Electric Motor 

/ Energy and Power

Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 4)

By Asif Eqbal   August, 7th 2012 Save to PDF ♛

Service factor for motors

When a motor is expected to operate in unfavorable conditions such as:

1. Intermittent overloading
2. Higher ambient temperatures
3. A restricted temperature rise as for a spinning mill,
4. A refinery or a hazardous area
5. Frequent starts, stops and reverses or any such conditions during
operation
1903 1/2hp Wagner repulsion start induction motor – The beast! Its a Heavy old
monster of a 1/2hp motor. but true to repulsion induction motor form it doesnt
even dim the lights in the room when it starts up! it has a loud magnetic hum
when it runs. and the centrifugal switch is pretty loud as it snaps in and out.
(photo by jdl44 from Flickr)
Continued from 3rd part of article – Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 3)
And when it is not possible to accurately define their likely occurrences or
magnitudes, it becomes desirable for the motor to have some in-built reserve
capacity. To account for this, a factor, known as the ‘service factor’, is
considered when selecting the size of the motor. Service factor’ in the range
of 10-15% is considered adequate by practicing engineers. With this service
factor, no more derating would normally be necessary.
Service factor is a multiplier that is applied to the motor’s normal horsepower
rating to indicate an increase in power output (or overload capacity) that the
motor is capable of providing under certain conditions some of which are
mentioned above.

Any service factor greater than one 1.0 must be indicated on motor nameplate; in
some case the running current at service factor loading is also indicated on the
nameplate as service factor amperes or SFA.
In the above description, it’s the “certain conditions” where problems may occur.
The service factor is not intended as a general increase in the motor
horsepower rating. In most cases, a 10 kW motor with 1.15 service factor
should not be treated as an 11.5 kW motor and it is not considered acceptable
for application to a pump or fan with this service factor to operate continuously
at 11 kW.
National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA) standard for motors,
NEMA MG-1, establishes the operating conditions required for proper
performance and normal life expectancy of ac motors. Motors are designed to
deliver their rated kW under voltage variation of 10% of rated and frequency
variation of 5% of rated. The combined variation of voltage and frequency is
limited to 10%.When operated under these limits, with shaft load at or less than
rated, the motor current and winding temperature will remain within rated
values, and normal motor life is expected. NEMA MG-1 also defines the limits
for operation of an ac motor within the service factor range. First of these is that
rated voltage and frequency must be maintained.
Many facilities may experience occasional periods of low voltage during peak
load periods. Under this condition a motor operating within its service factor
rating may experience an unacceptable increase in current and temperature.
The motor is permitted under the standard to operate at a 10 degrees C higher
winding temperature rise under service factor load than under its normal rated
load. As a rule of thumb life expectancy is halved for each 10 degree increase
in operating temperature.

Thus continuous operation at service factor load can be expected to a higher

rate motor failure due to insulation breakdown. The increased load may also
reduce bearing life.

Hence it is concluded that:

1. Relying on the service factor of motor under continuous duty
operations would be unwise in most cases.
2. The appropriate use of this rating is to handle short term or occasional
overloads.
3. It is suitable only where supply voltage is highly stable as in case of
industrial premises having self generation units.
 4. Motor life expectancy is not a concern.
Electrical protections  required for 3 Phase induction motor
The conditions for the protection required in a motor can be divided into two
broad categories:

1. Imposed external conditions

2. Internal Faults.
The former category includes unbalanced supply voltages, Under Voltage, over
voltage, under frequency, over frequency, single phasing and reverse phase
conditions. The latter category includes the bearing failures, Internal Shunt
faults, which are commonly earth faults and Over loads.

The Protection applied to a particular machine depends on its size and the
nature of load to which it is connected.

Thermal Image Protection with Pre-Alarm

The majority of the winding failures are either directly or Indirectly caused by
over loading.(either prolonged or cyclic),operation on unbalanced supply or
single phasing which all leads to the deterioration of the insulation until the
electrical fault occurs in the winding.

All motors will have a thermal with stand curves which indicates the thermal
withstand time at various over load currents. The Heating of the machine is
because of the thermal current which can be derived from the positive and
negative sequence components of the Motor current as follows.
Ith = √ (Id2 + 3Is2 )
Where:
Ith = Thermal Current which causes the heating
Id = Positive Sequence Component of the Input Current
Is = Negative sequence Component of the Input Current.
It can be seen that the negative sequence plays proportionately more than
positive sequence current in the heating of the machine. The relay should
computes the positive and negative sequence components and calculate the
thermal current. The ideal relay should calculate sequence component on the
basis of vector calculation.

The thermal withstand time should be provided by manufacturer or alternatively

calculated as per logarithmic formula.
In most of the motor protection relay, Motor Full load current can be set from
10% to 150% of the rated current and the time Constant is selectable from 1 to
60 minutes depending on the motor Characteristics. Pre heating alarm can be
set from 50% to 110% of the thermal condition of the machine. This will help to
avoid the tripping of the motor in a continuously processing industry.
There is a Restart inhibition Temperature level which ensures the next starting
of the machine after the Motor cooled down to the safe temperature level.

