Visit

FreeTestPaper.com
for more papers
H2 Mathematics 2017 Prelim Exam Paper 1 Question

1 Mr Subash returned to Singapore after his tour in Europe and wishes to convert his foreign
currencies back to Singapore Dollars (S$). Three money changers offer the following
exchange
rates:

Total amount of S$ Mr Subash

Money 1 Swiss 1 British
1 Euro would receive after
Changer Franc Pound
currency conversion
A S$1.35 S$1.80 S$1.55 S$1151.50
B S$1.40 S$1.85 S$1.65 S$1208.25
C S$1.45 S$1.75 S$1.60 S$1189.25

How much of each currency has Mr Subash left after his tour? [4]

∫ sin ( 2θ ) cos ( 3θ ) dθ .
2
(a) Find [2]

θ 3 cos (θ 2 ) dθ .
π
(b) Use the substitution θ = x to find the exact value of ∫ π
[5]
2

3 (i) Using the formula for sin P − sin Q , show that

sin ( 2r + 1) θ  − sin ( 2r − 1) θ  ≡ 2 cos ( 2rθ ) sin θ . [1]
(ii) Given that sin θ ≠ 0, using the method of differences, show that
n sin ( 2n + 1) θ  − sin θ
∑ cos ( 2rθ ) =
r =1 2sin θ
. [2]

 rπ 
n
(iii) Hence find ∑ cos2   in terms of n.
5 
r =1
Explain why the infinite series
π   2π  2  3π 
cos 2   + cos 2   + cos   + ...
5  5   5 
is divergent. [3]

4 A fund is started at $6000 and compound interest of 3% is added to the fund at the end of
each year. If withdrawals of $k are made at the beginning of each of the subsequent years,
show that the amount in the fund at the beginning of the (n +1)th year is
100 
$ (180 − k )(1.03) n + k  . [5]
3  

1
 (i) It is given that k = 400. At the beginning of which year, for the first time, will
the amount in the fund be less than $1000? [2]
(ii) If the fund is fully withdrawn at the beginning of sixteenth year, find the least
value of k to the nearest integer. [2]

5 (a) The curve C has the equation

( x − 2) = a 2 (1 − y 2 ) , 1< a < 2.
2

Sketch C, showing clearly any intercepts and key features. [2]

(b) The diagram shows the graph of y = f( x) , which has an oblique asymptote
y = 1 − x , a vertical asymptote x = −1 , x-intercepts at ( ) ( )
2, 0 and − 2, 0 , and y-
intercept at ( 0, 2) .
1 y
1

√2
√2 O x

Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of

1
(i) y= , [3]
f( x)
(ii) y = f ′( x) , [3]
showing clearly all relevant asymptotes and intercepts, where possible.

6 With respect to the origin O, the position vectors of the points U, V and W are u, v and w
respectively. The mid-points of the sides VW, WU and UV of the triangle UVW are M, N
and P respectively.
uuuur 1
(i) Show that UM = ( v + w − 2u ) . [2]
2
(ii) Find the vector equations of the lines UM and VN. Hence show that the position
1
vector of the point of intersection, G, of UM and VN is ( u + v + w ) . [5]
3

2
 1 0 0
      uuur
(iii) It is now given that u =  0  , v =  1  , w =  0  . Find the direction cosines of OG .
0 0  
    1
[2]

7 (a) If u = 2 − i sin 2 θ and v = 2 cos 2 θ + i sin 2 θ where −π < θ ≤ π , find u − v in terms

of sin 2 θ , and hence determine the exact expression for u − v and the exact
value of arg ( u − v ) . [6]

(b) The roots of the equation x 2 + ( i − 3) x + 2 (1 − i ) = 0 are α and β , where α is a

real number and β is not a real number. Find α and β . [4]

8 (a) When a liquid is poured onto a flat surface, a circular patch is formed. The area of
the circular patch is expanding at a constant rate of 6π cm 2 /s .
(i) Find the rate of change of the radius 24 seconds after the liquid is
being poured. [3]
(ii) Explain whether the rate of change of the radius will increase or decrease
as time passes. [1]

(b) A cylindrical can of volume 355 cm3 with height h cm and base radius r cm is made
from 3 pieces of metal. The curved surface of the can is formed by bending a
rectangular sheet of metal, assuming that no metal is wasted in creating this
surface. The top and bottom surfaces of the can are cut from square sheets of
metal with length 2r cm, as shown below. The cost of the metal sheets is $ K
per cm 2 .

2r

2r

(i) Show that the total cost of metal used, denoted by $ C , is given by
 710 
C =K + 8r 2  . [3]
 r 
(ii) Use differentiation to show that, when the cost of metal used is a minimum,
h 8
then = . [5]
r π

3
9 (i) Express 3 cos x − sin x in the form R cos ( x + α ) where R and α are exact
positive constants to be found. [2]
(ii) State a sequence of transformations which transform the graph of y = cos x to the
graph of y = 3 cos x − sin x. [2]

The function f is defined by f : x a 3 cos x − sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .

(iii) Sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) and state the range of f. [3]

The function g is defined by g : x a f ( x ), 0 ≤ x ≤ k .

(iv) Given that g −1 exists, state the largest exact value of k and find g −1 ( x). [3]

The function h is defined by h : x a x − 2, x ≥ 0.

(v) Explain why the composite function fh does not exist. [1]

10

A laser from a fixed point O on a flat ground projects light beams to the top of two vertical
structures A and B as shown above. To project the beam to the top of A, the laser makes
π
an angle of elevation of radians. To project the beam to the top of B, the laser makes
6
π 
an angle of elevation of  + x  radians. The two structures A and B are of heights h m
 6 
( )
and h + 3 k m respectively and are 10 m and (10 + k) m away from O respectively.
20
(i) Show that the length of the straight beam from O to A is m. [1]
3
(ii) Show that the length of AB is 2k m and that the angle of elevation of B from A is
π
radians. [3]
3

4
 10sin x
(iii) Hence, using the sine rule, show that k = . [2]
π 
3 sin  − x 
6 

(iv) If x is sufficiently small, show that k ≈

20
3
( x + ax 2 ) , where a is a constant to be

determined. [6]

11 (a) The diagram below shows a section of Folium of Descartes curve which is defined
parametrically by
3m 3m 2
x= , y = , m≥0.
1 + m3 1 + m3

(i) It is known that the curve is symmetrical about the line y = x . Find the values
of m where the curve meets the line y = x . [1]
(ii) Region R is the region enclosed by the curve in the first quadrant. Show that
 3 9
the area of R is given by 2  ∫ 2 x dy −  , and evaluate this integral. [5]
 0
8

(b) The diagram below shows a horizontal line y = c intersecting the curve y = ln x at
a point where the x-coordinate is such that 1 < x < e .

