Information Technology

By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)

[email protected]

Chartered Accountancy (CA)

Information Technology (IT)
Module-02: 02.Information Technology
Information (3) Hardware
Technology (4) Software
(5) Data Resource Management
(6) Telecommunications and Network

Software refers to the set of programs, applications, and instructions that are used to operate a
computer system or electronic device. It is the non-tangible part of a computer system that runs
on the hardware and performs various tasks according to the user's instructions.

There are two main categories of software:

system software and application software.
System software includes the operating system,
device drivers, firmware, and other programs
that control and manage the computer
hardware. Application software includes
programs such as word processors,
spreadsheets, web browsers, games, and other
software that are designed to perform specific
tasks for the user.
Software can be further classified into open-source software, proprietary software, and free
software. Open-source software refers to software whose source code is freely available for
anyone to modify and distribute. Proprietary software, on the other hand, is owned by a company
or individual, and the source code is not publicly available. Free software refers to software that is
available for use at no cost.

Software is essential for a computer system to function, and it is continuously evolving with
the development of new technologies and changing user needs. It plays a crucial role in a
wide range of fields, from business and education to healthcare and entertainment.

Computer software refers to a collection of programs, data, and instructions that tell a
computer how to perform specific tasks. It encompasses all the intangible components of a
computer system that are not physical hardware.
Software can be broadly classified into two main categories:
1. System Software:
System software provides a platform for running computer hardware and other software
applications. It includes operating systems, device drivers, firmware, and utility programs.
Some key types of system software are:
• Operating Systems (OS): An operating system is the fundamental software that
manages computer hardware and software resources. It provides services such as

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

memory management, process management, file management, and user interface.

Examples of popular operating systems are Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.

• Device Drivers: Device drivers facilitate communication between the operating

system and hardware devices. They enable the operating system to control and
utilize peripherals like printers, scanners, graphics cards, and network adapters.

• Firmware: Firmware is software embedded in a hardware device. It provides low-

level control and instructions necessary for the proper functioning of the device.
Examples include the firmware in computer BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or
the firmware in smartphones.
• Utility Programs: Utility programs are software tools that perform specific tasks to
optimize system performance, manage files, troubleshoot problems, or provide
security. Examples include antivirus software, disk cleanup tools, file compression
utilities, and backup software.

2. Application Software:
Application software is designed to perform specific tasks or provide specific functionality
to end-users. It includes programs such as word processors, web browsers, spreadsheet
applications, graphic design software, video editing tools, and database management
systems. Application software can be further categorized into:
• Productivity Software: These are tools that help users create, edit, and manage
various types of documents, presentations, spreadsheets, and databases. Examples
include Microsoft Office, Google Docs, Adobe Creative Suite, and OpenOffice.

• Communication Software: Communication software enables users to send and

receive messages, collaborate with others, and interact over networks. Examples
include email clients, instant messaging applications, video conferencing tools, and
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) software.
• Entertainment Software: Entertainment software includes video games,
multimedia players, streaming services, virtual reality applications, and other forms
of digital entertainment.

• Business Software: Business software is designed to support specific business

processes and workflows, such as accounting, customer relationship
management (CRM), enterprise resource planning (ERP), project management,
and human resources management.

• Educational Software: Educational software is developed for educational

purposes, providing tools for teaching, learning, and skill development. It includes
interactive learning programs, educational games, and simulation software.

Software is typically developed by software engineers, programmers, and development

teams using programming languages, software development frameworks, and integrated

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

development environments (IDEs). It can be distributed as commercial software, open-

source software, or provided as a service through cloud computing (Software-as-a-
Service or SaaS).

The software industry is dynamic and constantly evolving, with new software applications,
updates, and advancements being developed to meet changing user needs and
technological advancements.

02.4.01 Application Software: End-User Applications

Software is the general term for various kinds of programs used to
Software operate and manipulate computers and their peripheral devices.

One common way of describing hardware and software is to say that

Software is a
program that software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and
enables a hardware as the invariable part.
computer to There are many types and categories of software.
perform a
specific task,
as opposed to
the physical
components
of the system
(hardware).