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Locked Rotor Protection
The ideal relay should provide protection against both starting and running
locked rotor condition. In most of the relays the setting is selectable from 100%
to 500% of the motor full load current. The trip time delay is selectable from 1
to 120 seconds. Additionally the relay can accept a speed switch contact from
the field to detect the starting locked rotor condition.

Current Unbalance Protection

The relay is provided with a Negative sequence current element will provide
protection of the motor from Current Unbalance due to voltage Unbalance,
Single phasing and Phase reversals. The negative sequence level is settable
from 10% to 80% of motor full load current. The trip time characteristics are
inverse time characteristics.

Repeat Start Protection

Motors need to be protected from excessive number of starts.
This is because each time when a motor is getting started, the motor will see 3
to 6 times motor rated current for the duration of starting time, thus increasing
the thermal status of motor considerably. These higher currents will cause the
thermal stress in the winding, which leads to the winding failure. Ideal motor
protection relay should have repeat start protection element. With the help of
this protection element, the number of starts should be settable from 1 to 60
starts within 1 to 60 minutes.
If the number starts exceeded the set value, the relay inhibits the next start for a
set time. This time is called restart inhibition time, which is selectable from 1 to
60 minutes.

Over Current Protection

This protection element will provide short circuit protection in the motor
feeder. The trip time delay can be set as either instantaneous or time delayed.
Ideal motor protection element is provided with the above element in which the
pickup range is selectable from 1 to 5 times Ist. The delay is selectable
from 0.05 to 1 second. It is to be noted that if the motor is provided with
vacuum contactor in which the contactor cannot handle the short circuit current,
this over current element need to be disabled.
In such cases fuses provided in the power circuit will provide the short circuit
protection.

No load running
This element provides the protection against no load running of motors. The
pickup level is selectable from 0.15 to 1Im and the trip time delay is adjustable.

This element is disabled if the current is below 0.1 Im.

Earth fault Protection
This protection provides the isolation of motors incase of earth faults. This
element can be connected in residual connection or by using a CBCT. Ideal
motor protection relay is provided with an earth fault pick up setting of 2% to
100% and a delay setting of 0.05secs to 5secs. Third harmonic filter should be
checked to avoid any mal operation because of unbalanced currents.
It is to be noted that, in case of residual connection, if the earth fault element is
provided with instantaneous protection, the earth fault element may cause
unwanted operation during the starting of the motor. This is because of the
unequal saturation characteristics of the CTs provided in the system. To avoid
the above problem a stabilizing resistor need to be provided in the earth fault
circuit.

The value of stabilizing resistor can be calculated as below:

R > Ist ( R2+Rw ) x I0
Where:
Ist = Motor starting current (at secondary of CT’s)
I0 = Set trip level of E/F element (at secondary. of CT’s)
R2 = Resistance of CT sec. Winding
Rw = Resistance of wire loop between CT and relay
Apart from the above protections, having RTD and BTD input is optional
feature. If RTD input is required than a PT100 device which is installed near the
winding will increase its resistance when the temperature rises. It is to be noted
that the PT100 device need to be calibrated above 1.5K ohm corresponding to
the abnormal temperature.

References:
1. NEMA MG-1.
2. Industrial Power Engineering and Application Hand Book by K C Agarwaal.
3. Industrial Power System Hand Book by Shoaib Khan.
4. Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena by Charles
Proteus Steinmetz
5. Motor protection relay (MM30) manual from L&T
Related electrical guides & articles

Three-phase basics and terms that students often mix

Guidelines for selecting the proper Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) for motor
applications

Troubleshooting the most typical winding problems of three phase electric motors

The facts about switchyards, incoming and outgoing feeder connections, CTs and
VTs

Protection of three-phase motors from unbalance (loss of phase and phase

rotation)
Practical tips for the protection of generators and power transformers

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guides, research studies and much more! It helps you to shape up your
technical skills in your everyday life as an electrical engineer.
MORE INFORMATION

Asif Eqbal
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics engineering, from Manipal
University, (Karnataka), India in 2006. Presently involved in the design of EHV
outdoor substation and coal fired thermal power plants for more than seven
years. Motto of joining EEP as a contributor is to share my little engineering
experience and help the budding engineers in bridging the conspicuous gap
between academics and Industrial practice. “If you have knowledge, let others
light their candles with it, so that people who are genuinely interested in helping
one another develop new capacities for action; it is about creating timeless
learning processes".

12 Comments

1.
 SURAJ
MAR 26, 2022
How calculate Preheating current in LT motor?

Reply

2.
Partha
JUL 23, 2018
Starting current for Induction withstand for howmany times?

Reply

3.
Jayesh Purani
SEP 02, 2017
How much hot withstand time of 400VOLT 60hz motor 3phase
If any standard is applicable for the same if yes please lete know.
Reply

4.
Amer Abd Eltawab
AUG 17, 2016
what is the permissable under voltage value and time for MV motors
6.6KV

Reply

5.
Saqib Ali
APR 10, 2016
Dear sir

What does thermal time constant mean, that we give in units of minutes
and how it helps us to thermal overload protection of motors
 Reply

6.
Md Saad
OCT 22, 2015
i want to know ind. Motor protection ckt against over n under
voltage,single phasing,over temperature,over loading,over n under
freq,phasr reversal

Reply

7.
Alan Chuah
NOV 05, 2014
Thank you for your time on the motor write out. May I know if it will cause
motor to breakdown if there is frequent start stop for blower as below?
Can you pls share your opinion?