5
The region A is bounded by the curve, the line y = c , the x-axis and the y-axis while
the region B is bounded by the curve and the lines x = e and y = c . Given that the
volumes of revolution when A and B are rotated completely about the y-axis are
e2 + 1
c=
equal, show that 2e2 . [6]

6
 ANNEX B
XXJC H2 Math JC2 Preliminary Examination Paper 1

QN Topic Set Answers

1 Equations and He has 250 francs, 125 pounds and 380 euros left.
Inequalities
2 Integration techniques 1 1
2(a) cos   cos  5   c
2 10
1 
2(b)  
2 4
3 Sigma Notation and
sin
 2n  1 
Method of Difference 5 1 1
3(iii)  + n
 4 2
4sin
5
4 AP and GP 4(i) at the beginning of 19th year
4(ii) Least k = 503

5 Graphs and 5(a)

Transformation
y
(2, 1)

(2, 0)
O 2a 2+a
x

(2, 1)

5(b) (i)

½
1
O x
 5(b) (ii)

O x

6 Vectors 6(ii) Line UM: r  u    w  v  2u  ,   

Line VN: r  v    w + u  2 v  ,   

 1 1 1
6(iii) Direction cosines of OG are , ,
3 3 3

7 Complex numbers 7(a) u  v  2sin 2   2i sin 2 


u  v  2 2 sin 2  , arg  u  v   
4
7(b)   2 ,   1  i

8 Differentiation & 1 dr
8(a) (i) cm/ s , (ii) will decrease as time passes
Applications 4 dt

9 Functions 
9(i) R  2,  
6
9(ii)
A B
y  cos x  y  cos( x   )  y  R cos( x   )
A: Translation by radians in the negative x-
direction,
followed by
B: Scaling parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor R.
 9(iii)

x
O

Range of f, Rf =  2, 2
5
9(iv) Largest k =
6
x 
g 1 ( x)  cos 1 
2 6

9(v) Since Rh =  2, ) and Df   0, 2  ,

Rh  Df , fh does not exist.

10 Binomial Expansion 10(iv) a  3

11 Application of 11(a) (i) m  0 or 1

Integration 3
11(a) (ii) units 2
2
 1

H2 Mathematics 2017 Prelim Exam Paper 1 Solution

1 Let x, y and z be the amount of Francs, Pounds & Euro Mr Subash has left respectively.

1.35 x + 1.80 y + 1.55 z = 1151.50

1.40 x + 1.85 y + 1.65 z = 1208.25
1.45 x + 1.75 y + 1.60 z = 1189.25

Using GC, x = 250, y = 125, z = 380.

He has 250 francs, 125 pounds and 380 euros left.

2 (a) By Factor Formula,

1
sin ( 2θ ) cos ( 3θ ) = sin ( 5θ ) + sin ( −θ ) 
2
1
= sin ( 5θ ) − sin (θ ) 
2
1
∫ sin ( 2θ ) cos ( 3θ ) dθ = ∫ 2 sin ( 5θ ) − sin (θ ) dθ
1 1
= cos θ − cos ( 5θ ) + c
2 10

(b) θ = π ⇒ x = π ⇒ x = π
π π π
θ= ⇒ x= ⇒x=
22 2
dθ 1
θ= x ⇒ = .
dx 2 x
θ 3 cos (θ 2 ) dθ
π
∫ π
2

π  1 
= ∫ π x x ( co s x )   dx
2 2 x
1 π u= x dv
= ∫ π x cos x dx = cos x
2 2 dx
du
=1
1 π  dx v = sin x
[ ] π 1 ( sin x ) dx 
π
= 
2
x sin x π
2
− ∫ 2 

1 π π 
=  0 − + [ cos x ]π 
2 2 2 

1 π 
=  − + ( −1 − 0 ) 
2 2 
1 π
=− −
2 4
 2

3 (i)
sin ( 2r + 1) θ  − sin ( 2r − 1) θ 

≡ 2 cos
( 2r + 1)θ + ( 2r − 1)θ sin ( 2r + 1)θ − ( 2r − 1)θ
2 2
≡ 2 cos ( 2rθ ) sin θ [Shown]

(ii) From (i), sin ( 2r + 1) θ  − sin ( 2r − 1) θ  ≡ 2 cos ( 2rθ ) sin θ
sin ( 2r + 1) θ  − sin ( 2r − 1) θ 
⇒ cos ( 2rθ ) =
2sin θ
n n sin ( 2r + 1) θ  − sin ( 2r − 1) θ 
∴ ∑ cos ( 2rθ ) = ∑    
r =1 r =1 2sin θ
 sin 3θ − sin θ 
 + sin 5θ − sin 3θ 
 
1  + sin 7θ − sin 5θ 
=  
2sin θ  + L 
 + sin(2n − 1)θ − sin(2n − 3)θ 
 
 + sin(2n + 1)θ − sin(2n − 1)θ 
sin ( 2n + 1) θ  − sin θ
= [Shown]
2sin θ

 2rπ 
cos   +1
 rπ 
n n
(iii) ∑ cos 2   = ∑  5 
r =1  5  r =1
2

1 n  2rπ π
n
 1 
= ∑ cos 
2 r =1  5
+ ∑
 r =12
 Let θ = 
 5
 ( 2n + 1) π π
 sin − sin 
1 5 5 + 1 n
= 
2 π  2
2sin
 5 

sin
( 2n + 1) π
5 1 1
= − + n
π 4 2
4sin
5
1 1 ( 2n + 1) π ≤ 1,
As n → ∞, − + n → ∞ and sin
4 2 5
n
  rπ
∴ ∑ cos
r =1
 → ∞.
2



 5
π   2π  2  3π 
∴ the series cos 2   + cos 2   + cos   + ... is divergent.
5  5   5 
 3

4
Yr Amount at the beginning Amount at the end

of yr of yr

1 6000 6000(1.03)

2 6000(1.03) − k [ 6000(1.03) − k ] (1.03)

= 6000(1.03)2 − k (1.03)

3 6000(1.03) 2 − k (1.03) − k 6000(1.03)2 − k (1.03) − k  (1.03)

