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 BINOMIAL THEOREM
1. STATEMENT OF BINOMIAL THEOREM
n n n n n–1 n n–2 2 n n
(x + a) = C0x + C1x a + C2 x a +..........+ Cn a (where n  N)

n n n n n n!
· C0, C1 , C2,......., Cn are binomial coefficients Cr = r!(n  r)!

General Term = Tr 1  n Cr x n r a r
n
· There are (n+1) terms in the expansion of (x + a) .

· The sum of powers of a and x in each term of expansion is n.

n
· The binomial coefficients in the expansion of (x + a) equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal.

2. GREATEST BINOMIAL COFFICIENT

n n
· If n is even : When r = i.e. Cn/2 takes maximum value.
2
n 1 n 1 n
i.e. C n 1 = C n 1 and take maximum value.
n
· If n is odd : r = or
2 2 2 2

3. MIDDLE TERM OF THE EXPANSION

n n/2 n/2
 If n is even T n 
is the middle term. So the middle term T n 
= Cn/2 x y
 2 1  2 1
   

 If n is odd T n 1  and T n  3  are middle terms. So the middle terms are

 2   2 
   

n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
T n 1   n C n 1  x 2
y 2 n
and T n  3   C n 1  x
2
y 2
   
 2   2   2   2 

4. TO DETERMINE A PARTICULAR TERM IN THE EXPANSION

n
 α 1  m
In the expansion of  x ± β  , if x occurs in Tr+1 , then r is given by
 x 
nα  m
r=
α+β
nα
The term which is independent of x, occurs in Tr+1, then r is r =
α +β

5. BINOMIAL COEFFICIENT PROPERTIES

n
(1) C0 + C1 + C2 +............+ Cn = 2
n
(2) C0 – C1 + C2 – C3 +...........+ (–1) Cn = 0

[1]
[2] Binomial Theorem

n–1
(3) C0 + C2 + C4 +.............= C1 + C3 + C5 +....... = 2

2n 2n!
(4) C0Cr + C1Cr+1 +.........+ Cn–r Cn = Cn–r = (n  r)! (n  r)!

2 2 2 2 2n!
(if r = 0) C0 + C1 + C2 +........+ Cn = n! n!

2n 2n!
(if r = 1) C0 C1 + C1 C2 + C2 C3 +..........+ Cn–1 Cn = Cn–1 = (n  1)!(n  1)!
n–1
(5) C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 +........+ nCn = n.2
n
(6) C1 – 2C2 + 3C3–.........+ (–1) . nCn = 0
n–1
(7) C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 +..........+ (n+1)Cn = 2 (n+2)
n 1
C1 C 2 2 C3 3 Cn n (1  x)  1
(8) C0  x x  x  .....  x 
2 3 4 n 1 (n  1) x

C1 C 2 C 2n 1  1
 C0+   .........  n  (x = 1)
2 3 n 1 n 1
C1 C 2 C3 ( 1) n .C n 1
 C0–    .........   (x = –1)
2 3 4 n 1 (n  1)
 0 if n is odd 
(9) C02  C12  C22  C32  .....  (1) n Cx 2  (1) n / 2 n if n is even 
 Cn / 2

6. NUMERICALLY GREATEST TERM OF BINOMIAL EXPANSION

n n n–1 n
(a + x) = C0a + C1a x +...........+ Cnx .

n
Tr+1 Cr x n  r +1 x
= n
=
Tr Cr-1 a r a

n  r +1 x
Take  1  As Tr 1  Tn 
r a
n +1
r 
a
1+
x
 
 n 1 
 
So greatest term will be Tr+1 where r = 1  a 
 x 
 
[ . ] denotes greatest integer function.

n1
Note : If itself is a natural number, then T r = Tr + 1 and both the terms are numerically greatest.
a
1
x
Binomial Theorem [3]

7. BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR ANY INDEX

If n  Q , x < 1, then
n n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3 n(n  1)(n  2).....(n  r  1) r
(1 + x) = 1 + nx + x  x  .......  x  .........
2! 3! r!
Note : In this case there are infinite terms in the expansion.
Some Important Expansions :

If x < 1 and n  Q then

–n n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3 n(n  1).....(n  r  1) r

(a) (1 – x) = 1 + nx + x  x  ....  x  .....
2! 3! r!
n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3 n(n  1).....(n  r  1)
(b) (1 + x)
–n
= 1 – nx + x  x  ....  (x )r  .....
2! 3! r!
By putting n = 1, 2, 3 in the above results, we get the following results-
–1 2 3 r
· (1 – x) = 1 + x + x + x + ...... + x + .......
–1 2 3 r
· (1 + x) = 1 – x + x – x + ...... + (–x) + ......
–2 2 3 r
· (1 – x) = 1 + 2x + 3x + 4x + ..... + (r + 1) x + .....
–2 2 3 r
· (1 + x) = 1 – 2x + 3x – 4x + ....... + (r + 1) ( –x) + ......
–3 2 3 (r  1)(r  2) r
· (1 – x) = 1 + 3x + 6x + 10x + ...... + x  ....
2!
–3 2 3 (r  1)(r  2)
· (1 + x) = 1 – 3x + 6x – 10x + ......... + ( x )r  ........
2!

8. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

th th th n
(i) If the coefficient of the r , (r + 1) and (r + 2) terms in the expansion of (1 + x) are in H.P. then
2
n + (n – 2r) = 0
th th th n
(ii) If coefficient of r , (r + 1) , and (r + 2) terms in the expansion of (1 + x) are in A.P. then
2 2
n – n (4r + 1) + 4r – 2 = 0
n (n+r–1)
(iii) Number of terms in the expansion of (x1 + x2 +......xr) is Cr–1