COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTAL
Module Names : Computer Appreciation

TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT NUMBER 1/8
Syllabus

1.1 Objectives

1.2 What is Computer?

1.2.1 Introduction to Computer

1.3 Characteristics of Computer

1.3.1 Characteristics of Computer

1.4 Components of Computer System

1.4.1 Components of Computer System

1.5 Computers-Number System

1.5.1 Computer-Number System

1.5.1A Binary Number System

1.5.1B Decimal Number System

1.6 Conversion to and from other number systems

1.6.1 Conversion to and from other number systems

1.7 ASCII Code

1.7.1 ASCII Code

1.8 Unicode

1.8.1 Unicode

Reference

Page | 2
Chapter : 1.1 Objectives

Objectives
• At the end of the course the user will be able to
➢ Understand, how the computer works?
➢ Know the different characteristics and components.
➢ Understand the computer-number system.
➢ Know the ASCII code and UNICODE.

Page | 3
Chapter: 1.2 What is Computer

Topic: 1.2.1 Introduction to Computer

Introduction to Computer
• The term "Computer" is derived from the Latin word "Computer" which means
"to compute" or "to calculate."
• Computers are machines that perform tasks or calculations according to a set of
instructions or programs.
• It is an electronic device used to store data and gives the results accurately
within a fraction of second.

FIG 1.1: Computer

• Computers are extensively used everywhere.

• It mainly consist of four basic unit such as,
➢ Input Unit
➢ Storage Unit
➢ CPU
➢ Output Unit

Page | 4
 • Classification of Computer
➢ Analog Computer
➢ Hybrid Computer
➢ Digital Computer

FIG 1.2: Types of Computer

Analog Computer
• An analog computer represents the data as physical quantities and operates on
the data by manipulating the quantities.
• It is designed to process data in which the variable quantities vary continuously.

FIG 1.3: Analog Computer

Page | 5
Hybrid Computer
• A hybrid is a combination of digital and analog computers.
• It combines the best features of both types of computers, i.e. It has the speed of
an analog computer and the memory and accuracy of digital computer.
• It accepts analog signals, converts them into digital and processes them in digital
form.
• A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data.
• It accepts a continuously varying input, which is then converted into a set of
discrete values for digital processing.

FIG 1.4: Hybrid computer

Digital Computer

• A digital computer is designed to process the data in numerical form, its circuits
perform mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.

• The numbers operated on by a digital computer are expressed in the binary

system.

Page | 6
• Digital Computers are generally classified by size and power as follows
➢ Micro Computer
➢ Mini Computer
➢ Mainframe Computer
➢ Super Computer
• Micro Computer
➢ Micro Computer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a
microprocessor as its CPU.
➢ The invention of the microprocessor (single chip CPU) gave birth to the much
cheaper microcomputers.

FIG 1.5: Micro Computer

➢ Micro Computers are commonly divided into four types such as
❖ Desktop
❖ Laptop
❖ Notebook
❖ PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

Page | 7
➢ Desktop Computer
❖ A desktop computer is a personal computer (PC) in a form intended for
regular use at a single location.
❖ Early desktop computers are designed to lie flat on the desk, while
modern towers stand upright.
❖ Most modern desktop computers have separate screens and keyboards.

FIG 1.6: Desktop Computer

➢ Laptop Computer
❖ A laptop is a portable computer that has same capabilities as a desktop,
but is small enough for easy mobility.

FIG 1.7: Laptop computer

Page | 8
➢ Notebook Computer
❖ A notebook computer has a keyboard with an attached screen.
❖ A notebook's screen is thinner than the usual desktop computer monitor
because the machine is designed to be portable, which is why the notebook
itself is small, compact, and lightweight.

FIG 1.8: Notebook Computer

➢ Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
❖ Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a device similar to a computer that fits in
the palm of users hand and allows them to collect information such as
contacts, appointments, files, programs, and more.

FIG 1.9: PDA

Page | 9
• Mini Computer
➢ Mini computers were designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction,
and communication switching as it is distinct from calculation and record
keeping.

FIG 1.10: Mini Computers

➢ A small, multi-user computer that can support 10 to hundred users
simultaneously.

Page | 10
• Mainframe Computers
➢ Mainframe Computers is a powerful multi-user computer that can support
thousand users simultaneously.
➢ Mainframe computers can also process data at very high speeds, i.e.,
hundreds of million instructions per second and they are also quite expensive.
➢ Normally, they are used in banking, airlines and railways, etc. for their
applications.

FIG 1.11: Mainframe Computers

• Super Computer
➢ Super Computers are best in terms of processing capacity and also the most
expensive one.
➢ An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions instructions
per second.

FIG 1.12: Super Computer

Page | 11
Chapter: 1.3 Characteristics of Computer

Topic: 1.3.1 Characteristics of Computer

Characteristics of Computer
• Computers have some important features which have made them so popular.
• A Computer can be categorized according to
➢ Speed
➢ Accuracy
➢ Versatility
➢ Reliability
➢ Power of remembering
➢ Diligence
➢ Storage
• Speed
➢ Computers work at an incredible speed.
➢ It can carry out instructions at a very high speed.
➢ A powerful computer is capable of performing about 3-4 million simple
instructions per second.
➢ It can perform arithmetic and logical operations within a fraction of second.
• Accuracy
➢ Computer provides a high degree of accuracy.
➢ Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy.
➢ The degree of accuracy of a computer depends on the instruction and
processor type.

• Versatility
➢ Computer is versatile in nature.

Page | 12
 ➢ It can perform different types of task easily.
➢ At one moment user can use the computer to prepare a letter document and
in the next moment they may play music or print a document.
• Power of remembering
➢ A computer can store and recall any information because it has secondary
storage.
➢ All information can be retained as long as desired by the user and that can be
recalled almost simultaneously and accurately even after several years.
• Diligence
➢ Computers can perform long and complex calculations with the same speed
and accuracy from the start till the end.
➢ Being a machine, a computer does not suffer from the human traits of
tiredness and lack of concentration.
• Storage
➢ Large volume of data and information can be stored in the computer and also
retrieved whenever required.
➢ Computer has two types of storage. They are Primary storage and Secondary
storage.
➢ In Primary Storage, a limited amount of data can be stored temporarily like
RAM, ROM.
➢ Secondary storage can store a large amount of data permanently like floppy
and compact disk.

Page | 13
Chapter: 1.4 Components of Computer System

Topic: 1.4.1 Components of Computer System

Components of Computer System

• The computer is an electronic device that accepts (reads) data from the user and
processes the data by performing calculations and operations on it, and generates
(writes) the desired output.
• A computer consists of four major components such as
➢ Input Devices (Input Unit)
➢ CPU (Processing Unit)
➢ Memory (Storage Unit)
➢ Output Devices (Output Unit)

FIG 1.13: Components of Computer

Input Unit
• An input device is a hardware or peripheral device used to send data to a
computer.
• An input device allows users to communicate and feed instructions and data to
computers for processing, display, storage and/or transmission.
• The important and most commonly used input devices are
➢ Keyboard
➢ Mouse

• Other input devices are

Page | 14
 ➢ Joystick
➢ Scanner
➢ Barcode Reader

CPU (Processing Unit)

• The CPU is the heart of the computer, it is the part of a computer which interprets
and executes instruction.

Functional block of CPU

• The two components in CPU are
➢ Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
➢ Control Unit (CU)

FIG 1.14: Functional block of CPU

• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)

➢ The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations.
➢ Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Page | 15
 ➢ Logical operations include comparing numbers, letters and special characters.
➢ The ALU is a fundamental building block of the Central Processing Unit of a
computer.
• Control Unit (CU)
➢ A Control Unit (CU) handles all processor control signals.
➢ It directs all input and output flow, fetches code for instructions from micro-
programs and directs other units and models by providing control and timing
signals.

Memory Unit

• Computer memory is a device that stores computer's data and programs.

FIG 1.15: Computer Memory (RAM)

• It stores program, data results or any kind of information.
• Memory stores binary information, i.e. 0's and 1's in internal storage areas in
the computer.
• Moreover, the term memory is usually used as shorthand for physical memory,
which refers to the actual chips capable of holding data.

• Some computers also use virtual memory, which expands physical memory onto
a hard disk.

Page | 16
Output Unit
• Output devices are peripheral equipment that converts a computer's output to a
form that can be seen, heard or used as an input for another device, process or
system.
• The important output devices, which are used in computer systems are
➢ Monitors
➢ Printer
➢ Graphic Plotter

Page | 17
Chapter: 1.5 Computer-Number System

Topic: 1.5.1 Computer-Number System

Computer - Number System

• A computer can understand positional number system where they are only in the
form of digits, alphabet, symbols, video, audio, etc.,
• But the computer can understand only 0s and 1s, so it converts all data into 0s
and 1s.
• A value of each digit in a number can be determined using
➢ The digit
➢ The position of the digit in the number
➢ The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of
digits available in the number system).
• Number system used in the computer is classified into
➢ Binary number system
➢ Decimal number system
➢ Octal number system
➢ Hexadecimal number system

FIG 1.16: Classification of Number System

Page | 18
Chapter: 1.5 Computer-Number System

Topic: 1.5.1A Binary Number System

Binary number system

• The binary number system is a numbering system that represents numeric

values using two unique digits (0 and 1).

FIG 1.17: Binary and Decimal Numbers

• It is also called as base (2) number system.

• Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the base (2), that is, 20.
• The last position in a binary number represents x power of the base (2), that is,
2x where x represents the last position 1. For e.g. 1101.101(2)

Page | 19
 FIG 1.18: Digits Representation of Binary Number

• The leftmost bit is called Most Significant Bit (MSB) and the rightmost bit is called
Least Significant Bit (LSB).

FIG 1.19: MSB and LSB

Example

Page | 20
Chapter: 1.5 Computer-Number System

Topic: 1.5.1B Decimal Number System

Decimal Number System

• The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number
system.
• The decimal number system has a base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9.
• In decimal number system, to the left of the decimal point represent units, tens,
hundreds, thousands and so on.
• Each position represents a specific power of the base (10).

FIG 1.20: Representation of Place Values

FIG 1.21: Digits Representation of Decimal Number

Example

Page | 21
• The above example shows that, decimal number 5319(10), weight of each digit is
power of 10.
• Each digit has position number is from right(0) to left(3).That is first digit on right
is zero, the second digit on the right is 1 and so on up to 3.

Page | 22
Chapter: 1.6 Conversion to and from other number systems

Topic: 1.6.1 Conversion to and from other number systems

Binary to Decimal Conversion

• Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is "weight" of bit.
• The weight is position of the bit, which starts from 0 on right, then 1 and goes on.
• Add the result.
Example
• The decimal equivalent of 100111 (2) is 3910)

Decimal to Binary Conversions

• The easiest way to convert decimal to its binary equivalent is to use division
algorithm.
• Divide by two, keep track of remainder at each step.
• Put remainder bit as 0, if that number gets divided by two.
• Put remainder bit as 1, if that number is not divided by two.

Page | 23
Example
• The Binary equivalent of 25(10) is 11001(2)

Page | 24
Chapter: 1.7 ASCII Code

Topic: 1.7.1 ASCII Code

Introduction to ASCII Code

• ASCII stands for "American Standard Code for Information Interchange".

• ASCII character encoding provides a standard way to represent characters using
numeric codes.
• These include upper and lower-case alphabetic characters, numbers, and
punctuation symbols.
• ASCII was actually designed for use with teletypes and so the descriptions are
somewhat obscure.
• ASCII codes are broadly classified into three groups
➢ Non printable ASCII codes
➢ Printable ASCII codes
➢ Extended ASCII codes
• Non printable ASCII codes
➢ 33 non printable special characters. The first 32 characters (decimal value from
0 to 31) which represent letters, digits, punctuation marks and a few
miscellaneous symbols.

Page | 25
 FIG 1.22: Non-Printable ASCII characters (Codes)

• Printable ASCII codes

➢ 94 standard printable characters (decimal value range from 33 to 126) which
represent letters, digits, punctuation marks and a few miscellaneous symbols.
➢ The following table originates from the older, American systems, which
worked on 7-bit character tables.

Page | 26
 FIG 1.23: Standard or Lower ASCII characters and codes

• Extended ASCII codes

➢ Extended ASCII uses eight instead of seven bits, which adds 128 additional
characters.
➢ This gives extended ASCII the ability for extra characters, such as special
symbols, foreign language letters and drawing characters.
➢ Some important things to note about ASCII codes

Page | 27
❖ The numeric digits, 0-9, are encoded in sequence starting at 30h (HEX).
❖ The upper case alphabetic characters are sequential beginning at 41h.
❖ The lower case alphabetic characters are sequential beginning at 61h.
❖ The first 32 characters (codes 0-1Fh) and 7Fh are control characters.
❖ Most keyboards generate the control characters by holding down a control
key (CTRL) and simultaneously pressing an alphabetic character key.

FIG 1.24: Extended or Higher ASCII characters and codes

Page | 28
Chapter: 1.8 Unicode

Topic: 1.8.1 Unicode

Unicode

• Unicode is a universal character encoding standard.

• It defines the way individual characters are represented in text files, web pages
and other types of documents.
• ASCII, which was designed to represent only basic English characters, but
Unicode was designed to support characters from all languages around theworld.
• The standard ASCII character set supports only supports 128 characters, while
Unicode can support roughly 1,000,000 characters.
• While ASCII uses only one byte to represent each character, Unicode supports up
to 4 bytes for each character.
• The Unicode chart contains U+0000 to U+FFFF Unicode characters.
• The table shows the range of U+0000 to U+0BFF Unicode characters, decimal
values from 0 to 3071 and the name of Unicode characters from Basic Latin to
Tamil.

Page | 29
FIG 1.25: Unicode Characters

Page | 30
Chapter : 1.9 Summary

Topic : Summary

• In this class, user have learnt about

➢ basics of computer
➢ characteristics of computer
➢ components of computer system
➢ concept of computer number system
➢ ASCII code
➢ Unicode

Page | 31
Chapter : 1.10 Model Questions

Topic : Model Questions

• Describe basic units of computer.

• Explain different types of computer.
• Write about the advantages of computer.
• Describe Memory Unit.
• What is the concept of Computer-Number system? Explain it.
• What are the three different sections in ASCII code?
• Describe Unicode characters with chart.

Page | 32
Books Referred
1. Introduction To Computer and Communication by D.Ravichandra.
2. Computer Fundamentals: Architecture and Organization by B.Ram
3. Fundamental of Computer Organization and Architecture by Jyotsna
Sengupta.
4. Fundamental of Computing by Anita Goel.

Page | 33
Course Name : Computer Fundamental

Module Names : Computer Organization

Storyboard Document

TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT NUMBER 2/8
Syllabus

2.1 Objectives

2.2 Introduction to Computer Organization

2.2.1 Introduction to Computer Organization

2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

2.3.1 What is CPU?

2.3.2 Processor Speed and Booting

2.4 Memory

2.4.1 Hierarchy Memory

2.4.2 Cache Memory

2.5 Managing Disk Partition

2.5.1 Managing Disk Partition

2.6 File System Input Devices

2.6.1 Keyboard

2.6.2 Mouse

2.6.3 Joystick

2.6.4 Scanner

2.6.5 Web Cam

2.7 Output Devices

2.7.1 Monitors

2.7.2 Printers

2.8 Multimedia

2.8.1 Multimedia Data Types

Page | 2
2.9 Multimedia Applications

2.9.1 Multimedia Applications

2.10 Multimedia File Formats

2.10.1 Multimedia File Formats

2.11 Computer Software

2.11.1 Computer Software

2.12 Relationship between Hardware and Software

2.12.1 Relationship between Hardware and Software

2.13 Compiler

2.13.1 Compiler

2.14 Names of some High-level Languages

2.14.1 Names of some High-level Languages

2.15 Free Domain Software

2.15.1 Free Domain Software

Reference

Page | 3
Chapter : 2.1 Objectives

Objectives
• At the end of the course the user will be able to
➢ understand the processing unit
➢ know different types of memory
➢ understand, what is Multimedia?
➢ know the relationship between software and hardware
➢ know the concept of compiler

Page | 4
Chapter : 2.2 Introduction to Computer Organization

Topic : 2.2.1 Introduction to Computer Organization

Introduction to Computer Organization

• Computer Organization refer to the operational units and their interconnection
that realize the architectural specifications.
• Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a
programmer.
• Architectural attributes that include instruction set, number of bits used to represent
various data types (numbers, characters), I/O mechanism and techniques for
addressing memory.
• Organizational attributes that include those hardware details transparent to the
programmer, such as control signals, interfaces between the computer and
peripherals and the memory technology used.

FIG 2.1: Processing of computer organization

Page | 5
Chapter : 2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Topic : 2.3.1 What is CPU?

What is CPU?
• CPU stands for Central Processing Unit.
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer, it is a part of
computer which interprets and executes instruction.

FIG 2.2: Central Processing Unit

• It is also known as microprocessor or processor.

FIG 2.3: Processor

Page | 6
• The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called
processing.
• The CPU takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of
calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is then
sent back to the storage unit.
• It processes the instructions that it collects by decoding the code in programs.
• The CPU chip is usually in the shape of a square or rectangle and has one notched
corner to help place the chip into the motherboard properly.
• The main functions of CPU are to Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write back.

FIG 2.4: CPU Processor in Motherboard

• The CPU contains
➢ Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
➢ Control Unit (CU)

Page | 7
• Arithmetic and Logical Unit
➢ The Arithmetic and Logic Unit performs arithmetic and logical operations.
➢ Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

FIG 2.5: Arithmetic Operations

• Logic Unit
➢ Logic Unit performs following operations such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NOR,
NAND, etc.

FIG 2.6: Logical Operations

Page | 8
• Control Unit
➢ A Control Unit (CU) handles all processor control signals.
➢ It generates timing signals such that the coordination among devices take
place.
➢ Control unit is designed in two ways such as
❖ Hardwired control
❖ Micro-program control
➢ Hardwired control
❖ The Design is based on a fixed architecture.
❖ The CU is made up of flip-flops, logic gates, digital circuits and encoder &
decoder.
➢ Micro-programs
❖ Micro-programs are stored in a special control memory and are based on
flowcharts.
❖ They are replaceable and ideal because of their simplicity.
❖ It directs all input and output flow, fetches code for instructions from micro
programs and directs other units and models by providing control and timing
signals.
❖ And also Central Processing Unit includes Arithmetic logic unit and control
unit. It has five major operations such as
o It accepts data as input.
o It stores data and instruction.
o It processes data as per instruction.
o It controls all operations inside a computer.
o It gives result in the form of output.

Page | 9
Chapter : 2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Topic : 2.3.2 Processor Speed and Booting

Processor Speed
• A microprocessor (processor or CPU) is where the instructions of a program are
processed. (show image)
• The high level language that the programmer uses is transformed into a binary
code that the CPU understands and creates an executable file that will launch
the program when double-clicked.
• A hertz is one cycle per second, 1 MHz is 1 million cycles per second and 1000
MHz is 1 GHz( one billion cycles per second). (refer video)
• If user have a CPU at 2 GHz(animation: that is 2000 MHz), it can do 2 billion
program instructions per second.
Steps to find the CPU speed in different operating system
• To find the CPU speed in Windows XP “click the START button, then scroll go to
my computer and right click on that and select Properties”.
• User can also find the CPU speed by Help and Support Center.
• To find the CPU speed in Vista and Windows 7 “click the START button and
scroll to Control Panel then select the System and Security, in that click on the
System”.
• For checking CPU speed in Macs “ click on the apple menu and select About this
Mac".
• For advanced Windows users of Windows XP “click the START button and select
RUN “.

Booting
• Booting is the initialization of the computerized system.
• The booting process can be “hard” when electrical power to the CPU is switched
from off to on.

Page | 10
• Soft booting can be initiated by hardware such as a button press, or by software
command.
• A boot loader is a computer program that loads an operating system or some other
software for the computer.

FIG 2.7: Boot Sector

• Boot sector refers to a single sector (normally the first in the active partition) that
contains the code to boot the operating system.

• A sector of a hard disk, floppy disk or similar data storage device that contains code
for booting programs (usually, but not necessarily, operating systems)stored in
other parts of the disk.

• Before the boot sector is read, the computer’s BIOS will call a small program called
an MBR (Master Boot Record), which normally resides in the first record of the first
disk.

• The small program stored in the boot sector is then executed and the operating
system will begin to load.

• To be a valid boot sector, the two-byte hex word 0xAA55, called the boot sector
signature, must exist at the end of the sector.

• Otherwise, either the BIOS or MBR code will report an error message and haltany
OS bootstrapping process.

Page | 11
Chapter : 2.4 Memory

Topic : 2.4.1 Hierarchy Memory

Memory
• The Memory Unit is the part of the computer that holds data and instructions for
processing.
• It stores program results or any kind of information.
• Memory stores binary information i.e. 0's and 1's.
• Memory is measured in bytes.
Types of Memory
• The computer memory is divided into two types, they are
➢ Primary or Main memory
➢ Secondary memory (Secondary Storage Device)

FIG 2.8: Types of Memory

Page | 12
Primary memory
• Primary Memory is used for immediate access of data by the processor.
• Most computer systems around the world use primary memory.
• Primary memory can be divided into two types.
➢ RAM (Random Access Memory)
➢ ROM (Read Only Memory)

• RAM (Random Access Memory)

➢ Random Access Memory is the central storage unit in a computer system.

➢ The information stored in the RAM is typically loaded from the computer's hard
disk, and includes data related to the operating system and certain
applications.

FIG 2.9: RAM

➢ There are primarily two forms of RAM
❖ Static RAM (SRAM)
❖ Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

➢ Static RAM (SRAM)

❖ In SRAM, a bit of data is stored using the state of a flip-flop. This is most
expensive among other forms of RAMs, but is generally faster and requires
less power than DRAM and, in modern computers, is often used as cache
memory for the CPU.

➢ Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Page | 13
 ❖ Widely used in modern computers as primary memory, DRAM is slower than
SRAM, but is inexpensive due to its one transistor-one capacitor paired
assembly of memory storage.

• ROM (Read Only Memory)

➢ ROM stands for Read Only Memory.

➢ The CPU can only fetch or read instructions from ROM.
➢ ROM comes with instructions permanently stored inside.

FIG 2.10: ROM

➢ And these instructions cannot be over-written by the computer's CPU.

• Types of ROM

➢ PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory

➢ EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
➢ EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

• PROM

➢ PROM Stands for "Programmable Read-Only Memory," and is pronounced

"p-rom," not "prom".
➢ PROM is a type of ROM that is programmed after the memory is
constructed.
➢ PROM chips have several different applications, including cell phones, video
game consoles, medical devices, and other electronics.
➢ They provide a simple means of programming electronic devices.

Page | 14
 ➢ While PROM cannot be erased, two other versions of PROM have been
developed that can be erased and reprogrammed.

• EPROM

➢ EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.

➢ This type of memory uses floating-gate transistors and can be erased by
strong ultraviolet light.

• EEPROM

➢ EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only

Memory.
➢ EEPROM can be erased with an electrical charge and is used in flash
memory.
Secondary Memory (Secondary Storage Device)
• Secondary Memory refers to storage devices, such as hard drives and Solid State
Drives (SSD).
• It may also refer to removable storage media, such as USB flash drives, CDs,
and DVDs.
• Secondary memory is much slower than primary memory, it typically offers a far
greater storage capacity.
• Secondary memory includes
➢ Floppy disk
➢ Hard disk drive
➢ Optical disk
➢ USB thumb drive

Page | 15
• Floppy disk

➢ These are small removable disks that are plastic coated with magnetic
recording material.
➢ This portable storage device is a rewritable media and can be reused a
number of times.

FIG 2.11: Floppy Disk

• Hard disk drive

➢ Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk.

➢ A hard disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates coated with a metal oxide
material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on the surface of the
platters.

FIG 2.12: Hard Disk Drive

Page | 16
• Optical disk

➢ An Optical disk is any storage media that hold content in digital format and is
read using a laser assembly is considered as optical media.
➢ The most common types of optical media are Blu-ray, CDs, and DVDs.
➢ CDs can store up to 700 megabytes (MB) of data.
➢ DVDs can store up to 8.5 GB of data.
➢ Blu-ray discs, which are the newest type of optical media, can store up to 50
GB of data.

Blu-ray CD DVD

FIG 2.13: Types of Optical Disk

• CD
➢ CD is an abbreviation of compact disk, and is a form of data storage that can
transfer data up to the speed of 7800 KB/s.
➢ A standard 120 mm CD holds up to 700 MB of data, or about 70 minutes of
audio.
➢ There are two types of CD: CD-ROM and CD-RW.
➢ CD-ROM are stands for CD-Read Only Memory and they function in the
same way as Read Only Memory does.
➢ CD-RW Stands for CD-Rewritable, these disks can be erased and rewritten at
any time.

Page | 17
• DVD
➢ DVD is an abbreviation of Digital Versatile Disc, and is an optical disc storage
media format that can be used for data storage.
➢ The DVD supports disks with capacities of 4.7 GB to 17 GB and access rates
of 600 KBps to 1.3 MBps.
➢ A standard DVD disc store up to 4.7 GB of data.
➢ There are two types of DVD's
❖ DVD-ROM
❖ DVD-RW
➢ DVD-ROM
❖ DVD-ROM stands for DVD-Read Only Memory and they function in the
same way as Read Only Memory does.
➢ DVD-RW
❖ DVD-RW stands for DVD-Rewritable, these disks can be erased and
rewritten at any time.