5 hp – 40 times per hr (y start DOL)

15 hp – 30 times per hr (delta start DOL)
Thank you

Reply

8.
Pankaj Kumar
SEP 17, 2014
very nice sir,great!!!!!
please tell me the average life of three phase induction motor(especially
6600V,900kw,duty class s1,BHEL make),if it have DOL starting,fan cooled
tube ventilated in normal operating conditions and fitted with HSC pump,
Reply

9.
Asif Eqbal
OCT 24, 2012
 If the motor is running and got tripped than to restart I think important
factor to be considered is:
Temperature of the motor when starting should be considered. If the motor
is continuous duty and running for some time than a restart after tripping is
basically hot start. Cold start is an initial start, after not having run for a
relatively long period of time.
Now after running for some time motor may have reached maximum
allowable temperature so when you restart, the motor will pull more
current during starting than when they run, and if you start during that time
the temperature may exceed the limit. How much time motor requires for
getting cool down depends upon cooling time constant.
Usually more than one hot start is permissible. This can be understood by
example:

A 250 kW motor has a cold thermal withstand time of 30 seconds and a

hot thermal withstand time of 25 seconds. If the starting time is 7 seconds,
determine the consecutive cold or hot starts that the motor will be able to
sustain safely.
Number of consecutive cold starts = 30/7 = 4.3
i.e. 4 starts
Number of hot starts = 25/7 = 3.6
i.e. 3 starts
The period after which this can be repeated will depend upon the heating
curve and the thermal time constant of the motor, i.e. the time the motor
will take to reach thermal equilibrium after repeated starts
From protection & control point of view there is always protection against
repeated restarts. Also when motor gets tripped you cannot immediately
restart as the lockout relay of the 11kV motor feeder will operate after
operation of motor protection relay. That lock out relay needs to be reset
(Most cases manually) after clearing of fault. In a hand-reset relay, after
every trip the operator has to reset the relay manually before a restart of
the motor. Thus provides an opportunity to the operator to investigate the
causes of a trip and correct these, if possible, before a restart. In other
case, the motor, without being subjected to an investigation, may restart
on its own (when it is so wired).
So from control & protection point of view immediate restart is not
possible.
Reply

10.
Ritesheie
 OCT 23, 2012
sir,
if a HT(11kv) motor get tripped,can we start it immediately or should have
to wait for some time?
Reply


ANAND
FEB 22, 2014
Please refer detail of thermal damage (hot) and check it with
starting time of the the machine at present loading. If motor is very
important in respect of its functionality in your system and you
don’t want take risk, then restart it on reduced loading if possible.

Thanks
Anurag
Reply


DELL
SEP 05, 2015
Does anyone know where I can find a blank “Cause of
Action-Motor Vehicle Form” to fill out?

Reply

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Electric Motor / Energy and Power

Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 3)

By Asif Eqbal   August, 3rd 2012 Save to PDF ♛

Toshiba three-phase induction motor nameplate

Continued fro second part – Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 2)

Technical data to be specified by purchaser before purchasing a 3 phase
induction motor:

Site Conditions

No. Technical data to be specified Data

1. General data about ambient temperature and altitude:

2. Area Classification:

3. Temperature Class:

4. Gas Group:

5. Type of Protection:

Basic Data

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No. Technical data to be specified Data

1. Supply System:  415V 3

Ph 50 Hz

2. Neutral:

3. Cooling method (Any one of the below):

TENV Totally Enclosed, Non-Ventilated/ TEFC Totally Enclosed, Fan Cooled/TETC
Totally Enclosed, Tube Cooled/ TEAAC Totally enclosed, Air to Air cooled /CACA Totally
Enclosed, Air circuit machine with air cooler/CACW Totally Enclosed, Air circuit
machine, water cooled air cooler.

4. Degree of Enclosure Protection:

5. Continuous Rating:
6. Service Factor:

7. Synchronous Speed:

8. Insulation Class:

9. Max. Permitted Temp Rise:  Class  77

Deg
Celsius

10. Direction of Rotation (Any one of the below):

CW/CCW/Bi-Dir.

11. Method of Starting:

12. Winding Connection:

13. Neutral Terminals req.:

14. Shaft Orientation (Any one of the below):

Horizontal/Vertical

15. Mounting: Foot/Flange

16. Slide Rails Required:

17. Heater Required:

18. Heater Voltage: (Motors

rated
below 37
kW shall
employ
24V AC
direct
winding)

19. Drain Required:

20. Breather Required:

21. Maximum Noise Level: 85dB (A)

at 1m

22. GD2 (Pump + Coupling) =

23. Winding temperature monitoring: 4.

 1. RTD’s Required:
2. Thermocouples Req.:
3. No. per Winding:
24. Bearing temp monitoring: 
 RTD’s Required:
 Thermocouples Req.:
 No. per bearing:
25. Differential CT’s: 

