“WATER REGULATION & CANAL MAINTENANCE”

An internship report submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
SHAIK SALEEM
(203R1A0123)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. G. BHARADWAJA RAO
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAMIREDDY SUBBARAMI REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Approved by AICTE & Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)
NH-16, KADANUTHALA, KAVALI, S.P.S.R. NELLORE Dt. ANDHRA PRADESH

(2020-2024

RAMIREDDY SUBBARAMI REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

 (Affiliated to JNTUA, Approved by AICTE & Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)
NH-16, KADANUTHALA, KAVALI, S.P.S.R. NELLORE Dt. ANDHRA PRADESH.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the short term internship report entitled “water regulation & canal
maintenance”, being submitted
By

SHAIK SALEEM
(203R1A0123)

During the year 2022-2023 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
“BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY” in “CIVIL ENGINEERING” to the JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR, Ananthapuramu is a record of bonafide work
carried out by them under my guidance and supervision.

Project Guide Head of The Department

Mr. G. BHARADWAJA RAO Mr. V. Amaranth Reddy M. Tech,
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Program Short Term Internship
Book

AP STATE COUNCIL OF HIGHER

EDUCATION
(A STATUTORY BODY OF GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH)
 Program Book
for
Short-Term Internship

Name of the Student: - SHAIK SALEEM

Name of the College: - RAMIREDDY SUBBARAMIREDDY ENGINEERING

COLLEGE

Registration Number: - 203R1A0123

Period of Internship: - 8 WEEKS

From: - 01-05-2023 To: 24-06-2023

Name & Address of the Intern Organization: -

WATER RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT,
UDAYAGIRI, 524226.
 An Internship Report
On
WATER REGULATION & CANAL MAINTENANCE

Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of…bachelor of civil engineering…

Name of the College: - RAMIREDDY SUBBARAMIREDDY ENGINEERING

COLLEGE

Department: - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Name of the Faculty Guide: - Mr. G. BHARADWAJA RAO

Duration of the Internship: -From 01-05-2023 TO 24-06-2023

Name of the Student: - SHAIK SALEEM

Programme of Study: - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Year of Study: -3rd

Register Number: -203R1A0123

Date of Submission: -
 Student’s Declaration

I…SHAIK SALEEM.., a student of SHORT-TERM

INTERNSHIP…. Program, Reg. No. …203R1A0123…of the Department
of …CIVIL ENGINEERING …., …R.S.R.E.C… College do hereby declare
that I have completed the mandatory internship from…01-2023.to.…24-06-
2023…in…WATERRESOURES DEPARTMENT… under the Faculty
Guideship of.... Mr. G. BHARADWAJA RAO D e p a r t m e n t o f …CIVIL
ENGINEERING…, RAMIREDDY SUBBARAMIREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Signature and date)

Endorsements

Faculty Guide

Head of the Department

Principal
 Certificate from Intern Organization

This is to certify that…. SHAIK SALEEM …. Reg. 203R1A0123… of R S R E C

underwent internship in ...WATER RESOUCES DEPARTMENT… from 01-05-2023

to 24-06 -2023

The overall performance of the intern during his/her internship is found to

be
………………. (Satisfactory/Not Satisfactory).

Authorized Signatory with Date and Seal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We consider it as our duty to express our gratitude to all those who guided, inspired and
helped us in completion of this project work.

We acknowledge, with profound sense of gratitude, to our guide Mr. G. Bharadwaja Rao
, Assistant Professor. His timely suggestions and co-operation, both professionally and personally,
have greatly contributed in bringing out the project successfully.

We express our heart-felt thanks to our Head of the Department Mr. Amarnadh Reddy,
Assistant Professor for his kind encouragement and for providing us with all required facilities for the
completion of the project work.

Our Special Thanks and Love goes to reverend principal of the college Dr. P V N
REDDY, Ph.D., Professor, for providing necessary infrastructure & an ambient atmosphere to
complete our project work.

We are highly thankful to our beloved Director Prof. K. RAJA REDDY, Ph.D., Professor, for
being a source of inspiration throughout of our study in this college.

We greatly indebted to Er. R. PRATAP KUMAR REDDY Garu chairman of the

“RAMIREDDY SUBBARAMI REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE” for providing the good
infrastructure to complete the project.

We are indeed indebted to all our teachers who have guided us throughout our B. Tech
course for the past four years and have imparted a sufficient knowledge and inspiration to take us
forward in our career. Finally, we thank each and every one who has helped us directly and indirectly
in completion of project work.
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Learning Objective:
- To understand the key principles and considerations involved in the construction of a single lane bridge.
- To learn about the different construction techniques and materials used in building a single lane bridge.
- To gain knowledge on the safety measures and regulations associated with single lane bridge
construction.
- To develop an understanding of the challenges and potential issues that may arise during the construction
process.