 
= 6000(1.03)2 − k (1.03) − k
= 6000(1.03)3 − k (1.03) 2 − k (1.03)

By inspection, amount in the fund at the end of nth year

n −1 n−2
= 6000 (1.03) − k (1.03) − k (1.03) − ... − k (1.03)
n

Amount in the fund at the beginning of (n + 1)th year

n −1 n−2
= 6000 (1.03) − k (1.03) − k (1.03) − ... − k (1.03) − k
n

n −1 
= 6000(1.03) n − k 1 + 1.03 + (1.03) + L + (1.03)
2
 
1 1 − (1.03)n  
   
= 6000(1.03)n − k   
 1 − 1.03 
 
100 
k 1 − (1.03) 
n
= 6000(1.03)n +
3 
 
100 
180 (1.03) + k − k (1.03) 
n n
=
3  
100 
(180 − k )(1.03) + k 
n
= [Shown]
3  

(i) Given k = 400,

100 
(180 − 400 )(1.03) + 400  < 1000
n

3  
−220 (1.03) + 400 < 30
n

37
(1.03)n > (or 1.6818)
22
37
n ln1.03 > ln
22
ln 37
22 = 17.6 (3 sf)
n >
ln1.03
Least n = 18
 4

Or: use GC, table of values gives

least n = 18
n + 1 = 19
Therefore, at the beginning of 19th year, the amount in the fund will be less than $1000
for the first time

(ii) When n + 1 = 16 ⇒ n = 15,

100 
(180 − k )(1.03) + k  ≤ 0
15
3  
(180 − k )(1.03)15 + k ≤ 0
180 (1.03) + k 1 − (1.03)  ≤ 0
15 15
 
k 1 − (1.03)  ≤ −180 (1.03)
15 15
 
k (1.03) − 1 ≥ 180 (1.03)
15 15
 
180 (1.03)
15
k ≥
(1.03)15 − 1
k ≥ 502.6
Least k = 503 (nearest integer)

Or: from GC (plot graph or table of values),

least k = 503 (nearest integer)

5 (a) ( x − 2) 2 = a 2 (1 − y 2 )
( x − 2)2
⇒ 2
+ y2 = 1
a
( x − 2)2 ( y − 0 )
2

⇒ + = 1,
a2 12
1< a < 2

1
(b)(i) y = √2
y
√2
f( x)

½
−1
O x
 5

(b)(ii) y = f ′( x)
y
1

O x
1

6 U

P
G N

V
M
W
(i)
uuuur uuur
uuuur UW + UV
By Ratio Theorem, UM =
2
w −u + v −u
=
2
1
= ( v + w − 2u ) (Shown)
2

(ii) Vector equation of line UM is r = u + λ ( w + v − 2u ) , λ ∈ 

uuur uuur
uuur VW + VU
VN =
2
w − v +u − v 1
= = ( w + u − 2v )
2 2
Vector equation of line VN is r = v + µ ( w + u − 2 v ) , µ ∈ 
At point of intersection G,
u + λ ( w + v − 2u ) = v + µ ( w + u − 2 v )
For u: 1 − 2λ = µ
For w: λ = µ
1
Solving, λ = = µ
3
 6

uuur 1
OG = u + ( w + v − 2u )
3
1
= ( u + v + w ) (Shown)
3

1 0 0

     
(iii) u =  0  , v =  1  , w =  0 
0 0  
    1
 1   0   0    13 
uuur 1   
OG =  0  +  1  +  0   =  13 
3       1
 0   0   1    3 
uuur 1 1
OG = 3  2  =
3  3
uuur 1 1 1
1 1 1
Direction cosines of OG are 3 , 3 , 3 , i.e., , ,
1
3
1
3
1
3
3 3 3

7 (a) u = 2 − i sin 2 θ , v = 2 cos 2 θ + i sin 2 θ

u − v = 2 − i sin 2 θ − 2 cos 2 θ − i sin 2 θ
= 2 − 2 cos 2 θ − 2i sin 2 θ
= 2 (1 − cos 2 θ ) − 2i sin 2 θ
= 2 sin 2 θ − 2 i sin 2 θ or 2 ( sin 2 θ ) (1 − i )

u − v = 2 sin 2 θ − i sin 2 θ or 2 sin 2 θ 1 − i

= 2 ( sin 2 θ ) 1 + 1
= 2 sin 4 θ + sin 4 θ
= 2 2 sin 2 θ

= 2 2sin 4 θ

= 2 2 sin 2 θ

Note that u − v lies in the 4th quadrant.

2 sin 2 θ
arg ( u − v ) = − tan −1
2 sin 2 θ
π
= − tan −1 1 = −
4
Or:
arg ( u − v ) = arg ( 2sin 2 θ − 2 i sin 2 θ ) = arg  2 ( sin 2 θ ) (1 − i ) 
= arg ( 2 sin 2 θ ) + arg (1 − i )
 7

 π π
= 0+−  = −
 4 4
(b) Method 1 Solve α first then factorise quadratic expression or use sum of roots
x 2 + ( i − 3) x + 2 (1 − i ) = 0
Sub. x = α ∈  ,
α 2 + ( i − 3) α + 2 (1 − i ) = 0
(α 2
− 3α + 2 ) + i (α − 2 ) = 0
Comparing imaginary parts,
α −2 = 0
α = 2

x 2 + ( i − 3) x + 2 (1 − i ) = ( x − 2 )( x − β )
Comparing constants,
2 (1 − i ) = 2 β
∴ β = 1− i
Or: Sum of roots, α + β = − ( i − 3)
2 + β = 3−i
∴ β = 1− i

Method 2 Factorise the quadratic expression first

x 2 + ( i − 3) x + 2 (1 − i ) = ( x − α )( x − β )
Comparing coefficients of x,
i − 3 = − (α + β )
α + β = 3−i (1)
Comparing constants,
αβ = 2 − 2 i (2)
From (1), β = 3 − i −α (3)
Sub. (3) into (2), α (3 − i − α ) = 2 − 2 i
3α − α 2 − α i = 2 − 2 i
Comparing imaginary parts, α = 2
Sub. into (3), β = 3−i −2
∴ β = 1− i
Or:
Let β = a + bi , where a ∈  , b ∈  and b ≠ 0
x 2 + ( i − 3) x + 2 (1 − i ) = ( x − α )  x − ( a + bi ) 
Comparing coefficients of x,
i−3 = −a − bi − α
b = −1 (Comparing imaginary parts)
a +α = 3 (1) (Comparing real parts)
Comparing constants,
2 − 2i = α ( a + bi )
 8