Differential CT's

If yes then:
 Required CT Ratio:
 Accuracy Class:
 CT Arrangement:
26. Cable Type: 
 Motor:
 Heater:
 Winding RTD:
 Bearing Sensor:
 CT:
27. Heater Terminal Box Entry:

28. RTD/Thermocouple Terminal Box Entry:

29. CT Terminal Box Entry:

30. Motor Starter Protective System (Any one of the

below):Fuses+Contactor+OLR/ Circuit Breaker with overload, earth fault,
undercurrent, Phase Unbalance, under voltage, Stall, Limit No. of Starts, over
current

31. Prospective System Fault Current: 50 kA

(RMS
SYM.)
32. Surge Protection Required:

M
otor view

Technical data to be specified by manufacturer before selling a 3

phase induction motor
No. Technical data to be specified Data

1. Standard:

2. Full Load Current (FLC):

3. Starting Current:

4. Efficiency (100/75/50%):

5. Power Factor (100/75/50%):

6. Power Factor (Starting):

7. Full Load Torque (FLT):

8. Starting Torque: % FLT

9. Minimum Accelerating Torque (Motor & Load) @ 80%Volts: % FLT

10. Pull-Out Torque: % FLT at %SLIP

11. Locked Rotor Withstand Time: 

 100% Volts: – Hot: – sec       Cold: – sec

  80% Volts:   – Hot: – sec       Cold: – sec
12. Run-Up Time (Motor & Load): 

 100% Volts: – Hot: – sec       Cold: – sec

 80% Volts:   – Hot: – sec       Cold: – sec
13. Insulation Class & Temp Rise above Design Ambient:

14. Maximum No. of Successive Starts:

15. Max. No. of Starts in 1 Hour:

16. Rotor Resistance (ac) @ 20°C    pu Motor VA

(Locked Rotor / Rated Load)

17. Rotor Reactance @ 20°C    pu Motor VA

(Locked Rotor / Rated Load)

18. Stator Resistance (ac) @ 20°C    pu Motor VA

(Locked Rotor / Rated Load)

19. Stator Reactance @ 20°C    pu Motor VA

(Locked Rotor / Rated Load)

20. Stator Leakage Reactance @ 20°C    pu Motor VA

(Locked Rotor / Rated Load)

21. Magnetizing Resistance @ 20°C    pu Motor VA

22. Magnetizing Reactance @ 20°C    pu Motor VA

23. Torque / Speed Characteristic

24. Current / Speed Characteristic

25. Heating Time Constant:

26. Cooling Time Constant:

27. Bearing Type: Ball/Roller/Sleeve/Antifriction

28. Lubrication: Oil/Grease

29. Oil/Grease

30. Cooling System:

31. Rotor End float:     +mm         -mm

32. Rotor End-Play:     +mm         -mm

33. Rotor Air Gap:         mm

34. Moment of Inertia GD² (Motor & Load):

kgm² Referred to motor (including gearbox where applicable)

35.  Weight of Motor:    kg

Noise Level:         dB @           m

What precautions are to be taken while designing of foundation of

rotating machines (Here 3 Phase induction motor)?
General
1. Description of driving and driven machinery,
2. Operating speed or speed ranges,
3. Number and arrangement of cylinders,
4. Distance between axis of main shaft of the machine and the top face
of foundation,
5. Maximum rated output,
6. Gear box ratio where applicable, and
7. Maximum operating temperature in the bases of the machine.

For Static Design

1. A detailed loading diagram comprising plan, elevation and section
showing details of communication and point of all loads on foundation.
2. A detailed drawing showing the position and size of mounting feet and
details of holding down bolts.

For Dynamic Design

1. Details of out of balance forces and couples shall be given, together
with associated frequencies for all possible modes of vibration for
 driving and driven machinery. These include the following:
a) External forces,
b) External primary couples,
c) External secondary couples, and
d) Harmonic torques.
2. Mass moments of inertia of driving and driven machine about three
principal axes shall be indicated.
3. Additional information relating to specific machines, as given below,
shall be provided where necessary:
a) Loads due to dynamic short circuit conditions, and
b) Loads due to an abnormal sudden stoppage.
4. Where it is found necessary to use anti-vibration mountings, the type
and positions be indicated.

Data on Ground and Site Conditions

The following soil data shall be known:

1. Soil profile and soil characteristics up to a depth at least three times

the expected mean plan dimension of the foundation which can be
taken as the square root of the expected area, or hard strata.
2. Soil investigation to the extent necessary in accordance with IS: 1892-
1979 and for the determination of dynamic properties of soil in
accordance with IS: 5249-1977.
3. The relative position of the water table below ground at different times
of the year.

Frequency ratio
Wherever possible the natural frequency of the foundation soil-system shall be
higher than the highest disturbing frequency and the frequency ratios shall not
be normally less than 0.4.Where this is not possible, the natural frequency of
the foundation-soil system shall be kept lower than the lowest disturbing
frequency. The frequency ratios in such cases shall not be lower than 1.50.
While the above criteria shall be applied to all possible modes of vibration, it
may be permitted to operate machines closer to the resonance in certain modes
of vibration provided the resulting amplitudes do not exceed the permissible
limit.
Even though machine may be balanced, minor disturbing forces can occur due
to manufacturing tolerances and other causes, for sensitive installations, the
frequencies arising from these may have to be considered.