02.4.02 The major types and functions of application software and

Types of Operationg/system software available to computer users. The types of
Software software you will encounter depend primarily on the types of computers
and networks you use and on the specific tasks you want to accomplish.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

02.4.03
Application
Software for
End-Users

• Application software includes a variety of programs that can be

subdivided into general-purpose and function-specific application
categories.
General- • General-purpose application programs are programs that perform
purpose common information processing jobs for end users. For example, word
application processing, spreadsheet, database management, and graphics
programs programs are popular with microcomputer users for home, education,
business, scientific, and many other purposes.
• They significantly increase the productivity of end users, they are
Productivity
sometimes known as productivity packages. Other examples include
Packages
Web browsers, e-mail, and groupware, which help support
communication and collaboration among workgroups and teams.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

• An additional common way of classifying software is based on how the

software was developed.

Custom Custom software is the term used to identify software applications that
Software are developed within an organization for use by that organization.

In other words, the organization that writes the program code is also the
organization that uses the final software application.

COTS In contrast, COTS software (an acronym that stands for commercial
software off-the-shelf ) is developed with the intention of selling the software in
multiple copies (and usually for a profit).
✓ In this case, the organization that writes the software is not the intended
target audience for its use.
✓ Several characteristics are important when describing COTS software.

• First, as stated in our definition, COTS software products are sold in

many copies with minimal changes beyond scheduled upgrade
releases.

• Purchasers of COTS software generally have no control over the

specification, schedule, evolution, or access to either the source code
or the internal documentation.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

02.4.04 An overview of computer software.

Note the major types and examples of application and system software.

02.4.05 • The newest innovation in software development is called

Open-source open-source software.
software • In this approach, developers collaborate on the development
of an application using programming standards that allow for
anyone to contribute to the software.
• Furthermore, as each developer completes his or her project,
the code for the application becomes available and free to
anyone else who wishes to use it.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

02.4.06 Business Application Software

Function-specific • Thousands of function-specific application software

application packages are available to support specific applications of end
software users in business and other fields.
• For example, business application software supports the
reengineering and automation of business processes with
strategic e-business applications (SEA) like customer
relationship management (CRM), enterprise resource
planning (ERP), and supply chain management (SCM).
• Other examples are software packages that Web-enable
electronic commerce applications or apply to the functional
areas of business like human resource management and
accounting and finance.
• Still other software empowers managers and business
professionals with decision support tools like data mining,
enterprise information portals, or knowledge management
systems.

The business applications in Oracle’s E-Business Suite software illustrate some of the
many types of business application software being used today.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

02.4.07 The most widely used productivity packages come bundled

Software Suites together as software suites, such as –
and Integrated • Microsoft Office,
Packages10 • Lotus SmartSuite,
• Corel WordPerfect Office,
• Sun’s StarOffice,
• and their open-source product,
• OpenOffice.
Examining their components gives us an overview of the
important software tools that we can use to increase our
productivity.
The basic program components of the top four software suites.
Other programs may be included, depending on the suite edition selected.

Advantage of • Each suite integrates software packages for word processing,

software suites spreadsheets, presentation graphics, database management,
and personal information management.
• Microsoft, Lotus, Corel, and Sun bundle several other
programs in each suite, depending on the version we select.
• Examples include programs for Internet access, e-mail, Web
publishing, desktop publishing, voice recognition, financial
management, and electronic encyclopedias.
• A software suite costs a lot less than the total cost of buying
its individual packages separately.
• Another advantage is that all programs use a similar
graphical user interface (GUI) of icons, tool and status bars,
menus, and so on, which gives them the same look and feel
and makes them easier to learn and use.
• Software suites also share common tools such as spell
checkers and help wizards to increase their efficiency.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

• Another big advantage of suites is that their programs are

designed to work together seamlessly and import each
other’s files easily, no matter which program you are using at
the time.
• These capabilities make them more efficient and easier to use
than a variety of individual package versions.

02.4.08
Software Suites
vs. Integrated
Package

02.4.09 SaaS is one of three main categories of cloud computing, alongside

Software-as-a- infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS)
Service (SaaS)
is a software
distribution model
in which a third-
party provider
hosts applications
and makes them
available to
customers over the
Internet.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

02.4.10 The most important software component for many computer

Web Browsers users today is the once simple and limited, but now powerful and
feature-rich, Web browser. Browsers such as Microsoft Explorer,
Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera are software
applications designed to support navigation through the point-
and-click hyperlinked resources of the World Wide Web and the
rest of the Internet, as well as corporate intranets and extranets.