= α ( a − i) = α a − αi
α = 2 (Comparing imaginary parts)
Sub. into (1), a = 3 −α = 3 − 2 = 1
∴ β = 1− i

Method 3 Solve x first using quadratic formula

x 2 + ( i − 3) x + 2 (1 − i ) = 0

− ( i − 3) ± ( i − 3) − 4 (1)  2 (1 − i ) 
2

x =
2
3 − i ± i − 6i + 9 − 8 + 8i
2
3 − i ± 2i
= =
2 2
3 − i ± (1 + i )
= (use GC to find 2i )
2
= 2 or 1 − i
∴ α = 2 and β = 1 − i

For comparison purpose:

If GC is not used to find 2i , then the algebraic works will look as follows:

Let 2i = a + bi , where a ∈  , b ∈ 
2i = a 2 − b 2 + 2abi
Compring real parts, a − b 2
2
= 0
a2 = b2
a = ±b (1)
Compring imaginary parts, ab = 1 (2)
When a = b,
Sub. into (2), a2 = 1
a = ±1
When a = 1, b = 1. When a = −1 , b = −1
± 2i = ± (1 + i )
When a = −b
Sub. into (2), −b2 = 1 (NA Q b ∈  )
3 − i ± (1 + i )
∴ x = = 2 or 1 − i
2
∴ α = 2 and β = 1 − i

8 (a)(i) Let A cm 2 be area of the circular patch.

A = π r2
dA
= 2π r
dr

dA
Given = 6π cm 2 /s , a constant
dt
 9

This means that, in 1 s, A increases by 6π cm 2 constantly.

When t = 0, A = 0
When t = 24, A = 24 × 6π = 144π
π r2 = 144π
r = 12 (reject r = −12 since r > 0 )
dA
= 2π (12 ) = 24π
dr
dA dA d r
×
=
dt dr dt
dr
6π = 24π
dt
dr 1
=
dt 4
1
∴ rate of change of the radius is cm/ s .
4

dA dA d r
(a)(ii) = ×
dt dr dt
dr
6π = 2π r
dt
dr 6π 3
= =
dt 2π r r

Method 1
dr 3 dr
As r increases, = decreases, ∴ will decrease as time passes .
dt r dt

Method 2
d ( ddrt ) d ( 3r ) dr
= ×
dt dr dt
−3  3  −9
= 2  = 3 <0
r r r
dr
∴ will decrease as time passes .
dt

(b)(i) V = π r 2h
355 = π r 2 h
355
π rh =
r
C = K ( 2π rh ) + 2 K ( 4r 2 )
  355  2
= K 2   + 8r 
  r  
 10

 710 
= K + 8r 2  (Shown)
 r 

dC  710 
(b)(ii) =  − 2 + 16r  K
dr  r 
dC
For C to be a minimum, = 0.
dr
710
− 2 + 16 r = 0
r
−710 + 16r 3 = 0
355
r3 =
8
355
r = 3 = 3.54 (3 sf)
8
d 2C  1420   1420 
2
=  3 + 16  K =  355 + 16  K = 48K > 0
dr  r   8 
Or
355 3.6
r 3.5 3 ≈ 3.54
8
dC
−1.96 K < 0 0 2.82 K > 0
dr
355
So, r = 3 does give the minimum cost.
8

Recall 355 = π r 2 h
355
h =
π r2
h 355 355
∴ = =
r π r π ( 355
3
8 )

8
= (Shown)
π

9 (i) 3 cos x − sin x = R cos ( x + α )

( 3)
2
R = + 12 = 4 = 2
1 π
α = tan −1 =
3 6

 π
(ii) y = 3 cos x − sin x = 2 cos  x + 
 6
A B
y = cos x → y = cos( x + α ) → y = R cos( x + α )
 11

A: Translation by α radians in the negative x-direction,

followed by
B: Scaling parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor R.
Can [can be B followed by A]
(iii) f : x a 3 cos x − sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
y

x
O

Range of f, Rf = [ −2, 2] .

(iv) g : x a f ( x ), 0 ≤ x ≤ k .
5π
Largest k = .
6
Let y = g( x) .
 π
y = 2 cos  x + 
 6
 π y
cos  x +  =
 6 2
y π
⇒ x = cos −1 −
2 6
x π
∴ g −1 ( x) = cos −1 −
2 6

(v) h : x a x − 2, x ≥ 0
Since Rh = [ −2, +∞) and Df = [ 0, 2π ] ,
Rh ⊄ Df , fh does not exist.

10
 12

(i)

π 10
cos =
6 OA
3 10
=
2 OA
20
OA = m
3

(Shown)

(ii) AB = k 2 + 3k 2 = 4k 2 = 2k (Shown)
3k
∠BAC = tan −1 = tan −1 3
k
π
= (Shown)
3

(iii)
∠CBO = π2 − ( π6 + x ) = π3 − x Or: ∠BAO = 2π − π2 − π3 − π3 ( ∠ at a pt )
∠CBA = π2 − π3 = π6 = 56π
∠ABO = π3 − x − π6 = π6 − x ∠ABO = π − x − 56π = π6 − x

20
2k
In ∆ABO , = 3

sin x sin ( π6 − x )
10 sin x
k =
3 sin ( π6 − x )

(iv)
 13

10sin x
k=
3 sin ( π6 − x )
10sin x
=
3 ( sin π6 cos x − cos π6 sin x )
10 x
≈
 (
3  12 1 − x2 − 23 x 
2

 )
10 x
=
3
(
2  1− 2 − 3 x
x2
)


( )
−1
20 x 
1 − 3 x + x2 
2
=
3  

≈
20 x
3
(
1+ 3 x )
=
20
3
(
x + 3 x2 )
11 3m 3m 2
(a)(i) x = , y = , m≥0
1 + m3 1 + m3
y = x
3m 2 3m
=
1+ m 3
1 + m3
m ( m − 1) = 0
m = 0 or 1
(a)(ii) When m = 0, y = 0.
3 3
When m = 1, y = = .
1+1 2
y
y=x
Notes:
m=1
2 1 (112 , 112 )
( 3 ,1 3 ) Use GC to trace the path to
by symmetry see how m varies when the
point moves along the path.