Outcomes Achievement:
- Knowledge Acquisition: Upon completion of the learning objective, individuals should be able to
demonstrate a sound understanding of the principles, techniques, materials, safety measures, and
regulations related to single lane bridge construction.
- Practical Application: Individuals should be able to apply their knowledge to design, plan, and construct a
single lane bridge in a safe and efficient manner.
- Problem-solving Skills: Individuals should develop the ability to identify and address potential challenges
and issues that may occur during single lane bridge construction, and propose effective solutions.
- Collaboration and Communication: Individuals should develop effective communication and
collaboration skills, enabling them to work well within a team and effectively coordinate with various
stakeholders involved in the bridge construction process.
- Compliance with Standards: Individuals should be able to ensure that the constructed single lane bridge
adheres to relevant safety and quality standards, as well as local regulations and guidelines.
 OVERVIEW OF THE ORGANIZATION

The Water Resources Department works closely with other government agencies,
The Water Resources Department is a government agency or department that is responsible for
managing and overseeing water resources within a particular region or jurisdiction. This department
plays a crucial role in ensuring a sustainable and efficient use of water resources for various purposes
such as drinking water supply, irrigation, industrial use, and environmental preservation.

The main objectives of the Water Resources Department include:

1. Planning and development of water resources infrastructure such as dams, reservoirs, and canals for
water storage, distribution, and diversion.
2. Monitoring and regulating water rights and allocation to ensure fair and equitable distribution of
water among different users and sectors.
3. Managing and operating water supply systems and ensuring the availability of safe and clean
drinking water for the population.
4. Implementing water conservation and management strategies to promote efficient water use and
reduce wastage.
5. Conducting research and data collection on water resources to support decision-making and policy
formulation.
6. Protecting and preserving the quality of water bodies and ecosystems through pollution control
measures and environmental conservation efforts.

stakeholders, and communities to address water-related challenges and promote sustainable water
management practices. It collaborates with water users, local authorities, and non-governmental
organizations to improve water governance, develop water conservation programs, and raise awareness
about the importance of water resources management.

Overall, the Water Resources Department plays a critical role in managing and safeguarding water
resources to ensure their sustainability, meet the growing demands of the population, and protect the
environment for future generations.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIRST WEEK

LEARNING
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
DAY OUTCOME Person
DAILY
& In-charge
ACTIVITY
DATE Signature

Day –
1

Day -
2

Day –
3

Day –
4

Day –
5

Day –
6
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 1 (From Dt ...01-05 2023... to Dt..06-05-2023...)

GANDIPALEM RESERVOIR
INTRODUCTION:-

The P.Chenchu Ramaiah Reservoir (Gandipalem Project) is a medium irrigation project and a
big irrigation source in Udayagiri Assembly constituency in Sri Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore
District. The P.C.R.Reservoir (Gandipalem Project) was constructed during period of 1975 to
9184 about 25 years back across Pillaperu river, which a tributary to Manneru river near
Gandipalem village in Udayagiri Mandal. The Project is situated about 118 km from Nellore
towards North-west of Nellore with a global coordinate of 790-18’ longitude East and
latitude 140-59’ North.

An earthen bund was formed with a composite length of 388M, between two
hillocks forming a big reservoir with an impounding capacity of 1.88 TMC (53.24 M.Cum).
The Project mainly envisage providing irrigation facilities to an ayacut of 16,000 acres through
2 canals namely Right main canal and left main canal for 17 villages of Udayagiri and
Varikuntapadu Mandals of Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore District which is said to be a drought
prone area.
 The earthen bund and the rock toe is damaged at various locations and also the apron
& side walls are damaged in the D/s of the spillway. The approach roads to the dam were
damaged. Both head sluices are damaged due to this heavy seepage losses are occurring. Hence
the head sluices are proposed for reconstruction. Hence modernization of this project is
proposed under JICA loan assistance.

In the Dam and Apurtment works, it is proposed to provide repairs to 4 No. radial
gates and re construction of 2 head regulators, repairs to rock toe and apron of weir. Approach to
regulators and CC road as per Morth on top of earthen bund, electrification etc. is also proposed.
C.C lining for left main canal, right main canal and distributaries with paver along with repairs /
reconstructions of CD/CM structures are proposed.

Government have accorded permission to take up modernization with concurrence of JICA.

Gandipalem Project is taken up for modernization with JICA Loan Assistance under APILIP.
Government have accorded administrative approval for Rs.2808.00 lakhs and technical
sanction is also accorded. Tenders finalized. Agreement concluded. Works started and under
progress.
Salient Features
This Project is constructed across the Pillaperu
River. The Project area is located in Udayagiri and
Location :
Varikuntapadu Mandals of Nellore district covering
17 Villages.
Basin : Manneru river basin
Longitude : 79° 18' 0" E
Latitude : 14° 59' 0" N
Distance From Nearest The Project is 500Km from Hyderabad and 100Km
:
Town from Nellore
Catchment area in Sqkm : 487 Sqkm
Reservoir Gross/Net 53.24 M cum/ 49.41 M cum (1880.117 Mcft/
:
Capacity 1744.86 Mcft)
Ayacut :
Contemplated : 16000 Acres
Registered : 10260 Acres
Under Left Main Canal:
: 11000 Acres
10.225Km
Vent Size & No’s : 2.0X2.0 M, 1No
Discharge in Cumecs : 137.16
Under Right Main Canal:
: 5000 Acres
6.638Km
Vent Size & No's : 1.5x1.5 M, 1No
Discharge in Cumecs : 137.16
Maximum Flood Discharge : 1657 Cumecs
Spillway Details
Ogee spillway with Radial gates, 4No's,12.19X7.92
Type, No's & Size :
M
TBL : +151.20 M
FRL/MWL : +147.83 M / +148.62 M
Crest Level : +140.21 M
Utilization : 2180 Mcft
Assembly Constituency : Udayagiri
Parliamentary Ongole
:
Constituency
PROJECT LOCATION :
https://goo.gl/maps/43rLwbewHaQhRGAx9
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SECOND WEEK

