2.

42
Propulsion

In propeller powered aircrafts, the reverse thrust is obtained by Chan

ging
pitch of the propeller blades using hydro-mechanical actuator system. the

Fig. 2.35.Buckettarget type thrust reverser system

SOLVED PROBLEMS
Problem 2.1
A two-dimensional supersonic inlet is to be designed to operate at mach 2.4

Deceleration of theflow is achieved by occurrence of series of two obliqueshocks

followed by normal shock. Determine the loss of stagnation pressure. Assume the,

wedge turning angle is 6 0each.

os NS
os

Fig. 2.36.
Given:
Ml = 2.4
wedge angle (half) 0 = 6 0
 and Exhauşl Nozzles
Engineİntakes 2.43

:
Solution
Fromoblique shock table
For Ml -2.4 9 60
wave angle 29.380
Mln Mı sin
2.4 sin 29.380
1.177* 1.18
FromNormal Shock table
For M *1.18

-22 0.994

I + 7-1 Mİ sin2p
1

sin(13 —0)
yN11
2 sin2 p
-(721)
1.4-1
2.42 sin2 29.38
2
sin(29.38 - 6)
1.4 x 2.42 x sin2 29.38

2.1585
Fromoblique shock table
for M - 2.1585-2.16 O 60
p - 32.600
— Nıf2sin p

2.1585 sin 32.600

1.1629- 1.16

p— 0.996
 2.44 Propulsion -
I

7-1 M; sin2ß
1

sin(ß —0)
y M22 sin2 ß —

1.4—1
2.15852 sin2 32.60
1
2
sin (32.60 —6)
1.4 x 2.15852 x sin2 32.60 - 2

= 1.9344 1.94

From Normal shock table,

for M3 = 1.9344- 1.94
P 04
- 0.749
Stagnation pressure loss in given by
P 04 p04 p03 p
o,
•poi

- 0.749x 0.966x 0.994

P 04
- 0.741
Answer: Loss of stagnation pressure = 0.741

os

Problem 2.2
A supersonic inletis to be designed Ml = 1.75
to handle air (7=1.4 R = 287 J/kg-K) at
Mach 1.75with static pressure and
temperature of 50 KPa and 250 K.
Determine the diffuser inlet area Ailf o
the diffuser is to handle 10 kg/s of air.

Fig. 2.37.
 Intakes and Exhaust Nozzles
Engine
Jet 2.45

Given:

Y = 1.4
R = 287J/kg-K
= 1.75
= 250K

= 10 kg/s
0(Half wedge angle) ¯ ¯140 70
2
:
Solution
Fromoblique shock table
For M I = 1.75 1.74

= 70 60

Wave angleß = 41.020

Min Ml sin ß

= 1.75 sin 41.020

Min - 1.1485-1.16
FromNormal Shock table
For
1.16

= 1.403, - 1.103

2 = —xPl
1.403 x 50
- 70.15 KPa
2.46 Propulsion•
İ

1.1.03 x 250
275.75 K

+ M] sin2 p
sin(P — 9)
2 sin 2 p
YM1

1.4-1
1.75 2 sin2 41.02
2
sin(41.02
-7) 1.4x 1.752x sin241.02- (2
1.4-1

1.5657

The mass flow rate is given by

(at inlet)

RT A2.M2.a2

YRT2

70.15 x 103
10 • • 1.5657 • 1.4 x 287 x 275.75
287 x 275.75

Diffuser inlet area

A2 O.0216m2
Answer:
Diffuser İnlet Arca Ai 0.0216m2
Problem2.3
Compare the loşs in total pressure incıırred by an one-shock spikedijJuset
with that incurred by a two-shock diffuser operating at Mach 2.0. Asşl/ltıethJf
each obliqueshock turns tlıeflow tlırough an angle of 100. Take y—1.4•
EngineIntakes and Exhaust Nozzles
2.47

OS NS O os

Fig. 2.38. (a)One shock spike diffuser Fig. 2.38.(b) Twoshock diffuser
Given:
Ml = 2.0
= 1.4
100
:
Solution
Case(i)
From oblique shock table,
ForMr=2.O, 1.4, 100

Wave angle - 39.300 0

Min = Ml sinß= 2.0 sin 39.30

1.2667

FromNormal shock table,

1.26
For
P 02
- 0.985
pol
1 sin2
1 -1
sin(ß — O) 2
 2.48 Propulsion
I
1.4—1
• 2 2 • sin 2 39.3ff
2
sin (39.30-10)
1.4 x 22 x sin2 39.30

M2 1.6416
From Normal Shock table,
For M2 1.64
P 03
0.880

Loşs in total pressure for one-shock spike diffuser is

p P02
03 - -Q
Po2 Pol
-0.880xo.985
P 03
0.8668
Pol l-shock

Case (ü)
M2 1.6416
From oblique shock table,
for M2 1.64 100

— 49.40 0

M2n M2 sinp 1.6416 sin 49.460

M2n - 1.2464

From Normal Shock table,

For M2n 1.24

0.988

I+ M22sin2 p
sin(P —0)
YM2 sin 2 [3
2
 Intakes and Exhaust Nozzles 2.49
JetEngine
0
1 x 1.64162x sin2 49.40
2
sin(49.40 - 10)
1.4 x 1.64162x sin2 49.40

M3 = 1.2834

FromNormal Shock table,

For M3 1.28

03
- 0.983
Loss in total pressure for two-shock diffuser is
P 04
POI p = 0.983 x 0.988 x 0.985
03 02 01
P 04
0.9566
Poi 2-shock
03 P 04
Answer: = 0.8668 • = 0.9566
Poi I-shock POI 2-shock