• USB Thumb Drive

➢ A USB flash drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an
integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.
➢ USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, physically much
smaller than an optical disc.

FIG 2.14: USB Drive

➢ USB drives that are often used for floppy disks were used, i.e., for storage,
back-up and transfer of computer files.

➢ They are smaller, faster and have thousands of times more capacity, durable
and reliable.

Page | 18
Chapter : 2.4 Memory

Topic : 2.4.2 Cache Memory

Cache Memory
• A CPU cache is a cache used to reduce the average time to access memory.
• The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores the copies of the data from
frequently used main memory locations.
• Most CPUs have different independent caches, including instruction and data
caches, where the data cache is usually organized as a hierarchy of more cache
levels (L1, L2 etc.).

FIG 2.15: Cache Memory Processing

• When the processor needs to read from or write to a location in main memory, it
first checks whether a copy of that data is in the cache or not.

• If so, the processor immediately reads from or writes to the cache, which is much
faster than reading from or writing to main memory.

Page | 19
Cache Memory Entries

• Data is transferred between memory and cache in blocks of fixed size, called
cache lines.
• When a cache line is copied from memory into the cache, a cache entry is
created.
• A cache entry will include the copied data as well as the requested memory
location that is called tag.
• When a processor needs to read or write a location in main memory, it first
checks the corresponding entry in the cache.
• The cache checks for the contents of the requested memory location in any
cache lines that contain address.

• Cache Hit
➢ If the processor finds that the memory location is in the cache, a cache hit has
occurred.
➢ If cache hit, the processor immediately reads or writes the data in the cache
line.

• Cache Miss
➢ If the processor does not find the memory location in the cache, a cache miss
has occurred.
➢ In cache miss, the cache allocates a new entry, copies data from main
memory.
➢ Then the request is fulfilled from the contents of the cache.

Page | 20
Chapter : 2.5 Managing Disk Partition

Topic : 2.5.1 Managing Disk Partition

Managing Disk Partition

• Disk partitioning is the act of dividing a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) into multiple
logical storage units referred to as partitions.
• When a hard drive is installed in a computer, it must be partitioned before user
format and use it.
• Partitioning a drive is when user divide the total storage of a drive into different
pieces.
How to manage the Disk Partition?
• When partitions are made, user should specify the total amount of storage that
user would like to allocate to that partition from the total size of the drive.
• For example
➢ If user have an 80 GB drive, then it would be possible to make one partition
consisting of the entire 80 GB of available storage.
➢ Alternatively, user could make two partitions consisting of a 20 GB partition
that will be used for the operating system and programs.
➢ And a 60 GB partition set aside for data, music, and images.
• In the current PC architecture, there is a partition table in the drive's Master Boot
Record (section of the hard drive that contains the commands necessary to start
the operating system) or MBR.
• MBR (Master Boot Record) lists information about the partitions on the hard drive.
• This partition table is then further split into 4 partition table entries, with each entries
corresponding to a partition.
• These 4 partitions are typically known as primary partitions.
• To overcome this restriction, system developers decided to add a new type of
partition called the extended partition.

Page | 21
• By replacing one of the four primary partitions with an extended partition, user
can then make an additional 24 logical partitions within the extended one.
• The table below illustrates the partitions.

Primary Partition #1
Primary Partition #2
Primary Partition #3
Primary Partition #4
(Extended Partition)
Logical Partition #1
Logical Partition #1

• This partition table is broken up into 4 primary partitions.

• The fourth partition, though, has been flagged as an extended partition.
• It makes more logical partitions under that extended partition and therefore
bypassing the 4 partition limit.

Page | 22
Chapter : 2.6 File System Input Devices

Topic : 2.6.1 Keyboard

Keyboard
• The keyboard looks like a typewriter. Most common and very popular input
device is keyboard.

FIG 2.17: Keyboard

• The keyboard helps in inputting the data to the computer.
• Most of the keyboards have 80 to 110 keys.
• Key types
➢ Typing (Alphanumeric keys)
➢ Function keys
➢ Control keys
➢ Cursor keys
• Typing (Alphanumeric keys)
➢ The typing keys include the letters of the alphabet, generally laid out in the
same pattern used for typewriters.
➢ These include same letter, number, punctuation, and symbol keys.

Page | 23
• Function keys
➢ Keys that act as shortcuts for performing certain functions such as saving files
or printing data.
➢ Function keys usually are lined along the top of the keyboard labeled F1
through F12.
• Control keys
➢ Control keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform
certain actions.
➢ The most using control keys are Insert, Home Pageup, Pagedown, Delete,
End, Ctrl, Windows logo.
➢ Some of the frequently used key combinations are
❖ Ctrl+F4 - Exit
❖ Ctrl+A - Select all
❖ Ctrl+C - Copy
❖ Ctrl+V - Paste
❖ Ctrl+B - Bold
❖ Ctrl+S - Save
• Cursor keys
➢ Cursor keys include a variety of keys which moves the cursor to different
positions on the screen. Arrow keys are programmed to move the cursor in a
specified direction.
➢ Page Up and Page Down keys, scroll the page up and down. The Home
key is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line where the cursor is
located; the End key puts the cursor at the end of the line.
• Keyboard Types

Standard Laptop size Handheld Thumb-sized

FIG 2.18: Types of Keyboard

Page | 24
Chapter : 2.6 File System Input Devices

Topic : 2.6.2 Mouse

Mouse
• Mouse is a pointing device which contains an optical in its base.
• The mouse is an input device (control station) for computers.
• The mouse is a device that allows you to control the movement of the insertion
point on the screen.

FIG 2.19: Mouse

• The movement of the mouse, run with the hand on the table or a suitable base (flat
surface) such as the mouse pad is received via a sensor in the mouse, digitized
and transmitted via an interface to the connected computer.
• The most conventional mouse has two buttons, the left one is used most frequently
for clicking.
• The left click lets the user click once to send a "Select" indication that provides
the user with feedback that a particular position has been selected for further
action.
• The next click on a selected position or two quick clicks on it causes a particular
action to take place on the selected object.
• The right click, usually provides some less-frequently needed capability.
• Use of right click.

Page | 25
➢ Right-clicking an item, usually displays a list of things user can do with the
item.
➢ For example, when user right-clicks the Recycle Bin on the desktop, user will
see a menu with options to open it, empty it, delete it, or see its properties.

FIG 2.20: Right clicking a mouse

➢ If user ever unsure of what to do with something, right-click it.

Page | 26
Chapter : 2.6 File System Input Devices

Topic : 2.6.3 Joystick

Joystick

• A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and

reports its angle or direction of the device it is controlling.

FIG 2.21: Joystick

• Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more
push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer.
Types of Joystick

• The five types of joystick are

➢ Digital joystick
➢ Paddle joystick
➢ Analog joystick
➢ PC Analog joystick
➢ Joy pads
• Digital joysticks
➢ It is used for PCs, employing simple left, right, up and down, firing commands.
They are also called “Atari-style” digital joysticks.
• Paddle joysticks

Page | 27
 ➢ It consists of one knob used to control the game and one firing button.
• Analog joysticks
➢ It combines both digital and paddle joysticks.
➢ They control the game by digital joysticks, but also use potentiometers to
measure the movements like paddle joysticks.
• PC Analog joysticks
➢ It is a simple analog-styled joystick with multiple buttons that is usually
connected by an USB port.
• Joy pads
➢ Joy pads are joysticks without the sticks. Instead, they employ a directional
pad (D-pad) to control the game.
➢ Joy pads are considered a bit primitive, but they are still feature among the
current video game controllers.

Page | 28
Chapter : 2.6 File System Input Devices

Topic : 2.6.4 Scanner

Scanner

• A scanner is an input device that scans any documents such as photographs and
pages of text.
• Scanners are used to import a picture or document into the computer for sending
or printing.

FIG 2.22: Scanner

• Scanner works by placing the object to be scanned on the glass surface.

• While scanning a camera moves across the object, capturing the image and
storing it on the computer.
• When a document is scanned, it is converted into a digital format.
• Scanners have become an important part of the home office over the last few
years, where file can be sent over the internet at a faster speed.
• The most commonly used scanners are
➢ Flat-bed scanner
➢ Sheet-fed scanner/ Auto feeder
➢ Hand held scanner
➢ Drum scanner

Page | 29
• Flatbed scanner
➢ A flatbed scanner is a type of scanner or copier that uses a flat, glass surface
for scanning documents or other objects.

FIG 2.23: Flatbed Scanner

• Sheet-fed scanner / Auto feeder

➢ A sheet fed scanner is a type of scanner that scans only one piece of paper at
a time and it has no room for bulky objects like books and other material.

FIG 2.24: Sheet-fed Scanner

• Handheld scanner

➢ A handheld scanner is a small scanning device used for digitizing images.

➢ Handheld scanners use the same basic technology as a flatbed scanner, but
rely on the user to move them instead of a motorized belt.

FIG 2.25: Handheld Scanner

Page | 30
• Drum scanner

➢ A drum scanner is a type of scanner used to capture the highest resolution of

an image.

FIG 2.26: Drum Scanner

• Some other types of scanners are
➢ Transparency Scanners
➢ Video Digitizers
➢ Miscellaneous
➢ Photo CD
➢ Digital Cameras
➢ Stand-Alone Oversize Digitizers

Page | 31
Chapter : 2.6 File System Input Devices

Topic : 2.6.5 Web Cam

Web Cam
• A webcam is a video camera that feeds its image to the computer.

FIG 2.27: Web Cam

• When the image is captured by the computer, the video stream may be saved or
viewed or sent to other network via system such as the internet and email as an
attachment.
• A webcam is connected by a USB Cable, FireWire cable or built into the computer
hardware such as laptop.
• Webcams are known for their low manufacturing cost and flexibility, making them
the lowest cost form of video telephony.
Uses of Web Cam
• Video links
• Permitting computers to act as videophones.
• Security surveillance
• Computer vision
• Video broadcasting and
• Recording for social videos.

Page | 32
Chapter : 2.7 Output Devices

Topic : 2.7.1 Monitors

Monitors
• A monitor or display (sometimes called a visual display unit) is an electronic visual
display for computers.
• The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure. The display
device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display
(TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors use a cathode ray tube about as deep
as the screen size.
• Monitors available in 14", 15", 17" and even 21 to 30" in size.
• It is used to get the data in the form of soft copy. Their functioning is exactly
similar to the television.
• It contains a Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) which emits the electrons to trace a
regular pattern of horizontal lines on the screen.
• There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors such as
➢ CRT Monitor
➢ Flat-Panel Display

FIG 2.28: CRT Monitor FIG 2.29: Flat-Panel Display

Page | 33
Features of Monitor

• Most modern monitors will switch to a power-saving mode if no video-input signal

is received.
• This allows modern operating systems to turn off a monitor after a specified period
of inactivity. This not only saves power consumption; but also extends the monitor's
service life.
• The monitors having the highest resolution are often used in the Graphic arts and
Film industries etc.

Development changes in Monitor [From beginning until now]

CRT monitor → LCD monitor → LED monitor → UHD monitor

FIG 2.30: Stages of monitor

Page | 34
Chapter : 2.7 Output Devices

Topic : 2.7.2 Printers

Printers

• A printer is an electromechanical device which converts the text and graphical

documents from electronic form to the physical form and it used to print information
on paper.
• Generally they are the external peripheral devices which are connected with the
computers or laptops through a cable or wirelessly to receive input data and print
them on the papers.
• A wide range of printers is available with a variety of features ranging from printing
black and white text documents to high quality colored graphic images.
• Quality of printer is identified by its features like color, quality, speed of printing,
resolution etc.
• Modern printers come with multipurpose function i.e. they are combination of
printer, scanner, photocopier, fax, etc.
Types of printer
• There are different types of printers and most commonly used printers are
➢ Dot matrix printer
➢ Inkjet printer
➢ Laser printer
• Dot matrix printer
➢ Dot Matrix Printer is a popular computer printer that prints text and graphics
on the paper by using tiny dots to form the desired shapes.
➢ It is a 2D matrix of dots that can represent images, symbols, or characters.

Page | 35
 FIG 2.31: Dot Matrix Printer

➢ They are used for electronic displays, such as computer monitors and LED
screens, as well as printed output.
➢ In a dot matrix display, the images are estimated using a discrete set of dots
instead of lines and shapes.
➢ If enough dots are used, the image will appear as a contiguous display rather
than a group of dots.

• Inkjet printer
➢ Inkjet printing is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by
propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates.

FIG 2.32: Inkjet Printer

➢ The inkjet technology works by spraying very fine drops of ink on a sheet of
paper.

Page | 36
 ➢ These droplets are "ionized" which allows them to be directed by magnetic
plates in the ink's path.
➢ As the paper is fed through the printer, the print head moves back and forth,
spraying thousands of these small droplets on the page.

• Laser printer
➢ Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process that rapidly produces
high quality text and graphics by passing a laser beam over a charged drum
to define a differentially charged image.

FIG 2.33: Laser Printer

➢ A laser printer is a printer that uses a focused beam or light to transfer text
and images onto paper.

➢ Instead, as paper passes through the printer, the laser beam fires at the
surface of a cylindrical drum called a photoreceptor.

➢ A laser printer utilizes laser technology to print images on the paper. It is often
used in school, corporate and other environment.

Page | 37
Chapter : 2.11 Computer Software

Topic : 2.11.1 Computer Software

Computer Software
• Computer software is also known as computer programs, is the non-tangible
component of computers.
• Computer software contrasts with computer hardware, which is the physical
component of computers.
• The information technology stands firmly on two legs, such as
➢ Hardware
➢ Software
• Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be
realistically used without the other.
• Hardware
➢ Hardware is formed as the physical components of computer system
➢ All of the hardware parts may do different tasks.
➢ Without the hardware, there is no computers.
• Software
➢ Software is basically a set of instructions grouped into programs that make
the computer to function in the desired way.
➢ It is collection of programs to perform a particular task.
➢ There are so many different types of softwares available for different
purposes.
➢ Without the software, we cannot do any task using the computer.
➢ Software is usually written in high-level programming languages that are
easier and more efficient for humans to use than machine language.

Types of Software

Page | 38
 • The software is widely available and there may be vast and a variety of software.
• Software are categorized into,
➢ System Software
➢ Application Software

FIG 2.46: Computer Software

System Software
• Systems software is a set of instructions that serves primarily as an intermediary
between computer hardware and application programs, and may also be directly
manipulated by knowledgeable users.
• It makes the operation of a computer system more effective and efficient.
• Systems software provides important self-regulatory functions for computer
systems, such as
➢ Loading itself when the computer is turned on.
➢ Managing hardware resources such as secondary storage for all applications.

Page | 39
 ➢ Providing commonly used sets of instructions for all applications to use.
• Without using the system software, there may be no computer program that can
run on a computer system.
• So the system software is an important or indispensable part of the computer
system.

Types of System Software

• Operating System
• Utility Programs

Operating System
• Operating System is an important system software found almost in all computers.
• Operating is defined as the program, that instructs the computer how to work with
its various components.
• It helps to manage files and checks the various peripheral devices such as
printers, monitors, etc.
• The operating system itself is a collection of programs, these programs translate
our instructions to the computer's language.
• And then translate the computer's response from computer's language to the
user understandable form.

Utility Programs

• Utility software is a type of system software designed to help analyze, config,

optimize and maintain the computer.

• A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool.

• Utility software should not be confused with application software, which allows
users to do things like creating text documents, playing games, listening to music
or surfing the web.

• Rather than providing these kinds of user-oriented or output-oriented functionality,

utility software usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure

Page | 40
 (including the computer hardware, operating system, application software and
data storage) operates.

• Due to this focus, utilities are often rather technical and targeted at people with
an advanced level of computer knowledge.

• Examples of utility software include,

➢ Virus scanner - to protect the system from viruses.

➢ Disk defragmenter - to speed up the hard disk.

➢ System monitor - to look at the current system resources.

➢ File managers - to add, delete, rename and move files and folders.

Application Software

• Application software is computer software, designed to help the user to perform

singular or multiple related specific tasks.
• They act as instructions which direct the hardware to perform specific functions.
• Application software cannot be operated unable to run without the operating
system and system utilities.
• Application software can be used as a productivity/business tool; to assist with
graphics and multimedia projects.
• Examples of Application Software
➢ Microsoft Word
➢ Microsoft PowerPoint
➢ Macromedia Freehand
➢ Adobe Photoshop
➢ CorelDraw

Note: Above & below mentioned software/Logos are of respective vendors.

Page | 41
 FIG 2.47: Application Software

Types of Application software

• General purpose application software is designed to satisfy common needs of
various businesses such as
➢ Application suite
➢ Enterprise software
➢ Enterprise infrastructure software
➢ Information worker software
➢ Content access software
➢ Educational software
➢ Simulation software
➢ Media development software
➢ Product engineering software
• Application suite
➢ It consists of multiple applications bundled together.
➢ They usually have related functions, features and user interfaces, and may be
able to interact with each other.
• Enterprise software
➢ Enterprise software addresses the needs of an entire organization's processes
and data flow, across most all departments, often in a large distributed
environment.
➢ Departmental Software is a sub-type of enterprise software with a focus on
smaller organizations and/or groups within a large organization.

Page | 42
 • Enterprise infrastructure software
➢ It provides common capabilities needed to support enterprise software
systems.
• Information worker software
➢ Users can create and manage information, often for individual project within a
department, in contrast to enterprise management.
• Content access software
➢ It is used primarily to access content without editing, but may include software
that allows for content editing.
• Educational software
➢ It is related to content access software, but has the content and features
adapted for use in by educators or students.
• Simulation software
➢ It simulates physical systems for either research, training purposes.
• Media development software
➢ It generates print and electronic media for others to consume, most often in a
commercial setting.
➢ This includes graphic-art software, desktop publishing software, multimedia
development software, HTML editors, digital-animation editors, digital audio
and video composition, and many others.
• Product engineering software
➢ It is used in developing hardware and software products.
➢ This include computer-aided design, computer-aided engineering, computer
language editing and compiling tools, integrated development environments,
and application programmer interfaces.
Features of application software
• Application software is close to users.
• Application software is slow in speed.
• This software is easy to understand and manipulate.
• Application software is easy to design.

Page | 43
Chapter : 2.12 Relationship between Hardware and Software

Topic : 2.12.1 Relationship between Hardware and Software

Page | 44
Chapter : 2.13 Compiler

Topic : 2.13.1 Compiler

Compiler
• Compiler is a program that translates one language (source program) as input
and translates into an equivalent another language (target program).
• During this process of translation if some errors are encountered then compiler
displays them as error messages.
• The basic model of complier can be represented as follows

FIG 2.48: Compiler

• The compiler takes a source program as high level language such as C, PASCAL,
FORTRAN, etc., and converts it into low level language or machine language such
as assembly language.
• The compilation can be done in two parts
➢ Analysis
➢ Synthesis
• In analysis part the source program is read and broken down into constituent
pieces.
• The syntax and the meaning of the source string is determined and then an
intermediate code is created from the input source program.
• In synthesis part, this intermediate form of the source language is taken and
converted into an equivalent target program.

Page | 45
• During this process, if certain code has to be optimized for efficient execution
then the required code is optimized.

FIG 2.49: Analysis and Synthesis Model

Page | 46
Chapter : 2.14 Names of some High-level Languages

Topic : 2.14.1 Names of some High-level Languages

Names of some High-level Languages

• High level programming languages is a programming language with strong
abstraction from the details of the computer.
• In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language
elements, be easier to use, or may automate significant areas of computing
systems, making the process of developing a program simpler and more
understandable relative to a lower-level language.
• High-level languages are closer to human languages and further from machine
languages.
• A high-level language isolates the execution semantics of computer architecture
from the specification of the program, making the process of developing a program
simpler and more understandable with respect to assembly and machine level
languages.

FIG 2.51: Types of Programming Languages

Page | 47
• Some of the features of a program written in high-level language are as follows
➢ Programs are easier to write, read or understand in high-level languages than
in machine language or assembly language. For example, a program written
in C++ is easier to understand than a machine language program.
➢ Programs written in high-level languages is the source code which is converted
into the object code (machine code) using translator software like interpreter or
compiler.
➢ A line of code in high-level program may correspond to more than one line of
machine code.
➢ Programs written in high-level languages are easily portable from one computer
to another.
• Examples of High level Languages
➢ COBOL
➢ FORTRAN
➢ PASCAL
➢ C & C++
➢ PROLOG
➢ JAVA
➢ PERL
➢ PHP

Page | 48
Chapter : 2.15 Free Domain Software

Topic : 2.15.1 Free Domain Software

Free Domain Software

• Free Domain Software is software that comes with permission for anyone to use,
copy and distribute either original or with modifications either without charge or
for fee.
• In particular that the source code must be available.
• Free domain software can be freely used, modified and redistributed but with one
restriction that is, the redistributed software must be distributed with originalterms
of free of use, modification and distribution. This is known as 'copyleft'.
• Free software may be packaged and distributed for a fee.
• The 'Free' here refers to the ability of reusing it modified or unmodified, as a part
of another software package.
• The best known example of free software is Linux, an operating system that is
proposed as an alternative to Windows or other proprietary operating system.
• Free software should therefore not be confused with freeware, which is term
used for describing software that can be freely downloaded and used but which
may contain restriction for modification and reuse.

Books Referred

1. Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance

By William Stallings

2. Compiler Design By A.A.Puntambekar

3. Compiler Design: Syntactic and Semantic Analysis By Reinhard Wilhelm,

Helmut Seidl, Sebastian Hack

4. Computer Organization And Design By P. Pal Chaudhuri

5. Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface By David

A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy

Page | 49
Unit Name : Operating System

Storyboard Document

TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT NUMBER 3/8
Syllabus

3.1 Objectives
3.2 Microsoft Windows
3.2.1 A Introduction to Microsoft Windows
3.2.1B Basic Windows elements
3.2.1C File management through Windows
3.3 Using essential accessories
3.3.1 System tools
3.3.2 Entertainment
3.3.3 Games
3.3.4 Calculator
3.3.5 Imaging – Fax
3.3.6 Notepad
3.3.7 Paint
3.3.8 WordPad
3.4 Command Prompt
3.4.1 Command Prompt
3.5 Files
3.5.1 Files
3.6 Directories and its Structure
3.6.1 Directories and its Structure
3.7 Drives
3.7.1 Drives
3.8 Application Management
3.8.1 A Installing and Uninstalling an application
3.9.1B Managing the running applications
3.9 Linux
3.9.1 An overview of Linux
3.10 Basic Linux elements

Page | 2
 3.10.1 System and Software Features
3.11 File Structure
3.11.1 File Structure
3.12 File handling in Linux
3.12.1 Hardware and Software requirements
3.13 Installing LINUX OS
3.13.1 A Preliminary steps before installation and Disk Space Requirement
3.13.1B Boot methods
3.13.1C Red Hat Linux installation
Reference

Page | 3
Chapter : 3.1 Objectives

Objectives
• At the end of the course the user will be able to
➢ Understand about Windows Operating system.
➢ Know the different essential accessories.
➢ Understand about to managing applications.
➢ Know about LINUX operating system.

Page | 4
Chapter: 3.2 Microsoft Windows

Topic: 3.2.1A Introduction to Microsoft Windows

Introduction to Microsoft Windows

• Windows is developed by Microsoft Corporation.
• Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface Operating Systems.
• Microsoft Windows provides the environment necessary to start up and to
operate a personal computer.
• It controls the overall activity of the computer.
• Windows also provides virtual memory management, supports multitasking
platform and support many peripheral devices.
• More than 90 % of all the personal computers were dominated by Windows
Operating System.
An overview of different versions of Windows
• Versions of Microsoft Windows
➢ Windows 1.0 - 2.0
➢ Windows 3.0 - 3.1
➢ Windows 95
➢ Windows 98
➢ Windows-2000
➢ Windows –XP
➢ Windows Vista
➢ Windows 7
➢ Windows 8

Page | 5
 FIG 3.1: Versions of Windows

• The first version of Microsoft Windows (Microsoft Windows 1.0) came out in
November 1985.

FIG 3.2: Microsoft Windows 1.0

• Rather than typing MS-DOS commands, you just move a mouse to point and
user can click their way through screens in Windows1.0.

Page | 6
• On December 9, 1987 Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with desktop icons and
expanded memory.

FIG 3.3: Microsoft Windows 2.0

• With improved graphics support, you can now overlap Windows, control the screen
layout, and use keyboard shortcuts to speed up your work.
• Microsoft released Windows 3.0 in May, 1990. Offering better icons, performance
and advanced graphics with 16 colors designed for Intel 386 processors.
• This version is the first release that provides the standard "look and feel" of
Microsoft Windows.

FIG 3.4: Microsoft Windows 3.0

Page | 7
• In the year 1992 Microsoft releases Windows 3.1 and this is the most widely
used Operating System yet.

FIG 3.5: Microsoft Windows 3.1

• Windows 3.1 contained necessary fixes and improved font functionality.
• Microsoft continued to develop a new release, Windows NT, hoping it could be
released as a continuation of Windows 3.0 and 3.1.
• Unfortunately, issues with driver support and software meant that it was time for
a new version altogether.
• Microsoft introduced Windows 95 in August 1995 to supersede Windows 3.X and
significant enhancement were made for managing multimedia elements.