DAY LEARNING OUTCOME Person

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
& In-charge
ACTIVITY
DATE Signature

Day –
1

Day -
2

Day –
3

Day –
4

Day –
5

Day –
6
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 2 (From Dt ...08-05 2023... to Dt..13-05-2023...)

IRRIGATION SYSTEM

The irrigation system consists of a (main) intake structure or (main) pumping station, a
conveyance system, a distribution system, a field application system, and a drainage system. The
(main) intake structure, or (main) pumping station, directs water from the source of supply, such
as a reservoir or a river, into the irrigation system. The conveyance system assures the transport
of water from the main intake structure or main pumping station up to the field ditches. The
distribution system assures the transport of water through field ditches to the irrigated fields.
The field application system assures the transport of water within the fields. The drainage
system removes the excess water (caused by rainfall and/or irrigation) from the fields.

CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES BASED ON TOTAL LENGTH

bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without closing the way
beneath. The required passage may be for a road, a railway, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline.
The obstacle to be crossed may be a river, a road, railway or a valley.

According to length of bridge

Culvert bridge (less than 6 m)
Minor bridge (less than 6 m-60m)
Major bridge (more than 60 m)
Long span bridge (more than 120 m)

TYPES OF CULVERTS

Culvert is defined as a tunnel structure constructed under roadways or railways to

provide cross drainage or to take electrical or other cables from one side to other. It is totally
enclosed by soil or ground. Pipe culvert, box culvert and arch culvert are the common types used
under roadways and railways. The provided culverts should be perpendicular to the roadway. It
should be of greater dimensions to allow maximum water level and should be located in such a
way that flow should be easily done. It is possible by providing required gradient.

1.Pipe Culvert (Single or Multiple)

Pipe culverts are widely used culverts and rounded in shape. The culverts may be of
single in number or multiple. If single pipe culvert is used then larger diameter
culvert is installed. If the width of channel is greater than we will go for multiple pipe culverts.
They are suitable for larger flows very well. The diameter of pipe culverts ranges from 1 meter
to 6m. These are made of concrete or steel etc..

2. Pipe Arch Culvert (Single or Multiple)

Pipe arch culverts means nothing but they look like half circle shaped culverts. Pipe arch
culverts are suitable for larger water flows but the flow should be stable. Because of arch shape
fishes or sewage in the drainage easily carried to the outlet without stocking at the inlet or
bottom of channel.

This type of culverts can also be provided in multiple numbers based on the requirement. They
also enhance beautiful appearance.

3. Box Culvert (Single or Multiple)

Box culverts are in rectangular shape and generally constructed by concrete.

Reinforcement is also provided in the construction of box culvert. These are used to dispose rain
water. So, these are not useful in the dry period.

They can also be used as passages to cross the rail or roadway during dry periods for
animals etc. Because of sharp corners these are not suitable for larger velocity. Box culverts can
also be provided in multiple numbers.
4.Arch Culvert

Arch culvert is similar to pipe arch culvert but in this case an artificial floor is provided
below the arch. For narrow passages it is widely used. The artificial floor is made of concrete
and arch also made of concrete. Steel arch culverts are also available but very expensive.

5.Bridge Culvert

Bridge culverts are provided on canals or rivers and also used as road bridges for vehicles.
For this culvert a foundation is laid under the ground surface. A series of culverts are laid and
pavement surface is laid on top this series of culverts. Generally, these are rectangular shaped
culverts these can replace the box culverts if artificial floor is not necessary.

SLAB CULVERTS

Slab culvert, a type of culvert, could be three-sided or simply a deck slab. It is

embedded in the soil on both sides. The slab provides a bridge over the distance. Slab culverts
can replace box culverts if no artificial flooring is necessary. Slab culverts do not have
bottom slabs; therefore, the natural flow of water is maintained and natural bottom substrate
remains intact. The safety of high-velocity vehicles is not affected by slab culvert as it doesn't
have any sharp corner. While constructing the slab culvert, a series of slabs are laid to form the
bridge-like structure. After that, a pavement surface is placed on top to serve the purpose as the
road. The standard span length ranges from 8’ to 48'. ASTM C 1504 design code is followed to
design the slab culvert.

Culvert design items

Culverts, a vital component of transportation infrastructure, are hydraulic structures

designed to channel water beneath roadways, railways, and other engineered surfaces. Proper
culvert design is crucial to ensure the safe and efficient conveyance of water, as well as the
longevity and stability of the surrounding infrastructure. This short general aims to provide an
overview of the key aspects considered in culvert design, emphasizing their significance and the
need for a thorough and meticulous approach.