02.4.11 Software for word processing has transformed the process of

Word Processing writing just about anything. Word processing packages
and Desktop computerize the creation, editing, revision, and printing of
Publishing documents (e.g., letters, memos, reports) by electronically
processing text data (words, phrases, sentences, and
paragraphs).
Top word processing packages like Microsoft Word, Lotus
WordPro, Corel WordPerfect, and OpenOffice Writer can provide
a wide variety of attractively printed documents with their
desktop publishing capabilities.
These packages can also convert documents to HTML format for
publication as Web pages on corporate intranets or the World
Wide Web.

End users and organizations can use desktop publishing (DTP)

software to produce their own printed materials that look
professionally published.
That is, they can design and print their own newsletters,
brochures, manuals, and books with several type styles, graphics,
photos, and colors on each page.

02.4.12 Spreadsheet packages like Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel,

Electronic OpenOffice Calc, and Corel QuattroPro are used by virtually every
Spreadsheets business for analysis, planning, and modeling.
They help you develop an electronic spreadsheet , which is a
worksheet of rows and columns that can be stored on your PC or
on a network server, or converted to HTML format and stored as
a Web page or Web sheet on the World Wide Web.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

02.4.13
Presentation
Graphics

Presentation graphics software packages help you convert

numeric data into graphics displays such as line charts, bar
graphs, pie charts, and many other types of graphics.
Most of the top packages also help you prepare multimedia
presentations of graphics, photos, animation, and video clips,
including publishing to the World Wide Web.

02.4.14
Personal
Information
Managers
(PIM)

The personal information manager (PIM) is a popular

software package for end-user productivity and collaboration, as
well as a popular application for personal digital assistant (PDA)
handheld devices.
Various PIMs such as Lotus Organizer and Microsoft Outlook help
end users store, organize, and retrieve information about
customers, clients, and prospects or schedule and manage
appointments, meetings, and tasks.

02.4.15
Groupware

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 Information Technology
By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

Groupware is software that helps workgroups and teams

collaborate to accomplish group assignments. Groupware is a
category of general-purpose application software that combines
a variety of software features and functions to facilitate
collaboration.
For example, groupware products like Lotus Notes, Novell
GroupWise, and Microsoft Exchange support collaboration
through e-mail, discussion groups and databases, scheduling,
task management, data, audio and videoconferencing, and so on

02.4.16 Software Alternatives

Many businesses are finding alternatives to acquiring, installing,
and maintaining business application software purchased from
software vendors or developing and maintaining their own
software in-house with their own software developer employees.

Application
Service Providers

A large and fast-growing number of companies are turning to

application service providers (ASPs), instead of developing or
purchasing the application software they need to run their
businesses. Application service providers are companies that own,
operate, and maintain application software and the computer
system resources (servers, system software, networks, and IT
personnel) required to offer the use of the application software
for a fee as a service over the Internet. The ASP can bill their
customers on a per-use basis or on a monthly or annual fee basis.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

Cloud
computing
One of the most recent advances in computing and software
delivery is called cloud computing. Cloud computing is a style
of computing in which software and, in some cases, virtualized
hardware resources are provided as a service over the Internet.
Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over
the technology infrastructure “in the cloud” that supports them.
The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on
how the Internet is often depicted in computer network diagrams.

The concept incorporates technology trends that have the

common theme of reliance on the Internet for satisfying the
computing needs of the users. Examples of vendors providing
cloud services include SAP Business ByDesign, MidlandHR’s
“iTrent as a Service,” Salesforce.com , and Google Apps, which
provide common business applications online that are accessed
from a Web browser, while the software and data are stored on
the servers.

Software
Licensing

Regardless of whether a software application is purchased COTS

or accessed via an ASP, the software must be licensed for use.
Software licensing is a complex topic that involves considerations

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

of the special characteristics of software in the context of the

underlying intellectual property rights, including copyright,
trademark, and trade secrets, as well as traditional contract law.