Permisible Amplitudes
Limitations of Vibration Amplitude to Avoid Damage to Machinery
This shall be specified by the manufacturer and shall in no cases be exceeded.
Where no specific limit has been stated by the manufacturer, it may be taken
that foundation satisfying the following amplitude criteria shall provide a
satisfactory base for machinery.
Limitations of Vibration Amplitude to Avoid Damage to Machinery
the damage in neighboring buildings due to resonance will be negligible if the
amplitude vibration of the foundation is less than 200 microns at frequencies
below 20 Hz, where the disturbing frequency exceed 20 Hz, a lower amplitude
may be necessary for certain installations.
Limitation of Vibration Amplitude to Avoid Discomfort of Persons
for low speed machines, it is unlikely that foundations which satisfy the previous
point will produce vibrations of sufficient amplitude to be disturbing to persons.
In special cases where there are particular reasons to avoid discomfort to
personnel
Limitations of Amplitude to Avoid Settlement
for most soil types, foundations for low speed machines designed to limiting
amplitude of 200 microns will not suffer undue settlement due to dynamic loads.
In case of some soils like loose sands and silts in conjunction with high water
table, there is a possibility of significant settlement to occur. In all such cases, it
shall be preferable to consolidate the soil underneath the foundation.
Anti-Vibration Mountings
Where it is found to be impracticable to design a foundation consisting of a
simple concrete block resting on the natural soils to give satisfactory dynamic
characteristics, it may be possible to reduce the transmitted vibrations to
acceptable levels by means of anti-vibration mounting. Depending upon the
nature of the machinery and the installation, the anti-vibration mounting may be
used:
a) Between machinery and foundation, and
b) Between a foundation block and a supporting system.
Free vibration analysis
Free vibration analysis shall be carried out to calculate the natural frequencies
and mode shapes of the foundation. The highest natural frequency calculated
should be at least 10 percent higher than the operating frequency of the
machine. Damping may be neglected for the purpose of free vibration analysis.

Frequency criteria
The following frequency criteria shall be checked:
The fundamental natural frequency shall be at least 20perccnt away from the
machine operating speed.
That is, fn < 0.8 fm or fn > 1.2 fm
Where
fn = fundamental natural frequency of the foundation, and
fm = operating speed of the machine.
However, it is preferable to maintain a frequency separation of 50 percent.

Conclusion
The foundation of any rotating electrical machine operating at 50 Hz should be
such that the natural frequency of vibration is either less than 40 Hz or greater
than 60 Hz.

References:
1. NEMA MG-1.
2. Industrial Power Engineering and Application Hand Book by K C Agarwaal.
3. Industrial Power System Hand Book by Shoaib Khan.
4. Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena by Charles
Proteus Steinmetz
5. Motor protection relay (MM30) manual from L&T
Related electrical guides & articles

Three-phase basics and terms that students often mix

Guidelines for selecting the proper Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) for motor
applications

Troubleshooting the most typical winding problems of three phase electric motors

The most used types of single-phase motors in the world

My experience in the first synchronization of the MV generator in an industrial plant

The essentials of power-generation systems you MUST know in the middle of the
night!

Premium Membership
Get access to premium HV/MV/LV technical articles, electrical engineering
guides, research studies and much more! It helps you to shape up your
technical skills in your everyday life as an electrical engineer.
MORE INFORMATION

Asif Eqbal
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics engineering, from Manipal
University, (Karnataka), India in 2006. Presently involved in the design of EHV
outdoor substation and coal fired thermal power plants for more than seven
years. Motto of joining EEP as a contributor is to share my little engineering
experience and help the budding engineers in bridging the conspicuous gap
between academics and Industrial practice. “If you have knowledge, let others
light their candles with it, so that people who are genuinely interested in helping
one another develop new capacities for action; it is about creating timeless
learning processes".

4 Comments

1.
Jhon
NOV 12, 2014
Hi, I like to know what means “Type IKK”…Thanks

Reply

2.
Edvard
AUG 04, 2012
Excellent Asif, congratulations!

Reply

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Electric Motor / Energy and Power

Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 2)
By Asif Eqbal   August, 2nd 2012 Save to PDF ♛

Continued from first part – Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 1)

For the purpose of standardization, the preferred rated voltages of three phase
induction motor shall be in accordance with IS 12360: 1988.
Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 2)

The voltages for three phases, 50 Hz motors are: 415 V, 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV and
11 kV.
As per Motor voltage ratings are defined by NEMA MG 1, Motors and
Generators (Ref. 1), and ANSI C50.41, Polyphase Induction Motors for Power
Generating Stations (Ref.2). According to ANSI C50.41, Section 6.3, preferred
voltage ratings are as follows:
 460V; 2300V; 6600
 575V; 4000V; 13,200V
Note that these ratings do not correspond exactly to the standard ANSI C84.1
(Ref. 16) nominal system voltages of 480, 600, 2400, 4160, 6900, and 13,800V.
Instead, each of these ratings is roughly 4 percent lower than the nominal
system voltage. The reason for this is to provide some allowance for voltage
drop.
For Coordination  of Voltages and Output of three-phase induction motors it is
recommended that the minimum rated output should be greater than the limits
given below in terms of the rated voltage:
 2 < Voltage < 3.3 for and up to 100kW
 3.3 < Voltage < 6.6 for and up to 200kW
 6.6 < Voltage < 11 for and up to 1000kW.
This is the voltage rating given by IS-325 Three phase induction motor
Specification but this cannot be followed in all cases as there have been cases
where motors of 150kW being supplied by 415V and 160kW to 4500kW being
supplied by 11kV.Now here comes the application of motor in picture & the load
torque requirement of the concerned motor. Torque developed in Induction
motor is directly proportional to the square of EMF induced in rotor. At standstill
the EMF induced in rotor is almost equal to applied voltage to stator and in
running condition the EMF induced in rotor is slip times the applied voltage to
stator.