Hydraulic Considerations:
The hydraulic performance of a culvert is of utmost importance. Engineers must carefully
analyze flow rates, volume, velocity, and other relevant hydraulic parameters to prevent
flooding, erosion, and potential damage to adjacent structures. Accurate sizing and appropriate
shape selection are critical to maintaining efficient conveyance and minimizing the risk of
hydraulic issues.

Site Geology and Hydrology:

An in-depth understanding of site geology and hydrology is vital in culvert design. Factors such
as soil composition, water table levels, and expected water flow patterns influence various
design decisions. By carefully assessing the site's geological conditions and hydrological
characteristics, engineers can determine the appropriate material selection, structural design, and
preventive measures against potential hazards like scour and erosion.

Structural Integrity and Loadings:

Culverts are subjected to different types of loadings, including soil and water pressures, traffic
loads, and environmental forces. To ensure structural integrity, culvert design must consider the
anticipated loads and employ materials capable of withstanding these forces. Accurate load
calculations, proper material selection, and appropriate reinforcements are crucial to enhancing
durability, reducing maintenance costs, and ensuring the safety of both the culvert and the
surrounding infrastructure.

Slope Stability and Bedding:

Proper culvert slope and bedding design play a vital role in maintaining stability and preventing
failure. Factors such as soil type, slope inclination, and compaction techniques should be
carefully evaluated to prevent settlement, differential settlement, or tilting, which could
compromise the culvert's effectiveness. Compact and stable bedding, along with proper
backfilling, provide essential support to the culvert structure.

Maintenance and Longevity:

Considering long-term maintenance requirements during culvert design is critical to minimizing
future disruptions and costs. Incorporating easy access points, implementing preventive
measures against sedimentation and debris accumulation, and considering the potential need for
future repairs or replacements are essential aspects of culvert design.
 By prioritizing maintenance aspects from the outset, engineers can ensure the sustainable
performance and longevity of culverts. Environmental Considerations:
Culvert design should aim to minimize adverse environmental impacts. Promoting aquatic
organism passage, preserving natural water flows, and mitigating potential habitat fragmentation
are important factors to consider during design and installation. Incorporating environmentally-
friendly materials, considering wildlife migration patterns, and implementing
erosion control measures are crucial elements of environmentally conscious culvert design.

To conclude, culvert design requires a comprehensive and meticulous approach that

encompasses hydraulic considerations, site conditions, structural integrity, stability,
maintenance, and environmental aspects. With a keen focus on these critical aspects, engineers
can design efficient, durable, and environmentally responsible culverts that contribute to the
overall safety, functionality, and sustainability of transportation infrastructure.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE THIRD WEEK

DAY LEARNING OUTCOME Person

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
& In-charge
ACTIVITY
DATE Signature

Day –
1

Day -
2

Day –
3

Day –
4

Day –
5

Day –
6
 WEEKLY REPORT

Week – 5 (From Dt 29-05-2023……………. To Dt 03-06-2023…………………….)

Detailing about Sectional drawings:

A sectional drawing for a single lane bridge provides a detailed view of the bridge
structure from a vertical cross-section perspective. It illustrates the various
components and dimensions of the bridge, as well as how they are arranged
vertically.

Here are some key elements you may consider including in a sectional drawing for a
single lane bridge:

1. Bridge deck: Show the horizontal platform where vehicles will travel. Specify the
deck material, thickness, and any additional layers like asphalt or concrete.

2. Superstructure: Depict the superstructure components, such as girders or beams,

that support the bridge deck. Specify the material, shape, size, and spacing of these
elements.

3. Substructure: Illustrate the substructure elements, which provide support to the

superstructure. This may include abutments, piers, or foundations. Show their
construction method and materials used.

4. Bearings: Indicate the bearings that allow movement between the bridge deck and
the supporting structure, such as expansion joints or elastomeric pads.

5. Parapets/Railings: Include details of the parapets or railings installed on the

bridge deck to ensure safety. Show their design, height, and connection to the deck.

6. Drainage: Show how the bridge handles water runoff by including details of
drainage systems such as gutters, scuppers or weep holes, and drainage pipes.

7. Wing Walls and Retaining Structures: If the bridge is located on a slope or

requires retaining walls, illustrate these elements in the sectional drawing.

8. Utilities: If the bridge accommodates utilities such as water or gas pipes,

electrical conduits, or communication lines, show their location and arrangement.

9. Finished Roadway Profile: Provide the profile of the roadway approaching and
leaving the bridge, including pavement thickness, slopes, and any curbs or medians.
10. Dimensions and Elevations: Include measurements and elevations to indicate
the heights and sizes of the various bridge components.

Remember to label each part and provide a clear, concise description for easy
understanding. Use appropriate scales to ensure accurate representation.
Additionally, make sure the sectional drawing aligns with the overall design and
specifications outlined in the project's plans and specifications.