FIG 3.6: Microsoft Windows 95

• Window 95 is updated from 16-bit to 32-bit.
• Microsoft released the next version of Windows on June 25, 1998: Windows 98.

Page | 8
 FIG 3.7: Microsoft Windows 98
• Windows 98 included improved hardware and hardware drivers, Internet
Explorer, and eventually, Internet connection sharing.
• A second edition of Windows 98 came out on February 17, 2000; it was named
Windows 98 SE (for "Second Edition").
• On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (for Millennium
Edition), also called Windows Millennium.

FIG 3.8: Microsoft Windows 2000

• Windows 2000 made everyone's lives easier by increasing the number of plug
and play devices compatible with the operating system.
• Windows XP was released in 2001.

Page | 9
• Windows XP is the new version of Windows. The letter XP stands for extra
performance, Microsoft Windows XP brims with new features, improved programs
and tools.
• Windows XP comes in two versions, Home and Professional.

FIG 3.9: Microsoft Windows XP

• Windows Vista is released in 2006 with the strongest security system.
• Windows Vista security features protect against the latest generation of threats,
such as worms, viruses and spyware. If an attacker manages to compromise a
computer, Windows Vista limits the damage.

FIG 3.10: Microsoft Windows Vista

• Windows 7 is released in 2009 to fulfill requirements of Windows vista.

Page | 10
• Windows 7 include multi-touch support, Internet Explorer 8, improved performance
and start-up time, Aero Snap, Aero Shake, support for virtual hard disks, a new
and improved Windows Media Center, and improved security.

FIG 3.11: Microsoft Windows 7

• Windows 8 has been released in 2012.
• Windows 8 is a reimaged Operating System from the chipset to the user
experience, and it introduces a totally new interface that works smoothly for both
touch screens and input devices like mouse and keyboard.
• It functions as both a tablet for entertainment and a full-featured PC for getting
things done.
• Windows 8 also includes enhancements of the familiar Windows desktop, with a
new taskbar and streamlined file management.
• Windows 8 features a Start screen with tiles that connect to people, files, apps,
and websites.
• Apps are easily accessed from the Windows Store built right into the Start screen.

Page | 11
FIG 3.12: Microsoft Windows 8

Page | 12
Chapter: 3.2 Microsoft Windows

Topic: 3.2.1B Basic Windows elements

Basic Windows elements

Window
• A window is simply a rectangular unit that acts independently from other
windows.
• In a graphical user interface (GUI), the boundaries of the window can be easily
expanded or contracted.
• Windows come in two basic types: the application window, and the dialog box.
Application window

FIG 3.13: Application Window

• Application windows are the main part of almost all programs.

• Common elements of application windows include the control menu, menu bar,
and border.

Page | 13
Dialog box

FIG 3.14: Dialog box

• Dialogs perform a specific task or give details for the application.
• Most dialog boxes lack several of the control buttons and a border, and will have
other buttons inside the window to complete a request such as ―OK‖ and
―CANCEL‖.
Taskbar
• In GUI interfaces, the taskbar is a desktop toolbar application that lets the user to
locate and perform tasks such as switching between open Windows and starting
new applications.
• A bar at the bottom of the desktop is the Taskbar and it was first introduced with
Microsoft Windows 95 and found in all versions of Windows after that.

Page | 14
 FIG 3.15: Taskbar
• The notification area, at the far right of the taskbar, includes a clock and a group
of icons.
• When clicked on a window title in the taskbar, that window will become active
and show up in front of other Windows which are opened already.
Icons

• An icon is a small graphic representation of a program.

• Icons allow the user to access the program with ease.
• Icons are used with Graphical User Interface (GUI).
• Operating Systems such as Microsoft Windows and the Apple Mac OS to help
quickly identify a type of file or program associated with the icon.

FIG 3.16: Icons

Page | 15
Start menu

• The Start menu is a feature of the Windows Operating System that provides
quick access to programs, folders and system settings.
• By default, the Start menu is located in the lower-left corner of the Windows
desktop.

FIG 3.17: Start menu

Border

• A border is ―a part that forms the outer edge of something.‖

• The border not only defines where the window is on the desktop, but it can also
be used to change the size of most windows.
• This type of border can be used to represent the outer edge of a document or to
separate several sections within a document from each other.

Page | 16
Title Bar

• The title bar is located along the top of a window or a dialog box that displays the
name of the window or software program being used.
• In many graphical user interfaces, including the Macintosh and Microsoft
Windows interfaces, user move (drag) a window by grabbing the title bar.
• Control buttons are the little buttons which are on the right side of title bar

FIG 3.18: Title bar

• These commands can be done with the mouse using other window elements; their
primary usefulness is in when user have to do any of these functions withthe
keyboard.
Minimize Button

FIG 3.19: Minimize Button

• By pressing, it will remove the window and replace it with a program icon
somewhere on the desktop.
Maximize / Restore Button

FIG 3.20: Maximize Button

• By pressing, it will make the window as large as it can possibly go – usually as
large as the screen.

Page | 17
 FIG 3.21: Restore Button
• The button will then change to the Restore Button, which when pressed change
the window back to its previous size.
Close Button

FIG 3.22: Close Button

• Pressing this button is just one way of closing the window. Other ways of closing
the window include double-clicking the control menu or clicking on the File menu
and then Exit if it's an application window, and clicking on the ―OK‖ button if it's a
dialog box.
• Take caution on dialog boxes: When this button is active, it usually has the same
effect as pressing the ―CANCEL‖ button, so be sure that, don't need to save any
changes user made in the dialog box.
Help Button

FIG 3.23: Help Button

• If user press it, a question mark will be attached to the mouse pointer.
• Then when user click on something else in that window, user will see a little box
describing the purpose of what they clicked on and/or how to use it.
Resize Handle

FIG 3.24: Resize Handler

• The resize handle is actually an extension to the border, found in the lower right
corner of the window. It is especially useful when user want to change the size of
the window but for some reason the border is too thin.

Page | 18
Menu Bar

FIG 3.25: Menu bar in Notepad

• A menu bar is present in every application window directly below the title bar.
• Each word on the menu bar is a separate menu. If user click on the word, the
corresponding menu will appear.
• Some programs have cascading menus, which means that an item inside the
menu will bring user to another related menu.

FIG 3.26: Cascading Menu bar

Page | 19
Chapter: 3.2 Microsoft Windows

Topic: 3.2.1C File management through Windows

File management through Windows

• File management in windows can be done through Windows explorer or My
Computer.
Using Windows Explorer
• To open Windows Explorer,
➢ Click on Start
➢ Point to All Programs
➢ Point to Accessories, and then click on Windows Explorer (Animation:
Recording)
➢ The left pane of the Explorer window shows a hierarchical list of files, folders,
and storage drives (both fixed and removable) on computer. It also lists any
network drives that have been mapped to as a drive letters on computer.
(Animation: Recording)
• A drive or folder that contains other folders has an arrow to the left of the icon. Click
the arrow to expand it and see the folders inside.
• Windows Explorer can be used to copy, move, rename, and search for files and
folders.

Page | 20
Opening drives and folders

FIG 3.27: Opening drives and folders

• There are two basic formats for the interface used to open drives and folders in
the computer.(text animation)
• The single-pane view used for most folders and in My Computer.
➢ Two drives nearly all computers have a hard drive (drive C:). If user have more
than one drive, then they are named E:, F: and so on. If user have a CD drive
or a DVD drive, it also is named with a letter.
• Opening a drive or folder is easy. Just double click the icon representing the
drive user want to open. Files and folders contained in the drive are now shown
in the opened window. Now for opening a folder, double click its icon.

Copying or Moving a file or folder using My Document

• Click on Start, and then click on My Documents.
• Click the file or folder to be copied. More than one file or folder can be copied at
a time.
• To select more than one consecutive files or folders, click the first file or folder,
press and hold down SHIFT key, and then click the last files or folders.
• Right click on the selected files or folders, then click Copy to copy the selected

Page | 21
 files and folders.
• Choose the desired location to paste the files of folders, then clicking the right
mouse button, select Paste to paste the files or folders to the target drive.

View file details

• Click on Start, and then click on My Documents.
• Double-click the folder that contains the files to be viewed.
• On the View menu, click Details.
• It will display all the details about the files such as Name, Type, size etc.

Copying and moving files using Explorer

FIG 3.29: Copying and moving files

• Click Start, point to All Programs then Accessories, and then click Windows
Explorer.
• Make sure the destination for the file or folder user want to move is visible.
• Drag the file or folder from the right pane and drop it on to the destination folder
in the left pane to move the file or folder there.

Page | 22
 • If user drag an item while pressing the right mouse button, they can move, copy,
or create a shortcut to the file in its new location.
• To copy the item instead of moving it, press and hold CTRL while dragging.
• If user drag an item to another disk, it is copied, but not moved then press and
hold down SHIFT while dragging.
• Dragging a program to a new location creates a shortcut to that program. To
move a program, right-click and then drag the program to the new location.
Create a new folder
• Folders help the user to organize their files.
• User can create a folder either by using My Computer window or through Windows
Explorer. User can create a Folder in any existing disk drive or folder or on the
windows desktop.
• The steps for creating a folder are
➢ Click on Start, and then click on My Documents.
➢ Under File menu click New and select Folder.
➢ A new folder is displayed with the default name, New Folder.
➢ Type a name for the new folder, and then press ENTER.
• A new folder can also be created directly on the desktop by right-clicking a blank
area on the desktop, pointing to New, and then clicking Folder.
Rename a file or folder
• The steps for renaming a folder are
➢ Click on Start, and then click on My Documents.
➢ Click on the file or folder user want to rename.
➢ Under File menu click on Rename.
➢ Type the new name, and then press ENTER key.
• Alternately file or folder can also be renamed by right-clicking it and then clicking
on Rename.
Delete a file or folder

Page | 23
 FIG 3.30: Delete a file or folder

• Steps for delete a folder

➢ Click on Start, and then click on My Documents.
➢ Click on the file or folder user want to delete.
➢ Under File menu click on Delete.
• Files or folders can also be deleted by right-clicking the file or folder and then
clicking Delete.
• Deleted files or folders are stored in the Recycle Bin, till they are permanently
removed from the Recycle Bin.
• To retrieve a deleted file, double-click the Recycle Bin icon on the desktop. Right-
click on the file to be retrieved, and then click Restore.
• To permanently delete a file, press and hold down SHIFT key and drag it to the
Recycle Bin.
• Files or folders deleted from a removable storage media such as network drive
are permanently deleted and are not sent to the Recycle Bin.

Page | 24
Chapter: 3.3 Using Essential Accessories

Topic: 3.3.1 System Tools

System Tools
• System Tools allows user to perform some basic maintenance from time to time
to keep Operating System run smoothly.
• But, it is impossible to expect the users run these tools on an periodic basis or
make the administrators run it for user on all the computers.
• Some of the System tools are as follows
➢ Disk cleanup
➢ Disk defragmenter
Disk Cleanup

• The Disk Cleanup tool helps user to free up space on the hard disk by searching
the disk for files that user can safely delete.
• User can choose to delete some or all of the files.
• Use Disk Cleanup to perform any of the following tasks to free up space on the
hard disk.
➢ Remove temporary Internet files.
➢ Remove downloaded program files. For example, ActiveX controls and Java
applets that are downloaded from the Internet.
➢ Empty the Recycle Bin.
➢ Remove Windows temporary files.
➢ Remove optional Windows components that user are not using.
➢ Remove installed programs that user no longer use.
• User can start Disk Cleanup, by doing one of the following
➢ Click Start, and then click Run. In the Open box, type cleanmgr, and then
click OK.

Page | 25
 FIG 3.31: Disk Cleanup Dialog Box

➢ Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System

Tools, and then click Disk Cleanup.
➢ Open My Computer, right-click the disk in which user want to free up space,
click Properties, click the General tab, and then click Disk Cleanup.

FIG 3.32: Drive (C:) Disk Cleanup

Page | 26
Disk Defragmenter
• Disk defragmentation is the process of consolidating fragmented data on a
volume (such as a hard disk or a storage device) so it will work more efficiently.
• It is a tool that rearranges the data on the volume and reunites fragmented data
so that computer can run more efficiently.
• To start Disk Defragmenter, use one of the methods.
➢ Click Start, click All Programs, point to Accessories, select System Tools,
and then click Disk Defragmenter.

FIG 3.32: Disk Defragmenter

Page | 27
➢ Open My Computer, right-click the local disk volume that user want to
defragment, and then click Properties, on the Tools tab, click Defragment
Now and then click Defragment.

FIG 3.34: Drive (C:) Disk Defragmentation

Page | 28
Chapter: 3.3 Using Essential Accessories

Topic: 3.3.2 Entertainment

Entertainment
• Entertainment program is an add-on peripheral, where user can install
entertainment software such as Windows Media Player, Volume Control.
• Windows Media Player
➢ To open Media Player, click on the Start button -> All Programs ->
Accessories -> Entertainment -> Windows Media Player.
➢ User can play audio and video files by using Windows Media Player.
➢ User can choose different skins for the player from the available list or
download more skins from Microsoft Windows site.

FIG 3.35: Windows Media Player

Page | 29
• Volume Control
➢ To open Media Player, click on the Start button -> All Programs -> Accessories
-> Entertainment -> Volume Control.
➢ Enables to adjust master volume and balance of the audio speakers.
➢ User can set different volumes for different file formats wave and midi and also
for music played from CD Rom.
➢ By default an icon of 'Volume Control' is also placed in 'System Tray' for easy
access.
➢ Right click on the icon in Notification Area opens full volume control window
and a left click opens a small volume controller from which user can control
the master volume of audio speakers.
➢ The volume can also be controlled by the software of the sound card installed.

FIG 3.36: Volume Control

Page | 30
Chapter: 3.3 Using Essential Accessories

Topic: 3.3.3 Games

Games
• Games that come with Windows, and any new games user choose to install,
appear in the Games folder.
• Windows 7 comes with a variety of games to play. There are board games, card
games, multiplayer Internet games, and even games for kids.
• Open the Games folder by clicking the Start button . In the search box,
type games, and then, in the list of results, click Games Explorer.
• If user don't see a particular title, it could be for one of these reasons:
➢ It is an older game, new games automatically show up in the Games folder
when user install them. To add the game manually, see Install a game in the
Games folder.
➢ Windows Games are turned off. By default, the games that come with Windows
are turned off, in some editions. To turn them back on:

❖ Click the Start button , click Control Panel, click Programs, and then
under Programs and Features, click Turn Windows features on or off.
❖ Select the Games check box, and then click OK.

Page | 31
• User will find all games in the Games folder. To start playing, just open the folder
and double-click a game icon.

FIG 3.36: Games Window

• Internet games such as Internet Backgammon, Internet Checkers, Internet
Spades.
• Board games such as Chess Titans, Minesweeper, Mahjong Titans.
• Card games such as FreeCell, Hearts, Solitaire, Spider Solitaire.
• Children's games such as Purble Place, Comfy Cakes, Purble Shop, Purble
Pairs.

Page | 32
Chapter: 3.3 Using Essential Accessories

Topic: 3.3.4 Calculator

Calculator
• Calculator is a software program included in all versions of Windows.
• Window provides a simple calculator for doing arithmetic calculations.
• To open a Calculator, click on the Start button, select All Programs,
choose Accessories and then click Calculator.
• Calculator provides four modes of calculation. They are,
➢ Standard Mode
➢ Scientific Mode
➢ Programmer Mode
➢ Statistics Mode

FIG 3.37: Calculator

Page | 33
• Standard Mode
➢ By default, Calculator runs in standard mode, which resembles a four-function
calculator.
➢ Standard Mode features are,

❖ MC - Clears number in memory.

❖ MR - Recalls number in memory.
❖ MS - Stores number displayed in memory.
❖ M+ - Adds number displayed to number in memory.

❖ ← - deletes the last digit of the number displayed.

❖ CE - Clears the last number input.
❖ C - Clears the last calculation.
❖ ± - Changes the sign of the number.
❖ Note: Only the commonly misunderstood buttons are pointed out.

FIG 3.38: Standard Mode

Page | 34
• Scientific Mode

➢ More advanced functions are available in scientific mode.

➢ To view the scientific calculator, select the view menu and click on Scientific.
➢ In Scientific mode, Calculator is precise to 32 significant digits and honors
operator precedence.
➢ It offers functions such as basic to-the-power-of calculations as well as more
powerful functions like sine, cosine, and pi functions.
➢ User can use them in normal or inverse mode.

FIG 3.39: Scientific Mode

Page | 35
• Programmer Mode

➢ In Programmer mode, Calculator is precise up to 64 bits, depending on the

word size.
➢ The calculator honors operator precedence in Programmer mode and works
in integer only mode. Decimals are discarded.
➢ This mode lets user work in a variety of basic operations such as binary,
octal, hexadecimal, and decimal.
➢ It can do calculations from one base to another, such as converting octal to
binary.

FIG 3.40: Programmer Mode

Page | 36
• Statistics Mode

➢ The Statistics mode is not quite as elaborate as the other two, but it‘s still
something the old calculator did not have.
➢ User get functions like the sum of numbers and the sum of numbers to a
power to make statistical calculations.
➢ The C key in statistics mode deletes the current value expressed instead of
clearing it.
➢ The CAD button clears all the values from the dataset, since statistics are
usually built on a large number of figures.

FIG 3.41: Statistics Mode

Page | 37
Chapter: 3.3 Using Essential Accessories

Topic: 3.3.5 Imaging - Fax

Imaging - Fax
• Windows Fax and Scan can practically turn the computer into a fax machine—a
potentially big money and time saver.
• Before user start faxing, computer needs to be properly equipped.
• If user planning to send and receive faxes at home, they first need to outfit their
PC with a fax modem.
• A fax modem is a relatively inexpensive piece of add-on hardware that allows the
computer to communicate with a fax machine over a standard phone line.
• The devices are sold at major computer stores and come in two varieties: internal
and external.
• Internal fax modems plug directly into the computer motherboard, similar to the
way a video or sound card is plugged in.
• External fax modems are small devices that connect to the serial or USB ports.
• If user at work, another option is to see if the employer has a fax server—a
dedicated computer equipped with multiple fax modems.
• Sending a fax using a fax server doesn't require user to add any special
hardware to the computer.
• User have to just set up a connection with the fax server and go.

Setting up Windows to fax

• Once user have picked up a fax modem or found a fax server, you'll need to do a
little setting up.

To set up a fax modem

• Before starting, make sure that fax modem has properly installed, and that it's
plugged into a standard analog phone line.

Page | 38
➢ On the Start button , click All Programs, and then click Windows Fax and
Scan.
➢ At the bottom of the left pane, click Fax, and then click New Fax on the
toolbar to launch the Fax Setup wizard.

FIG 3.42: Windows Fax and Scan

➢ Click Connect to a fax modem and follow the instructions.

Page | 39
 FIG 3.43: Fax Modem

To set up a fax server

• Before starting, make sure the computer is connected to the network and user
should know the network address of the fax server (for example,
\\mycompanyfaxserver).
➢ Click the Start button , click All Programs, and then click Windows Fax
and Scan.
➢ To use Fax view, click Fax at the bottom of the left pane.

➢ Click the Tools menu, and then click Fax Accounts.

Page | 40
 FIG 3.44: Opening Fax Account

➢ Click Add, it will navigate to Fax Setup wizard.

FIG 3.45: Add Account Dialog Box

➢ In that click Connect to a fax server on my network and follow the
instructions.

Page | 41
 FIG 3.46: Fax Server
Note: To connect to a fax server, user might need permission from the system
administrator.

Page | 42
Chapter: 3.3 Using Essential Accessories

Topic: 3.3.6 Notepad

Notepad
• Notepad creates and edits text and performs basic functions of a text editor
without much formatting options.
• The Notepad editor is about as old as Windows itself, yet it still has its uses even
today.
• Here are some ideas on how to use this venerable old program.
• To open a notepad, on the Start button, click All Programs, point to
Accessories and then choose Notepad.
• Once Notepad is running, user will see its simplistic menu appear at the top of
the Notepad program window.

FIG 3.47: Notepad

• One interesting feature about Notepad is its ability to word wrap to the width of
the window.

Page | 43
 • User can indicate whether they want word wrapping turned on or off from the
Format menu.
• Notepad offers only the most basic text manipulation functions, such as finding
text.
• Only newer versions of Windows include an updated version of Notepad with a
search and replace function. However it has much less functionality in comparison
to full-scale editors.

How to create a text file using notepad

• Once Notepad has been open, type the text file, and then save the file with any
name making sure that the file name ends with .txt.
• Notepad will not allow user to add pictures, since it is a plaintext editor and does
not support pictures.

FIG 3.48: Notepad with text

Page | 44
Chapter: 3.3 Using Essential Accessories

Topic: 3.3.7 Paint

Paint
• A paint program is a software graphics program that allows the user to draw or
paint bitmapped images on a computer.
• User can use paint to create drawings on a blank drawing area or in existing
pictures.
• Many of the tools used in Paint are found in the ribbon, which is near the top of
the Paint window.
• Open Paint by clicking the Start button -> All Programs -> Accessories -
> Paint.

FIG 3.49: Paint Window

Page | 45
• In paint user can do the following.
➢ Drawing lines
➢ Drawing different shapes
➢ Adding Text
➢ Selecting and editing objects
➢ Working with color
➢ Viewing the picture
➢ Saving and using the picture
• Drawing lines
➢ User can use several different tools to draw line in Paint.
➢ The tool user use and the options they select determine how the line appears
in the drawing.
➢ There are two tools used in drawing lines. They are Pencil tool and Brushes.

FIG 3.50: Paint Tools

• Drawing different shapes

➢ Paint allow user to add different shapes in a picture.
➢ The ready-made shapes range from traditional shapes such as rectangles,
ellipses, triangles, and arrow and unusual shapes, such as a heart, lightning
bolt, or callouts.
➢ If user want to make their own custom shape, they can use the Polygon tool
to do this.

Page | 46
 FIG 3.51: Shapes for drawing
• Adding Text
➢ In Paint, user can also add their own text or message in the picture using Text
tool.

FIG 3.52: Text Tool

• Selecting and editing objects
➢ If user want to make a change to part of a picture or an object, user need to
select the part of the picture that they want to change, and then make the
edit.
➢ Some changes user can make include the following.
❖ Select Tool
❖ Resizing an object
❖ Moving or copying an object
❖ Rotating an object
❖ cropping the picture to show only the selected item.

❖ Erase part of a picture

Page | 47
 FIG 3.53: Select Tool
• Working with color
➢ There are a number of tools to work specifically with color in Paint.
➢ They let user to use the colors they want when they are drawing and editing
in Paint.

FIG 3.54: Colors

• Viewing the picture
➢ Pictures can be viewed in different ways using the View tab.
➢ User can use the following views.

❖ Magnifier
❖ Zoom in and out
❖ Rulers
❖ Gridlines
❖ Full screen

FIG 3.55: View Tab

• Saving and using the picture
➢ When editing in Paint, you should save your work frequently.

Page | 48
➢ After user save the picture, user can use it on their computer or share it with
others in e-mail.
➢ Save a picture for the first time
❖ Click the Paint button , and then click Save.
❖ In the Save as type box, select the file format to save.
❖ In the File name box, type a name, and then click Save.

FIG 3.56: Save menu

➢ Open an existing picture

❖ Click the Paint button, and then click Open.

Page | 49
 ❖ Find the picture that want to open in Paint, click it, and then click Open.

FIG 3.57: Open menu

➢ Set your picture as your desktop background

❖ Click the Paint button, point to Set as desktop background, and then
click one of the desktop background settings.

Page | 50
 FIG 3.58: Set as desktop background menu
➢ Send the picture by e-mail
❖ If user have an e-mail program installed and configured on the computer,
user can attach the picture to an e-mail message, and then share it with
others through e-mail.
❖ Save the picture.
❖ Click the Paint button, and then click Send in e-mail.
❖ In the e-mail message, enter the person's e-mail address, type a short
message, and then send the e-mail message that has the picture attached.

Page | 51
FIG 3.59: Send in e-mail menu

Page | 52
Chapter: 3.3 Using Essential Accessories

Topic: 3.3.8 WordPad

WordPad
• User can create a formatted document without having to use a full-blown word
processor like Word.
• Although WordPad is not as robust as some mainstream word processors, it is a
great choice for creating simple documents with a few formatting bells and
whistles.
• To open the WordPad window, click on the Start button →All Programs →
Accessories → WordPad.
• The WordPad window opens with a blank document.

FIG 3.60: WordPad Window

• WordPad allows simple formatting such as

Page | 53
 ➢ Change fonts.
➢ Character level formatting.
➢ Margins can be changed / created.
➢ Insert bulleted charts/graphic and sound files.

FIG 3.61: WordPad Ribbon

• Rich text format (RTF) allows the exchange of text files between different
word processors in different OS.
• Printing and Page Setup in WordPad
➢ User can use the same techniques to print a document from WordPad that
they used to print a document from Notepad.
➢ In WordPad, the only formatting that user can apply to the document (Page
Setup) is to alter the margins.
➢ Headers and Footers are not supported.