1
m=2
(1 13 , 23 )

x
Om=0
 14

Area of (lower) half of the “leaf” is

3
1 3
A = ∫ 02 x dy − area of ∆ (Note: ∫ 2 x dy = shaded area)
2 0

 3 1  3  3  
A = 2  ∫ 2 x dy −    
 0 2  2  2  
 3 9
= 2  ∫ 2 x dy −  (Shown)
 0
8

3m  6m (1 + m ) − 3m ( 3m ) 
 3 2 2 
 32 9 1 9
2  ∫ x dy −  = 2 ∫ 0 dm −
1+ m  (1 + m3 ) 
3 2
 0
8 4
 

= 2∫
1 (
3m 6m − 3m 4) dm − 9
0
(1 + m ) 3 34
15 9
= − (by GC)
4 4
3
=
2

(b) y = ln x
x = ey

(e )
c
y 2
VA = π ∫ dy
0
c
= π ∫ e2 y dy
0
c
1 
= π  e2 y 
2 0
π
=
2
(e 2c
− 1)

(1 − c ) π e2 − π ∫c (e ) or π ∫  e 2 − ( e y )  dy
1
y 2 1 2
VB = dy
c 
 
1
1 
= π (1 − c ) e − π  e2 y 2

2 c
π
= π (1 − c ) e 2 −
2
(e 2
− e2c )

VA = VB
π π
2
(e 2c
− 1) = π (1 − c ) e2 −
2
(e 2
− e2c )

e 2 c − 1 = 2e2 (1 − c ) − e2 + e2c
= 2e 2 − 2ce 2 − e 2 + e 2 c
2 ce 2 = e2 + 1
 15

e2 + 1
c = (Shown)
2e 2
H2 Mathematics 2017 Prelim Exam Paper 2 Question

1 It is given that y = ln (1 + sin x ) .

dy d2 y
(i) Find . Show that 2
= −e − y . [4]
dx dx
d4 y dy
(ii) Express 4
in terms of and e − y . [3]
dx dx
(iii) Hence, find the first four non-zero terms in the Maclaurin series for ln (1 + sin x ) . [3]

2 John kicked a ball at an acute angle θ made with the horizontal, and it moved in a projectile
motion, as shown in the diagram. The initial velocity of the ball is u m s−1. Taking John’s
position where he kicked the ball as the origin O, the ball’s displacement curve is given
by the parametric equations:
horizontal displacement, x = ut cos θ,
vertical displacement, y = ut sin θ − 5t 2 ,
where u and θ are constants and t is the time in seconds after the ball is kicked.

dy 10
(i) Show that = tan θ − t sec θ . [2]
dx u
(ii) If the initial velocity of the ball is 30 m s −1 , find the equation of the tangent to the
1
displacement curve at the point where t = , giving your answer in the form
2
y = ( a tan θ + b secθ ) x + c , where a, b and c are constants to be determined. [3]

3 Peter is using equations of planes to model two hillsides that meet along a river. The river
is modelled by the line where the two planes meet.

H1 H2

1
 One of the hillsides, H1 , contains the points A, B and C with coordinates (3, 0, 2), (1, 0,
3) and ( 2, − 3, 5) respectively. The point A is on the river. The other hillside H 2 has
equation 2 x − y + kz = 14, where k is a constant.

(i) Find a vector equation of H1 in scalar product form. [4]

(ii)Show that k = 4 and deduce that point B is also on the river. [3]
Write down a cartesian equation of the river.
(iii) [1]
(iv)Show that B is the point on the river that is nearest to C. Hence find the exact distance
from C to the river. [3]
(v) Find the acute angle between BC and H 2 . [2]

4 To determine whether the amount of preservatives in a particular brand of bread meets

the safety limit of preservatives present, the Food Regulatory Authority (FRA) conducted
a test to examine the growth of fungus on a piece of bread over time after its expiry date.
The piece of bread has a surface area of 100 cm 2 . The staff from FRA estimate the amount
of fungus grown and the rate at which it is growing by finding the area of the piece of
bread the fungus covers over time. They believe that the area, A cm 2 , of fungus present t
days after the expiry date is such that the rate at which the area is increasing is proportional
to the product of the area of the piece of bread covered by the fungus and the area of the
bread not covered by the fungus. It is known that the initial area of fungus is 20 cm 2 and
that the area of fungus is 40 cm 2 five days after the expiry date.

(i) Write down a differential equation expressing the relation between A and t . [1]
(ii) Find the value of t at which 50% of the piece of bread is covered by fungus, giving
your answer correct to 2 decimal places. [6]
(iii) Given that this particular brand of bread just meets the safety limit of the amount of
preservatives present when the test is concluded 2 weeks after the expiry date, find
the range of values of A for any piece of bread of this brand to be deemed safe for
human consumption in terms of the amount of preservatives present, giving your
answer correct to 2 decimal places. [2]
(iv) Write the solution of the differential equation in the form A = f ( t ) and sketch this
curve. [3]

5 The probability distribution of a discrete random variable, X, is shown below.

x 1 2
P ( X = x) a b

Find E ( X ) and Var ( X ) in terms of a. [5]

6 (i) Find the number of 3-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2 and 3
when
(a) no repetitions are allowed, [1]
(b) any repetitions are allowed, [1]
 (c) each digit may be used at most twice. [2]

(ii) Find the number of 4-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2 and 3
when each digit may be used at most twice. [5]

7 At a canning factory, cans are filled with potato puree. The machine which fills the cans
is set so that the volume of potato puree in a can has mean 420 millilitres. After the
machine is recalibrated, a quality control officer wishes to check whether the mean
volume has changed. A random sample of 30 cans of potato puree is selected and the
volume of the puree in each can is recorded. The sample mean volume is x millilitres
and the sample variance is 12 millilitres 2 .