Preparations of technical report:

Preparing a technical report on a single lane bridge will require gathering

information, conducting analysis, and presenting findings. Here are the general
steps you can follow:

1. Introduction:
- Provide a brief overview of the single lane bridge project.
- Explain the purpose of the report and its intended audience.
- State the objectives of the report.

2. Background information:
- Describe the location and context of the single lane bridge.
- Provide details about the surrounding area, traffic volume, and types of vehicles
expected to use the bridge.
- Gather any historical information or previous studies related to the bridge.

3. Design and construction:

- Discuss the design criteria and standards used for the bridge.
- Describe the materials and construction methods employed.
- Highlight any unique or innovative features of the bridge.

4. Structural analysis:
- Conduct a structural analysis to evaluate the bridge's load-carrying capacity and
resistance to different forces such as live loads, wind, and seismic activity.
- Consider factors such as the bridge's structural elements, geometry, and material
properties.
- Use appropriate software or hand calculations to perform the analysis.

5. Traffic analysis:
- Analyse the traffic flow on the single lane bridge.
- Assess the capacity of the bridge to handle the expected traffic volume and
vehicle types.
- Consider factors like travel demand, congestion, queuing, and safety.

6. Hydraulic analysis:
- Analyse the water flow and hydraulic conditions at the bridge.
- Assess flood scenarios, scour potential, and the effects of different water levels
on the structure.
 - Determine the bridge's resilience to water-related hazards.

7. Maintenance and future considerations:

- Evaluate the maintenance requirements and recommended strategies for the
bridge.
- Identify any potential issues or concerns that may arise in the future.
- Suggest possible improvements or modifications to enhance the bridge's
longevity and performance.

8. Conclusion:
- Summarize the key findings and conclusions from the report.
- Discuss any limitations or uncertainties in the analysis.
- Offer recommendations for future studies or actions.

9. References and appendices:

- Include a list of all references and sources cited in the report.
- Attach any supporting documents, calculations, or additional data in the
appendices.

Remember to use clear and concise language, include relevant figures and tables,
and adhere to any formatting guidelines provided by your organization or academic
institution.

Estimation and costing detailing:

Estimating and costing for a single lane bridge involves calculating the expenses
associated with constructing, operating, and maintaining the bridge. The cost may
vary depending on factors such as the length of the bridge, materials used, site
conditions, and labour costs. Here are some key points to consider:

OBJECTIVE:

1. Materials: Estimate the quantity and cost of materials required for the bridge
construction, such as concrete, steel, timber, or composite materials.

2. Labor: Determine the number of labour hours required for construction and
maintenance activities. Consider different skilled workers, including engineers,
architects, construction workers, and maintenance staff, and estimate their wages or
labour rates.

3. Equipment: Assess the need for specialized equipment like cranes, excavators, or
piling machines. Estimate rental or purchasing costs, as well as maintenance
expenses.

4. Design and engineering: Account for design and engineering fees, including
surveys, geotechnical investigations, structural analyses, and architectural planning.
5. Permits and legal requirements: Determine the costs associated with obtaining
necessary permits, complying with regulations, and acquiring land rights or
easements.

6. Contingency: Include a contingency amount, typically around 10-20% of the

estimated cost, to account for unforeseen circumstances or changes during
construction.

7. Maintenance and operational costs: Consider long-term costs such as routine

inspections, repairs, maintenance, and potential upgrades over the lifespan of the
bridge.

USES:

It's important to note that specific costing details can vary depending on the
location, complexity, and specific design requirements of the single lane bridge.
Therefore, it is advisable to consult with civil engineers, quantity surveyors, or
construction professionals to obtain accurate and customized estimates based on
your project's particular needs.

Calculation of quantity of earth work:

To calculate the quality of earthwork for a single lane bridge, you can follow a
similar approach as mentioned before. However, in this case, you will need to
consider specific parameters related to the construction of the bridge.

Here's a step-by-step process to calculate the quality of earthwork for a single lane
bridge:

1. Determine the planned quantity of earthwork for the bridge foundation. This
could be the estimated volume or area of earthwork that was scheduled to be
completed for the foundation of the bridge.

2. Measure or calculate the actual quantity of earthwork that has been completed for
the bridge foundation. This could be the actual volume or area of earthwork that has
been accomplished for the bridge foundation.

3. Plug the values into the formula:

Quality = (Actual Quantity / Planned Quantity) x 100

4. Multiply the calculated value by 100 to get the quality percentage.

For example, if the planned quantity of earthwork for the bridge foundation was 500
cubic meters and the actual quantity completed is measured to be 400 cubic meters,
the calculation would be:

Quality = (400 / 500) x 100 = 80%

This means that the quality of the earthwork for the bridge foundation is 80% of the
planned quantity.

Remember, this calculation only considers the quality of the earthwork for the
bridge foundation. To assess the overall quality of the complete single lane bridge,
you will need to consider other factors such as the quality of the superstructure,
construction materials, and overall functionality of the bridge
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SIXTH WEEK

DAY LEARNING OUTCOME Person

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
& In-charge
ACTIVITY
DATE Signature

We observe bar bending

How to prepare bar bending schedule
Day – schedule.
1

Detailed estimation We observe detailed

Day - estimation.
2

Analysis of rate and costs We observe the analysis of

Day – rates.
3

Day – Site inspection Site inspection.