Page | 54
Chapter: 3.4 Command prompt

Topic: 3.4.1 Command prompt

Command prompt

• Command Prompt is a command line interpreter application available in most

Windows operating systems.
• The Command Prompt program allows the user to work in an environment that
looks more like a traditional operating system as opposed to the icon based
Windows environment.
• Command Prompt is officially called Windows Command Processor but is also
sometimes called the command shell or by its file name cmd.exe.
• In Command Prompt, only keyboard can be used and mouse cannot be used.
• Command Prompt works at a lower level than Windows. This means that user
will have more control over the machine.
• The disadvantage of command prompt is that it is not user-friendly.
• The GUI based operating system made command prompt boring.

Page | 55
Opening a command prompt:
• There are two conventional ways to start a Command prompt.
➢ Start->Programs-> Accessories->Command prompt
➢ Start->Run and type "cmd" and press enter.
• The Command Prompt shows up as a black terminal window. The command
prompt should look something like: C:\>

FIG 3.62: Command prompt

Directory Navigation

• Navigating the command prompt, as well as changing drives and directories is

important skill to have. To do this, you must learn a few commands that you must
enter into the command prompt.
• Changing directories (or changing your path) in the command prompt makes use
of the CD command. The CD command has a small amount of possible arguments.
CD accepts a drive and a path.
• Some of the key commands are:
➢ CD ( Change Directory) : The CD command is very simple to use. All
commands are relative to the directory that you are in. Therefore, using the
example output of a "dir" that is shown above, if you want to change to the
"Windows" directory, you would type

Page | 56
➢ CD Windows : If you want to change to the "system" directory (which is a sub
directory of "windows"), you would enter
➢ CD System : However if you knew that you wanted to change to the system
directory immediately, you could type this command.
➢ CD Windows\System : However if you were already deep in another directory
(for example c:\ documents and settings \username\ local settings) and then
wanted to move directly to windows\system then you can do that by putting in
an initial backwards slash.
➢ CD \Windows\System : This tells the command to go to the root of the drive,
then to the directory Windows and system.
➢ Moving Back Up : You can also move back up the tree, instead of down.
➢ cd \ or cd\ : to just return to the root of the drive (C:\)
➢ cd.. : to just go back one level (to use the earlier example, you were in
c:\windows\system and you wanted to be in c:\windows).
➢ cd program files or cd "program files" : to access a totally different directory,
for example "Program Files". When typing directories to change to, if the
directory name is unique, then you can use wild cards. For example : cd
program.
➢ dir - This command will list all of the folders and files in the directory you are
currently at.
➢ cd folder - This command will move you to the folder that you specify. The
folder must be in the directory you are currently in. For example: If you are
currently at C:\Users\username\ and you enter cd desktop you will be taken
to C:\Users\username\Desktop\
➢ cd path - This command will take you to a specific path on your computer. You
do not need to be in the same directory as the path. You must enter the entire
path for it to work. For example: cd C:\Windows\System32
➢ driveletter: - This command will take you to the drive letter that you specify.
The drive you specify will need to be active, or have a disc in it if it a CD\DVD
drive. For example, if you want to switch to your D drive, you would enter the
command D:

Page | 57
 ➢ exit - This command will exit the Command Prompt, no matter your current
location.

Path setting:

• Users can run an executable from windows command prompt either by giving the
absolute path of the file or just by giving the executable file name.
• In the latter case, Windows searches for the executable in a list of folders which is
configured in environment variables. These environment variables are as below.
1. System path
2. User path.
• The values of these variables can be checked in system properties( Run
sysdm.cpl from Run or computer properties).
• Initially user specific path environment variable will be empty. Users can add
paths of the directories having executables to this variable.
• Administrators can modify the system path environment variable.

To set path from command line

• In Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8 we can set path from command line using
‗setx‘ command. setx path "%path%;c:\directoryPath"
• For example, to add c:\dir1\dir2 to the path variable, we can run the below
command. setx path "%path%;c:\dir1\dir2"
• Alternative way is to use Windows resource kit tools ‗pathman.exe‗. Using this
command we can even remove a directory from path variable.

1. System path environment variable:

• Open administrator command prompt and Run the below command
➢ To add directory to the system path environment variable.
➢ Syntax : pathman /as directoryPath

Page | 58
 ➢ To remove path from system path environment variable.
➢ Syntax : pathman /rs directoryPath

2. Setting user path environment variable

• For user environment variables, admin privileges are not required. We can run the
below command to add and remove a directory to user path environment variable.
➢ To add a directory from user path, user can run the below command.
➢ Syntax : pathman /au directoryPath
➢ To remove a directory from user path, user can run the below command.
➢ Syntax : pathman /ru directoryPath

Creating And Using Batch File

• A script or text file which contains a series of commands to be executed by the

command interpreter is called as batch files.
• Batch files are created to automate frequently performed tasks.
• A batch file may have any constructs that enables conditional branching and
looping within the batch files.
• Batch files are simply text files, which is created using Windows notepad
application. It should be created only using notepad, Other word processing
applications should not be used as they stores the files by adding their own
formats.
• Batch file is created by typing the command to run, in a text file and saving with the
.BAT extension.

Page | 59
Chapter: 3.5 Files

Topic: 3.5.1 Files

Files
• Files are logical containers of data that are always present at the leaf level of a
directory tree, i.e., they are the last element of any tree.
• A file cannot be a collection of other files or directories and can only contain
data or instructions.
• Each file has a set of properties associated with it, such as
➢ Size
➢ Date created
➢ Date accessed
➢ Date modified
➢ Path
➢ File name
• File name
➢ Each file is recognized by its filename. Filename has two parts; name and
extension. File naming conventions must be followed while naming a file. A
filename can have a maximum of 8 characters.
➢ Extension identifies the type of the file or the application to which a particular
file belongs. It can be 3 characters long.
• Size
➢ Size determines how much space the file is occupying on the disk.
• Date created
➢ Data created corresponds to the date when file was created.
• Date accessed
➢ Data accessed corresponds to the date when file was last accessed.
• Date modified
➢ Data modified corresponds to the date when file was last modified.

Page | 60
• Path
➢ Path specifies the location of file on the disk. It comprises of a series of
predecessor (parent) directories and moves up to the root.
• A file has a certain defined structure which depends on its type
➢ Text file
➢ Source file
➢ Object file
➢ Executable file
• Text file
➢ Sequence of characters organized into lines.
• Source file
➢ Sequence of sub routines and functions each of which is further organized as
declarations followed by executable statements.
• Object file
➢ Sequence of bytes organized into blocks understandable by the system's linker
• Executable file
➢ Series of code sections that the loader can bring into memory and execute.

Page | 61
Chapter: 3.6 Directories and its Structure

Topic: 3.6.1 Directories and its Structure

Directories and its Structure

• Directories are a collection of files or other directories.
• Directory at the highest level is called the root directory.
• There can be only one root in a directory structure.
• Directories at lower levels are called child and those who share the same parents
are called siblings.
• A directory structure can be viewed as a way to organize files on the hard disk.

FIG 3.63: Directory Structure

Operations on a directory

• The directory can be viewed as a symbol table that translates file names into
their directory entries.
• The operations that can be performed on the directory are:
• Search for a file
➢ Find the entry for a particular file.
• Create a file
➢ Create new file and add to directory.
• Delete a file

Page | 62
 ➢ Remove a file when no longer needed.
• List a directory
➢ List the files in a directory and the contents of the directory entry for each file
in the list.
• Rename a file
➢ Change name of a file as per user‘s request.
➢ Position within the directory may also change.
• Traverse the file system
➢ Every directory and every file within a directory structure should be
accessible.
➢ Magnetic tape is the commonest backup device.
Directory Structure
• The directory structure is the organization of files into a hierarchy of folders.
• It should be stable and scalable; it should not fundamentally change, only be
added to.
• Types of directory structure
➢ Single-level directory
➢ Two-level directory
➢ Tree structured directory
➢ Acyclic graph directory
➢ General graph directory
Single-level directory
• A single-level directory with file entries for all users contained in the same
directory.
• It is the simplest structure of all directories.
• All files are in the same directory.
• It is easy to support and understand.
• Name collision problem - files must have unique names since multiple users
share same directory.

Page | 63
 • Even in case of a single user it is difficult to remember all file names and create
files with unique names (the naming problem).
• Files are limited in length.

FIG 3.64: Single-level directory

Two-level directory
• The standard solution to limitations of single-level directory is to create a
separate directory for each user.
• System maintains a Master File Directory (MFD).
• A separate directory for each user.
• Easy to support and understand.
➢ User file directory (UFD).
• User name and a file name constitute a path name.
• Solves the name collision problem.
• Sharing of files by different users is difficult.

FIG 3.65: Two-level directory

Page | 64
Tree structured directory
• The two-level directory structure can be extended to a tree of arbitrary height.
• Tree is the most common directory structure.
• Examples of systems supporting tree structure.
➢ MS-DOS
➢ UNIX
• A tree has a root directory.
• The root contains a set of directories.
• A directory contains a set of files and other sub directories.
• Each sub directory can further contain a set of files and other sub directories.
• Each file has a unique path name.

FIG 3.66: Tree-structured directory

• One bit in each directory entry defines the entry as a file(0) or as a sub
directory(1).

Page | 65
Path name

• A path name is the path from the root, through all the subdirectories, to a
specified file.
• Example
➢ In the figure root/spell/mail/prog/obj is a path.
• Types of path names can be of two types.
➢ Absolute path name.
➢ Relative path name.
• Absolute path name
➢ An absolute path name begins at the root and follows a path down to the
specified file giving the directory names on the path.
• Relative path name
➢ A relative path name defines a path from the current directory.
• With reference to figure, if the current directory is root/spell/mail, to reference the
file list.
• Relative path name: prog/list.
• Absolute path name: root/spell/mail/prog/list.

Acyclic graph directories

• When the same files need to be accessed in more than one place in the directory
structure ( e.g. because they are being shared by more than one user / process ),
it can be useful to provide an acyclic- graph structure
• UNIX provides two types of links for implementing the acyclic-graph structure.
➢ A hard link (usually just called a link) involves multiple directory entries that both
refer to the same file. Hard links are only valid for ordinary files in the same file
system.
➢ A symbolic link, that involves a special file, containing information about where
to find the linked file. Symbolic links may be used to link directories and/or files
in other file systems, as well as ordinary files in the current file system.

Page | 66
 FIG 3.67: Acyclic graph directory

General graph directories

• Allow users to create subdirectories in a two-level directory result is a tree

structured directory.
• Simply adding new files and subdirectories to an existing tree-structured directory
preserves the tree-structured nature.
• When user add links to a tree, the tree structure is destroyed resulting in a simple
graph.
• Cycles allowed.
• Cycles might result in an infinite loop while searching.
• One solution is limit to the number of directories which will be accessed during a
search.

Page | 67
FIG 3.68: General graph directory

Page | 68
Chapter: 3.7 Drives

Topic: 3.7.1 Drives

Drives

• Drives are logical partitions of the hard disk or may be extension to the hard disk.
• A convention is followed while giving names to these partitions. For example, A:,
B: represents Floppy disk. C:, O:, E: represents Hard Disk, and F:, G: represents
the Compact Disk.
• To switch from one drive to another, only the drive letter followed by a colon needs
to be specified. For example, at C:\> type A: and press <Enter>. This will take you
to A:
• While doing any directory or file manipulation user must take note of your location.
• Location of a file or directory always starts with the drive letter (which is the root)
followed by the name of its parent in one order and finally its own name.
➢ For example, C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office\MS Word
• Implies that the root is C:\, one of the folders in C:1 is Program Files, Program Files
contains Microsoft Office folder, which in turn contains office folder, which in turn
contains MS Word.

Page | 69
Chapter: 3.8 Application Management

Topic: 3.8.1A Installing and Uninstalling an application

Application Management
• All applications tend to share a common set of functionality that applies to
application implementation and management.
• Application management is the process of managing the applications on the
Computer.
Installing an application
• To install a software program can depend on the operating system being used
and the program being installed.
• Because of all the different possibilities, we have created the steps below as
guidelines for installing programs in each of the major operating systems.
Steps for installing an application
• To install a program from a CD or DVD
➢ Insert the disc into your computer and follow the instructions on your screen.
➢ If users are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the
password or provide confirmation.
➢ Many programs installed from CDs or DVDs launch an installation wizard for
the program automatically.
➢ In these cases, the AutoPlay dialog box will appear and user can choose to
run the wizard.
➢ For more information, see AutoPlay: frequently asked questions.
➢ If a program doesn't begin to install, check the information that came with the
program.
➢ This information will likely provide instructions for installing the program
manually.

➢ If user cannot access the information, they can also browse through the disc
and open the program setup file, usually called Setup.exe or Install.exe.

Page | 70
 FIG 3.69: AutoPlay Dialog Box
• To install a program from the Internet
➢ In user web browser, click the link to the program.
➢ Do one of the following
❖ To install the program immediately, click Run and follow the instructions
on user's screen.

FIG 3.70: Open File-Security Warning dialog box

❖ If they are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type

the password or provide confirmation.

Page | 71
❖ To install the program later, click Save and download the installation file to
your computer.
❖ When user are ready to install the program, double-click the file and follow
the instructions on your screen.

FIG 3.71: Installing the file

❖ This is a safer option because user can scan the installation file for viruses
before you proceed.

Page | 72
Uninstalling an application
• To see a list of the programs that we can uninstall we must first open
the Programs and Features control panel.
• To do this user should follow these steps
➢ In Windows click on the Start button to open your Start Menu.
➢ When the Start Menu opens click on the Control Panel menu option.
➢ When the Control Panel window opens click on the Uninstall a program option
under the Programs category.

FIG 3.72: Uninstall option

➢ If user are using the Classic View of the Control Panel, then user would
double-click on the Programs and Features icon instead.
➢ User will now be at the Programs and Features, or Uninstall or change a
program, screen as shown below.
➢ From this screen user can uninstall programs, view installed updates, and
turn Windows features on and off.

Page | 73
 FIG 3.73: Programs and Features Window
➢ Now that user know what all the options in this screen do, let's start learning
how to uninstall a program.
➢ The first step is look through the list of programs for the one that user would
like to uninstall and then left-click on it once so that it becomes highlighted.
➢ Once user highlight a program they will see two new options next to the
Organize and View button called Uninstall and Change

Page | 74
 FIG 3.74: Confirmation Dialog Box
➢ If user press the Yes button, it will start the uninstall routine for the program
and begin to remove it.
➢ An uninstall screen will typically now open and may ask user questions about
how the program should be uninstalled.

Page | 75
Chapter: 3.8 Application Management

Topic: 3.8.1B Managing the Running application

Running Applications

• The running applications can be managed using the task manager.

• Using task bar the following process can be done on the running applications.
• The task manager can be opened in following two ways;
➢ Press Ctrl+Alt+Del -> Click start task manager.
➢ Right click on the tack bar -> Click start task manager

FIG 3.75: Running Applications

Page | 76
Ending a running application

• The running application can be closed using the task manager.

• It is done when the application hangs too long, The status column shows not
responding, when the application is crashed or hanged.
• By that time the user can use task manager to close the application by doing the
following steps;
➢ Open the task manager.
➢ Click the Applications tab.
➢ In the Task area, locate an application that is needed to be closed and click
on it.
➢ Finally, Click the End Task button.

FIG 3.76: Ending a running application

Page | 77
Starting an application

• The Create New Task button comes in handy in situations which helps the user
to reopen an application.
• If the user know the path to the application, he can enter it.
• otherwise, the user can click the Browse button to navigate to the application
name.
• To open an application follow the steps given below;
➢ Open the task manager.
➢ Click the Applications tab.
➢ Click the New task button.
➢ Create new task dialog box opens, in that enter the application name to be
opened, or else use browse option to select an application to open.
➢ Finally, Click the ok button.

FIG 3.77: Starting a new application

Page | 78
Monitor an Application's CPU and Memory Usage
• The task manager can be user to know about the CPU and Memory usage of an
running application.
• It is done as follows;
➢ Open the task manager.
➢ Click the Processes tab.
➢ Now it displays the list of running applications along with their CPU and
Memory usage details.

FIG 3.78: CPU and memory usage

Page | 79
End a Process
• If the user thinks that a process is consuming more memory and its CPU
utilization is more, Then he can end the process as shown below.
• Not ending a process safely can result in data loss or in rare cases, system
instability.
• Steps to end a process;
➢ Open the task manager.
➢ Click the Processes tab.
➢ select the process from the list, which is to be ended.
➢ Click the End Process button, It asks for conformation.
➢ Click end Process again to end the process.

FIG 3.79: Ending a process

Page | 80
Stopping and Restarting a Service

• The following steps shows as how to stop and restart a service through Task
Manager.
• The user can stop and restart a service when he wants.
• This is done as follows;
➢ Open the task manager.
➢ Click the Services tab.
➢ Right Click on the service from the listed services which is needed to be
stopped.
➢ Then click Stop Service option.
➢ Depending on the security configuration, It might show an access-denied
message.
➢ If this is the case, click the service again and click on the Services button in
the lower right corner.
➢ Click Yes in the opened UAS window.
➢ Then again right click the service to be stopped and click Stop Service
Option.
➢ To restart the service, follow these same steps. The only difference is that
choosing Start Service instead of choosing Stop Services.

Page | 81
 FIG 3.80: Stop a service

FIG 3.81: Restart a service

Page | 82
Chapter: 3.9 Linux

Topic: 3.9.1 An overview of Linux

An overview of Linux
• Linux is an operating system.
• It was developed beginning in 1991 by a University of Helsinki student named
Linus Torvalds (Linux stands for Linus UNIX).
• Linux itself is actually just a kernel.
• It implements multitasking and multiuser functionality, manages hardware,
allocates memory and enables application to run.
• Linux delivers the power and flexibility of a UNIX server or desktop.
• It also provides a set of utilities, Internet applications and a fully functional
desktop interface.
• The Linux operating system has become a server platform for powerful internet
and many other applications.
• Linux is capable of running from a Web, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), file and
printer servers, to wide-area information server (WAIS).
• The structure of Linux is organized on file systems that provide interfaces and
abstraction needed to work with data and files.
• Files are organized into directories with the disk hardware.
• Each directory can contain any number of subdirectories each holding files.

Page | 83
Chapter : 3.10 Basic Linux Elements

Topic : 3.10.1 System and Software Features

System Features
• Linux supports most of the features found in other implementations of UNIX, plus
quite a few that are not found elsewhere.
• Linux is a complete multitasking, multi-user operating system (just like all other
versions of UNIX). This means that many users can be logged into the same
machine at once, running multiple programs simultaneously.

Fig 3.82: Linux Logo

• The Linux system is mostly compatible with a number of UNIX standards (in as
much as UNIX has standards) on the source level, including IEEE POSIX.1,
System V and BSD features.
• It was developed with source portability in mind-therefore, users are most likely
to find commonly-used features in the Linux system which are shared across
multiple implementations.
• A great deal of free UNIX software available on the internet and elsewherecompiles
on Linux of out of the box.
• In addition all source code for the Linux system is freely distributable, including
➢ kernel
➢ device drivers
➢ libraries
• kernel

Page | 84
 ➢ The kernel is able to emulate 387-FPU instructions itself, so that systems
without a math coprocessor can run programs that require floating-point math
instructions.
➢ Linux supports various file system types of storing data.
➢ Various file system, such as the ext2fs file system, have seen developed
specifically for Linux.
➢ Other file system types , such as the MINIX-1 and Xenix file systems are also
supported.
➢ The MS-DOs file system has been implemented as well allowing the user to
access MS-DOS files on hard drive or floppy directly.
• Device drivers
➢ Linux provides a complete implementation of TCP / IP networking.
➢ This includes device drivers for many popular Ethernet cards, SLIP (Serial Line
Internet Protocol), PLIP (Parallel Line Internet Protocol), PPP (Point-to- Point),
NFS (Network File System) and so on.
➢ The complete range of TCP / IP clients and services is supported such as FTP,
telnet, NNTP and SMTP.
• Libraries
➢ Executables use dynamically linked shared libraries meaning that
executables share common library code in a single library file found on disk.
➢ This allows executable files to occupy much less space, especially those that
use many library functions.
➢ There are also statistically-linked libraries to be in place.
➢ Linux shared libraries are dynamically linked at run-time, allowing the
programmer to replace modules of the libraries with their own routines.
Software Features
• The fact that most of this software is freely distributable is even more impressive.
• Many of the software applications available for Linux
➢ Basic Commands and Utilities
➢ Programming Language and Utilities

Page | 85
 ➢ The X Window System
➢ Networking
➢ Telecommunication and BBS software
➢ Interfacing with MS-DOS
• Basic Commands and Utilities
➢ Virtually every utility that user would expect to find on standard
implementations.
➢ This includes basic commands such as ls, awk, tr, sed, bc, more and so on.
➢ Many text editors are available including vi, ex, pioc, jove as well as GNU
Emacs and variants such as Lucid Emacs and joe.
➢ The most important utility to many users is the shell.
➢ The shell is the program which reads and executes commands from the user.
➢ There are many types of shells available for Linux.
➢ The most important difference between the shell is the command language.
• Programming Languages and Utilities
➢ Linux provides a complete UNIX programming environment, including all of
the standard libraries, programming tools, compilers and debuggers that user
would expect to find on other UNIX systems.
➢ Within the UNIX software development world, applications and systems
programming is usually done in C or C++.

FIG 3.83: Programming languages

Page | 86
 ➢ The standard C and C++ compiler for Linux is GNU's gcc, which is an
advanced, modern compiler supporting many options.
➢ It is also capable of compiling C++ as well as Objective-C another objects-
oriented dialect of C.
➢ Besides C and C++ many other compiled and interpreted programming
languages have been ported to Linux, such as Smalltalk, FORTRAN, Pascal,
LISP, Scheme and Ada.
• The X Window System
➢ The X window System is the standard graphics interface for UNIX machines.
➢ It is a powerful environment supporting many applications.
➢ Using X Windows, the user can have multiple terminal windows on the screen
at once, each one containing a different login session.
➢ Many X-specific applications have been written, such as games, graphics
utilities, programming and documentation tools and so on.
• Networking
➢ Linux supports the two primary networking protocols for UNIX systems
❖ TCP/IP
❖ UUCP
➢ TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) is the set of
networking paradigms that allow systems all over the world to communicate
on a single network known as the internet.
➢ With Linux, TCP/IP and a connection to the network, user can communicate
with other users and machine across the Internet via electronic mail, USENET
news, file transfers with FTP and more.
➢ UUCP
➢ UUCP is an older mechanism used to transfer files, electronic mail and
electronic news between machines.
➢ Classically, UUCP machines connected to each other over the phone lines via
modem but UUCP is able to transport over a TCP/IP network as well.

Page | 87
 ➢ If the user do not have access to a TCP/IP network or a SLIP server, user can
configure their system to send and receive files and electronic mail using
UUCP.

FIG 3.84: Networking

• Telecommunication and BBS software

➢ Many people use telecommunication software to access bulletin board
systems (BBSs) as well as commercial online services.
➢ If user have modem they will be able to communicate with other machines
using one of the telecommunication packages available for Linux.
➢ Telecommunications software under Linux is very similar to that found under
MS-DOS or other operating system.
➢ Linux supports a wide range of BBS software, most of which is more powerful
that what is available for other operating system.
➢ With a phone line, a modem, and Linux user can run their system into a BBS,
providing dial-in access to their systems to other users worldwide.

Page | 88
• Interfacing with MS-DOS
➢ Various utilities exist to interface with the world of MS-DOS.
➢ The most well-known application is the Linux MS-DOS Emulator, which
allows user to run many MS-DOS applications directly from Linux.

FIG 3.85: MS-DOS logo

• Other Applications
➢ Several relational databases are available for Linux including Postgres, Ingres
and Mbase.
➢ These are full-featured, professional client/server database applications
similar to those found on other UNIX platforms.
➢ /rdb, a commercial database system, is available as well.
➢ Scientific computing applications include
❖ FLET (a finite element analysis tool)
❖ gnuplot (a plotting and data analysis application)
❖ Octave (a symbolic mathematics package)
❖ xspread (a spreadsheet calculator)
❖ xfractinit (X-based port of the popular financial fractal generator)
❖ xlispstat (a statics package) and more
➢ Other applications include
❖ Spice
❖ Khoros

Page | 89
Chapter :3.11 File Structure

Topic : 3.11.1 File Structure

File Structure
• In the Linux file structure files are grouped according to purpose.
• Parts of a Unix directory tree are listed below.

FIG 3.86: File Structure

• All directories are grouped under the root entry "/".

Directories Description
/ Root directory that forms the base of the file system. All files and
directories are logically contained inside the root directory
regardless of their physical locations.
/bin Contains the executable programs that are part of the Linux
operating system. Many Linux commands, such as cat, cp, ls, more,
and tar, are locate in /bin
/boot Contains the Linux kernel and other files needed by LILO and
GRUB boot managers.
/dev Contains all device files. Linux treats each device as a special file.
All such files are located in /dev.
/etc Contains most system configuration files and the initialization scripts

Page | 90
 in /etc/rc.d subdirectory.
/home Home directory is the parent to the home directories for users.
Contains library files, including loadable driver modules needed to
/lib boot the system.
/lost+found Directory for lost files. Every disk partition has a lost+found
directory.
/media Directory for mounting files systems on removable media like DVD-
ROM drives, flash drives, and Zip drives.
/mnt A directory for temporarily mounted filesystems (ie Backup
Software).
/opt Optional software packages copy/install files here.
/proc A special directory in a virtual memory filesystem. It contains the
information about various aspects of a Linux system.
/root Home directory of the root user.
/sbin Contains administrative binary files. Commands such as mount,
shutdown, umount, reside here.
/srv Contains data for services (HTTP, FTP, etc.) offered by the system.
/sys A special directory that contains information about the devices, as
viewed by the Linux kernel.
/tmp Temporary directory which can be used as a scratch directory
(storage for temporary files). The contents of this directory are
cleared each time the system boots.
/usr Contains subdirectories for many programs such as the X or GUI
Window System.
/usr/bin Contains executable files for many Linux commands. It is not part of
the core Linux operating system.
/usr/include Contains header files for C programming languages.
/usr/lib Contains libraries for C programming languages.
/usr/local Contains local files. It has a similar directories as /usr contains.