If concerned Motor is used as compressors for chillers or any application which

does not require very high starting torque and is of say 400kW then whether we
have more voltage or low voltage that does not matter. So we can use either
11kV for this as given by IS or even contradict it and use 6.6kV.For 11kV supply
voltage will be less compared to 6.6kV supply but in both cases the load torque
requirement will be met.
But if the same motor is used as a grinder motor in a refinery or any high
starting torque application then you cannot feed it with 0.415kV supply as load
torque requirement will not be met. We will find that load torque requirement is
met at 11kV.

Because of more voltage requirement load torque requirement was not met at

0.415kV so next higher voltage level was selected even 6.6kV would have done
if available.
Now question is  how to find load torque requirement?
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If electric motor is driving any pump/compressors then the load torque
characteristics of pump/compressor is prepared by mechanical engineering
department and electric motor vendor gives his load torque characteristics for
required kW at a particular voltage level.

Electrical department matches the two characteristics if found not matching

then other voltage level is selected whose load torque characteristics matches.

So after making a detailed study of:

– 1 – Manufacturing feasibility with respect to costing of motor. (For low kW HT
machine insulation cost will be more. So more money is required.) Transformers
with large motors connected, 25% – 100% of the ONAN rating, need special
evaluation.
The voltage drop on the system during starting must be calculated balancing
the impedance of the transformer and inrush of the motor to best match the
voltage drop and short circuit needs of the system. In addition the transformer
manufacturer may need to enhance the internal bracing of the transformer to
accommodate the shock loading as a result of the motor starting current.

– 2 – Load torque requirement. HT motor has high Starting torque because of

more voltage. So load torque requirement or application has to be studied.
– 3 – So depending upon application we deviate from IS codes in this regard.
– 4 – So we define motor utilization voltage in our DBR at the starting of project
keeping in mind the above mentioned points.
As a general standard engineering practice the following utilization voltage is
adopted for 3 Phase motors especially in power plants:

Motor type & rating Voltage No of Phases & Frequency Grounding

AC Motor above 180kW 6.6kV 3Ph, 50Hz Non effectively earthed

AC Motor upto 180kW 415V 3Ph, 50Hz Effectively earthed

DC Motors 220V or 110V 2 Wire DC Unearthed

Why anti condensation heating or space heaters are employed when a three
phase induction motor is not under operation?
Often the motors are kept in a store for some time or they are transported under
very damp conditions and in such cases, the insulation resistance generally
becomes low and it is dangerous for the motor to he connected up before the
condition has been rectified.
IEEE 43 places special emphasis on determining the insulation condition of
such machines before energizing and even before conducting a high-voltage
test. This can be determined by the insulation test as noted below.

Insulation resistance of the windings is a measure to assess the condition of

insulation and its suitability for conducting a high-voltage test or for energizing
the machine. A low reading may suggest damage to the insulation, faulty drying
or impregnation or absorption of moisture. The insulation resistance may be
measured according to the procedure laid down in IEEE 43 between the open
windings and between windings and the frame by employing a direct-reading
ohm meter (megger).
The recommended minimum insulation resistance of the machine is obtained by
the following empirical formula:

Rm=kV+1
Where:
R = recommended minimum insulation resistance in MR (mega ohms) of the
entire machine windings, at 40°C or 1 MR per 1000 V plus 1 M Ω, and
kV = rated machine voltage in kV
At the site, when commissioning a new or an existing motor after a long
shutdown, it must have a minimum insulation level according to the above
equation. An 11 kV motor, for instance, must have a minimum insulation of 12
MΩ. In normal practice, it is observed that when first measured the resistance
reading may show more than the minimum value and may mislead the operator,
while the winding condition may not be adequate for a high voltage test or an
actual operation.

One must therefore ensure that the winding condition is suitable before the
machine is put into operation. For this purpose, the polarization index (PI),
which is determined from the insulation test data only as noted below, is a
useful pointer. It must be evaluated at site while conducting the insulation test
then compared with the manufacturer’s reference data for the machine to
assess the condition of insulation at site and its suitability for operation.

This is usually a site test, but to establish a reference record of the machine, it
is also carried out at the works on the completed machine and test records
furnished to the user.
Drying Out
If the measured insulation resistance of the motor is less than 1 MΩ/kV with a
minimum of 1 MΩ when the machine is cold, it should first be dried out by anti
condensation heater before full voltage is applied to the terminals of the motors.