4

Day – Cutting of jungle growth We observe the site.

5

We learn about how to take pre

Survey (Pre levels) levelling
Day – levels with the help autolevel.
6
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 6 (From Dt…05-06-2023 to Dt…10-06-203…….……)

INTRODUCTION TO BAR BENDING SCHEDUE

A bar bending schedule (BBS) is a tabular breakdown of reinforcing bars that

includes details such as bar type, total length, weight, and a drawing of the desired bending
shape. Generally speaking, a bar bending schedule is developed for every different kind of RCC
operation. During the building process, the need for bars of varying widths and lengths may be
determined with the assistance of BBS, and the bars can be organised and bent according to
those specifications.

Details such as bar size and type, bending shape, number of sets or individual bars, bar length (in
running metres) and overall length, and total weight are provided

The process of cutting and bending steel bars is carried out by labourers at the
construction site. Because the labourers working on site do not have a strong technical
background, it is challenging to explain what they are doing with the assistance of drawings.
Mistakes in steel cutting and bending are possible. Because BBS specifies both the bar’s design
and its cutting length, elucidating the concept to them is a breeze.

A supervisor is able to easily instruct the workers, and the workers are able to do the
necessary work in accordance with the needs and parameters of the structural design.
DETAILED ESTIMATION

Preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out the quantities of different items of
work then working out the cost that is the estimate is prepared.

Details of measurements and calculation of quantities: -

The whole work is divided into different items of work as Earth work, concrete, brick work
etc. and the items are classified and grouped under different sub-heads, and details of each item
of work are taken out and quantities under each item are computed in prescribe form

Description/ Quantit PER

Item no Unit Rate Amount
particulars y (UNIT)

ANALYSIS OF RATE AND COSTS

Rate analysis is the basis for arriving at a correct rate per unit work or supply of work
specifications such as labor, materials, and equipment. It can also be defined as the analytical
study that leads to the definition of unit rates of work by identifying the basic requirements

BENEFITS OF RATE ANALYSIS

There are two significant benefits for carrying out rate analysis of an item. The first is
determining the cost per unit item, while the second determines its economic processes and uses.

IMPORTANCEOF RATE ANALYSI

Rate analysis gives a well-defined picture of tools, services, and machinery involved in the
construction of a project.
 Rate analysis helps in proportioning the effect of the market on the payments made for
construction work. It also helps in determining the construction costs per unit as stipulated in the
specifications. The use of rate analysis makes it possible to come up with uniform standards for
construction works.

Five factors play a pivotal role when calculating rate analysis. These are

Material costs
Labor costs
Equipment costs
Overheads
Contractor profits

Site inspection

Survey (Pre levels) levelling

 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SEVENTH WEEK

DAY LEARNING OUTCOME Person

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
& In-charge
ACTIVITY
DATE Signature

We observe the excavation

Day – Earth work excavation prosses.
1

Day - Pumped out of under stored water Observe.

2

We observe the pouring of

concrete with the help of
Day – Laying of CC bed(M10) 1:3:6 RMC.
3

Day – Curing of CC bed We observe the curing prosses.

4

We observe how to fix

Day – Form work for abutments formwork.
5

Laying of first layer of concrete for abutment by We observe the pouring of

Day – using M15 grade of concrete (1:2:4) concrete on abutments.
6
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 7 (From Dt…11-06-2023 to Dt…16-06-2023 )

Earthworks excavation for a single lane bridge involves the removal and grading
of soil and rock to create a stable foundation and roadway for the bridge.

Here are the general steps involved in the earthwork’s excavation process for a
single lane bridge:

Earthworks excavation

1. Site preparation: Clear the construction site of any vegetation, structures, or

obstacles that may interfere with the excavation process.

2. Survey and layout: Conduct a topographic survey of the area to establish the
necessary grades and dimensions for the bridge. The survey will help determine
the amount of material that needs to be excavated or added.

3. Excavation: Dig out the soil and rock using heavy machinery such as
excavators, bulldozers, or backhoes. The excavation needs to be done deep enough
to accommodate the bridge abutments, footings, and approach slopes.

4. Slope stability: Ensure that the excavated slopes are stable and properly
compacted to prevent soil erosion or collapse. Use geotechnical engineering
techniques if necessary to enhance slope stability.
5. Trenching and backfilling: If any utilities such as water pipes or electrical cables
need to be installed under the bridge, trenches will be excavated and backfilled
with suitable materials to protect them.

6. Compaction: Compact the excavated soil or backfilled materials using vibratory

rollers or compactors to achieve the required density. Compaction is essential for
ensuring the stability, load-bearing capacity, and longevity of the bridge.

7. Grading and levelling: Use grading equipment to trim and level the excavated
area, creating a smooth and even surface for the bridge. This helps ensure proper
drainage and prevents water pooling on the roadway.

8. Erosion control: Implement erosion control measures such as the installation of

erosion control blankets or hydroseeding to prevent soil erosion and promote
vegetation growth.