(i) Given that x = 418.55 , carry out a test at the 1% level of significance to investigate
whether the mean volume has changed. State, giving a reason, whether it is
necessary for the volumes to have a normal distribution for the test to be valid. [6]
(ii) Use an algebraic method to calculate the range of values of x , giving your answer
correct to 2 decimal places, for which the result of the test at the 1% level of
significance would be to reject the null hypothesis. [3]

8 In this question you should state clearly the values of the parameters of any normal
distribution you use.

The mass of a tomato of variety A has normal distribution with mean 80 g and standard
deviation 11 g.
(i) Two tomatoes of variety A are randomly chosen. Find the probability that one of the
tomatoes has mass more than 90 g and the other has mass less than 90 g. [3]

The mass of a tomato of variety B has normal distribution with mean 70 g. These tomatoes
are packed in sixes using packaging that weighs 15 g.
(ii) The probability that a randomly chosen pack of 6 tomatoes of variety B including
packaging, weighs less than 450 g is 0.8463. Show that the standard deviation of the
mass of a tomato of variety B is 6 g, correct to the nearest gram. [4]
(iii) Tomatoes of variety A are packed in fives using packaging that weighs 25 g. Find the
probability that the total mass of a randomly chosen pack of variety A is greater than
the total mass of a randomly chosen pack of variety B, using 6 g as the standard
deviation of the mass of a tomato of variety B. [5]

9 A jar contains 5 identical balls numbered 1 to 5. A fixed number, n, of balls are selected
and the number of balls with an even score is denoted by X.
(i) Explain how the balls should be selected in order for X to be well modelled by a
binomial distribution. [2]

 2
Assume now that X has the distribution B  n,  .
 5
(ii) Given that n = 10 , find P ( X ≥ 4 ) . [2]
(iii) Given that the mean of X is 4.8, find n. [2]
(iv) Given that P(X = 0 or 1) < 0.01, write down an inequality for n and find the least
value of n. [3]

3
 Shawn and Arvind take turns to draw one ball from the jar at random. The first person
who draws a ball with an even score wins the game. Shawn draws first.
3
(v) Show that the probability that Shawn wins the game is if the selection of balls is
5
done without replacement. [2]
(vi) Find the probability that Shawn wins the game if the selection of balls is done with
replacement. [2]

10 (a) Traffic engineers are studying the correlation between traffic flow on a busy main
road and air pollution at a nearby air quality monitoring station. Traffic flow, x, is
recorded automatically by sensors and reported each hour as the average flow in
vehicles per hour for the preceding hour. The air quality monitoring station provides,
each hour, an overall pollution reading, y, in a suitable unit (higher readings indicate
more pollution). Data for a random sample of 8 hours are as follows.

Traffic flow, x 1796 1918 2120 2315 2368 2420 2588

Pollution reading, y 1.0 2.2 3.5 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.9

(i) Draw the scatter diagram for these values, labelling the axes. [2]

It is thought that the pollution y can be modelled by one of the formulae

y = a + bx y 2 = c + dx
where a, b, c and d are constants.

(ii) Find the value of the product moment correlation coefficient between
(a) x and y,
(b) x and y 2 . [2]
(iii) Use your answers to parts (i) and (ii) to explain which of y = a + bx or
y 2 = c + dx is the better model. [2]
(iv) It is required to estimate the value of y for which x = 2000. Find the equation of
a suitable regression line, and use it to find the required estimate. [2]
(v) The local newspaper carries a headline “Heavy traffic causes air pollution”.
Comment briefly on the validity of this headline in the light of your results. [1]

(b) The diagram below shows an old research paper that has been partially destroyed.
The surviving part of the paper contains incomplete information about some bivariate
data from an experiment. Calculate the missing constant at the end of the equation of
the second regression line. [3]

The mean of x is 4.4. The

The equation of the regression line of y on x is y = 2.5x + 3.8.
The equation of the regression line of x on y is x = 1.5y
 ANNEX B
JJC H2 Math JC2 Preliminary Examination Paper 2
QN Topic Set Answers
1 Maclaurin series dy cos x
(i) =
dx 1  sin x
d4 y  y  dy 
2
  y  dy  2 
(ii) =   e   e   or e  e    
y 2 y

dx 4  dx    dx  
1 2 1 3 1 4
(iii) ln 1  sin x  = x x  x  x  ...
2 6 12
2 Differentiation &  1  5
Applications (ii) y =  tan   sec   x 
 6  4
3 Vectors  3
 
(i) r 5   21
6
 
x 3 x 1
(iii)  z  2, y  0 or  z  3, y  0
2 2
(iv) 14
(v) 49.3 or 0.861 rad
4 Differential Equations dA
(i)  kA 100  A
dt
(ii) 7.07 days
(iii) 79.58  A  100
 1 ln 83 t
100e 5 100e0.196t
(iv) A = or
4e 5
 1 ln 83 t 4  e0.196t

20

5 DRV E  X  = 2  a and Var  X  = a  a 2

6 P&C, Probability (i) (a) 6, (b) 27, (c) 24
(ii) 54
7 Hypothesis Testing (i) Since p-value = 0.0242 >   0.01 , we do not reject
H 0 at 1% level of significance and conclude that there is
insufficient evidence that the population mean volume
has changed.
It is not necessary for the volumes to have a normal
distribution for the test to be valid as n  30 is large.
(ii) x  418.34 or x  421.66
8 Normal Distribution (i) 0.297
(iii) 0.364
9 Binomial Distribution (i) (1) Selection of balls is done with replacement.
(2) The balls are thoroughly mixed before each
selection.
(ii) 0.618
(iii) 12
n n 1
3  2  3 
(iv)    n      0.01 , least n = 14
5  5  5 
5
(vi) or 0.625
8
10 Correlation & Linear (a) (ii) (a) 0.959, (b) 0.995
Regression (iii) y 2  c  dx is the better model since
 From (i), the points on the scatter diagram seem
to lie on a concave downward curve.
 From (ii), the product moment correlation
coefficient between x and y 2 is closer to 1, as
compared to that between x and y.
(iv) y 2  0.0279 x  48.0 , y = 2.79 when x 2000.
(v) May not be valid as coorelation does not necessarily
imply causation.
(b) 17.8
 1

H2 Mathematics 2017 Prelim Exam Paper 2 Solution

1 (i) y = ln (1 + sin x ) ⇒ e y = 1 + sin x

dy cos x
= [B1]
dx 1 + sin x
d2 y
=
(1 + sin x )( − sin x ) − ( cos x )( cos x )
(1 + sin x )
2
dx 2
− sin x − sin 2 x − cos 2 x
=
(1 + sin x )
2

− sin x − 1
= [A1]
(1 + sin x )
2

− ( sin x + 1)
=
(1 + sin x )
2

−1
=
1 + sin x
−1
=
ey
= −e − y (Shown)

d3 y  dy 
(ii) = −e − y  − 
dx 3  dx 
dy
= e− y
dx
d4 y d2 y  dy  dy 
= e− y 2 + e− y  −  
dx 4 dx  dx  dx 
2
 dy 
= e − y ( −e − y ) − e − y   (from (i))
 dx 
 dy 
2
 − y  dy  2 
= − (e )
−y 2 −y −y
− e   or −e e +   
 dx    dx  