System Software: Computer System Management

02.4.17 System software consists of programs that manage and support
System Software a computer system and its information processing activities. For
Overview example, operating systems and network management programs
serve as a vital software interface between computer networks
and hardware and the application programs of end users.
The system and application software interface between end users
and computer hardware:

We can group system software into two major categories:

i. System Management Programs
Programs that manage the hardware, software, network,
and data resources of computer systems during the
execution of the various information processing jobs of
users. Examples of important system management
programs are operating systems, network management
programs, database management systems, and system
utilities.
ii. System Development Programs
Programs that help users develop information system
programs and procedures and prepare user programs for
computer processing. Major software development
programs are programming language translators and
editors, and a variety of CASE (computer-aided software
engineering) and other programming tools.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

02.4.18 The most important system software package for any computer is
Operating its operating system. An operating system an integrated system
Systems of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls
the input/output and storage resources and activities of the
computer system, and provides various support services as the
computer executes the application programs of users.

Operating An operating system performs five basic functions in the

Systems operation of a computer system: providing a user interface,
Functions resource management, task management, file management, and
utilities and support services

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

The basic functions of an operating system include a user interface,

resource management, task management, file management, and
utilities and other functions.
The User Interface
The user interface is the part of the operating system that allows
you to communicate with it so you can load programs, access
files, and accomplish other tasks. Three main types of user
interfaces are the
• command-driven,
• menu-driven, and
• graphical user interfaces .
Microsoft For many years, MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) was
Windows the most widely used microcomputer operating system. It is a
single-user, single-tasking operating system but was given a
graphical user interface and limited multitasking capabilities by
combining it with Microsoft Windows.

UNIX Originally developed by AT&T, UNIX now is also offered by other

vendors, including Solaris by Sun Microsystems and AIX by IBM.
UNIX is a multitasking, multiuser, network-managing operating
system whose portability allows it to run on mainframes,
midrange computers, and microcomputers. UNIX is still a popular
choice for Web and other network servers.

Linux Linux is a low-cost, powerful, and reliable UNIX-like operating

system that is rapidly gaining market share from UNIX and
Windows servers as a high-performance operating system for
network servers and Web servers in both small and large
networks. Linux was developed as free or low-cost shareware or

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

open-source software over the Internet in the 1990s by Linus

Torvald of Finland and millions of programmers around the world.
Linux is still being enhanced in this way but is sold with extra
features and support services by software vendors such as Red
Hat, Caldera, and SUSE Linux. PC versions, which support office
software suites, Web browsers, and other application software,
are also available.
The concept of open-source software (OSS) is growing far
beyond the Linux operating system. The basic idea behind open
source is very simple: When programmers can read, redistribute,
and modify the source code for a piece of software, the software
evolves. People improve it, people adapt it, people fix bugs. This
development can happen at a speed that, if one is accustomed to
the slow pace of conventional software development, seems
astonishing. The open-source community of software developers
has learned that this rapid evolutionary process produces better
software than the traditional commercial (closed) model, in which
only a very few programmers can see the source. The concept of
open source, admittedly, runs counter to the highly commercial
(and proprietary) world of traditional software development.
Nonetheless, an increasingly large number of developers have
embraced the open-source concept and come to realize that the
proprietary approach to software development has hidden costs
that can often outweigh its benefits.

Open-source licensing is defined by the following

characteristics:
✓ The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving
away the software as a component of an aggregate software
distribution containing programs from several different
sources.
✓ The program must include source code and must allow

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

distribution in source code, as well as compiled form.

✓ The license must allow modifications and derived works and
must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as
the license of the original software.
✓ The license may restrict source code from being distributed
in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of
patch files with the source code for the purpose of
modifying the program at build time.
✓ The license must not discriminate against any person or
group of persons.
✓ The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the
program in a specific field of endeavor.
✓ The rights attached to the program must apply to all to
whom the program is redistributed without the need for
execution of an additional license by those parties.
✓ The license must not be specific to a product.
✓ The license must not contaminate other software by placing
restrictions on any software distributed along with the
licensed software.

Application Consider all of the various types of software applications we

Virtualization discussed in the first section of this chapter along with the
multiple operating systems we just discussed. What happens
when a user who has a machine running Windows needs to run
an application designed specifically for a machine running Mac
OS X? The answer used to be “Borrow someone’s Mac.”