References:

1. NEMA MG-1.
2. Industrial Power Engineering and Application Hand Book by K C Agarwaal.
3. Industrial Power System Hand Book by Shoaib Khan.
4. Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena by Charles
Proteus Steinmetz
5. Motor protection relay (MM30) manual from L&T
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Eight most damaging overvoltages in industrial systems (root causes and

prevention)

Learn how to prepare for transformer acceptance tests and final inspections
Premium Membership
Get access to premium HV/MV/LV technical articles, electrical engineering
guides, research studies and much more! It helps you to shape up your
technical skills in your everyday life as an electrical engineer.
MORE INFORMATION

Asif Eqbal
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics engineering, from Manipal
University, (Karnataka), India in 2006. Presently involved in the design of EHV
outdoor substation and coal fired thermal power plants for more than seven
years. Motto of joining EEP as a contributor is to share my little engineering
experience and help the budding engineers in bridging the conspicuous gap
between academics and Industrial practice. “If you have knowledge, let others
light their candles with it, so that people who are genuinely interested in helping
one another develop new capacities for action; it is about creating timeless
learning processes".

8 Comments

1.
Oluwaseun Temitope
JUL 15, 2022
Thanks. The write-up is helpful

Reply

2.
Shoukat Ali
 DEC 25, 2019
We required different induction motors, please advise us, how we will
send you requirements.

Reply

3.
Tahir Hussain
NOV 23, 2019
Is there any guideline for voltage level utilization with respect to motor
rated power while employing VFDs?

Reply

4.
Edison
JUL 02, 2019
What are the HV motor starting methods?

Reply

5.
Askar
MAR 05, 2017
hi everbody . would i know about requirment space heater for LV motors/
Where it is specified as IEC or etd?
thak all!!
Reply

6.
NISCHAL JAIN
JUN 01, 2015
Sir,
I have a 1 HP , 1100 RPM , 60 HZ motor.
Is it possible for me to increase the HP of the motor to say 2HP but
maintaining the SPEED of 1100 RPM at 50 Hz.
Pls reply.
 Reply

7.
Adlin Shajan K
SEP 21, 2014
11kv motor will using how much insulation . What are the various types of
transformers.

Reply

8.
Krunal Dandhare
APR 02, 2014
Is it possible that 3 phase induction motor will start with 2 phase supply?
reason?

Reply

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Electric Motor / Energy and Power

Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 1)

By Asif Eqbal   August, 1st 2012 Save to PDF ♛

Introduction to 3-ph motor

This article will deal with those concepts of 3 phase induction motor which are
essential prerequisite for proper selection, procurement, installation and
maintenance of the same.
Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 1)
Before any actual discussion on motor is started It will better to have a
comparison of starting behavior of induction motor and transformer because as
per the equivalent circuit representation a 3 phase induction motor is
generalized transformer.

It is assumed that readers are already familiar with the elementary concept of
principle of operation and construction of three phase induction motor.
What is the fundamental difference in working principle of induction
motor and transformer? That is even though the equivalent circuit of motor
and transformer is same rotor of motor rotates where as secondary of
transformer do not.
Induction motor is a generalized transformer. Difference is that transformer is an
alternating flux machine while induction motor is rotating flux machine. Rotating
flux is only possible when 3 phase voltage (or poly phase) which is 120 degree
apart in time is applied to a three phase winding (or poly phase winding) 120
degree apart in space then a three phase rotating magnetic flux is produced
whose magnitude is constant but direction keeps changing. In transformer the
flux produced is time alternating and not rotating.
There is no air gap between primary and secondary of transformer where as
there is a distinct air gap between stator and rotor of motor which gives
mechanical movability to motor. Because of higher reluctance ( or low
permeability) of air gap the magnetizing current required in motor is 25-40% of
rated current of motor where as in transformer it is only 2 -5 % of rated primary
current.

In an alternating flux machine frequency of induced EMF in primary and

secondary side is same where as frequency of rotor EMF depends on slip.
During starting when S = 1 the frequency of induced EMF in rotor and stator is
same but after loading it is not.
Other difference is that the secondary winding and core is mounted on a shaft
set in bearings free to rotate and hence the name rotor.

If at all secondary of a transformer is mounted on shaft set at bearings the rate

of cutting of mutual magnetic flux with secondary circuit would be different from
primary and their frequency would be different. The induced EMF would not be
in proportion to number of turns ratio but product of turn ratio and frequency.
The ratio of primary frequency to the secondary frequency is called slip.

Any current carrying conductor if placed in magnetic field experience a force so

rotor conductor experience a torque and as per Lenz’s Law the direction of
motion is such that it tries to oppose the change which has caused so it starts
chasing the field.
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280px;">

Power flow diagram of induction motor

Stator input electrical power = A

Stator losses = B
Rotor losses = C
Mechanical output = P
A–(B+C)=P
Roughly B= 0.03A, C= 0.04A
A – 0.07A = P
0.93A = P, Hence efficiency = (P/A) x 100 = 93%

Power flow diagram of induction motor

Why LT motors are delta connected and HT motors are star

connected?
Reason is techno commercial.
1. In star, phase current is same as line current. But phase voltage is
1/1.732 times line voltage. So insulation required in case of HT motor
is less.

