CMPD223

CSNB153 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

COMPUTER SYSTEM
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• A long time ago, human are using their

fingers, stones etc to do calculation.
• At the same time, they are trying to create an
apparatus that could facilitate the calculation
process.
• After a few trial, finally the complex and
advance calculation system has been
produced and it is known as a computer.

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• The History & Evolution Of Computer Basically,

the history of computer development is
divided into 2 parts :
before 1940 & after 1940 .

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Abacus Counting Device

• Created on 3000 B.D.
at Babylonia.
• Was the first
mechanical counting
device in the world.
• Able to execute
addition and
subtraction operation .

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John Napier's Bone

• Created on 1614 by John
Napier.
• Facilitate multiplication and
division processes – faster
& easier.
• The first logarithm table
has been created.

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Pascaline Machine
• Created on 1642 by Braise Pascal.
• Was the first mechanical machine or
calculator in the world.
• Able to execute addition and subtraction
processes.

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Babbage Differentiation Machine

• Created by Charles Babbage on 1821.
• Was the first mechanical machine which is
used the steam power.
• Able to do a calculation and printing the
output automatically.

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Babbage Analytical Engine

• It has five (5) main parts :
▪ Input unit
▪ Output unit
▪ Processing Unit
▪ Control unit
▪ Memory unit
• His invention has became a theory
model for today's computer
technology. Because of that, Charles
Babbage has been known as The
Ancestor of A Modern Computer

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Evolution
First Generation
Von
MARK 1 ENIAC Neumann UNIVAC IBM
Machine

Second Generation
Transistors

Third Generation
Integrated Circuit

Later Generation
Microprocessor
May 2014 Systems and Networking 11
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http://www.slideshare.net/CarmenBI98/4-in-fbuenocarmentimeline

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Von
Neumann IBM
MARK 1 ENIAC UNIVAC
/ Turing
Machine

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Mark 1
• Created on 1941 by Dr. Howard Aikern in
conjunction with IBM.
• Was the first electro-mechanical computer.
• Size : 55 feet long, 8 feet height and
connected with 800 km of wire.

Age of computers-The trilogy(ii) - www.boddunan.com

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Von
Neumann IBM
MARK 1 ENIAC UNIVAC
/ Turing
Machine

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ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• Eckert and Mauchly
• University of Pennsylvania
• Trajectory tables for weapons
• Started 1943
• Finished 1946
▪ ENIAC was created to help with the war effort
against German forces.Used until 1955
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ENIAC
• Decimal (not binary)
• 20 accumulators of 10 digits
• Programmed manually by switches
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 30 tons
• 15,000 square feet
• 140 kW power consumption
• 5,000 additions per second
• 1000 times faster than Mark 1.

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http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/eniac.htm

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Von
MARK 1 Neumann
ENIAC UNIVAC IBM
/ Turing
Machine

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Stored-program concept
• The task of entering and altering program is
tedious for ENIAC. Suppose a program could
be represented in a form suitable for storing in
memory alongside data. Then computer could
get its instruction by reading them from
memory and program could be set or altered
by settings the values of a portion of memory.
This idea is known as stored-program concept
an developed by Von Neumann referred to IAS
computer.
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Von Neumann / Turing Machine

• Stored Program concept
▪ Main memory storing programs and data
▪ ALU operating on binary data
▪ Control unit interpreting instructions from
memory and executing
• Input and output equipment operated by
control unit

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Von Neumann / Turing Machine -

Example

http://www.arcadefire.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/turing11.jpg
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Von Neumann Machine - Structure

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit

(CA)

Main Memory I/O Equipment

(M) (I,O)

Program Control Unit

(CC)

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Von Neumann earlier proposal

• First – since the device is primarily a
computer, it will have to perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication or addition
therefore it need special organs to do it,
therefore come the CA
• Second- The logical control of the device that
is the proper sequencing of its operation,
carried out by central control organ, therefore
come the second part, CC

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Von Neumann earlier proposal

• Third – Any device that is to carried out long
and complicated operation need considerable
memory, therefore come the third specific
part of the device, M
• These three specific part called CC, CA and M
correspond to the associative neurons
nervous system

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• Fourth- The device need an organ to transfer

from R to specific part of C or M, these organ
form its input called, I.
• Fifth – The device must have an organ to
transfer from C or M to R outside specific
medium. These organ form O, output.

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Von Neumann / Turing Machine (2)

• Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
▪ IAS
• Completed 1952

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IAS
• 1000 x 40 bit words
▪ Binary number
▪ 2 x 20 bit instructions
• Set of registers (storage in CPU)
▪ Memory Buffer Register – contains word to be stored/received from in
memory or sent to i/o unit.
▪ Memory Address Register – specifies the address in memory of the word
to be written from or read into MBR.
▪ Instruction Register - contains 8-bit operation code instruction being
executed.
▪ Instruction Buffer Register – to hold temporarily the instruction
▪ Program Counter – contain address of the next instruction.
▪ Accumulator
hold temporarily operands and result of ALU
operation.
▪ Multiplier Quotient

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IAS – Structure
Arithmetic-logic Unit (ALU)
AC MQ
I/O Equipment
Arithmetic-logic Circuits (I,O)

MBR

IBR PC

IR MAR Main Memory (M)

Control Control
Circuits Signals
Program Control Unit
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IAS operation
• The opcode of the next instruction is loaded into
the IR and the address portion is loaded into
MAR. The instruction may by be taken from IBR
or it can be taken from memory by loading a
word into MBR, then down to IBR, IR and MAR.
• Once in the IR, the control circuitry interprets the
opcode and execute the instruction by sending
the right signal to moved the data or an
operation to be performed by the ALU.