(iii) When x =0,

y = ln 1 = 0
dy cos 0
= =1
dx 1 + sin 0
d2 y
= − e 0 = −1
dx 2
d3 y
= 1
dx 3
d4 y
= − 1 − 1 = −2
dx 4
 2

∴ ln (1 + sin x ) = 0+ x+
( −1) x 2 + 1 x3 + ( −2 ) x 4 + ...
2 3! 4!
1 1 1
= x − x 2 + x3 − x 4 + ...
2 6 12

2 (i)
dx dy
= u cos θ , = u sin θ − 10t ,
dt dt
dy u sin θ − 10t
=
dx u cos θ
10t
= tan θ −
u cos θ
10
= tan θ − t secθ (Shown)
u

1
(ii) When u = 30 and t = ,
2
5 dy 1
x = 15 cos θ , y = 15sin θ − , = tan θ − sec θ
4 dx 6
Equation of tangent is
5  1 
y − 15sin θ + =  tan θ − sec θ  ( x − 15 cos θ )
4  6 
 1  5
=  tan θ − sec θ  x − 15sin θ +
 6  2
 1  5
∴y =  tan θ − sec θ  x +
 6  4

3 (i) A(3, 0, 2), B (1, 0, 3), C(2, −3, 5)

 1   3   −2   2   3   −1 
uuur       uuur      
AB =  0  −  0  =  0  AC =  −3  −  0  =  −3 
 3  2  1   5   2  3 
           
 −2   −1   3 
uuur uuuur      
AB × AC =  0  ×  −3  =  5 
 1   3  6
     
 3  1  3 
     
Take n1 =  5  , a • n1 =  0  •  5  = 3 + 0 + 18 = 21
 6  3  6 
     
 3
 
A vector equation of H1 is r 5  = 21
6
 
 3

(ii) Equation of H 2 is 2x − y + kz = 14.

Sub. A(3, 0, 2) into equation of H 2 ,
2(3) − 0 + k (2) = 14
∴ k=4 (Shown)
Sub. B(1, 0, 3) into LHS of equation of H 2 ,
LHS = 2 x − y + 4 z = 2(1) − 0 + 4(3) = 14 = RHS
∴ B is also in H 2 .
Since B is in both H1 and H 2 , ∴ B is on the river. (Deduced)

uuur  −2 
(iii) Recall AB =  0  , using A(3, 0, 2) or B (1, 0, 3),
1
 
a cartesian equation of the river (line AB) is
x−3 x −1
= z − 2, y = 0 or = z − 3, y = 0
−2 −2

 1   −2 
uuur uuur    
(iv) Since BC AB =  −3  0  = 1(−2) + (−3)(0) + 2(1) = 0 ,
 2   1
  
BC is perpendicular to AB.
∴ B is the point on the river that is nearest to C.
Exact distance from C to the river
 1
uuur  
= BC =  −3  = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14
 2
 

(v) Acute angle between BC and H 2

 1  2 
  
 −3  −1
 2  4
   13
θ = sin −1 = sin −1
14 21 14 21
= 49.3° or 0.861 rad

4 dA
(i) = kA (100 − A)
dt

1
(ii) ∫ A (100 − A) dA = ∫ k dt
By partial fractions,
1 1 1
= +
A (100 − A ) 100 A 100 (100 − A)
 4

1 1 1 
∴ ∫  +  dA = kt + c
100  A 100 − A 
1
100
( ln A − ln 100 − A ) = kt + c (Q A > 0 and 100 − A > 0 )
1
ln A − ln (100 − A )  = kt + c
100 
A
ln = 100 ( kt + c )
100 − A
A 100( kt + c )
= e = e100 kt e100c = Dek1t
100 − A
where k1 = 100k and D = e100 c .

When t = 0, A = 20 ,
20
= D
100 − 20
1
D =
4

When t = 5, A = 40 ,
40 1 5 k1
= e
100 − 40 4
1 5 k1 2
e =
4 3
8
e5k1 =
3
8
5k1 = ln
3
1 8
k1 = ln
5 3
A 1 ( 15 ln 83 )t
∴ = e
100 − A 4

When A = 0.5 ×100 = 50 ,

50 1 ( 15 ln 83 )t
= e
100 − 50 4
1 ( 15 ln 83 )t
1 = e
4
e5
( 1 ln 83 )t = 4
1 8
 ln  t = ln 4
5 3
ln 4
t = 1 ln 8
= 7.07 (2 dp)
5 3
The required time is 7.07 days.
 5

(iii) When t = 14 ( days ) ,

1 8
A 1  5 ln 3 (14)
= e
100 − A 4

Method 1 Solve algebraically

A
= 3.8963 (5 sf)
100 − A
A = (100 − A)( 3.8963)
= 389.63 − 3.8963 A
4.8963A = 389.63
A = 79.58 (2 dp)
For the bread to be deemed safe for human consumption in terms of the amount
of preservatives present, 79.58 ≤ A ≤ 100

Method 2 Use GC to plot graphs

1 8
A 1  ln (14)
Use GC to plot y = and y = e 5 3  (≈ 3.8963)
100 − A 4
Look for the point of intersection (adjust window).
A = 79.58 (2 dp)
For the bread to be deemed safe for human consumption in terms of the amount
of preservatives present, 79.58 ≤ A ≤ 100

A 1 ( 15 ln 83 )t
(iv) = e
100 − A 4
1 ( 51 ln 83 )t
A = e (100 − A )
4
( 1 ln 83 )t 100 − A ( 1 ln 83 )t − Ae( 15 ln 83 )t
4A = e5 ( ) = 100e 5
 4 + e( 15 ln 83 )t  A = 100e 5
( 1 ln 83 )t
 

100e 5
( 1 ln 83 )t
100e0.196t
A = or
( 1 ln 8 )t
4+e 5 3 4 + e0.196t
 6

20

5 b = 1− a
x 1 2
P ( X = x) a 1− a

E( X ) = 1( a ) + 2 (1 − a )
= 2−a
E(X 2 ) = 12 ( a ) + 22 (1 − a )
= 4 − 3a
Var ( X ) E ( X 2 ) −  E ( X ) 
2
=
4 − 3a − ( 2 − a )
2
=
= 4 − 3a − ( 4 − 4a + a 2 )
= a − a2