9. Environmental considerations: Adhere to environmental regulations and protect

nearby water bodies or sensitive areas from sediment runoff during the
earthwork’s excavation process.

10. Quality control: Conduct regular inspections and tests to ensure that the
earthworks excavation meets engineering specifications and safety standards.

It is important to note that the specific steps and techniques may vary depending
on the site conditions, soil type, climate, and local regulations. Professional
engineering expertise and consultation are vital for successfully conducting the
earthworks excavation for a single lane bridge.

It is vital to follow engineering specifications, local building codes, and safety

regulations while laying the CC bed for the single lane bridge. Professional
expertise and consultation are recommended to ensure the proper execution of the
construction process.

Laying a CC (Cement Concrete) bed using M10 grade concrete for a single lane
bridge involves the construction of a stable and durable roadway surface. M10
grade concrete typically consists of 1 part cement, 3 parts fine aggregates (such as
sand), and 6 parts coarse aggregates (such as crushed stone).

Here are the general steps involved in laying the CC bed using M10 grade concrete
for a single lane bridge:

1. Preparation: Ensure that the excavation and grading of the bridge site are
completed as per the specifications.
2. Formwork: Install formwork to define the dimensions and shape of the CC bed.
Formwork provides support and containment for the concrete during the pouring
and setting process.

3. PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) base: Prepare a PCC base layer by pouring and
compacting M10 grade concrete. This layer serves as a strong foundation for the
CC bed and provides a level surface for the bridge.

4. Reinforcement (if required): Install reinforcements like steel bars or mesh in the
PCC base as per the design and engineering requirements. Reinforcements provide
additional strength and prevent cracks or failure in the CC bed.

5. Mixing concrete: Mix the M10 grade concrete ingredients in the desired
proportions (1:3:6 - cement: sand: coarse aggregates) with water, either manually
or using a concrete mixer.

6. Pouring concrete: Pour the mixed concrete evenly onto the prepared PCC base
within the formwork. Use shovels, wheelbarrows, or concrete pumps, depending
on the accessibility of the site.

7. Levelling and compacting: Use trowels or screeds to level the poured concrete
surface and eliminate any irregularities. Compact the concrete using vibratory
rollers, plate compactors, or other suitable equipment to achieve maximum density
and reduce air voids.

Laying a CC (Cement Concrete) bed using M10 grade concrete for a single lane
bridge involves the construction of a stable and durable roadway surface. M10
grade concrete typically consists of 1 part cement, 3 parts fine aggregates (such as
sand), and 6 parts coarse aggregates (such as crushed stone).

Here are the general steps involved in laying the CC bed using M10 grade concrete
for a single lane bridge:

1. Preparation: Ensure that the excavation and grading of the bridge site are
completed as per the specifications.

2. Formwork support and containment for the concrete during the pouring and
setting process.: Install formwork to define the dimensions and shape of the CC
bed. Formwork provides
 Formwork For CC Bed

3. PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) base: Prepare a PCC base layer by pouring and
compacting M10 grade concrete. This layer serves as a strong foundation for the
CC bed and provides a level surface for the bridge.

4. Reinforcement (if required): Install reinforcements like steel bars or mesh in the
PCC base as per the design and engineering requirements. Reinforcements provide
additional strength and prevent cracks or failure in the CC bed.

5. Mixing concrete: Mix the M10 grade concrete ingredients in the desired
proportions (1:3:6 - cement: sand: coarse aggregates) with water, either manually
or using a concrete mixer.

Mixing concrete
6. Pouring concrete: Pour the mixed concrete evenly onto the prepared PCC base
within the formwork. Use shovels, wheelbarrows, or concrete pumps, depending
on the accessibility of the site.

7. levelling and compacting: Use trowels or screeds to level the poured concrete
surface and eliminate any irregularities. Compact the concrete using vibratory
rollers, plate compactors, or other suitable equipment to achieve maximum density
and reduce air voids.

8. Curing: Protect the freshly poured CC bed from drying too quickly by applying
curing compounds or wetting it periodically. Proper curing allows the concrete to
gain strength and durability over time.

9. Finishing: Finish the CC bed surface as desired, such as by giving it a smooth or

textured appearance. This can be achieved using trowels or a broom finish.

10. Quality control: Regularly inspect and test the concrete for quality control
purposes, ensuring that it meets the prescribed engineering standards.

It is vital to follow engineering specifications, local building codes, and safety

regulations while laying the CC bed for the single lane bridge. Professional
expertise and consultation are recommended to ensure the proper execution of the
construction process. 9. Finishing: Finish the CC bed surface as desired, such as by
giving it a smooth or textured appearance. This can be achieved using trowels or a
broom finish.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE EIGHT WEEK

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF Person

DAY LEARNING OUTCOME
THE DAILY
& In-charge
ACTIVITY
DATE Signature

Curing of abutment (removal of

Day – form work) We observe the curing prosses.
1

Day - Form work to second layer We observe how to fix formwork.

2

We observe the pouring of concrete on

Day – Pouring the concrete to the 2nd layer abutments.
3

Day – Curing and removal form work Curing and removal form work.
4

Day – Formwork to 3rd layer Formwork to 3rd layer.