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

02.4.19 There are many other types of important system management

Other System software besides operating systems. These include database
Management management systems and network management programs.
Programs Several other types of system management software are
marketed as separate programs or included as part of an
operating system. Utility programs, or utilities, are an important
example. Programs like Norton Utilities perform miscellaneous
housekeeping and file conversion functions. Examples include
data backup, data recovery, virus protection, data compression,
and file defragmentation. Most operating systems also provide
many utilities that perform a variety of helpful chores for
computer users.

Comparing system software offered

by IBM and its main competitors

02.4.20 To understand computer software, you need a basic knowledge

Programming of the role that programming languages play in the development
Languages of computer programs.
A programming language allows a programmer to develop the
sets of instructions that constitute a computer program. Many
different programming languages have been developed, each
with its own unique vocabulary, grammar, and uses.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

Examples of four levels of programming languages. These

programming language instructions might be used to compute
the sum of two numbers as expressed by the formula X =Y + Z.

There are many types of programming languages .

Example: C++, VB.NET, Java, Python, Assembly.
11
HIERARCHY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

Machine Machine languages (or first-generation languages ) are the

Languages most basic level of programming languages. In the early stages of
computer development, all program instructions had to be
written using binary codes unique to each computer. This type of
programming involves the difficult task of writing instructions in
the form of strings of binary digits (ones and zeros) or other
number systems. Programmers must have a detailed knowledge
of the internal operations of the specific type of CPU they are
using.

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[email protected]

Assembler • Assembler languages (or second-generation languages ) are

languages the next level of programming languages.
• They were developed to reduce the difficulties in writing
machine language programs.

Second Generation Languages, Assignment Help, Generations of

Programming Languages
• The use of assembler languages requires language translator
programs called assemblers that allow a computer to convert
the instructions of such language into machine instructions.
• Assembler languages are frequently called symbolic languages
because symbols are used to represent operation codes and
storage locations.

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[email protected]

High-level • High-level languages (or third-generation languages ) use

languages instructions, which are called statements , that include brief
statements or arithmetic expressions.
• Individual highlevel language statements are actually
macroinstructions; that is, each individual statement generates
several machine instructions when translated into machine
language by high-level language translator programs called
compilers or interpreters .
• High-level language statements resemble the phrases or
mathematical expressions required to express the problem or
procedure being programmed.
• The syntax (vocabulary, punctuation, and grammatical rules)
and semantics (meanings) of such statements do not reflect
the internal code of any particular computer.

02.4.21 • The term fourth-generation language describes a variety of

Fourth- programming languages that are more nonprocedural and
Generation conversational than prior languages.
Languages • These languages are called fourth-generation languages (4GLs)
to differentiate them from machine languages (first
generation), assembler languages (second generation), and
high-level languages (third generation).
• Most fourth-generation languages are nonprocedural
languages that encourage users and programmers to specify
the results they want, while the computer determines the
sequence of instructions that will accomplish those results.
• Thus, fourth-generation languages have helped simplify the
programming process.
• Natural languages are sometimes considered fifth-generation
languages (5GLs) and are very close to English or other human
languages.

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[email protected]

• Research and development activity in artificial intelligence (AI)

is developing programming languages that are as easy to use
as ordinary conversation in one’s native tongue.

• For example, INTELLECT, a natural language, would use a

statement like, “What are the average exam scores in MIS
200?” to program a simple average exam score task.

02.4.22 • Object-oriented languages like Visual Basic, C++, and Java

Object-oriented are also considered fifth generation languages and have
languages become major tools of software development.
• Briefly, whereas most programming languages separate data
elements from the procedures or actions that will be
performed on them, object-oriented languages tie them
together into objects.
• Thus, an object consists of data and the actions that can be
performed on the data.

• For example, an object could be a set of data about a bank

customer’s savings account and the operations (e.g., interest
calculations) that might be performed on the data.
• An object also could be data in graphic form, such as a video
display window plus the display actions that might be used on
it.

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By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

An example of a bank savings account object. This object consists

of data about a customer’s account balance and the basic
operations that can be performed on those data.