6 (i) Use 1, 2 and 3 to form 3-digit numbers

(a) 3! = 6
(b) 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
(c) Method 1 Consider the complement
Number of 3-digit numbers with all 3 digits the same (AAA) = 3
Required number = 27 − 3 = 24

Method 2 Consider cases

Case 1 Each digit is used exactly once

Number of 3-digit numbers = 6 (from (i)(a))

Case 2 One digit is used twice (AAB)

3!
Number of 3-digit numbers = 3 P2 × = 18
2!
( P2 = 3 × 2 : 3 ways to select a digit to be used twice; 2 ways to select
3

another digit)

Total number of 3-digit numbers = 6 + 18 = 24

(ii) Use 1, 2 and 3 to form 4-digit numbers

 7

Method 1 Consider the complement

Total number of 4-digit numbers = 34 = 81

Case 1 AAAB
4!
Number of 4-digit numbers = 3 P2 × = 24
3!
( 3 P2 = 3 × 2 : 3 ways to select a digit to be used thrice; 2 ways to select
another digit)

Case 2 AAAA
Number of 4-digit numbers = 3

Total number of 4-digit numbers = 81 − ( 24 + 3) = 54

Method 2 Consider cases

Case 1 AABC
4!
Number of 4-digit numbers = 3 × = 36
2!
(3 ways to select the digit to be used twice)

Case 2 AABB
4!
Number of 4-digit numbers = 3 C 2 × = 18
2! × 2!
( 3 C 2 ways to select the 2 digits each to be used twice)

Total number of 4-digit numbers = 36 + 18 = 54

7 (i) H 0 : µ = 420
H1 : µ ≠ 420
30
s2 = (12 ) = 12.414
29
Under H 0 , since n = 30 is large, by Central Limit Theorem,
 12.414 
X ~ N  420,  approximately.
 30 
Hence it is not necessary for the volumes to have a normal distribution for the
test to be valid.
X − 420
Test statistic Z = ~ N ( 0, 1) approximately
12.414
30
α = 0.01
418.55 − 420
From GC, z= = −2.2541
12.414
30
p-value = 0.0242 (3 sf)
Since p-value = 0.0242 > α = 0.01 , we do not reject H 0 at 1% level of
 8

significance and conclude that there is insufficient evidence that the population
mean volume has changed.

α
(ii) α = 0.01 ⇒ = 0.005
2
Reject H 0 if z ≤ −2.5758 or z ≥ 2.5758
x − 420 x − 420
≤ −2.5758 or ≥ 2.5758
12.414 12.414
30 30

x ≤ 420 − 2.5758 12.414

30 or x ≥ 420 + 2.5758 12.414
30
x ≤ 418.34 or x ≥ 421.66

8 Let A g be the mass of a tomato of variety A and B g be the mass of a tomato of variety
B.
A ~ N ( 80, 112 )
(i) P ( A > 90 ) = 0.18165
P(one greater than 90 g and one less than 90 g)
= 2 × P ( A > 90 ) × P ( A < 90 )
= 2 ( 0.18165 )(1 − 0.18165 )
= 0.297 (3 sf)

Let B ~ N ( 70, σ 2 ) .
(ii) Let SB = B1 + B2 + ... + B6 + 15
SB ~ N ( 6 × 70 + 15, 6σ 2 ) i.e., N ( 435, 6σ 2 )
P ( S B < 450 ) = 0.8463
 450 − 435 
PZ <  = 0.8463
 6σ 
15
= 1.0207
6σ
15
σ = = 6 (nearest g) (Shown)
1.0207 6

(iii) SB ~ N ( 435, 216 )

Let SA = A1 + A2 + ... + A5 + 25
SA ~ N ( 5 × 80 + 25, 5 × 112 ) i.e., N ( 425, 605 )
S A − SB ~ N ( 425 − 435, 605 + 216 ) = N ( −10, 821)
P ( S A > SB ) = P ( S A − SB > 0)
= 0.364 (3 sf)

9 (i)
(1) Selection of balls is done with replacement.
 9

(2) The balls are thoroughly mixed before each selection.

 2
(ii) Given X ~ B 10, 
 5
P( X ≥ 4) = 1 – P(X ≤ 3)
= 0.618 (3 sf)

(iii) Given
E(X) = 4.8
2
⇒ n = 4.8
5
n = 12

 2
(iv) Given X ~ B  n, 
 5
P ( X = 0 or 1) < 0.01
⇒ P ( X = 0) + P( X = 1) < 0.01
n n −1
3  2  3 
⇒   + n   < 0.01
5  5  5 

From GC, least n = 14

(v) Without replacement,

P(Shawn wins the game)
2 3  2  2 
= +   
5 5  4  3 
3
= (Shown)
5

(vi) With replacement,

P(Shawn wins the game)
2 3  3  2  3  3   3  3   2 
= +    +        + ...
5 5  5  5  5  5   5  5   5 
2 4
2 2  3   2  3 
= +   +    + ...
5 5  5   5  5 
2
= 5
2
3
1−  
5
5
= or 0.625
8

10 (i)
 10

0 x
1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

(ii) (a) Between x and y: r = 0.959

(b) Between x and y 2 : r = 0.995

(iii) From (i), since as x increases, y increases at a decreasing rate, the points on the
scatter diagram take the shape of the graph of y 2 = c + dx .

Or: From (i), the points on the scatter diagram seem to lie on a concave
downward curve.

From (ii), the product moment correlation coefficient between x and y 2 is

closer to 1, as compared to that between x and y,

∴ the model y 2 = c + dx is the better model.

(iv) From GC, the regression line of y 2 on x is

y 2 = 0.027897 x − 47.985
y 2 = 0.0279 x − 48.0 (3 sf)

When x = 2000 ,
 11

y2 = 0.027897 ( 2000 ) − 47.985

= 7.809
∴y = 2.79 (3 sf) or 2.8 (1 dp, as shown in the table of values)

(v) May not be valid as correlation does not necessarily imply causation.

Or: May not be valid as there could be other factors relating traffic flow and air
pollution.

(b) y = 2.5 x + 3.8

y = 2.5 x + 3.8
= 2.5 ( 4.4 ) + 3.8
= 14.8

Let x = 1.5 y − k
x = 1.5 y − k
4.4 = 1.5 (14.8 ) − k
k = 22.2 − 4.4
= 17.8