Page | 91
/usr/sbin Contains administrative commands.
/usr/share Contains files that are shared, like, default configuration files,
images, documentation, etc.
/usr/src Contains the source code for the Linux kernel.
/var Contains various system files such as log, mail directories, print
spool, etc. which tend to change in numbers and size over time.
/var/cache Storage area for cached data for applications.
/var/lib Contains information relating to the current state of applications.
Programs modify this when they run.
/var/lock Contains lock files which are checked by applications so that a
resource can be used by one application only.
/var/log Contains log files for different applications.
/var/mail Contains users' emails sent by system or server.
/var/opt Contains variable data for packages stored in opt directory.
/var/run Contains data describing the system since it was booted.
/var/spool Contains data that is waiting for some kind of processing.
/var/tmp Temporary files preserved between system reboots.

Page | 92
Chapter : 3.12 File handling in Linux

Topic : 3.12.1 Hardware and Software Requirements

Hardware Requirements
• Linux has very minimal requirements compared to other operating systems.
• Linux is a high-performance system and can bring out the deficiencies of a
particular piece of hardware better than DOS or Windows.

Intel-Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium II

Xenon, Pentium III, Pentium III Xenon, Pentium IV,
CPUs Pentium IV Xenon, Celeron AMD - K6, K6-2, K6-3,
Athlon, Duron, Athlon XP, Athlon MP Cyrix-MII VIA-
Cyrix MIII, C3
3DFX-Banshee, Voodoo3, Voodoo5;
ATI-Radeon Mobility M6, M7;
Radeon 7000, 7500, 8500, 9000, 9700 (2D only);
Video cards Rage 128, Rage 128 Mobility M3, M4; Rage 128 Pro,
Rage 128 Pro Ultra, most MAch64-complaint cards;
Intel-1740, i810, i815, i830, i845G, i845GL Matrox-
Millienum, Millenium II, etc.,
Adaptec-200x, 21xx, 22x, 27x, 28xx, 29xx, 32xx,
34xx, 39xx, 54xx
Advansys-940(Ultra/Wide);
SCSI controllers AMI-MegaRAID Express 200(466 series)
Dell-PowerEdge RAID series;
IBM(Buslogic/Mylex)-Flashpoint, MultiMaster, DAC-
960;
ATA-133, ATA-33-most controllers
IDE controllers ATA-66 (not RAID)- HighPoint 366/368, Intel
82801AB ICHO (440BX) Promise PDC20262,

Page | 93
 PDC2027x, PDC20265/7 VIA 82c596B/686A.
3COM-3C905/B/C; D-Link-DFE-530/+; Rraltek-
RTL8029, RTL8139, RTL8139C+, RTL8169;
IntelNEtherExpress Pro 100/1000; Netgear-
Network cards FA311TX; Linksys-LNE100TX; Silicon Integrated
Systems- SiS900; Intel-DE4x5/Tulip series; GigE-
Broadcom Tigon3, Intel e1000, NatSemi NS83820,
Realtek RTL8169 VIA - Rhine
100% Hayes-compatible Internal and external serial
modems with hardware UART, NOTE: WinModems,
Modems
host-based, HCF-, HSP-, HSF-, controllerless, host-
controlled, and soft modems are NOT supported.
C_Media-CM8338/CM8738; Creative Labs-
SoundBlaster 128 PCI, SoundBalster Livel,
SoundBlaster Live! Audigy; Crystal-
CS428X/CS46XX; ESS-Maestro, Maestro2,
Sound cards
Maestro3, Solo; Ensoniq-AudioPCI ES1370,ES1371;
Intel-ICH, ICH2, ICH3, ICH4; Yamaha- YMF724, 74x,
754; VIA-VIA82c686, VIA8233,
VIA8235

Page | 94
Software Requirements
• These requirements are common to all platforms
➢ A working network card and internet connection is recommended during
installation.
➢ At least 1 GB memory, but 4 GB per processor core or more is
recommended.
➢ 1-5 GB of disk space, depending on your licensed products and installation
options.
• Operating System Requirements
Linux
Debian 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0
OpenSUSE 11.3
32-bit Operating Systems
RedHat Enterprise Linux 5 and 6
Ubuntu 10.04 and 12.04 LTS
Debian 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0
OpenSUSE 11.3
64-bit Operating Systems
RedHat Enterprise Linux 5 and 6
Ubuntu 10.04 and 12.04 LTS

• RedHat Enterprise Linux 5 is only supported for server, batch, and cluster
operation.
• OS Specific System Requirements
GNU C Library version 2.3.4 or later
32-bit Linux Linux kernel 2.6.18 or later
Intel Pentium IV or AMD Athlon XP processor or later
GNU C Library version 2.3.4 or later
64-bit Linux Linux kernel 2.6.18 or later
Intel Pentium IV or AMD Athlon XP processor or later.

Page | 95
• Graphics System Requirements
➢ COMSOL Multiphysics is a finite element analysis, solver and Simulation
software
➢ COMSOL recommends hardware rendering for performance reasons.
➢ Hardware rendering requires drivers that support OpenGL version 1.4.
➢ Hardware rendering requires at least 24-bit color graphics.
➢ Alternatively, software rendering can be used.
➢ For performance reasons, we recommend that the graphics card has at least
512MB memory.

Card Model Operating System Driver Version

FirePro V4800 Ubuntu 10.04 LTS 8.723.1-10048a-

09850C-ATI
Linux

Quadro FX 1800 Debian 6.0 195.36.31

• Parallel System Requirements

Linux

Shared-memory Parallelism 32-bit and 64-bit Linux Distributions

RedHat Enterprise Linux 5 and 6,

Distributed-memory Parallelism
Debian 6, and Ubuntu 12.04.

Page | 96
Chapter : 3.13 Installing Linux OS

Topic : 3.13.1A Preliminary step before installation and Disk Space requirement

Preliminary step before installation

• After user have obtained a distribution of Linux, they are ready to prepare their
system for installation.
• This takes a certain degree of planning, especially if user are already running
other operating systems.
Installation Overview
• While each release of Linux is different, in general the method used to install the
software is as follows
➢ Repartition your hard drive(s)
➢ Create Linux partitions
➢ Boot the Linux installation media
➢ Create file systems and swap space
➢ Install the software on the new file systems
• Repartition user's hard drive(s)
➢ If user have other operating systems already installed, they will need to
repartition the drives in order to allocate space for Linux.
• Boot the Linux installation media
➢ Each distribution of Linux has some kind of installation media-usually a "boot
floppy"-which is used to install the software.
➢ Booting this media will either present the user with some kind of installation
program, which will step user through the Linux installation, or allow them to
install the software by hand.
• Create Linux partitions
➢ After repartitioning to allocate space for Linux, user create Linux partitions on
that empty space.
➢ This is accomplished with the Linux fdisk program.

Page | 97
 • Create file systems and swap space
➢ At this point, user will create one or more file systems, used to store files, on
the newly-created partitions.
➢ In addition, if user plan to use swap space, they will create the swap space on
one of their Linux partitions.
• Install the software on the new file systems
➢ Finally, user will install the Linux software on their newly-created file systems.

Installation Disk Space Requirement

• These recommendations are based on an installation that only installs one

language (such as English).
• If user plan to install multiple languages to use on their system, they should
increase the disk space requirements.
➢ Personal Desktop
➢ Workstation
➢ Server
➢ Custom
• Personal Desktop
➢ A personal desktop installation, including a graphical desktop environment,
requires at least 1.7GB of free space.
➢ Choosing both the GNOME and KDE desktop environments requires at least
1.8 GB of free disk space.
• Workstation
➢ A workstation installation, including a graphical desktop environment and
software development tools, requires at least 2.1 GB of free space.
➢ Choosing both the GNOM and KDE desktop environments requires at least
2.2 GB of free disk space.

Page | 98
• Server
➢ A server installation requires 850MB for a minimal installation without X(the
graphical environment), at least 1.5 GB of free space if all package groups other
than X are installed, and at least 5.0 GB to install all packages including the
GNOME and KDE desktop environments.
• Custom
➢ A Custom installation requires 475 MB for a minimal installation and at least
5.0 GB of free space if every package is selected.

Page | 99
Chapter : 3.13 Installing Linux OS

Topic : 3.13.1B Boot methods

Boot methods

• There are several methods that can be used to install Red Hat Linux.
➢ Boot CD-ROM
➢ Boot Diskette
➢ Driver Diskette
• Installing from a CD-ROM requires that user have purchased a Red Hat Linux
product, or user have a Red Hat Linux CD-ROM, and they have a CD-ROM drive.
• Most new computers will allow booting from the CD-ROM.
• If your system will support booting from the CD-ROM, it is an easy way to begin a
local CD-ROM installation.
• User BIOS may need to be changed to allow booting from your CD-ROM drive.
• Boot CD-ROM
➢ If user can boot using the CD-ROM drive, they can create their own CD-ROM
to boot the installation program.
➢ This may be useful, for example, if user are performing an installation over a
network or from a hard drive.
➢ If user choose to create a boot CD-ROM, it will not be necessary to create a
driver diskette.
➢ If user cannot boot from the CD-ROM drive, the following alternative boot
method is available.
• Boot Diskette
➢ If user need a boot diskette, they must create it.
➢ A boot diskette will be needed if user cannot boot from the CD-ROM.
➢ It can be used to boot from a network, block, or PCMCIA device (user will
also need the corresponding driver diskette for their booting scenario).

Page | 100
 ➢ The boot diskette image file, bootdisk.img, is located in the images directory on
their Red Hat Linux CD-ROM.
➢ If user choose to create a boot diskette, they must also create the appropriate
driver diskette if they are installing over a network or from a hard drive.
• Driver Diskette
➢ If user are performing anything other than an IDE CD-ROM or hard disk
installation and are using a boot diskette, they will need at least one driver
diskette that user must make in advance.
➢ User will be prompted by the installation program to insert the driver diskette
at the correct time.

Page | 101
Books Referred
1. IT tools and Applications by Alexis Leon and Mathews Leon
2. IT tools and Business System by ISRD group
3. Operating Systems by Sibsankar Haldar and Alex A.Aravind
4. Guide to operating systems by Michael Palmer and Michael Walters

Page | 102
Module Name : WORD PROCESSING

Storyboard Document

TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT NUMBER 4/8
Syllabus

4.1 Objectives
4.2 Word Processing Concepts
4.2.1 Introduction to Word Processing
4.2.2 Opening a word processing package
4.2.3 Opening An Existing Document
4.2.4 Saving a document
4.2.5 Closing a document
4.2.6 Text Selection
4.2.7 Editing text
4.2.8 Find And Replace
4.2.9 Printing a Document
4.2.10 Creating and Printing Merged Documents
4.2.11 Character Formatting
4.2.12 Paragraph Formatting
4.2.13 Page Design and Layout
4.3 Editing and Profiling Tools
4.3.1 Checking and Correcting Spelling
4.3.2 Handling Graphics
4.3.3 Creating Tables and Charts
4.3.4 Document templates and wizards
Reference

Page | 2
Chapter : 4.1 Objectives

Topic : 4.1 Objectives

Objectives
• At the end of the course the user will be able to
➢ understand the basic concepts of word processing
➢ know about word processing techniques
➢ understand the concept of editing and profiling tools
➢ understand the various shortcuts while using word software
➢ know to prepare the document much easier.

Page | 3
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.1 Introduction to Word Processing

Introduction to Word Processing

• The term “word processing” means writing, editing and production of documents
as letters, reports and books, through the use of a computer program or a
computer system.
• Most people, who use a computer, commonly use word processing tools.
• The word processing software allows user to create text documents that includes
pictures and drawings.
• Microsoft word is a versatile, easy-to-use word processing program.

FIG 4.1: Word processing

Page | 4
What a user can do with MS word?

• A word processor enables users to

➢ Create documents like letters, resume, letter heads & business usage.
➢ Store it electronically on a disk.
➢ Enter and modify characters using keyboard and print with the help of
printer.
• The Word processor has different variety of uses and applications within the
business circle, home and education departments.
• It saves time of the user and enhances document appearance.

The advantage of using Microsoft word

• MS word has many features like highlight, table creation, justify, fonts, paragraph,
bullets and numbering, editing the document, adding pictures and graphs, creating
group letters, spelling and grammar check etc.

FIG 4.2: Options in MS-word

Page | 5
Versions of Microsoft Word
• Word 1990 to 1995
• Word 1997
• Word 1998
• Word 2001/Word X
• Word 2002/XP
• Word 2003
• Word 2004
• Word 2007
• Word 2008
• Word 2010
• Word 2011
• Word 2013
• MS word 2013 is the latest version and its advantage is its ability to store and
access files in cloud storage.

FIG 4.3: MS Word 2010 Icon

Page | 6
FIG 4.4: Home page of MS Word 2010

FIG 4.5: Overview of MS-Word 2010

Page | 7
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Basics

Topic : 4.2.2 Opening a word processing package

Opening a Word processing package

• The word processing package can be opened in many ways, some of them are
➢ Single click the word icon on the task bar.
➢ Double click the word icon on the Desktop.
➢ If the word icon is not on the Taskbar or Desktop, users can access it by clicking
Start → All Programs → Microsoft Office → Microsoft Office Word 2010.

FIG 4.6: Blank/New Word Document

Page | 8
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Basics

Topic : 4.2.3 Opening An Existing Document

How to open an existing Document?

• Under File Menu, click Open.

FIG 4.7: Open option in File Menu

• It will navigate the user to the Open window.

• From file list, select All Word Document.
• Choose the drive and folder from which the file needs to be opened.
• Choose the desired file to be opened and then click Open or just double click on
the file to be opened.

Page | 9
FIG 4.8: Open Window for selecting document

Page | 10
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.4 Saving a document

Saving a document

• Saving a document is the process of applying the modifications to the original

word document.

• It is simply done with the keyboard shortcut CTRL+S or by clicking SAVE icon .
• Whenever the user creates or edits a document, it is stored in the temporary
memory until the user saves the document permanently.
• The data can be lost if a power failure or computer hardware problem occurs.
• So, it is always good practice to save the work frequently.
• In the word software, user can use either the Save or Save As command to save
a document.
• Some guidelines about saving documents in word
➢ Use Save option to save a document for the first time.
➢ Use Save As to save an existing document under a new name. Save As
creates an entirely new file and leaves the original document unchanged.
➢ Use Save to update an existing document.
• The first step in saving a document for future use is to assign a file name.
• The rules for naming documents are
➢ File names can contain up to 260 characters, including the drive letter, the
folder name and extension.
➢ The following characters cannot be used in a file name: /\><*?”:|.
➢ File names can include uppercase letters, lowercase letters, or a combination
of both.
➢ They can also include spaces.
• Before saving a new document, decide as where to save it.

• Word saves documents in the current drive and folder, when the location is not

Page | 11
 specified.
• Under File menu click Save As.

FIG 4.9: Save As option

• It will navigate users to the Save As window.

• User can create new folder in the desired place by selecting the New Folder
option in the Save As dialog box.

• Then choose the file type and type the file name in the File name text box, and
then click Save button.
• After the document is saved in the desired location, if user wish to save the

Page | 12
 edited content again, they should use the Save button from File Menu or Ctrl+S
to save the edited text.
•

FIG 4.10: Save As Window

Page | 13
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.5 Closing a document

Closing a document
• After finishing the work on a document then the user needs to save it and then
close the document, and he can open another document or exit the Word.
• The easiest ways to close a document and exit Word are
➢ Click the Close button in the upper right corner of the Word window.

➢ Choose the Close command from the File tab.

➢ The Keyboard shortcuts to close word are

❖ Press Ctrl + W to close a document.

❖ Press Alt + F4 to exit Word.

Page | 14
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.6 Text Selection

Text Selection

• Selecting text is a basic technique that makes revising documents easy.

• When text is selected, that area of the document is called selection, and it
appears as a highlighted block of text.
• A selection can be a character, group of characters, word, sentence, or
paragraph or the whole document.
• User can select the text in several ways, depending on the size of the area you
want to select.

Text selection methods

• Select the text by dragging the mouse over the desired text while keeping the left
mouse button depressed, or hold down the SHIFT key on the keyboard while using
the arrow buttons to highlight the text.
• The following information contains shortcuts for selecting a portion of the text
➢ Whole word → double-click within the word.
➢ Whole paragraph → triple-click within the paragraph.
➢ Several words or lines → drag the mouse over the words or hold
down SHIFT while using the arrow keys.
➢ Entire document, choose → Edit | Select | Select All from the Ribbon, or
press Ctrl+ A.
➢ In Word, user can select noncontiguous text by keeping Ctrl button depressed
and then selecting the text with mouse.

Page | 15
FIG 4.11: Text selection

Page | 16
 Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.7 Editing text

Editing text

• Using the word, user can quickly and painlessly edit text you which have already
typed.
• There are many ways to edit content in a document.
• Some options are as listed below
➢ Tying and Inserting Text
➢ Inserting Additional text
➢ Copy and Paste text
➢ Deleting Blocks of text
➢ Undo and Redo changes

Typing and Inserting Text

• To Edit the text, just start typing, the text will appear where the blinking cursor is
located.
• Move the cursor by using the arrow buttons on the keyboard or positioning the
mouse and clicking the left button.
• The keyboard shortcuts listed below are also helpful while typing the text in a
document.
➢ Beginning of the line → HOME key
➢ End of the line → END key
➢ Top of the document → CTRL+ HOME key
➢ End of the document → CTRL+ END key

Inserting Additional Text

Page | 17
• Text can be inserted in a document at any point using any of the following
methods
• Type Text
➢ Copy and Paste Text
➢ Cut and Paste Text
➢ Drag Text
• Type Text
➢ Place the cursor where user wants to add text and type it.
➢ Check whether if user is in Overwrite mode or not.
➢ When editing text in overwrite mode, it replaces any existing characters to the
right side of the insertion point.
➢ To make it in non-overwrite mode, follow these steps
❖ Click File menu, then at the bottom, click Option.
❖ In the left pane, click Advance.
❖ Under editing options, select or clear the Use Overtype mode check box.

FIG 4.12: Word Option Window

• Copy and paste Text

Page | 18
 ➢ To select a word or a line, then click the Copy button under home tab or use
Ctrl + C.

➢ Then place the cursor where to paste the copied text.

➢ Click Paste button under home tab, or use Ctrl + V.

• Cut and Paste Text

➢ Select a word or a line, then click the Cut button under home tab or use
Ctrl+ X.

➢ Then place the cursor where to paste the text.

➢ Click Paste button under home tab, or use Ctrl + V.

FIG 4.13: View of Clipboard

• Drag Text

➢ To move within the same document

Page | 19
 ❖ Select a portion of text that the user wants to move from any of selection
options.

❖ Then move the mouse pointer to the selected text and hold the left mouse
button while moving around the document.

❖ Take mouse pointer to the place where to place it.

➢ To move within different documents

❖ Keep both the documents open, click Arrange all button under the View
tab

❖ After that, two documents will display like this.

Page | 20
 FIG 4.14: Display of two windows after Arrange all button is selected

❖ Select the text from one document and hold user left mouse button and
drag that text to the next document.

❖ User can switch through the different window to move the text by using
the Alt + Tab keys.

Deleting Blocks of Text

Page | 21
 • User can use Backspace or Delete key on the keyboard to delete text.

• Backspace

➢ The Backspace key will delete text to the left of the insertion point.

• Ctrl + Backspace

➢ This key will deletes the whole word to the left of the insertion point.

• Delete

➢ The Delete key will delete the text to the right of the insertion point.

• Ctrl + Delete

➢ This key will deletes the whole word to the right of the insertion point.

• Using selection Method

➢ Select the text or a line or a paragraph to delete by using any one of the
selection methods such as

❖ By simply double click on a word.

❖ By using Shift + Arrow keys (depends on the direction).
❖ By using Ctrl + double click on different words.
❖ Press Ctrl + A which select the entire document.
➢ Then click Delete key on the keyboard.

Undo and Redo Changes

• Word remembers the changes made by the user in a document and lets the user
to undo or redo those changes.

• For example, if the user accidentally deletes a text, then the user can use the
Undo command Ctrl + Z to reverse the action and restore the text.

• If user changes his mind and decide to keep the deletion, then they can use the
Redo command Ctrl + Y to reverse the canceled action.

• To undo changes use any one of the following methods

➢ Click the Undo button on the Quick access toolbar.

Page | 22
 ➢ Use key combination (Ctrl + Z).
• To redo changes
➢ Click the Redo button on the Quick access toolbar.
➢ Use key combination (Ctrl + Y).

FIG 4.15: Quick Access Toolbar

Page | 23
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.8 Find And Replace

Find and Replace

• To find a particular word or phrase in a document

➢ Click Find button on the Editing group on the Ribbon.

➢ Or use keyboard shortcuts as Ctrl + F.

• To find and replace a word or phrase in the document

➢ Click Replace button on the Editing group tab.

FIG 4.16: Editing Group

FIG 4.17: Find and Replace dialog box

• Type the text in Find what text box and Replace with text box to replace
particular word.

Steps to Find and replace a text

Page | 24
• Click the Editing button on the ribbon bar to reveal the edit options. The Edit
options may be visible already if your Word window is large enough to support
them.

• Click the Replace menu item.

• The Find and Replace dialog box appears, with the selected Replace tab.

FIG 4.18: Finding and Replacing Words

• In the Find what, type the word in the document. In the Replace with, type the
word to be replaced.
• Click the Replace All button to replace all instances of the word in the document.
• A dialog box will appear indicating the number of replacements made. Click the
OK button.

Page | 25
• If the user thinks this type of global replace is risky, then they can use theReplace
button to approve each replacement. This same dialog box is used for the Find
feature, which allows the user to search for text in the document.
• Click the Close button to close the Find and Replace dialog box if it is still open.

Page | 26
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.9 Printing a Document

Printing a document
• After creating a document, printing is easy. User can use any of the following
methods
➢ Choose Print from the File tab.
➢ Press Ctrl + P
• Clicking the Print button sends the document directly to the printer, using Word’s
default settings.
Steps to print a document
• Click the File tab. Click the Print command. The Print tab displays Word’s default
print settings and a preview of the document.

FIG 4.19: Print option in File Menu

Page | 27
• Click the PRINT button to accept the default print settings.

FIG 4.20: Overview of Print Preview window

• Then select the PAGE RANGE and NUMBER OF COPIES and click OK button.

FIG 4.21: Print option dialogue box

Page | 28
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.10 Creating and Printing a Merged Documents

Creating and Printing Merged Documents

• Mail merge is a useful tool that will allow the user to easily produce a set of
documents.
• Each document has the same kind of information, yet some of the content is
unique.
• For example, in advertisement or invitation letters the main contents will be same,
but there will be difference only in the name and address for each customer.
• The information in each letter comes from entries in a data source such as a
spreadsheet.
• If there is no existing address list, then create the new address list.

Creating a Merge Document

• A Mail Merge document is created in MS Word to print mailing documents.
• The data and fields for merging documents are imported from the MS Excel
database.
• Creation of documents depends mainly upon knowing what data should be
printed and what formatting should be applied.

FIG 4.22: Start Mail Merge option

Page | 29
Steps followed to create a Merge Document

• Start MS Word and type the letter content.

• Then click the mailings tab and click Start mail merge option.
• Click step by step mail merge wizard. It will open a mail merge window on the
right side of the screen.
• Then choose the document type as needed. The definition of each type will be
displayed below. Then click on next.
• Choose use current document. This option will use the currently opened
document to create mail merge. Click next.
• Choose use an existing list. This will use the existing Excel document for
customer details. Then click the browse option, to select the existing customer
details document.
• If there is no existing customer details document, then create and save the new
document by selecting create new option and then select that newly created
customer details document. Click next.
• Now a mail merge recipient’s dialogue box will be displayed. From that select the
recipients to whom the mail is to be sent. Then click ok.
• Now place the cursor on the document where the address of the recipient is to
be added.
• Then click the Address block option and select the needed recipients name
format from the mailmerge wizard window. Now the address block will be included
in the document.
• Then place the cursor in right side of the document and click on the greeting
line option and select the needed greeting line format to be included. Then click
next.
• Now the mail merge document preview will be displayed. user can check the
created document of each recipient by clicking the forward and backward buttons.
• User can also exclude recipients during this preview stage by clicking Exclude

Page | 30
 the recipient button, when the user preview the recipient document. Then click
next.
• Finally, choose Edit individual option to make any corrections if available , and
select All and click ok. Then save the created merged document or user can
directly print the merged document by clicking print button and selecting All option
in the Print option dialogue box.