02.4.23 HTML, XML, and Java are three programming languages that are
Web Languages important tools for building multimedia Web pages, Web sites,
and Services and Web-based applications. In addition, XML and Java have
become strategic components of the software technologies that
support many Web services initiatives in business.
HTML HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a page description
language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents. HTML
inserts control codes within a document at points you can specify
that create links ( hyperlinks ) to other parts of the document or
to other documents anywhere on the World Wide Web. HTML
embeds control codes in the ASCII text of a document that
designate titles, headings, graphics, and multimedia components,
as well as hyperlinks within the document.

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[email protected]

XML XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is not a Web page format

description language like HTML. Instead, XML describes the
contents of Web pages (including business documents designed
for use on the Web) by applying identifying tags or contextual
labels to the data in Web documents.

02.4.24 • Java is an object-oriented programming language created by

Java and .NET Sun Microsystems that is revolutionizing the programming of
applications for the World Wide Web and corporate intranets
and extranets. Java is related to the C++ and Objective C
programming languages but is much simpler and more secure
and is computing-platform independent.
• Microsoft’s .NET is a collection of programming support for
what are known as Web services, the ability to use the Web
rather than your own computer for various services.

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 Information Technology
By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

The benefits and limitations of the Java Enterprise Edition 6

(Java EE 6) and Microsoft .NET software development
platforms.

02.4.25 Web services are software components that are based on a

Web services framework of Web and object-oriented standards and
technologies for using the Web that electronically link the
applications of different users and different computing platforms.
The basic steps in accomplishing a Web services application.

02.4.26 • Various software packages are available to help programmers

Programming develop computer programs.
Software • For example, programming language translators are
programs that translate other programs into machine
language instruction codes that computers can execute.
• Other software packages, such as programming language
editors, are called programming tools because they help
programmers write programs by providing a variety of
program creation and editing capabilities.

04(2023) Page # 80
 Information Technology
By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

02.4.27 • Computer programs consist of sets of instructions written in

Language programming languages that must be translated by a
Translator language translator into the computer’s own machine
Programs language before they can be processed, or executed, by the
CPU.
• Programming language translator programs (or language
processors ) are known by a variety of names.
• An assembler translates the symbolic instruction codes of
programs written in an assembler language into machine
language instructions, whereas a compiler translates high-
level language statements.

04(2023) Page # 81
 Information Technology
By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel
and other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such
as smartphones and tablets.

Application software, or app for

short, is software that performs
specific tasks for an end-user.

Software interfaces (programming

interfaces) are the languages, codes
and messages that programs use to
communicate with each other and to
the hardware.

An operating system is the software

that controls the running of
applications / tasks, and access to
resources on a computer.

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 Information Technology
By Md. Monowar Hossain, FCA,CISA, CPA,CPFA(UK)
[email protected]

12
What is an API (Application Program Interface)?

An API (Application Program

Interface) is a software intermediary
that allows two unrelated
applications to talk to each other. It
acts as a bridge, taking a request or
message from one program and
then delivering it to another,
translating the messages and
performing protocols based on what
the API is programmed to do. APIs
are present in almost every aspect of
our digital lives--the hidden
backbone to our modern world of
plug-ins, digital interfacing and
software communication. They
connect everything together and
make software systems work in
harmony.

Watch the following vedios:

• What is Computer Software https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZSx6bMC_Zs
• Hardware and Software https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vG_qmtdBPTU&t=2s
• Types of Software https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTB86HeZVwk&t=245s
• What is Open Source Software https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ehpgbb3XD0
• How Software is Made https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWdeGTJxMQc
• What is IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIlC8aUusmA
• IaaS vs. PaaS vs. SaaS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgL3BfAc9Cs
• What is cloud computing? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhdGrZHKJ3o
• Benefits of cloud computing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1Nr03gtkyU
• How is cloud applied? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Th9sJF9gEJY
• Programming Languages https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_9t3eQFmU4
• Types of Programming Languages https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYjGXzktatA
• Compiler and Interpreter: Compiled Language vs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1f45REi3k4
Interpreted Programming Languages
• What is an API? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7wmiS2mSXY&t=70s

12
https://www.tibco.com/reference-center/what-is-an-api

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