rurnbers ae ll the postive and ax? + bx + cwhere a, b and care real negative numbers, or zero, including fractions numbers and a+ 0. and surds. To factorise a quadratic expression: 24 5x-3,ac=-6 =-1 + Find two factors of ac that add up to b Fo the expression 2x + 5x—3,ae=—6=—1x6 and-1+6=5=b, + Rewrite the b term as a sum of these two 2xt@—x + 6x-3 factors + Factorise each pair of terms =x(2x~1) +3(2x-1) + Take out the common factor = (x+3)(2x=1) wxt-yP=(x+y)(x-y) { Notation } An expression in the form x? — y?is called the difference of two squares. Factorise: a x°-5x-6 b x2 +6x48 © 6x?=11x-10 dd x?-25 ee 4x? 99? a x?-5x-6 ac= ~G and So x? - 5x-6 = x2 +.x- Gx = x(x +1) = lx +1) = (x + M(x - 6)Chapter 1 b x846x48 24 2x44x4+6 = x(x + 2) + 4(x + 2) (x + 2)00 4 4) : © 6x?— 1x10 Gx? = 15x + 4x = 10 3xl2x — 5) + 2(2x — (2x = 5)(3x + 2) | 4-25 - 5% (x + 5)(x- 5) 2 | = (2x + 3y)(2x - 3y) Factorise completely: a2? b x8- 25x ¢ x8 43x? 10x a xo 2x2 = x2(x ~ 2) | = xx? - 5%) = x(x + 5)lx - 5) © x5 + 3x? — 10x = a(x? + 3x — 10) GE) 1 Factorise these expressions completely: = xbx + 5)(x = 2) ———_ a dx +8 b 6x-24 © 200x415 d 244 e 4x°+20 f 6x? 18x g e-Tx h 2x? 44x i 3x2-x i 6?-2¥ Kk 10y*-5y 1 35x27 - 28x m x2 42x n 3y°+2p 0 4x24 12x p 5)°—20y q 9xy2 + 1227p Gab ~ 2ab? s 5x2=25xy t 12ey + 8x? uw 15y— 20y2? y 12x? 30 woxe-xy x 12y?-4yx2 Factorise: ae e4y d e+ 8r412 g V+ 5r+6 j P+x-20 m 5x? = 16x +3 0 2x°4+7x=15 qe-4 s 4x? 25 ¥ 2x? — 50 3 Factorise completely: a 42x d 39x gv - 7x2 + 6x j 2x3 + 13x74 15x ©® 4 Factorise completely xt - yA ec. eer roe 2x? + 6x we + 3x40 w= 20-24 2x? + Sx 42 6x? = 8x -8 2x4 + 14x? + 24 7-49 9x2 = 25)? 6x2 = 10x +4 Bate xia? 12x x 64x x3 4x (2 marks) © 5 Factorise completely 6x3 + 7x2 = Sx. © t+ lly +24 f e-8y412 2-310 1 3x24 10-8 GED For part n, take 2 out asa common factor first. For part p, let y = x2, u 36x2=4 x 15x2442x-9 © 8-5 £ + lly? + 30x i 2x3- Sy? 3 1 3x3 +27x2 + 60x fiona Watch out for terms that can be written as a function of a function: x4 = (x2)? (2 marks) Write 4x4 — 13x? + 9 as the product of four linear factors. (1.4) Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. xixxtexitexlex, similarly x3 xxx terms ™ You can use the laws of CEEED ieationat numbers are those that can be written as F where aand bare integers. any rational power. CHEE oo aisine Positive square root of a. For example 92 = V9 =3 but 92+ -3,Example @) Simplify: d 2xt5¢4x-025e 125x% e = (125x8)5 = (125) (x6)5 = Y125 (xo 3) 2x2—x _ 2x2 _ x Evaluate: a OF b 64! © 49! d 252 EID epiausoree ER negative and fractional powers. 10Algebraic expressions Given that y = 75x? express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants. Gee CCheck that your answers are in the correct form. If k and mare constants they could be positive or negative, and they could be integers, fractions or surds, 1 Simplify: © xixxt £ 3x x das i oBxtx 25 k (x) x Wx)! 1 b 82 © 27 e ot f (-5)3 h 1296 i ( kG) 1 G4 3 Simplify: 1 2 © (125x127 a atte 9x2 = 15x8 p Seta? 3x3 15x © 4 a Find the value of 814. (1 mark) b Simplify x(2x-). (2 marks) © 5 Given that y= 43 express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants. aye (2 marks) bh (2 marks) 1Chapter 1 @® Surds If mis an integer that is not a square number, then any multiple of Vn is called a surd. Examples of surds are v2, 19 and 5v2. e CEE irrationat numbers cannot be written Surds are examples of irrational numbers. in the form 8 ‘where a and b are integers. The decimal expansion of a surd is never-ending guid are examples of irrational numbers. and never repeats, for example V2 = 1.414213562... You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. ™ You can manipulate surds using these rules: » ee \o vb Simnliiyg av pie © 56-274 + 3H a 12 =\(4 x 3) =V4 x V3 =2V3 20! vax bo? 2x5 " a © SVG - 224 +294 SVE - 2VEV4 + V6 x 49 VES - 2x 247) Ge) =e 12Algebraic expressions Expand and simplify if possible: a ¥2(5 - V3) b (2-V3)(5 +13) = 5v2 -V2V + V3) - V35 + V3) ons 1 Do not use your calculator for this exercise. Simplify: ae b 7 rc) ava e v9 12 a i 00418 VB 1 (80 - 2/20 + 3/45 o V12 + 3/48 +75 j 15 + 42/8 m 3/80 - 2/20 + 5V45 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a /3(2+/3) b /5(3-\3) © ¥2(4-V5) d (2-/2)3 495) e (2-V3)3-V7) £ (44V5)(2+\5) g (5-V3)1-¥3) h (44/3)(2-V3) i (7-VIDQ+V11) © 3 Simplify 75 - V12 giving your answer in the form aV3, where a is an integer. (2 marks) @ Rationalising denominators Ifa fraction has a surd in the denominator, it is sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the denominator is a rational number. This is called rationalising the denominator. = The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form -+., multiply the numerator and denominator by (a. va + For fractions in the form ay a 7 ultiply the numerator and denominator by a - /b. 1 i. + For fractions in the form multiply the numerator and denominator by a+b. 13Example @) Rationalise the denominator of: at r>— c VS +v2 i 3 342 v5 -v2 a-v3P 1, 1x8 5 "BGs Multiply the numerator and denominator by V3. 