FIG 4.23: Preview of Merged Document

Printing a Merged Documents

• Printing a merged document is same as a normal document.

Page | 31
• User gets an extra window where user can select which data source to use, and
which records to print.
• The steps involved to print a merge documents are
➢ Open any of the mail merge envelopes, labels, or letters created previously.
➢ Choose Finish & Merge > Print Document , under the mailing tab.

FIG 4.24: Printing of merged document

➢ Then from Merge To Printer dialog box. Choose the document page which
needs to be printed. User can choose either

❖ All.
❖ Current record.
❖ Particular page intervals.

FIG 4.25: Printing of merged document

Page | 32
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.11 Character Formatting

Character Formatting

• The text in user document is very plain. So, user can add some formatting features
like BOLD, ITALIC, UNDERLINE, FONT, FONT COLOUR etc., to add some
interest and emphasis to the text.

FIG 4.26: Font tab

• Use the mouse to drag and select a word in a document.

• Clicking somewhere else in the document removes the selection highlighting.
• The font style of the text can be modified as needed. User can select it from
several available font styles.
• Font size can be kept as needed by choosing the required size.
• Font colors can be changed by selecting the text and choosing the appropriate
color from the color pane.
• Click the Bold button to add bold formatting. Since the text is selected, the text
appears darker and slightly larger.
• User can use the Bold button to remove the bold formatting as well.

Page | 33
 FIG 4.27: Bold text

• User can also apply formatting to a large block of text rather than to one word or
line at a time.
• Similarly, users can add italic and underline.
• Italic
➢ This formatting slants the characters.
➢ Use this sparingly in documents.
➢ It is suitable for emphasis, but it slows down the reader.
• Click the Underline button to add underline to the text.

• The Bold formatting, the italic and underline formatting can also be applied or
removed by clicking again on the corresponding buttons. Formatting can also be

Page | 34
combined.

FIG 4.28: Text editing options

Page | 35
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.12 Paragraph Formatting

Paragraph Formatting

• Paragraph formatting is the process of modifying the contents of the paragraph

to make it formal, attractive and understandable.

FIG 4.29: Paragraph formatting options

• Paragraph formatting types

➢ Alignment of Paragraph.
➢ Paragraph Indenting.
➢ Bullets and Numbering.
Alignment of Paragraph
• There are three types of alignment
➢ Align the text left or right
➢ Center the text
➢ Justify the text

• Align the text left or right

Page | 36
 ➢ Select the text to align.
➢ On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Left or Align
Right button.

• Center the text

➢ Select the text to center.

➢ On the Home tab, under Paragraph group, click Center button.

• Justify the text

➢ Select the text to justify.

➢ On the Home tab, under Paragraph group, click Justify button.

Paragraph Indenting
Method 1
• Select the line to apply the indent, then press "Increase indent" or "Decrease
indent" button in "Paragraph" group.

Page | 37
Method 2
• Open the Paragraph dialog box on the lower right corner inside “Paragraph” group,
click the small arrow. User can open this through the “Paragraph” group in the
“Home” tab or the “Page Layout” tab.

FIG 4.30: Paragraph Dialog Box

• Find the “Indentations” section. This can be found in the “Indents and Spacing”
tab.

• Click the drop down menu under “Special”. Select “First Line” it automatically
indent the first line of each new paragraph.

Page | 38
 • Enter the indent size

➢ Enter the amount that each line needs to be indented.

➢ The most commonly used size is 0.5 or 1/2 of an inch.

➢ User can see a preview of the changes in the Preview section at the bottom
of the dialog box.

• Click OK to save user changes and apply them to the document.

• Click the “Set as default” button if user wants to set the changes revert
automatically take effect only after new documents.
Method 3
• Click on the "Page Layout" tab, at the top of the Ribbon in MS-Word 2010.
• In the section of "Paragraph" click on the little arrow button in the bottom right-
hand corner.
• The user will be navigated to the same "Paragraph" dialog box which can be
viewed in the 2nd method.

• Then make all the changes as user desired and click OK, and continue typing

Bullets and Numbering

• To apply Bullets and Numbering to the selected text. Go to the Paragraph

section under Home tab, use bullets and numbering button.

• Click small down arrow on the Bullets button.

• User may navigate to a display box. From that display box user can select any
bullet from different types of bullets to insert.

Page | 39
FIG 4.31: Bullets and Numbering

Page | 40
Chapter : 4.2 Word Processing Concepts

Topic : 4.2.13 Page Design And Layout

Page Design and Layout

• While creating the document, the user should first consider about the page
layout of the document.
• The page layout affects how content appears and includes the page's
orientation, margins, and size.

FIG 4.32: Page Layout tab

• Page layout is the part of graphic design that deals in the arrangement of visual
elements on a page.
• MS word offers the following Page Design and Layout options:
➢ Page Orientation.
➢ Page Margins.
➢ Page Size.
Page Orientation
• Word offers two page orientation options
➢ Landscape
➢ Portrait
• Landscape means the page is oriented horizontally, while portrait means the
page is oriented vertically.

Page | 41
 FIG 4.33: Page Layouts
Steps to change page orientation

• Select the Page Layout tab.

• Click the Orientation command in the Page Setup group.
• A drop-down menu will appear. Click either Portrait or Landscape to change the
page orientation.
• The page orientation of the document will be changed.

Page Margins

• A margin is the space between the text and the edge of your document.
• By default, a new document's margins are set to Normal, which means it has a
one-inch space between the text and each edge.
• Depending on user needs, Word allows to change the document's margin size.

FIG 4.34: Page Layout

Steps to format Page Margins
• The word has a variety of predefined margin sizes to choose from.
➢ Select the Page Layout tab, and then click the Margins command.

Page | 42
 ➢ A drop-down menu will appear. Click the predefined margin size, which is
needed.
➢ The margins of the document will be changed.

FIG 4.35: Page Margins

Steps to use custom margins

• Word also allows user to customize the size of margins in the Page Setup dialog
box.
➢ From the Page Layout tab, click Margins. Select Custom Margins, from the
drop-down menu.

Page | 43
 ➢ The Page Setup dialog box will appear.
➢ Adjust the values for each margin, and then click OK.
➢ The margins of the document will be changed.

FIG 4.36: Custom Margins

Page size

• By default, the page size of a new document is 8.5 inches by 11 inches.

• Depending on the project, user may need to adjust the document's page size.
• It's important to note that before modifying the default page size, user should
check to see which page size his printer can accommodate.

Page | 44
 FIG 4.37: Page Sizes

Steps to change the page size

• The word has a variety of predefined page sizes to choose from.
• Select the Page Layout tab, and then click the Size command.
• A drop-down menu will appear. The current page size is highlighted. Click the
desired predefined page size.
• The page size of the document will be changed.

Page | 45
 FIG 4.38: Page Size options

Steps to use custom page size

• Word also allows the user to customize the page size in the Page Setup dialog
box.
• From the Page Layout tab, click Size. Select More Paper Sizes, from the drop-
down menu.
• The Page Setup dialog box will appear.
• Adjust the values for Width and Height, and then click OK.

Page | 46
• The page size of the document will be changed.
• Alternatively, user can open the Page Setup dialog box by navigating to the Page
Layout tab and clicking the small arrow in the bottom-right corner of the Page Setup
group.

FIG 4.39: Custom Page Size

Page | 47
Chapter : 4.3 Editing and Profiling Tools

Topic : 4.3.1 Checking and Correcting Spelling

Checking and Correcting Spelling

• Word checks the spelling and grammar frequently as the contents are typed.
• A red squiggly line under a word denotes that Word thinks it has been spelt
incorrectly.
• If the line is green, then the grammar may be incorrect.
• If the line is blue, then the word is correctly spelled but improperly used.

FIG 4.40: Error Detection

To run a spelling and Grammar check

• User can check the whole or part of the text for mistakes using the Spelling and
Grammar button.
• From the Review tab, click the Spelling & Grammar command.
• The Spelling and Grammar pane will appear.
• For each error in your document, Word will try to offer one or more suggestions.

• User can select a suggestion and click Change to correct the error.
• Word will move through each error until the user review them all.

Page | 48
 • After the last error has been reviewed, a dialog box will appear confirming that
the spelling and grammar check is complete.
• Click OK.
• If no suggestions are given, user can manually type the correct spelling in his
document.

FIG 4.41: Spelling and Grammar check option

Ignoring errors

• The spelling and grammar check is not always correct.

• Particularly with grammar, there are many errors Word will not notice.
• There are also sometimes when the spelling and grammar check will say
something's an error when it's actually not.
• This often happens with people's names, which may not be in the dictionary.
• If Word says something is an error, user can choose not to change it.
• For spelling errors
➢ Ignore: This will skip the word without changing it.
➢ Ignore All: This will skip the word without changing it, and it will also skip all
other instances of the word in the document.
➢ Add: This adds the word to the dictionary so it will never come up as an error.
Make sure the word is spelled correctly before choosing this option.

Page | 49
 FIG 4.42: Ignoring Error

• For grammar errors

➢ Ignore: This will skip the word or phrase without changing it.
• For grammar errors, Word provides an explanation for why it thinks something is
incorrect. This can help you determine whether you want to change or ignore it.
Automatic spelling and grammar error checking
• By default, Word automatically checks the document for spelling and grammar
errors, so user may not even need to run a separate check. These errors are
indicated by colored, wavy lines.
• The red line indicates a misspelled word.
• The blue line indicates a grammatical error, including misused words.
• A misused word occurs when a word is spelled correctly but used incorrectly.
Steps to change the automatic spelling and grammar check settings

Page | 50
• From the Review tab, click the Spelling & Grammar command and then click
Options.
• A dialog box will appear. On the left side of the dialog box, select Proofing.

FIG 4.43: Spelling and Grammar check dialog box

• The dialog box gives several options to choose from

➢ If the user doesn’t want Word to automatically check spelling, uncheck Check
spelling as you type.
➢ If the user doesn’t want grammar errors to be marked, uncheck Mark
grammar errors as you type.
➢ If the user doesn’t want Word to check for contextual errors, uncheck Use
contextual spelling.
• By default, Word does not check for sentence fragments (incomplete sentences)
and run-on sentences.
• To turn on this feature, click Settings in the dialog box, then check the
Fragments and Run-ons option.

Page | 51
FIG 4.44: Spelling Check Options dialog box

Page | 52
Chapter : 4.3 Editing and Profiling Tools

Topic : 4.3.2 Handling Graphics

Handling Graphics

• MS word allows the user to communicate information with graphics instead of

just using text.
• Graphics can be added into the word document by choosing the required options
available in the illustrations group under the Insert tab.
• There are a variety of several other types of options, which user can use to
illustrate many different types of ideas.
• Types of options available in the MS word are
➢ Clipart
➢ Text Wrapping
➢ Inserting Pictures
➢ Word Art
➢ WaterMark

What is Clip Art?

• Adding Clip Art to the document is a way to illustrate ideas.
• Clip art is a collection of graphic images that can be inserted in documents.

Page | 53
Steps to Insert a Clip Art

• Click the Insert tab and from the Illustrations grouping, click on Clips Art.

FIG 4.45: Clip Art

• The Clip Art Task pane will open on the right of the screen.
• In the three fields that are provided, user can search for a particular topic, in all
the collections provided by Microsoft and all media types.
• After clicking the Go button the search will return a list of clip art.
• Use the scroll bar to locate a clip, which the user likes.
• Click once on the clip art to insert it into the user document.

FIG 4.46: Clip Art task pane

Page | 54
What is Text Wrapping?
• Wrapping means that text flows around a graphic object rather than over it.
Wrapping Text Around Graphics
• Click on the image to be wrapped.
• And from the Arrange grouping under page Layout tab , select the Wrap text
option.

FIG 4.47: Wrap Text

• Click one of the text wrapping options that appears.

• Click More Layout Options, to change which sides of the object to place text or
change the distance between the text and object.
• When the Graphic is selected, user can also click-hold and drag the graphic to a
new position.
• It allows the user to control how many lines of text are above to the right or Left
of the graphic.

Page | 55
 FIG 4.48: Text wrapping Layouts

Inserting Pictures from Files

• In addition to the clip art graphics that come with Word, user can insert graphics
that were scanned or created in the other graphics programs into the documents.
How to insert a picture?
• Place the cursor in the document where the picture/ illustration wants to be
inserted.
• Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon.
• Click the Picture Button.
• Browse to the picture to include.
• Click the picture and click on the insert button.

Page | 56
 FIG 4.49: Insert Picture Option

Word Art

• Word Art is another powerful graphics tool that the user can use to make his
documents with visual impact.

• Text in Word Art is formatted in unique shapes, orientations, and patterns that
the user can easily modify and customize.

How to Insert Word Art

• Click the Insert tab, from the Text grouping; click the Word Art dropdown arrow.

• Click a style of WordArt from the Gallery.

Page | 57
 FIG 4.50: Word Art Styles

• Type the text in Your Text here box, user can change the font and size before
Clicking OK.

FIG 4.51: Word Art Text

• It can be resized by dragging the white handles and position as desired.

• Check out the WordArt Tools Format Ribbon for text, edit, style changes, spacing
and height.

Watermark

Page | 58
 • A watermark is a graphical object which appears very faintly in the background
of a page.

Steps to Insert Watermark

• Click the Page Layout Tab in the Ribbon.

• Click the Watermark Button in the Page Background group.

• Click the watermark that is needed for the document or click Custom
Watermark to create the new watermark.

• An Image can also be used as a Watermark.

• To remove the watermark follow the steps above, but click Remove Watermark.

FIG 4.52: Watermark

Page | 59
Chapter : 4.3 Editing and Profiling Tools

Topic : 4.3.3 Creating Tables And Charts

Creating Tables And Charts

Tables

• A table is made up of rows and columns. The intersection of a row and column is
called a cell.

Create a Table
• Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon
• Click the Table button
• Select Insert Table.

FIG 4.53: Insert Table Option

• Click the arrows to select the desired number of columns and rows.
• Then click OK.

Page | 60
 FIG 4.54: Insert Table Dialog Box

Insert a Row or Column

• Position the cursor in the table where the user would like to insert a row or
column.
• Right click the mouse and click on Insert option.
• To insert a Row, Click either the Insert Row Above or the Insert Row Below
button.
• To insert a Column, Click either the Insert Columns to Left or Insert Columns
to Right button. Or it can be done on layout tab.

Page | 61
FIG 4.55: Insert a Row or Column

Page | 62
Delete a Row or Column

• Position the cursor in the row or column which should be deleted.

• Then right click the mouse and click Delete Cells Option .
• Click the Delete entire row to delete a row or Click Delete entire column to
delete a column.
• Then click ok.

FIG 4.56: Delete a Row or Column

Charts
• A chart is a tool which the user can use to communicate the data graphically.
• Including a chart in the document will help the reader to see the meaning behind
the numbers, and it makes the comparisons to be shown easier.
• The word has many different types of charts, allowing the user to choose the one
that fits best to the data.
• In order to use charts effectively, user needs to understand as how different
charts are used.

FIG 4.57: Charts in Excel

How to Insert a Chart

Page | 63
• Position the cursor on the document, where the chart is to be inserted.
• Open the Insert ribbon.
• Click Chart in the Illustrations section.

FIG 4.58: Chart button in word

FIG 4.59: Chart Templates

• Select the style of chart to insert and click OK.

• A chart and a spreadsheet will appear.
• The data that appears in the spreadsheet is placeholder source data that the
user will replace with their own information.
• The source data is used to create the Word chart.

Page | 64
 FIG 4.60: Chart and Spreadsheet

• Enter the data into the worksheet.

• If necessary, click and drag the lower-right corner of the blue line to increase or
decrease the data range for rows and columns.
• Only the data enclosed by the blue lines will appear in the chart.
• When it is done, click the close button to close the spreadsheet.
• The chart will be completed.
• User can edit the chart data at any time by selecting the chart and clicking the
Edit Data command on the Design tab.
Creating charts with existing Excel data
• If the user already has the data in an existing Excel file, for which the chart is to be
created. Then the user can transfer the data by copying and pasting it.
• To copy the data, open the spreadsheet in Excel, select and copy the desired data
and paste it into the source data area of the Word chart.
• User can also embed an existing Excel chart into a Word document.
• This can be useful when the user knows that user needs to update the data in his
Excel file and when he needs his Word chart to automatically update whenever the
Excel data is changed.

Page | 65
Chapter : 4.3 Editing and Profiling Tools

Topic : 4.3.4 Document templates and wizards

Document Templates
• Document templates in Word are very simple and it offers customizable options.
• Document templates will help the user to prepare his documents as it looks more
attractive and formal.
• There are many predefined templates in different categories, such as
➢ Letters
➢ Charts and diagrams
➢ Reports
➢ Certificates
➢ Business cards
➢ Books
➢ Calendars, etc

Using Existing Template

• To start a new document, Click the File tab and then click New option which will
display Available Templates to be selected.

Page | 66
 FIG 4.61: Available Templates

• Microsoft Word provides a list of templates arranged under Sample Templates

or user can download hundreds of templates from office.com which are arranged
in different categories.
• User will use Sample Templates for their document, click over Sample
Templates which will display a gallery of templates. User can try to use office.com
option to select a template for their requirement.

Page | 67
 FIG 4.62: Sample Templates

• User can browse a list of available templates and finally select one of them for
document by double clicking over the template.
• User select Equity Report template for report purpose.
• While selecting template for a document, would have to select Document
Option available in the third column.
• This opens the document with predefined setting which can modify document
title, author name, heading etc. as per document requirement.

Page | 68
 FIG 4.63: Selected Template

Create New Template

• User can create a fresh new template based on requirement or can modify an
existing template and save it for later use as a template. A Microsoft Word template
file has an extension of .dotx.
• To create a new template using an existing template, Click the File tab and then
click New option which will display Available Templates to be selected. Select
any of the available templates and open it with Template Option turned on.

Page | 69
 FIG 4.64: Template Option

• Now user can modify opened template as per requirements and once user done,
save this template with .dotx extension which is standard extension for Microsoft
Word Templates.

Page | 70
 FIG 4.65: Modified Template

• User can create a template from a new document as well. Click the File button,
and click New option to open a new document. Under Available Templates,
double click Blank Document to create a new document template. Save the
template with a unique name and .dotx extension.
• User can save created template anywhere and whenever like to use this template,
just double click over the template file and it will open a new template based on
the document for User.

Page | 71
Books Referred

1. Microsoft Office for the Older and Wiser by Sean McManus

2. Microsoft Office publisher for Dummies by Jim McCarter
3. Fundamentals of Computing and Programming by V. Ramesh Babu
4. Keyboarding & Word Processing by Susie VanHuss, Connie Forde, Donna
Woo, Linda Hefferin
5. Word Processing with Word by Keith Brindley
6. Advanced Word Processing: Lessons 61-120, Microsoft Word 2007 by Susie
VanHuss, Connie Forde, Donna Woo, Linda Hefferin

Page | 72
Module Names : Spreadsheet Package

Storyboard Document

TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT NUMBER 5/8
Syllabus

5.1 Objectives
5.2 Spreadsheet Concepts
5.2.1 Overview of Spreadsheet
5.3 Manipulation of Spreadsheet
5.3.1 Working with Spreadsheet
5.3.2 Inserting and Deleting a worksheet
5.3.3 Entering data into Spreadsheet
5.4 Handling Operators
5.4.1 Handling Operators
5.5 Functions
5.5.1 Functions
5.7 Formatting a Worksheet
5.7.1 Formatting a Worksheet
5.8 Printing a Worksheet
5.8.1 Printing a Worksheet
5.9 Working with Charts
5.9.1 Working with Charts
5.10 Integrating text and web pages into spreadsheet
5.10.1 Integrating text into spreadsheet
5.10.2 Integrating web pages into spreadsheet

Page | 2
Chapter : 5.1 Objectives

Objectives

• At the end of the course the users will be able to

➢ understand the concept of electronic spreadsheet
➢ understand the functions in spreadsheet
➢ know how to formatting a worksheet
➢ understand the usage of charts and graphs
➢ know how to integrate text and web pages

Page | 3
Chapter : 5.2 Spreadsheet Concepts

Topic : 5.2.1 Overview of Spreadsheet

Overview of Spreadsheet
• Microsoft Excel is the most widely used spreadsheet package and lets user to
organize their data into lists and then summarize, compare and present the data
graphically.
• A spreadsheet is a generic term for the software application package that simulates
a paper worksheet often used by people in management.
• Microsoft-Excel is an electronic spreadsheet.

FIG 5.1: Microsoft Excel 2010 Icon

• MS-Excel can be used for a variety of tasks which include automating of financial
statements.
• The spreadsheet is an interactive computer application program for organizing and
analyzing data in tabular form.
• The spreadsheet program operates on data represented as cells of an array,
organized in rows and columns.
• Each cell of the array is an element that contains numeric, text data or the results
of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents
of other cells.
• Data stored in database formats can be accessed through MS-Excel.

Page | 4
 FIG 5.2: Microsoft Excel sheet

• Excel emerges as a powerful and flexible graphical presentation tool.

• Graphs or charts can be created based on data, for quick assessment of a
situation.
• Name Box
➢ The Name box is a quick and easy way to move around and select ranges in
a large spreadsheet.
• Office Button
➢ In the upper left corner of the Excel 2007 window is the Microsoft Office
button.
➢ Clicking on the Office Button displays a drop down menu containing a number
of options.
• Quick Access Toolbar

Page | 5
 ➢ Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access Toolbar.
➢ The Quick Access Toolbar is grouped with Save, Undo, Redo and Print
options.
• Title bar
➢ Next to the Quick Access Toolbar is the Title bar.
➢ On the Title bar, Microsoft Excel displays the name of the current workbook.
• Ribbon
➢ In Microsoft Excel 2007, the Ribbon is located on the top of the Excel window
and below the Quick Access Toolbar.
➢ Ribbon has several tabs, clicking a tab displays several related command
groups, within each group are related command buttons.
• Tab list
➢ Similar to a menu, it display a different ribbon.
• Column Letters
➢ Columns are vertical lines of Cells.
➢ They are named from A to Z and then continuing from AA to AZ, BA to BZ
and so on.
• Row Numbers
➢ Rows are horizontal lines of Cells.
➢ A number identifies each row.
➢ The rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576.
• Formula bar
➢ It is a toolbar at the top of the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet window.
➢ The formula bar can be used to enter or copy an existing formula into the
cells or charts.
➢ The formula bar is a section in Microsoft Excel that shows the contents of the
current cell and allows the user to create and view formulas.
➢ It is labeled with function symbol (fx).

➢ The Formula Bar will become activated when the user type an equal (=)
symbol in a cell, or if he clicks on it.

Page | 6
• Status bar
➢ This bar displays various messages like status of the Num Lock, Caps Lock,
and Scroll Lock keys on your keyboard.
• Active Cell
➢ The dark outline indicates the currently active cell.
• Sheet Tab Scroll Button
➢ On the bottom left of the worksheet user will find the Sheet Tab Scroll Buttons
to move to the First sheet, Previous sheet, Next sheet, and Last sheet.
• Page View Buttons
➢ Change the way the worksheet is displayed by clicking one of these buttons.
• Page Zoom Control
➢ The worksheet has, in and out zoom controller.

Page | 7
Chapter : 5.3 Manipulation of Spreadsheet

Topic : 5.3.1 Working with Spreadsheet

Working with Spreadsheet

Creating a new workbook
• Creating a Blank Workbook
➢ User can create new excel file, Click File tab then click New button and then
double click Blank Workbook or click Create button.

FIG 5.3: Creating a blank workbook

Page | 8
• Creating a Sample Template
➢ If user wants to open a template, click File tab then click New button and then
double click one of the template or click Create button.

FIG 5.4: Creating a Sample Template

Page | 9
Saving a Workbook

• For saving a workbook, click File Tab then click Save or Save As or press Ctrl + S
in Keyboard.

• Select required drive then type the file name and then check the file type to save
the workbook by clicking Save button.

FIG 5.5: Saving a Workbook

Page | 10
Editing a Workbook

• If user wants to edit the saved workbook, open the existing file.
• Make changes in the file then save.

FIG 5.6: Editing a Workbook

• To move or copy entire data, select the data, point to the top or bottom or left or
right border around the data, now the mouse appears as an arrow, and then drag
and drop.

FIG 5.7: Copying and Moving selected cells

Page | 11
Chapter : 5.3 Manipulation of Spreadsheet

Topic : 5.3.2 Inserting and Deleting Worksheets

Inserting and Deleting Worksheets

• Excel gives three Worksheets by default.
• If user wants to add a worksheet
➢ First, right click the tab of the sheet that the user wants to add the new one.
➢ To insert a sheet between 2 and 3 for instance, right click the sheet 3 tab.
➢ Then, choose Insert then double click Worksheet.

FIG 5.8: Inserting a Worksheet

Page | 12
• If user wants to delete a worksheet
➢ Right click the tab of the sheet which the user wants to delete.
➢ Then click delete.