Problem2.4
For the mixed compression two-dimensional supersonic inlet shown in figure,
thefree stream Mach number is 3.0. Three-shock system (two oblique and one
normalshocks) reduce the speedfrom supersonic to subsonic speeds. Calculate
thefollowing
(i) The overall total pressure ratio (ii) The overall static pressure ratio
100

50
Fig. 2.39.
2.50
Propulsion
-I
Solution
:
Ml = 3.0, 0 = 100, y = 1.4 (assume)
From oblique shock table
27.350
Normal Mach number M In Ml sinß= 2 sin 27.350 = 1.378 1.38
From Normal Shock table
For 1.38

— = 2.055 = 0.963
01

7-1 M} sin2 ß
1 2
sin(ß —9)
y M} sin 2 ß—

1.4—1
x 32 x sin2 27.35
1 2
sin (27.35 - 10)
1.4 x 32 x sin2 27.35
14 1)
- 2.51
From Oblique shock table
For M2 250 o = 100 +5 0 = 150
100 ß = 31.850 AtO=150
0 200 ß 42.900 = 37.370
M2 sin ß

= 2.51 sin 37.37 0

M2n - 1.52

From Normal shock table

For = 1.52

= 2.529 P 0.923
2 02
ine Intakes and Exhaust Nozzles
2.51

sin(ß —0)

1.4 I
x 2.512 x sin2 37.370
-
sin(37.37 2
1.4 x 2.512 x sin2 37.370 -
M3 = 1.82
FromNormal shock table
For 1.82
- 0.612
P

P
04

03
- 0.804 — = 3.698

The overall total pressure ratio is

P P p P 02
04 04 03
POI x— x— =0.804 x 0.923x 0.963= 0.714
03 02 01
P
0-4
POI = 0.714

Theoverall static pressure ratio is

= 3.698x 2.529x 2.055

= 19.21

= 19.21

Answer:
pressure ratio = 0.714
(1) The overall total
pressure ratio = 19.21
The overall static
2.52 Propulsion
-1

Problem 2.5
A De-Laval nozzle has to be designed for an exit mach number of 1.5 with
Qtl
exit diameter of 200 mm. Find the required throat area to exit area ratio. Th
reservoir conditions are given as PO= 1 atm, To= 20 C. Find also themaximum
mass flow rate through the nozzle. What will be the exit pressureand
temperature.
Given:
= 1.5
de = 200 mm = 0.2m
— 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
T = 200C+273=293K
To Find:

max' e' e
Solution
:
1 5+NC 3

A* 6
1 5 + 1.52 3
1.5 6

= 1.176

Maximum Mass flow rate

0.6847
mmax

0.6847
mmax x 1.01325 x 105 x
287 x 293
mmax = 239.2446 A*

Nozzle Exit Area Ae —ax d 2 =- x 0.22

4
Ae - 0.0314m2
 and Exhaust Nozzles 2.53
EngineIntakes

- 1.176
0.0314
1.176 1.176
Nozzle Throat Area A* 0.0267 m2
m max 239.2446 x 0.0267
m 6.3878kg/s

Exitpressure
M2 -7/2
5
-7/2
1.01325
-7/2
= 1.01325 1+ 152)
5
= 0.276 bar

ExitTemperature
M2 -1
5

293 1552)

293x I + —
= 202.07K
Answers:

•
Arearatio = 1.176

Maximummass flow rate max= 6.3878kg/s

ExitPressure Pe = 0.276 bar
ExitTemperature Te = 202.07 K
2.54 Propulsion
I
Problem2.6
A converging —diverging nozzle is designed to operate with an exit mach
number of 1.75. The nozzleis suppliedfrom an air reservoirat 68 x
Assuming one-dimensional flow, Calculate thefollowing:
(a) Maximum backpressure to choke the nozzle.
(b) Range of back pressure over which a normal shock will appear in the
nozzle.
(c) Backpressure for the nozzle to be perfectly expanded to the design
Mach number M.
(d) Range of backpressurefor supersonicflow at the nozzle exitplane.
Solution:
(a) Maximum back pressure to choke the nozzle

From Isentropic flow of perfect gases (y = 1.4) table,

AtM=1.75
- 1.387
Nozzle is choked when M = 1 at throat, followed by subsonic flow in the
diverging portion of the nozzle.
ratio
So, at subsonic speeds, find the Mach number for the same area
- 1.387.
From Isentropic flow of perfect gases (y = 1.4) table,
M = 0.48

PO 0.854

P = 0.854 0.854 x 68 x 105N/m2

Back pressure Pe = = 58.072 x 105N/m2

N/m2
Therefore, the nozzle is choked for all back pressures below 58.072 x 105
 2.55
Jnt akes
and Exhaust Nozzles
Engine
nozzle
of backpressure over which a normalshockwill appear in the
Isentropic flow of perfect gases (y = 1.4) table,
From
Ml = 1.75
For

0.187

0.187x PO=0.187 x 68 x 105

- 105 N/m2

upstream of shock
I - refers to
downstream of shock
2 - refers to
FromNormal shock table,
AtMl 1.75 1.76

= 3.447

- 105
- 43.83x 105N/m2
Normalshock will appear when the back pressure is in range of
43.83x 105 N/m2 to 58.072 x 105N/m2

for the nozzle to be perfectlyexpandedto the design Mach

(t)Backpressure
numberM.
Theperfectly expanded nozzle implies the flow mthout Normal shock.
Thereforethe back pressure will be
12.716 x IOS

Rangeof back pressure for supersonicflow at the nozzle exit plane.

Nozzlewill deliver supersonic now for all back pressured below.
4383 IOS
N/m2.