3 V3 xv3=W/3%=3 3 > 1x (3 - V2) 3+/2 (3 +Vv2)8 - V2) . 3-2 9-3/2 +3/2-2 Multiply numerator and denominator by (3 - v2). vaxve 3-2 7 9-2=7,-W2 +352 =0 _ WB + 25 + V2) = 5 EEN +B) Multiply numerator and denominator by V5 + v2. ° _S+V5v2 +25 +2 —/2\'5 and /5v2 cancel each other out. “4-28 _ 1x4 + 2V3) Multiply the numerator and denominator by a 2yB)4 + 213) 44283. Le 4423 . 4+ 05 _iey 16+ 6/3 - 8/3 -12 ——__| 98853 4423 243 4" 2 14Algebraic expressions 1 Simplify: vis 8 ise 2. Rationalise the denominators and simplit a pot ei a— e 143 245 3-7 3-5 iB ¢ 32 5 5v2 _ lil Py 7 ss 1 i i ~ 4-\5 245 v8-V7 34/11 V34V7 pte vit fat+v29 V2 =v +11 "a9 v3-V2 3. Rationalise the denominators and simplify: o— o—. — G=V2y? (24V5P -v2P 1 2 (542)? . (5+V2)(3- V2) ‘ (5-V3)(2+3) @& 4 Sep = Beye eadeterert ie ees form p+ qV a pand q are rational You can check that your answer i in the correct numbers (dmarks) __f9"™ by writing down the values ofp and q and checking that they are rational numbers. WS Rouse 1 Simplify: ayixyS — b 3x?x 2x5 © (4x2) + 2x5 4B? x 3b x bt 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a (x+3)(¢-5) b Qx-7Gx41) © 2x +5\3x-y+2) 3. Expand and simplify if possible: a x(x +4)(x- 1) b (x4 2)(x-3e+T) —-€ 2x+3)v- 2-1) 4 Expand the brackets a X5y +4) b Sx(G—Sx42x%) € Sx(Qx+3)—2x(1—3x) dd 3x°(1 + 3x) - 23x -2) 15Chapter 1 5 10 ul 12 13, 14 16 Factorise these expressions completely: a 3x? dy b 4y? + 10y cP +axy4xy 8xy? + 10x¢y Factorise: a xt+3x42 b 3x? + 6x © x2 -2x-35 d 2x?-x-3 e Sxt-13y-6 © f 6-Sx- Factorise: a 2x3 + 6x b x3 - 36x © 2x3 + 7x2 = 15x Simplify: a 9x? + 3x3 bay © 3x? x 2x4 d 3x3 + 6x Evaluate: yi + (3) Simplify: ace v63 a Find the value of 35x? + 2x ~ 48 when x = 25. b By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be written as the product of two prime factors. b 20 + 2V45 - 80 Expand and simplify if possible: a 2(3+V5) b (2-V5)(5+V3) © (6-V2)(4-V7) Rationalise the denominator and simplify: al p— «3 q 287 e—! 1— w W2-1 Baa VB+V7 Q+3P GWE a Given that x3 — x? ~ 17x ~ 15 = (x + 3)(a? + bx + ¢), where b and c are constants, work out the values of b and c. b Hence, fully factorise x3 - x? - 17x - 15, Given that y = 2? express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants. ay! (1 mark) bay (1 mark) Show that oa can be written in the form Va + V, where a and bare integers. (5 marks) Expand and simplify (11 - 5)(5 = V1). (2 marks) Factorise completely x - 64x°. (marks) Express 27°* in the form 3», stating y in terms of x. (2 marks)Algebraic expressions EP) 20 Solve the equation 8 + i= Give your answer in the form yb where a and b are integers. (4 marks) ©® 21 A rectangle has a length of (1 + V3)em and area of T2.cm* Calculate the width of the rectangle in em. Express your answer in the form a + bV3, where a and b are integers to be found. © 2 show tnat 2 ; eta (2 marks) 23 Given that 243/3 = 3" find the value of a G marks) 24 Given that = * can be written in the form 4x"+, write down the value of a peters (2 marks) Caer a Simplify (Va +Vb)(Va - vb). b Hence show that 1 vT4v2 Summary of key points 1. You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. @axat=anen ea © "y= a © (asa an Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. A quadratic expression has the form ax? + bx + e where a, b and c are real numbers and a # 0. x= y= (x+y)(x-y) You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. ee am=Va" eam ew wnun ea" 6 You can manipulate surds using these rules: _ © Vab=Va x Vb se ala 7 The rules to rationalise denominators are: © Fractions in the form —, multiply the numerator and denominator by va. va © Fractions in the form —!_,, multiply the numerator and denominator by a - VB. a+vb 1 a-Vb @ Fractions in the form , multiply the numerator and denominator by a + Vb. 7