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IAS Computer - Example

http://www.comsci.us/history/images/ias.jpg

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Von
MARK 1 Neumann
ENIAC UNIVAC IBM
/ Turing
Machine

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Universal Automatic Computer

(UNIVAC)

Late 1950
UNIVAC II
1947 Part of
UNIVAC I
Eckert-Mauchly Formed
Sperry-Rand
Computer Corporation Corporation
(to manufacture computer
commercially) • Faster & more
memory

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UNIVAC
• UNIVAC I – the first successful commercial
computer. Used for scientific and commercial
application ie, matrix algebraic computation,
statistical problem, premium billings, or life
insurance company and logistic problem.
• UNIVAC II – greater memory capacity and
higher performance

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UNIVAC - Example

http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/still-image/UNIVAC/Univac_1.charles_collingwood.1952.102645279.lg.jpg

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Von
Neumann
MARK 1 ENIAC UNIVAC IBM
/ Turing
Machine

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IBM

700/7000
series
1955
The 702
Business
1953 Applications
The 701
IBM 1st stored program computer
Scientific Calculations
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IBM 701

http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/701/images/141511_Large.jpg

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IBM 702

http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-0396.jpg

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IBM 700/7000

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/NASAComputerRoom7090.
NARA.jpg/280px-NASAComputerRoom7090.NARA.jpg
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Transistors
• Made from Silicon (Sand)
• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
• William Shockley et al.
• Replaced vacuum tubes: wires, metal plates,
glass capsule and vacuum.
• Solid State device made from silicon.

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Advantages of Transistors
• Smaller
• Cheaper
• Less heat dissipation

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Transistors Based Computers

• Second generation machines
• NCR & RCA produced small transistor
machines
• IBM 7000
• Digital Equipment Corporation(DEC) - 1957
▪ Produced PDP-1 – first mini computer
phenomenon.

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Integrated Circuit/Microelectronics
• Literally - “small
electronics”
• Transistors were replaced by
integrated circuits(IC)
• One IC could replace
hundreds of transistors
• This made computers even
smaller and faster.

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Integrated circuit
• In 1958, came an achievement that
revolutionized electronics and started the era
of microelectronic, the invention of integrated
circuit, defined the third generation of
computer.
• Initially only a few gates and memory cells,
could be reliably manufactured together. As
time went on, it become possible to pack
more and more component on the same chip

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• The cost of chip remained unchanged during

the period growth of density. This means the
cost of memory circuitry has fallen at a
dramatic rate
• Because logic and memory elements are
placed closer together on more densely
packed chips, the electrical path length is
shortened, increasing operating speed.

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• The computer become smaller

• Reduction in power and cooling requirement
• The interconnection of integrated circuit are
more reliable than solder connection.

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• In the same year IBM shipped PDP-8 from

DEC. PDP 8 was immediate hit and made DEC
fortune. PDP-8 established the concept
minicomputer.

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Later Generation Computers

• In 1970 the Intel Corporation invented the
Microprocessor: an entire CPU on one chip
• This led to microcomputers-computers on a desk

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Later Generation Computers

• This transformation was a result of the invention of the
microprocessor.
• A microprocessor (uP) is a computer that is fabricated on an
integrated circuit (IC).
• Computers had been around for 20 years before the first
microprocessor was developed at Intel in 1971.

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Microprocessor
• More than 1000 component can be placed on a
single integrated chip. VLSI achieved more than
10000 component on single chip.
• Just as density of element of memory chips has
continue to rise, so has the density of elements
on processor chips. As time went on, more and
more elements were placed on each chip, so that
fewer and fewer chips were needed to construct.
a single computer processor. A breakthrough is
achieved on 1971.

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Intel
Year Computer Description
Name
1971 4004 • First microprocessor
• All CPU components on a single
chip
• 4 bit
1972 8008 • 8 bit
• Both designed for specific
applications
1974 8080 • Intel’s first general purpose
microprocessor

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Additional Reference
• William Stallings, Computer Organization and
Architecture: Designing for Performance, 8th.
Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc., 2010

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Exercise
1) What is stored-program concept?
2) Before 1940, what kind of device that we are
using to calculate,
3) How many generation of computer do we
have? Named three of them
4) Based on Q3, describe and explain one of the
generation of computer that you are
interested and why?

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• 5) Describe the Von Neumann earlier proposal

of a computer
• 6) Explain how IAS send its instruction and
execute them, i.e using MBR or IR, how’s the
flow?
• 7) what is the advantage of integrated circuit?

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