2. The starting current for motors is 6 to 7 times full load current. So

start-up power will be large if HT motors are delta connected. It may
cause instability (voltage dip) in case small Power system. In starred
HT motor starting current will be less compared to delta connected
motor. So starting power is reduced. Starting torque will also be
reduced. (It will not be a problem as motors are of high capacity.)

3. Also as current is less copper (Cu) required for winding will be less.

4. LT motors are delta connected.

1. Insulation will not be problem as voltage level is less.
2. Starting current will not be problem as starting power in all will
be less. So no problem of voltage dips.
3. Starting torque should be large, as motors are of small
capacity.
Comparison of star and delta motor starting
LT motors have winding delta connected.
1. In case it is having star delta starter than they are started as Star connected
motor.
2. After it attains 80% of synch speed the changeover takes place from star to
original configuration delta.
3. In star the voltages across the windings are lesser that is 1/1.732 times that
available in delta so current is limited.
4. When it goes to delta again voltage is full line voltage so current increase
even though it is lesser than the line current it remains higher than the line
current drawn in star connection at reduced voltage. So cables for motor are
sized for this current that is what it draws in delta connection.
References:

1. NEMA MG-1.
2. Industrial Power Engineering and Application Hand Book by K C Agarwaal.
3. Industrial Power System Hand Book by Shoaib Khan.
4. Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena by Charles
Proteus Steinmetz
5. Motor protection relay (MM30) manual from L&T
Related electrical guides & articles

Design Knowhow: Low voltage substation layouts, earthing, fire protection and
tests

Three-phase basics and terms that students often mix

How to design the power supply for data centres and airports while megawatts of
loads rise fast

How to avoid unnecessary replacement of a switchgear by limiting short-circuit

fault current
What skills and knowledge does a substation designer need for sizing and selecting
equipment

How to select grounding point(s) and how many generator or transformer neutrals
to use

Premium Membership
Get access to premium HV/MV/LV technical articles, electrical engineering
guides, research studies and much more! It helps you to shape up your
technical skills in your everyday life as an electrical engineer.
MORE INFORMATION

Asif Eqbal
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics engineering, from Manipal
University, (Karnataka), India in 2006. Presently involved in the design of EHV
outdoor substation and coal fired thermal power plants for more than seven
years. Motto of joining EEP as a contributor is to share my little engineering
experience and help the budding engineers in bridging the conspicuous gap
between academics and Industrial practice. “If you have knowledge, let others
light their candles with it, so that people who are genuinely interested in helping
one another develop new capacities for action; it is about creating timeless
learning processes".

37 Comments

1.
Stanley Ogidi
MAY 04, 2019
Have an idea to invent an electric power generating machine but I need
you assistance, thanks ,please you can whatsap me on this line for
discussion +2348034681128

Reply

2.
Rajaram Maity
JAN 18, 2018
sir,
please explin how much i set the derived earth fault both idmt and
instantaneous .600 kw 3.3kv induction motor .there are a relay siemens
argus 7sr17
Reply

3.
Yadav Rishikesh
NOV 10, 2017
What happens if we use silicon steel core in induction motor for path of
flux instead of air gap?

Reply

4.
Mehdi
 DEC 31, 2016
Hello;
I want to know how we can defined the turn ration between the primary
and secondary in induction motors.
thanks
Reply


IBRAHIM MURTAZA
JAN 14, 2017
please guide me that how much an LT 3 phase induction motor
will consume current in star configuration at start

for example we have a 37W/50 hp motor so what will be starting

current consumption for this motor and motor is connected in star
delta configuration. i m confused it will be six times or 3 times of
the rated current.

Reply


Yadav Rishikesh Balasaheb
NOV 10, 2017
What happens if we use silicon steel core in induction motor for
path of flux instead of air gap?

Reply

5.
Pankaj
AUG 15, 2016
hey!!

Can anyone tell me, how to find the winding data of fresh stator. if slots &
HP is known

Reply
6.
John Stewart
NOV 07, 2015
Hi Asif,
There’s a slight misunderstanding in your explanation on the reason for
Star and Delta connections.
In fact the reason we use Star connection on higher voltage machines is
to drop the Volts per pole.
The motor performance doesn’t need to change at all because the turns
per coil and conductor sizes are changed to suit the changed phase volts.
Star connection reduces the volts per phase, so in design, the turns are
reduced proportionately and the conductor size increased proportionately.
That means the flux density in the iron remains the same, so shaft torque
and starting curve is the same.
There is no real commercial advantage either. There is the same total
amount of copper in the slot.
Reply

7.
Michael
OCT 02, 2015
Could you please explain/ draw how to connect a three pole two way with
off rotary switch to a three phase motor in order to obtain two speeds with
off between.

Reply

8.
Virender Singh
SEP 11, 2015
Hllo
sir
give me ac motor winding data calculator and ac motor winding data list
0.5 hp to350hp
Reply
 9.
Saroj
SEP 05, 2015
Can you please explain Steinmetz equivalent circuit of induction motor,
mainly the relationship between frequency of supply and equivalent
resistance across the rotor side??

Reply
« Older Comments

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Let's have a professional and meaningful conversation instead. Thanks for
dropping by!
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