5

Day –
Curing and removal of complete We observe Curing and removal of
6 formwork complete formwork.
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 8 (From Dt…18-06-2023 to Dt 24-06-2023 )

Curing: Protect the freshly poured CC bed from drying too quickly by applying curing
compounds or wetting it periodically. Proper curing allows the concrete to gain strength
and durability over time.

Formwork support and containment for the concrete during the pouring and setting
process. : Install formwork to define the dimensions and shape of the CC bed. Formwork
provides

Form work for the second layer

Pouring concrete: Pour the mixed concrete evenly onto the prepared PCC base within the
formwork. Use shovels, wheelbarrows, or concrete pumps, depending on the
accessibility of the site.
 Pouring concrete
Curing and removal form work.

Form work for the final layer

Curing and removal of complete form

 COURCE OUTCOMES

1 Design efficiency.: Engineers and designers can learn how to optimize the design of a single lane
bridge to ensure it meets the required load capacity, structural integrity, and safety standards while
minimizing costs and construction time.

2. Construction techniques: The construction process of a single lane bridge can reveal innovative
construction techniques, methodologies, and materials that can be applied to similar bridge projects.
Lessons learned from challenges encountered during construction can help improve future construction
practices.

3. Environmental considerations: The construction of a single lane bridge can highlight the
importance of considering and minimizing the environmental impact. Lessons learned can include
implementing measures to protect natural habitats, maintain water flow, and reduce pollution during
construction.

4. Community engagement: Engaging with the local community during the construction process can
provide insights into their needs, concerns, and preferences. Lessons learned can help future projects to
better incorporate community input, address potential disruptions, and ensure the bridge's design and
features align with the community's requirements.

5. Maintenance and longevity: Monitoring the performance and maintenance needs of a single lane
bridge after construction can contribute to understanding the long-term behavior of such structures.
Insights gained can help improve maintenance strategies, predict lifespan, and inform the design of
future single lane bridges to ensure their durability and functionality.

6. Road safety: Observing the impact of a single lane bridge on traffic flow, congestion, and road safety
can provide lessons on optimizing traffic management strategies, signage, and road layout. This
knowledge can help improve the safety and efficiency of future bridge projects.

7. Cost-benefit analysis: Analysing the costs and benefits associated with the construction of a single
lane bridge can yield valuable information for future decision-making processes. Understanding the
economic and social impacts can help assess the feasibility of similar bridge projects and guide funding
allocation.

Learning from the outcomes of single lane bridge construction is crucial for continuous improvement in
infrastructure development, ensuring future projects are more efficient, sustainable, and tailored to meet
the specific needs of communities.
 I Completed my short- term internship at in W0TER SESOURCES DEPARTIMATE,
BIRTAGUNTA, DAGADARTHI. Under Mr. B VIJAYA KUMAR ASSISTANT EXEGUTIVE
ENGINEER. The sir was giving the introduction classes in first two weeks about the water resources
department and general construction materials and its types. From the third week of my internship,
we went to go CHOWDARI PALEM For the construction of the SINGLE LANE BRIDGE. At there
we learn the lot of construction techniques ,cost control techniques , interactive skills ,leader ship
skills etc. The short term internship is very useful to us to improve my knowledge.
 Student Self Evaluation of the Short-Term Internship

Student Name: U. RESHMA & Registration No:213R5A0101

Term of Internship: 8 WEEKS From: 01-05-2023 To: 24-06-2023

Date of Evaluation:
Organization Name& Address: WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT,
BITRAGUNTA SECTION 2,
DAGADARTHI, 524240

Name & Address of the Supervisor

with Mobile Number:

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: Letter grade of CGPA calculation to be provided

1) Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5

2) Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3) Initiative 1 2 3 4 5

4) Interaction with staff 1 2 3 4 5

5) Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6) Dependability 1 2 3 4 5

7) Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8) Planning and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10) Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11) Quality of work 1 2 3 4 5

12) Productivity 1 2 3 4 5

13) Progress of learning 1 2 3 4 5

14) Adaptability to organization’s culture/policies 1 2 3 4 5

15) OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Signature of the Student

 Evaluation by the Supervisor of the Intern Organisation

Student Name: U. RESHMA & Registration No: 213R5A0101

Term of Internship: 8WEEKS From: 01-05-2023 To: 24-06-2023

Date of Evaluation:

Organization Name& Address: WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT,

BITRAGUNTA SECTION 2,
DAGADARTHI, 524240

Name & Address of the Supervisor

with Mobile Number:

Please rate the student’s performance in the following areas:

Please note that your evaluation shall be done independent of the Student’s self-evaluation

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1) Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5

2) Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3) Initiative 1 2 3 4 5

4) Interaction with staff 1 2 3 4 5

5) Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6) Dependability 1 2 3 4 5

7) Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8) Planning and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10) Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11) Quality of work 1 2 3 4 5

12) Productivity 1 2 3 4 5

13) Progress of learning 1 2 3 4 5

14) Adaptability to organization’s culture/policies 1 2 3 4 5

15) OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Signature of the Supervisor

PHOTOS & VIDEO LINKS