FIG 5.9: Deleting a Worksheet

Page | 13
Chapter : 5.3 Manipulation of Spreadsheet

Topic : 5.3.3 Entering Data into Spreadsheet

Entering Data into Spreadsheet

• Enter data into a spreadsheet by typing in the active cell.
• After typing, press ENTER key, the next cell becomes active.
• User can also use arrow keys to move from one cell to another.(Show keyboard
arrow keys)
• User can enter the student details table shown below, by doing the following
steps.
➢ In the blank workbook, move cell pointer to the cell A1. Type S.NO.
➢ Press the right arrow key to move to cell B1. Type STUDENT NO.
➢ Press the right arrow key to move to cell C1. Type STUDENT NAME.
➢ Press the right arrow key to move to cell D1. Type MARK1.
➢ Press the right arrow key to move to cell E1. Type MARK2.
➢ Press the right arrow key to move to cell F1. Type MARK3.
➢ Press the right arrow key to move to cell G1. Type TOTAL.
➢ Now move the cursor to cell A2 and press Enter.
➢ Repeat the steps to enter the data for S.NO, STUDENT NO, STUDENT
NAME, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3.
➢ Now, move the cell pointer below the TOTAL field (G2).
➢ Enter the formula in the formula bar by =SUM(D2+E2+F2) for calculating the
TOTAL and then press ENTER.
➢ The TOTAL is displayed. Then, drag the active cell as need, the total for all
consequent cells are calculated.

Page | 14
 FIG 5.10: Entering data

➢ Enter the formula in the formula bar by =SUM(D2+E2+F2) for calculating the
TOTAL and then press ENTER.
➢ The TOTAL is displayed. Then, drag the active cell at G2 to G6, the total for
all consequent cells are calculated.

FIG 5.11: Calculating the total

Page | 15
Chapter : 5.4 Handling Operators

Topic : 5.4.1 Handling Operators

Handling Operators
• Excel allows the user to use formulae to calculate and analyze data in their
worksheet.
• A formula uses the values in cells to perform operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.
• Formulas need mathematical operators such as (+, - , *, /) and can use the cell
reference or cell names for referring to the contents of a cell.
• A formula always begins with an equal (=) sign.
• Excel allows the user to use formulae to calculate and analyze data in their
worksheet.
• There are four types of operators.
➢ Arithmetic operators
➢ Comparison operators
➢ Text operator
➢ Reference operators

Page | 16
• Arithmetic operator
➢ These are used to perform basic mathematical operations, and to combine
numeric values to produce numeric result.

FIG 5.12: Arithmetic operators

• Comparison operators
➢ These are used to compare two values and produce a logical result either
True or False, 0 (Zero) or 1 (one). The following are the Logical operators.

FIG 5.13: Comparison operators

Page | 17
• Text operator
➢ This operator joins two or more text values to produce a single combined text
value.
➢ Text formulas use the ampersand (&) operator to work with text cells, text
strings enclosed in quotation marks, and text function results.

Operator Name Example Result

& ampersand ="soft"&"ware" software

FIG 5.14: Text operator

• Reference operators
➢ The reference operators combine two cell references or ranges to create a
single joint reference.

FIG 5.15: Reference operators

Page | 18
Chapter : 5.5 Functions

Topic : 5.5.1 Functions

Functions
• A function is a predefined formula in Excel.
• Like formulas, functions begin with the equal sign ( = ) followed by the function's
name and its arguments.
• The function name tells Excel what calculation to perform.
• The arguments are contained inside round brackets.
• There are several types of functions in spreadsheet some of them are
➢ Math Functions
➢ Logical Functions
➢ Statistical Functions
➢ Text Functions
➢ Date and Time Functions
• Math Functions
➢ The Excel Math Functions are provided by Excel, to carry out many of the
common mathematical calculations, including basic arithmetic, conditional
sums & products, and the trigonometric ratios.
➢ E.g. ABS (), CEILING (), COS (), SIN (), LOG () etc.
• Logical Functions
➢ Logical functions are provided by Excel, to help the user to work with logical
values, TRUE and FALSE.
➢ They include boolean operators, conditional tests and functions to return the
constant logical values.
➢ E.g. IF (), NOT (), TRUE (), FALSE (), AND () etc.

Page | 19
 • Statistical Functions
➢ Excel provides a large selection of Statistical Functions, that perform most of
the common statistical calculations, from basic mean, median & mode
calculations to the more complex statistical distribution and probability tests.
➢ E.g. AVERAGE (), COUNT (), CORREL (), FDIST (), FINV () etc.
• Text Functions
➢ Text functions are provided by Excel, to help the user to work with textstrings.
➢ They include functions to return information about a text string, to apply
formatting to a text string, to convert between text and other data types, and
to cut up and join together text strings.
➢ E.g. FIND (), CONCATENATE (), LOWER (), UPPER (), MID () etc.
• Date and Time Functions
➢ Data and Time functions are used to calculate Dates, Times, and Days.
➢ E.g. DATE (), DAY (), MONTH (), HOUR (), MINUTE () etc.
Function wizard
• Function Wizard prompts user for the information their need to enter for each
function.
• Function Wizard can be useful if users are not sure of the correct format to use to
enter the formula.
• The Function Wizard also gives a description of the function at the bottom, as
well as presenting the formula result.

Page | 20
 FIG 5.16: Function Wizard

FIG 5.17: Function Wizard dialog box

• It also offers many built in functions which user can utilize.

Page | 21
Chapter : 5.7 Formatting a Worksheet

Topic : 5.7.1 Formatting a Worksheet

Formatting a Worksheet
• In Excel, every cell can be formatted differently.
• There are many options available to customize the Excel Workbook, which can
make the worksheet easier to read.
• Excel also provides many number formats, allowing user to standardize how
numbers will appear in the document.
• Formatting Cells includes the following
➢ Changing data alignment
➢ Date Fields
➢ Currency or Account Fields
➢ Changing Font
Changing Data Alignment
• Formatting is the process of changing the appearance of the data in a Worksheet.
• The default alignment of text data, such as labels and column titles is on the left
side of a cell.
• Numbers, formulas, and dates, which are referred to as values, are right aligned
by default.
• These default alignments are not always the best choice for user's data, so Excel
makes it easy to improve the layout and appearance of a worksheet by using the
cell alignment icons on the Home tab of the ribbon.

Page | 22
 FIG 5.18: Alignment group
• Alignment group is under the Home tab.
• Vertical Alignment
➢ In the Vertical Alignment three options are there to do Top Align, Middle Align,
Bottom Align.
➢ To change the vertical alignment of the alignment group
❖ Select a cell or range of cells.
❖ Click the Top Align, Center, or Bottom Align command.

FIG 5.19: Vertical Alignment group

Page | 23
• Horizontal Alignment
➢ Horizontal Alignment used to align the text Left, Center and Right.
➢ To align text or numbers in a cell
❖ Select a cell or range of cells.
❖ Click on either the Align Left, Center, or Right commands on the
Home tab.

FIG 5.20: Horizontal Alignment group

• Orientation
➢ User can rotate data clockwise, counterclockwise, vertically, rotate text up or
down or click Format Cell Alignment to set a more precise orientation by
specifying the number of degrees to rotate the text.
➢ Select the cell.
➢ On the Home tab of the ribbon, in the Alignment group, locate the button
containing “ab” (angled with an arrow underneath).
➢ Click the button to display the Orientation menu.
➢ There the user will find a button with an „a‟ and a „b‟ and an arrow all on an
angle.

FIG 5.21: Text Orientation

Page | 24
• Indentation
➢ Select Increase Indent to increase the indentation within the cell by one
character space. Select Decrease Indent to remove indentation by one
character space.
➢ Indenting cell data
❖ Select the cells containing text, which the user want to indent.
❖ Click the Increase Indent button in the Alignment group on the Home tab.
❖ Each time the user click the Increase Indent button, Excel adds a small
amount of space between the cell border and the data itself.
➢ Removing cell indentation
❖ Select the cells containing the indented text.
❖ Click the Decrease Indent button in the Alignment group on the Home tab.
❖ Each time user click the Decrease Indent button, Excel removes a small
amount of space between the cell border and the data itself.

FIG 5.22: Indentation buttons

• Wrap Text
➢ Wrapped Text wraps the contents of a cell across several lines if it's too
large than the column width.
• Merge & Center
➢ Merge & Center use to merge the cell and center the text, merge across
multiple rows of cells, merge and unmerge the selected cells.

Page | 25
 • To change text control
➢ Select a cell or range of cells.
➢ Select the Home tab.
➢ Click the Wrap Text command or the Merge & Center command.

FIG 5.23: Text Control group

Date Fields
• Highlight all the date fields.
• Select the Home Tab.
• In the Cell group, click Format button.
• From the drop-down list, select Format Cells.

FIG 5.24: Selecting Format Cells

• In the dialog box, highlight Number tab.

Page | 26
 • Select "Date" in the column at the left of the screen.
• Select one of the Date format then Highlight that choice.

FIG 5.25: Selecting Date Format

• Click OK to save the format.

Currency or Accounting Fields

• Currency format
➢ Displays the currency symbol immediately to the left of the number and
displays a minus sign in front of negative values.

Page | 27
• Accounting format
➢ Displays the currency symbol at the left edge of the cell, lines up the decimal
points in a column, and encloses negative values within parentheses.
➢ Also indents numbers slightly from the right edge of the cell to accommodate
the right parenthesis in negative values.
• Follow these steps to format numbers in Excel 2007 as currency
➢ Select the cells containing the numbers, that the user wants to format.
➢ From the Home tab, click the Number dialog box launcher in the bottom-right
corner of the Number group.
➢ The Format Cells dialog box appears, with the Number tab on top.
➢ In the Category list, select Currency.

FIG 5.26: Selecting Currency Format

Page | 28
 ➢ Change any other options as desired, such as the number of decimal places
or the symbol to use for currency.
➢ The Accounting format also enables you to choose different ways to display
negative values.
➢ Click OK.
Changing Font
• The character the Excel displays on the screen are a specific font types,
style, size and color.
• Excel allows the user to change the font characteristics in a single cell, a
range of cells, the entire worksheet or the entire workbook.
• From Font Face drop-down list choose one of the font as user need.
• Font size is used to change the size of the font.
• Increase and Decrease font size is used to increase and decrease the size of
font.
• Bold, Italic, Underline and Double Underline are used to make changes in the
selected text.
• Borders are used to do bordering around the selected cells.
• Fill and Font colors are change the background and text color.

FIG 5.27: Font group

Page | 29
Chapter : 5.8 Printing a Worksheet

Topic : 5.8.1 Printing a Worksheet

Printing a Worksheet
• Step 1 :

➢ From File tab, in the Backstage view click Print option or use keyboard
shortcut with the combination of Ctrl + P.
• Step 2 :
➢ Now user can see the print preview.
• Step 3:

➢ To preview the other pages that will be printed, click 'Next Page' or 'Previous
Page' at the bottom of the window.
• Step 4 :

➢ Under Print, select the number of copies to be print.

• Step 5:

➢ From Printer, choose the name of the printer.

• Step 6:

➢ In the Settings, the first drop down list has three options.
• Step 7 :

➢ Print Active Sheets - For only active sheets printing.

• Step 8 :

➢ Print Entire Workbook - For entire workbook printing.

• Step 9 :

➢ Print Selection – For selected sheet printing.

• Step 10 :

➢ Pages can be specified by entering the page number in the text box.
• Step11:

Page | 30
 ➢ If one copy contains multiple pages, you can switch between Collated and
Uncollated.
• Step 12:

➢ User can switch between Portrait Orientation (more rows but fewer columns)
and Landscape Orientation (more columns but fewer rows).
• Step 13:

➢ Select paper size as user need.

• Step 14:

➢ Select one of the predefined margins (Normal, Wide or Narrow) from the
Margins drop-down list.
• Step 15:

➢ Select 'Fit Sheet on One Page' from the Scaling drop-down list.
• Step 16 :

➢ After all changes made, finally click Print button to get print out.

FIG 5.28: Print window

Page | 31
Chapter : 5.9 Working with Charts

Topic : 5.9.1 Working with Charts

Working with Charts

• Creating Charts
➢ To select the data for creating a graph click on the first cell of data and then
drag the cursor over the remaining data to be included as the part of chart.
➢ Go to Insert tab and click the line chart under the chart group.

FIG 5.29: Selecting Line Chart

➢ Click the chart and go to Design tab and click the chart layouts for creating
chart title.
➢ User can change the title name and axis name.
➢ If user needs to edit the names of their series they can do so by first clicking
on the graph to activate the Chart Tools Menu.

➢ Under Chart Tools choose the Design tab, under the data group, click Select

Page | 32
 Data.

FIG 5.30: Select Data Source dialog box

➢ To edit the name of a series, highlight it and then click the Edit button.
➢ When the Edit series dialog box appears, type the series name in the box
labeled Series name.

Page | 33
• Previewing Charts
➢ If user wants to print, go to File tab and click Print Option or Press Ctrl + P in
keyboard.
➢ In the print page user can see the preview of the page in right side.

FIG 5.31: Previewing Charts

Page | 34
• Modifying Charts
➢ Click the chart and drag it another location on the same worksheet or click
Move Chart button on the design tab.
➢ Click the object in radio button to choose where the object is placed.
➢ Then click OK.
➢ To change the color of chart, click Design and click any one in Chart Styles.

FIG 5.32: Modifying Charts

➢ To reverse which data are displayed in rows or columns, click Chart

➢ And then click Switch Row / Column button on the Design tab.

Page | 35
Chapter : 5.10 Integrating Text and Web Page into spreadsheet

Topic : 5.10.1 Integrating Text into Spreadsheet

Integrating Text into Spreadsheet

• Open a blank or existing Excel 2010 spreadsheet. Click the Data tab on the
Ribbon and choose “From Text”.

FIG 5.33: From Text button

• Choose the text file user wants to import and double click. This will open the Text
Import Wizard.
• User can choose their data type and which row they want to start the data at and
click next.

Page | 36
 FIG 5.34: Text Import Wizard Step 1
• Step 2 of the Wizard allows user to manage the break lines between their data.

FIG 5.35: Text Import Wizard Step 2

• Step 3 of the Wizard allows user to choose column formats, provides data preview,
and other advanced settings. When everything is organized click on Finish.

Page | 37
 FIG 5.36: Text Import Wizard Step 3
• A final window will be displayed asking where user wish to put the data into the
sheet. Here user can select either Existing Worksheet or New Worksheet.
• Text Data will now be input into the Excel sheet.

FIG 5.37: Imported Text File

Page | 38
Chapter : 5.10 Integrating Text and Web Page into spreadsheet

Topic : 5.10.2 Integrating Web Page into Spreadsheet

Integrating Web Pages into Spreadsheets

• From the Excel Ribbon Click on Data.
• From the Data tab, in the Get External Data group click on From Web.
• It displays a following dialog box.

FIG 5.38: New Web Query dialog box

Page | 39
• Enter a website address that user wants to get data from, and click Go. The
page will load in the preview box, and user might have to scroll to find the data they
want on the page.

FIG 5.39: Searching web page in New Web Query

Page | 40
• User will see a small arrow beside any web tables they can import into Excel.
Click the arrow to select the data, and then click the Import button on the bottom of
the dialog.

FIG 5.40: Small arrow beside table

• Select where user wants Excel to place the web data, and click OK.

Page | 41
 FIG 5.41: Selecting cell to place the table

• A message in the spreadsheet that Excel is getting the data.

FIG 5.42: Getting data in excel

• After a few moments, web data will appear in Excel.

Page | 42
 FIG 5.43: Imported web page
Books Referred

1. Microsoft Office Excel 2007: Comprehensive Concepts and Techniques By Gary

Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman, Jeffrey J. Quasney
2. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 a Beginner's Guide: A Training Book for Microsoft
Excel 2007 By William R. Mills
3. New Perspectives on Microsoft Office Excel 2007, Comprehensive By June
Jamrich Parsons, Dan Oja, Roy Ageloff, Patrick Carey
4. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 - Illustrated Complete By Elizabeth Reding, Lynn
Wermers
5. Microsoft Office Excel 2007: The L Line, The Express Line to Learning
By Kathy Jacobs

Page | 43
Module Names : Presentation Package

Storyboard Document

TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT NUMBER 6/8
Syllabus

6.1 Objectives

6.2 Introduction to PowerPoint Presentation

6.2.1 Overview of PowerPoint

6.2.2 Creating a Presentation

6.2.3 Saving a Presentation

6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

6.3.1 Views in Presentation

6.3.2 Working with slides

6.3.3 Adding and Formatting Text

6.3.4 Formatting Paragraphs

6.3.5 Checking and correcting typing mistakes

6.3.6 Making Notes Master and Handouts

6.3.7A Drawing Objects

6.3.7 B Working with Objects

6.3.8 Insert Clip Art and Pictures

6.3.9 Designing Slide Show

6.3.10 Printing Slides

6.4 Summary

6.5 Model questions

Assessment 1

Assessment 2

Reference

Page | 2
Chapter : 6.1 Objectives

Objectives

• At the end of the course, user will be able to

➢ learn how to create, open and save a presentation.
➢ know to work with different views and slides.
➢ understand Adding, Formatting Text and Paragraphs.
➢ learn about spelling error.
➢ learn to work with objects and adding clip arts.
➢ understand the concept of designing, running and printing a presentation.

Page | 3
Chapter : 6.2 Introduction to PowerPoint Presentation

Topic : 6.2.1 Overview of PowerPoint

Overview of PowerPoint

• Microsoft PowerPoint is a slide show presentation program developed by

Microsoft.
• PowerPoint is simple, flexible and powerful tool for creating professional-looking
slides.
• PowerPoint presentation provides various views and tools the user can use to
build a presentation that includes words, graphics and media.
• Presentation package present information like business proposals, reports and
plans in an effective and attractive manner using slides through presentations.

FIG 6.1: PowerPoint Logo

Opening a Presentation

• Click the Start button on the Windows taskbar to display the Start menu.
• Click All programs at the bottom of the left pane on the start menu to display the
All programs list.
• Click Microsoft Office in the All Programs list to display the Microsoft Office
applications.
• Click Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2010 to start PowerPoint.

Page | 4
 FIG 6.2: Opening a PowerPoint window

• Otherwise, double click on the PowerPoint 2010 Logo on the Windows desktop
to start presentation.
• When PowerPoint 2010 is opened, a blank Title slide appears by default as the
first slide in the new presentation.
• Click File menu then choose New and click blank presentation to open a blank
presentation.

FIG 6.3: Blank presentation

Page | 5
 FIG 6.4: PowerPoint program window

• The most important areas of the PowerPoint environments are

➢ File Menu
➢ Quick Access Toolbar
➢ Tabs
➢ Ribbons
➢ Dialog Box Launcher
➢ Slide
➢ Navigation Pane
➢ Slide and Outline Tab
➢ Notes Pane
➢ Zoom Slider

• File Menu
➢ File Menu consist of New, Open, Save, Save As, Print, Save & Send and
Close.
• Quick Access Toolbar

Page | 6
 ➢ Quick Access Toolbar consist of Save, Undo and Redo buttons.
• Tabs
➢ There are many tabs in power point, each tab has several groups and
buttons.
• Ribbons
➢ Ribbon is displayed by clicking its tab found below the title bar.
➢ Each collection of commands found in a ribbon is further grouped into
sections.
• Dialog Box Launcher
➢ Some groups have a dialog box launcher button in the lower right corner that
will display a dialog box window for that particular group.
• Slide
➢ Slide is a working area of the power point presentation.
• Navigation Pane
➢ By default, thumbnails of the slides are shown here allowing for quick access
of a slide, rearranging order of slides, and inserting/deleting slides.
• Slide and Outline Tab
➢ Slide tab is a main area. It shows the current slide we are working on.
➢ Switch to Outline View on the left instead of slide thumbnails.
• Notes Pane
➢ User can write presentation notes in this area.
• Zoom Slider
➢ Drag the Zoom slider left to shrink or right to enlarge slides.
➢ Click the Zoom In or Zoom Out button to zoom in or out by 10-percent
increments.
• PowerPoint is presentation software that allows creating slides, speaker notes,
audience handouts and outlines, all in a single presentation.

Page | 7
Chapter : 6.2 Introduction to PowerPoint Presentation

Topic : 6.2.2 Creating a Presentation

Creating a Presentation
• PowerPoint presentation can be created in two ways as follows
➢ Blank Presentation
➢ Using a Templates
Creating a Blank Presentation
➢ Click File menu then choose New and click blank presentation to open a
blank presentation.
➢ Then Click Create to get a blank Presentation.

FIG 6.5: Opening a blank Presentation

Page | 8
• Creating a Presentation Using a Template
➢ Click File menu then choose New, it will navigate to an Available Templates
and themes window.

FIG 6.6: Opening a Sample Template

➢ The Templates pane will display on the right side of the window with a variety
of different templates to choose from.
➢ Select Sample templates option and choose any slide design from it.
➢ Then click Create button to create a new presentation with templates.

Page | 9
Chapter : 6.2 Introduction to PowerPoint Presentation

Topic : 6.2.3 Saving a Presentation

Saving a Presentation
• Click File menu and choose Save or Save As button.

FIG 6.7: Choosing Save button

• This opens the Save As dialog box as shown in FIG 6.8

• User can also change the current drive and directory in which they want to save
the presentation.

Page | 10
 FIG 6.8: Save As dialog box

• Type a name for the file in the Save As dialog box and In the Save as type list,
pick the file format that user want and then click Save.

Page | 11
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.1 Views in Presentation

Views in Presentation

• To see slides in different views, use View button options which is available at left
corner of the screen.

FIG 6.9: View Tab

• Normal View
➢ Normal View is also commonly known as Slide View.
➢ It is the main working window in the presentation.
➢ The slide is shown full size on the screen.
• Slide Sorter View
➢ Slide Sorter View is a window in PowerPoint that displays thumbnail versions
of all the slides, arranged in horizontal rows.
➢ This view is useful to make global changes to several slides at one time.
➢ Rearranging or deleting slides is easy to do in Slide Sorter view.
• Notes Page View
➢ Notes Page View shows a smaller version of a slide with an area below for
notes.
➢ Each slide is created on its own notes page.

➢ The speaker can print these pages out to use as a reference while making his
presentation.

Page | 12
 ➢ The notes do not show on the screen during the presentation.
• Reading view
➢ In reading view, each slide fills the screen.
➢ The user cannot edit slides when working in Slide Show view.
➢ The user can use this view to preview a presentation and to deliver it to an
audience.

Page | 13
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.2 Working with slides

Working with slides

• If user wants a different layout, in the Home tab click New Slide or Layout
option from Slides group, click one of slide to type text.

FIG 6.10: Selecting slide layout

• After opening a presentation, in the presentation window click on title

placeholder.
• The cursor will change to an I-beam. This pointer appears whenever the user

Page | 14
 enters or edits text.
• The title placeholder is outlined to indicate that it has been selected.
• Type the title.
• The text will automatically be center aligned within the title placeholder.
• Click outside of the title placeholder to view the title user have typed.
• For adding subtitle do the same as start with click on subtitle placeholder.

FIG 6.11: Presentation with Text

Page | 15
Adding a new slide

• The new slide can be inserted after the current slide or in the position where the
mouse was clicked.
• There are several equivalent ways to add a slide to a presentation
➢ Under Home tab select New Slide option from Slides section.

FIG 6.12: New Slide Button

➢ On the Slides or Outline pane right-click and select New Slide from the pop-
up menu (works in Normal view).

Page | 16
 FIG 6.13: New Slide Options
➢ Right-click on the main work area while in Slide Sorter view (which present in
the status bar) and select New Slide from the right click pop-up menu.

FIG 6.14: New Slide Option

Page | 17
Rearranging Slides

• If user insert slides from another presentation into the current presentation and
need to rearrange the slides into the order that most effectively communicates
the message in slides of the presentation.
• This is done using the Slide Sorter View, where user can drag one or more slides
from one location to another.

FIG 6.15: Rearrange Option

• To rearranging slides in a presentation, do the following.

➢ In Normal view, on the pane choose the Slides tab, click a slide to move and
then drag it to the new location.
➢ To select multiple slides, click a slide and then press and hold Ctrl key while
user click each of the other slides that user want to move.
➢ In the Slide Sorter View, drag the slide from the position to change and drop
where to place.

Page | 18
 FIG 6.16: Rearranged Slide
Deleting Slides

• There are three ways to delete a slide in a presentation.

➢ Select the slide then press Delete key to delete the slide.
➢ Select the slide in the Slide Sorter View (which is present in the status bar)
and press the Delete key to delete a slide.
➢ Select the slide that user wants to delete and then Right click and click delete
slide from the list.

FIG 6.17: Delete Slide

Page | 19
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.3 Adding and Formatting Text

Adding Text to the Slide

• To enter a text into a presentation slide place the mouse cursor where it says,
"Click to add title" or "Click to add text".
• When the cursor begins blinking, then start to type.
• To add text into a new text box, follow these instructions.
➢ Under Insert tab, click Text Box from the Text section.
➢ Move the mouse to where the new text box should appear and click. The
textbox will automatically appear.
➢ After the cursor begins blinking in the text box, type the text.

FIG 6.18: New Text Box

• Move a Text Box

Page | 20
 ➢ To move a text box, click once inside the text box and then click again on the
dashed line that outlines the text box.
➢ The outline of the text box should change to a solid line.
➢ The cursor should also change to a four-pronged arrow. Use the mouse to
drag the text box to the appropriate place.
Formatting Text
Changing the Color of a Text
• Changing the color of a text in a slide enhances the appearance of the slide and
draw attention to important information.
• Users have to select the text to change the color.
• Under Format tab, click Text Fill from WordArt Styles group then select the
color for the text.
• If user can't see the Drawing Tools or Format tabs, make sure that user
selected the text box or not.

FIG 6.19: Text Color

• To change a color if that is not in the theme colors then

Page | 21
 ➢ Click More Fill Colors, and then either click the color on the Standard tab, or
mix colors on the Custom tab.

FIG 6.20: More Fill Color dialog box

• To change the outline of the text, under Format tab click on the Text Outline
option and select the outline color for the text.
• User can also add effects to the text, using the Text Effects option.
• WordArt are used to add a visual effect into the presentation.
• To apply WordArt style,
➢ Select the text to add WordArt.
➢ Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the arrow under the big
‘A’ WordArt button.
➢ Choose the WordArt from the drop down.
➢ Otherwise, under Format tab in the WordArt Style group choose the style.

Page | 22
FIG 6.21: WordArt Button

Page | 23
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.4 Formatting Paragraphs

Formatting Paragraphs

• Paragraphs can be formatted by using the Paragraph section, it contains

➢ Bullets and Numbering
➢ Decrease Indent and Increase Indent
➢ Line Spacing
➢ Alignment (Left, Center, Right, Justify)
➢ Columns
➢ Text Direction
➢ Align Text (Top, Middle, Bottom)
➢ Convert to SmartArt

Page | 24
• Bullets and Numbering
➢ User can add numbers or bullets to the selected text, by using Bullets and
Numbering option from the Home tab.
➢ To add bullets to a selected text, do the following
❖ Select the paragraphs.
❖ In the top left hand corner of the paragraph section user will see Bullet
icon with 3 dots and 3 lines on it.
❖ It contains 7 different options of bullets.
❖ Choose required bullets and now Bullets are inserted in the paragraphs.

FIG 6.22: Adding Bullets

➢ To add Numbering to a selected text, do the following

Page | 25
❖ Select the paragraph.
❖ Next to the Bullet icon there is Numbering icon with 123 and lines on it.
❖ It also contains 7 different options of bullets.
❖ Choose the required format of Numbering and now the lines will change
with the numbers in front.

FIG 6.23: Adding Numbering

Page | 26
• Decrease Indent and Increase Indent
➢ The next to the Bullets and Numbering buttons are used to increase the
indent level and decrease the indent level.
➢ If user have something written on the presentation user can click those buttons
to move the text further away from the outside edge or closer to the outside
edge depending of the preference.

FIG 6.24: Indent Option

Page | 27
• Line Spacing
➢ Line Spacing is used to adjust the space between paragraphs on the
PowerPoint slides to fit more lines in a text box.
➢ The line spacing button has a blue arrow up and a blue arrow down.
➢ Select a sentence that has two lines. Click on the line spacing button.
➢ Choose the required space between the lines.

FIG 6.25: Line Spacing Option

Page | 28
• Alignment (Left, Center, Right, Justify)
➢ To align a text to left, center, right or justified use the option placed below the
Bullets and Numbering option in the Paragraph section.
➢ Select the line to change the alignment and use the option to make changes.

FIG 6.26: Justification Option

Page | 29
• Columns
➢ Column option used to make columns on the presentation.
➢ Columns button is placed next to the Justification buttons.
➢ Select the text to make columns.
➢ Click the drop down menu on the Columns button.
➢ Here user can choose if user want the text to be in one, two or three columns.
➢ If users don't want columns click on the one column button and it will change
it back to the original format.

FIG 6.27: Columns Option

Page | 30
• Text Direction
➢ Text Direction feature can give the slides more style and make it easier to fit
text onto a slide.
➢ This button has option of Horizontal, Rotate text 90 degrees, rotate all text
270 degrees and stacked.
➢ Click on this button and it will bring down a drop down menu, from that user
can choose the direction of the text.
➢ More options at the bottom will open the format text effects window to
customize the text more.
➢ If user don't like it or want to change it back click on horizontal and it will go
back to normal.

FIG 6.28: Text Direction Option

Page | 31
• Align Text (Top, Middle, Bottom)
➢ Text direction is the Align text option.
➢ Click the align text icon and it will bring up a drop down menu.
➢ Here user can align the text top, middle , bottom and it give more options if
needed.
➢ Select the text and choose each one of these options to see where it aligns
the text in the text box.

FIG 6.29: Align Text Option

Page | 32
• Convert to SmartArt
➢ The last button in the paragraph section of the Home tab is Convert to
SmartArt.
➢ This button will give more options to create a different look for the PowerPoint
slides.

FIG 6.30: SmartArt Option

➢ Click the Convert to SmartArt button to bring up the drop down menu.
➢ Choose any of the SmartArt option and now PowerPoint will open a new
window that says type text here.
➢ After entering the text close that window.

Page | 33
FIG 6.31: SmartArt Window

Page | 34
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.5 Checking and Correcting Spelling

Checking and Correcting Spelling

• User can check the spelling in a presentation with a menu option.

• While typing a word, a misspelled words and grammar mistake words are
underlined with a red line or green line below the word.
• The red line indicates a spelling error and the green line indicates a possible
grammar error.
• To correct the spelling of the word which is underlined, do the following
➢ On the Quick Access Toolbar, choose Spelling option or press F7 key. The
Spelling dialog box appears as shown in FIG 6.32

FIG 6.32: Spelling dialog box

➢ Here the computer suggests the appropriate spellings and grammar for the
highlighted word. User can correct as per their need.
• To check the mistakes automatically, user can use AutoCorrect Options.
• Click File menu, at the bottom of the menu, Options.
• It will navigate to the PowerPoint Options dialog box, in that click Proofing.

Page | 35
• Under When correcting spelling in PowerPoint, select or clear the Check spelling
as you type or Use contextual spelling or Hide spelling errors check box.

FIG 6.33: PowerPoint Options window

Page | 36
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.6 Making Notes Master and Handouts

Making Notes Master

• The Notes are used to remember key points during a presentation in every slide.
• On the View menu, click Notes Master, now the slide view is changed into Notes
view as shown in FIG 6.34

FIG 6.34: Notes Master View

• Resize or change the location of the slide notes box to suit the needs.
• User can add the items that they want on the notes master, such as text, art,
headers or footers, date, time, or page number.
• The existing notes can be changed or deleted as their need.
• When user print slides with notes, items that are added will appear.
• Then Close the slide, now notes are added to the slide.

Page | 37
Making Handouts
• On the View menu, click Handout Master, now it will change to the Handouts
Master view as shown in FIG 6.35

FIG 6.35: Handout Master View

• To preview the different layout, click the buttons on the Handout Master Toolbar.
• Add the items to the handout master, such as text, art, headers or footers, date,
time, or page number.
• Items that are added may appear only on the handouts, no changes are made to
the slide master.
• On the Master Toolbar, click the Close button.

Page | 38
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.7A Drawing Objects

Drawing Objects
• PowerPoint allows user to draw any shapes and format the shapes as their
needs.
• There are two ways of drawing as follows
➢ Under Home tab, user can use Drawing section to draw and format the
drawing.
➢ Otherwise, Format tab under Drawing Toolbar is used for drawing.

FIG 6.36: Format Tab

• Format tab consist of 5 sections as follows.

➢ Insert Shapes
➢ Shape Styles
➢ WordArt Styles
➢ Arrange
➢ Size

Page | 39
• Insert Shapes
➢ User can use Insert Shapes section to draw any required shapes and user
can also Edit Shape and add Text Box.

FIG 6.37: Insert Shapes Section

• Shape Styles
➢ In the Shape Styles section, user can change the style of the shape, shape
color, outline color and Shape effects.

FIG 6.38: Shape Styles Section

• WordArt Styles
➢ In the WordArt Styles, user can change the text style, text color, text outline
color and text effects.

FIG 6.39: WordArt Styles Section

Page | 40
• Arrange
➢ Arrange section allows user to change the position of the shapes like Bring to
Front, Sent To Back, Align, Group the shapes and Rotate the shape forrequired
Angle.

FIG 6.40: Arrange Section

• Size
➢ Size section allows user to change the height and width of the shape using
the up and down arrow in the box.

FIG 6.41: Size Section

Page | 41
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.7B Working with Objects

Working with Objects

• User can insert objects like table, Excel Spreadsheet, Formula and so on.
• Table
➢ Users have to select the slide where to add a table.
➢ On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Table.

FIG 6.42: Insert Table

➢ Do one of the following

❖ Users can move the pointer over the grid to select the number of rows and
columns, and then click.
❖ Click Insert Table, and then enter a number in the Number of columns
and Number of row lists box.
➢ To add text to the table cells, click a cell, and then enter the text.

Page | 42
 ➢ Click outside the table, after user has entered the text.
➢ To add a row at the end of a table, click the last cell of the last row, and then
press TAB.
➢ To convert existing text to a table, user must first add a table to the slide and
then copy the text into the table cells.
• Excel Spreadsheet
➢ Users have to select the slide where to add a table.
➢ On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Excel Spreadsheet.

FIG 6.43: Insert Excel Spreadsheet

Page | 43
• Formula
➢ Use Insert -> Object -> Microsoft Equation to create a Math object in a
slide.

FIG 6.44: Insert Object dialog box

➢ User will navigate to the Equation Editor window, type the desired formula
then close the window.

FIG 6.45: Equation Editor Window

➢ Formula will appear in the selected slide.

Page | 44
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.8 Insert Clip Art and Pictures

Insert Clip Art

• Click the slide where to add the clip art.

• On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Clip Art.

FIG 6.46: Presentation with Clip Art

• Clip Art task pane has Search for text box, type a word or a phrase that user
want, or type all or some of the file name of the clip art.
• Click Go to start search.
• In the list of results, click the clip art to insert it.

Page | 45
Insert Pictures
• Click the slide where to add the pictures.
• On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture.
• It will navigate to Insert Picture dialogue box from that user can select the
required images to insert.

FIG 6.47: Insert Picture Dialog Box

Page | 46
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.9 Designing Slide Show

Designing Slide Show

• Transition is a special effect used to introduce a slide during a slide show.
• To Change the transition to a slide, Slides and Outline tabs are present in the
pane, in that select the Slides tab.

FIG 6.48: Selecting a Slide in Slides tab

• In the Slides tab, click the thumbnail of the slide that has the transition that user
want to change.
• On the Transitions tab in the Ribbon, in the Transition to This Slide group,
click a slide transition effect for that slide.

FIG 6.49: Selecting a Transition

Page | 47
• To set the time for the transition to the current slide, do the following
➢ On the Slides tab in Normal view, click the thumbnail of the slide with the
transition that user wants to set the timing for.
➢ Under Transitions tab, in the Timing groups, change the duration time then
select it.

FIG 6.50: Advance Slide option

• To specify how long before the current slide advances to the next, use one of the
following procedures
➢ To advance the slide when click the mouse, on the Transitions tab, in
Transition to This Slide group, select the On Mouse Click check box in
Advance Slide.
➢ To advance the slide at a specified time, on the Transitions tab, in the
Transition Speed drop down list under Transition to This Slide, select one of the
appropriate options to the transition.

Page | 48
Running a Slide Show
• There are three ways to run a slide show,
➢ Select Slide Show-> From Beginning.
➢ Click the projector button in the lower right corner of the screen.
➢ Press the F5 Key to run the slide show.
• Go to the next slide: Press the Space Bar or Enter or Page Down or Right
Arrow key or Down Arrow.
• Go to the previous slide: Press Backspace or Page Up or the Left Arrow key or
Up Arrow.
• Exit slide show (at any time): press Esc or Alt+F4.
• Access the pen tool (in order to draw on the screen): CTRL + P
• Erase pen: Press E
• Hide the pointer: Press A

FIG 6.51: Running a Slide Show

Page | 49
Chapter : 6.3 Creating a look of Presentation

Topic : 6.3.10 Printing Slides

Printing Slides

• From File tab, click Print option.

• Or use keyboard shortcut with the combination of Ctrl + P.

FIG 6.52: Print option

Page | 50
 FIG 6.53: Print window

• Now printing options appears in the right side of the word document.
• Under Print, select the number of copies to be print.
• From Printer, choose the name of the printer.
• In the Settings, the first drop down list has four options.
• Print All Slides - For entire slides printing.
• Print Selection - For selected slide printing.
• Print Current Slide – For current slide printing.
• Custom Range- For only given slides to be print.
• Slides can be specified by entering the page number in the text box.
• After all changes made, finally click Print button to get print out

Page | 51
Chapter : 6.4 Summary

Topic : Summary

• In this class, we have learnt about,

➢ How to make a Presentation,
❖ Creation of Presentation
❖ Preparation of Slides
❖ Slide Show

Page | 52
Chapter : 6.5 Model Questions

Topic : Model Questions

Model Questions
• What is PowerPoint?
• How to start a power point?
• Explain the way of creating a presentation.
• How to add clip art to a slide?
• How to do Transition and Slide Timing in Slide show.

Page | 53
 Assessment 1

1. Which of the following is not one of the PowerPoint views?

a) Slide show view
b) Slide sorter view
c) Presentation view
d) Outline view

2. A PowerPoint feature allows the user to create a simple presentation quickly is

.
a) AutoContent Wizard
b) Transition Wizard
c) Chart Wizard
d) Animations

3. Special effects used to introduce slides in a presentation are known

as .
a) Transitions
b) Effects
c) Custom animations
d) Annotations

4. controls all the main slide control tasks for thex presentation.
a) Task bar
b) Task Pane
c) Control Panel
d) None of above

5. A File which contains readymade styles that can be used for a presentation is
called .
a) AutoStyle
b) Wizard
c) Template
d) Preformatting

Page | 54
Answers:
1.d
2.a
3.a
4.b
5.c

Page | 55
 Assessment 2

1. User can add numbers or bullets to the selected text, by using Bullets and
Numbering option from the Home tab.
a) True
b) False
2. Columns button is placed next to the left align buttons.
a) True
b) False
3. Size section option allows user to change the style and font of the shape using the
up and down arrow in the box.
a) True
b) False

Answers:
1.a
2.b
3.b

Page | 56
BOOKS REFERRED

1. Using Microsoft Office Power Point 2007 by Patrice-Anne Rutledge, Geetesh Bajaj
and Tom Mucciolo.
2. Presentation Zen: Simple Ideals on Presentation Design and Delivery Second Edition
by Garr Reynolds.
2. Creating a presentation in Microsoft Office Power Point 2007 for Windows by Tom
Negrino.
3. Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007 Introductory concepts and Techniques by Shelly,
Cashman and Shebok.
5. Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007 insight and advise from the expects by Wayne Kao,
Jeff Huang.

Page | 57
Module Names : Database Operations

Storyboard Document

TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT NUMBER 7/8
Syllabus

7.1 Objectives

7.2 Database

7.2.1 Introduction to Database

7.2.2 Relational Database

7.3 Integrity

7.3.1 Integrity

7.4 Microsoft Access

7.4.1 What is Microsoft Access?

7.5 Operation

7.5.1 Creation of Database and Table

7.5.2 Manipulating Table Structure

7.5.3 Dropping

7.6 Manipulation of Data

7.6.1 Query

7.6.2 Data Entry Form

7.6.3 Reports

7.7 Summary

7.8 Model Questions

Assessment 1

Assessment 2

Reference

Page | 2
Chapter : 7.1 Objectives

Objectives
• At the end of the course the user will be able to
➢ understand data manipulation concept in database.
➢ know about the relational database.
➢ understand the concept of integrity.
➢ know the database operations such as creating, dropping and manipulating
table structure.
➢ understand the concept of manipulating data in query, forms and reports.

Page | 3
 Chapter: 7.2 Database

Topic: 7.2.1 Introduction to Database

Introduction to Database
About Data
• The term data can be defined as set of isolated and unrelated raw facts with an
implicit meaning.
• Data can be anything such as name of person, a number, images, sound etc.

About Database

• A database is an organized collection of related data from which user can efficiently
retrieve the desired information.
• Traditional databases are organized by fields, records and files. A field is a single
piece of information. A record is one complete set of fields and a file is a collection
of records.
• In addition to the storage and retrieval of data, certain other operations can be
performed on a database and the operations include addition, alteration, updating
and deletion of data.
• It is back-end of an application.

About Database Management System (DBMS)

• A Database Management System (DBMS) is an integrated set of programs used

to create and maintain a database.
• The operations such as adding, updating and deleting data on a database are
performed using Database Management System (DBMS).
• The main objective of DBMS is to provide a convenient and effective method of
defining, storing, retrieving and manipulating data contained in the database.

Page | 4
 Figure 7.1: Example for Database Structure
• The database and the DBMS software are collectively known as database
system.
• Database Management Systems (DBMSs) are especially designed for software
applications that interact with the user and other applications
• Examples of DBMS are Microsoft Access, SQL Server, MySQL etc.

Page | 5
Chapter: 7.2 Database

Topic: 7.2.2 Relational Database

Relational Database
• A relational database is a collection of data items organized as a set of formally-
described tables from which data can be accessed or reassembled in many
different ways without having to reorganize the database tables.
• The relational database was invented by E. F. Codd at IBM in 1970.
• The standard user and application program interface to a relational database is
the structured query language (SQL).
• SQL statements are used for both interactive queries for information from a
relational database and for gathering data for reports.
• A relational database is a set of tables containing data fitted into predefined
categories.
• Each table (which is sometimes called a relation) contains one or more data
categories in columns. Each row contains a unique instance of data for the
categories defined by the columns.
• The following intuitive correspondence can be made
➢ A relation is a file.
➢ Each file contains only one record type.
➢ The records have no particular order.
➢ Every field is single-valued.
➢ The records have a unique identifying field or composite field, called the
primary key field.
• With a relational database, user can quickly compare information because of the
arrangement of data in columns.
• The relational database model takes advantage of this uniformity to build
completely new tables out of required information from existing tables.
• In other words, it uses the relationship of similar data to increase the speed and
versatility of the database.

Page | 6
FIG 7.2: Relational Database

Page | 7
Chapter : 7.3 Integrity

Topic : 7.3 Integrity

Integrity
• Data integrity refers to the overall completeness, accuracy and consistency of
data.
• The concept of data integrity ensures that all data in a database can be traced and
connected to other data which ensures that the data is recoverable and
searchable.

FIG 7.3: Example for Integrity

Types of Integrity
• There are four types of Integrity
➢ Entity Integrity
➢ Referential Integrity
➢ Domain Integrity
• Entity Integrity
➢ The Entity Integrity states that in a base relation, primary key column values
cannot be null. (Null values are defined as "empty or containing no values").
➢ A primary key is a minimal identifier that is used to identify columns uniquely.

Page | 8
 ➢ A DBMS product such as Microsoft Access automatically enforces entity
integrity by prohibiting null values in the primary key fields.
• Referential Integrity
➢ The referential integrity states that, if R2 (Child table) includes a foreign key FK
matching the primary key PK of some R1 (Parent table) then every valueof
FK in R2 must
❖ be equal to the value of PK in some rows of R1.
❖ be wholly null, i.e. each column in that FK must be null.
➢ For example, when adding a new row to a table containing FK, the table
containing the referenced PK must have matching values.
• Domain Integrity
➢ Domain integrity states that the values in a table are legal according to the
physical and the logical domain definition.
➢ For Instant explanation, the StudentID column domain might be
❖ Physical : data type "numeric" ; Length "4 characters"
❖ Logical : "The range of the number between 1000 and 4999"
➢ Therefore, the field would only accept input of four-digit number between
1000 and 4999.

FIG 7.4: Types of Integrity

Page | 9
Chapter : 7.4 Microsoft Access

Topic : 7.4.1 What is Microsoft Access

What is Microsoft Access?

• Microsoft Access is a database software package.
• A database is an organized collection of records. Example for paper database
are telephone and address book.
• With MS-Access, user can create a computerized database. After creation of MS-
Access database, user can search it, manipulate it and extract information from it.

Working with MS- Access

• Open Microsoft Access 2010, click on Sample Templates. The Northwind icon
appears in the center of the window.

FIG 7.5: Microsoft Access

• Click the Northwind icon.

Page | 10
• Click the Browse button. The File New Database dialog box appears.
• Locate the folder in which user wants to save the Northwind database.
• Click OK. The File New Database window closed.
• Click Create. MS-Access Creates the Northwind database and opens it.
• It shows the warning message to open the database in trusted location.
• To enable database click the Enable content button.
• MS-Access enables the content. If user enabling the Northwind database, the
Login dialog box appears.

FIG 7.6: Login Dialog

• Click Login. MS-Access opens the Northwind database.
• The Navigation Pane
➢ The MS-Access database consists of the following objects
❖ Tables
❖ Queries
❖ Forms
❖ Reports
❖ Macros
❖ Modules

Page | 11
 FIG 7.7: All Access Objects in Navigation Pane

➢ The Navigation pane displays these objects in a database.

Page | 12
Chapter : 7.5 Operation

Topic : 7.5.1 Creation of Database and Table

Creation
Creation of Database
• A blank database is a database nothing in it. User must create all the tables,
forms, reports, queries and so on.
• If user cannot find a template that suits their needs, they can create a blank
database.
• Creating tables is the first step in building a database. Follow these steps to
create a blank database
➢ Start MS-Access, click Blank Database.
➢ Type the database name in the File Name field. MS-Access will automatically
append .accdb to the name.

FIG 7.8: Steps to create a blank database

➢ Click the Browse button. The File New Database window appears.
➢ Locate the folder in where user wants to store the database.
➢ Click OK, then click Create button.

Page | 13
 ➢ MS-Access creates the database and opens a datasheet with the Table Tools
available is shown in the FIG 7.12

FIG 7.9: Table Tools

Creation of Tables
• Tables are the foundation of an MS-Access database.
• MS-Access stores data in tables. A table is a set of columns and rows. Each
column is called field and each row is called record.
• Each field must be given a name and no two fields can have the same name.
• Each value in a field represents a single category of data.
• Each row is called record.

FIG 7.10: Table Name, Fields and Records

• Follow the steps to add fields to a table

➢ Click in the 'Click to Add' text box, it shows drop down list, select any data
type from the list.

Page | 14
 ➢ Type the nextfield name, MS-Access creates the field. User can continue this
process until fields in the table is to be created.
➢ Press Enter without entering a field name to end their entries.

FIG 7.11: Fields in a table

• Follow the steps to name and save a table
➢ Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar. The SaveAs dialog box
appears.
➢ Type the name of the table.
➢ Then click OK.

Page | 15
 FIG 7.12: Saving a table
• Follow the steps to use Design view to create a new table
➢ Activate the Create tab.
➢ Click Table Design in the Tables group. MS-Access changes to Design view
and the Table Tools become available.

FIG 7.13: Create a new table using Design view

➢ Type the first field name in the Field Name field.

➢ Press the Tab key.
➢ Click the down-arrow that appears when user click in the Data Type field and
then select a data type.
➢ Click Primary Key option if the created column is primary key. A small key
appears next to the field name.

Page | 16
FIG 7.14: Fix primary key

Page | 17
Chapter : 7.5 Operations

Topic : 7.5.2 Manipulating Table Structure

Manipulating Table Structure

• After creation of MS-Access table user can modify it, enter data into it manually
or import data from different application such as Excel.
• To manipulate table structure user can
➢ Enter records into the table
➢ Modify a table
➢ Select columns and rows
➢ Delete a record
➢ Resize a column or row
➢ Import a table into MS-Access from Excel
Enter Records
• To enter data into an AutoNumber field
➢ Press the Tab key when the user makes an entry into another field in the record,
MS-Access will automatically make an entry into the AutoNumber field.
• To enter data into fields that have a lookup list
➢ Click the down-arrow that appears when user click in the field.
➢ Click to select the entry that user want.
➢ Press the Tab key.

FIG 7.15: Enter data into fields

Page | 18
• To enter data into Yes/No field
➢ Click the checkbox for Yes, then leave the checkbox for No.

FIG 7.16: Enter data into Yes/ No field

• To enter data into a date field
➢ Type the date. Or
➢ Select the date from the calendar that appears to the left of the field.
➢ Use the left-arrow at the top of the calendar to move to the previous month.
➢ Use the right-arrow at the top of the calendar to move to the next month.
➢ When user reaches the proper month, click the proper date.

FIG 7.17: Enter data into a date field

FIG 7.18: Calendar

Page | 19
Modify a Table
• To insert column
➢ The insert option inserts a column before the selected column.

FIG 7.19: Insert a column

➢ Click the column head of the column before which user wants to insert a
column.
➢ Right-click the column head that user wants to insert a column. A menu
appears.
➢ Click Insert field.
• To move a column
➢ User can use Move option to move a column from one place to another.
➢ Move mouse pointer over the horizontal line under the column label. Users
mouse pointer turns into a four sided arrow.

Page | 20
 ➢ Press left mouse button.
➢ Click and drag the field to the new location. A dark line appears at the new
location.
➢ Release left mouse button. MS-Access moves the column.
• To delete columns
➢ The Delete option permanently deletes columns and all the data contained in
them. User cannot undo a column after deleting.

FIG 7.20: Delete a column

➢ Right-click the column head that user wants to delete a column. A menu
appears.
➢ Click Delete feild.
➢ A warning dialog box will appear because delete option permanently deletes
the records. Click yes to delete

Page | 21
Select Columns and Rows
• To perform any operation on a column or row user must select it.
• To select a column, click the column head.
• To select several columns, click a column head and then drag.
• To select a row, click the blank area to the left of the row.
• To select several rows, click the blank area to the left of a row and then drag.
• To select the entire table, click the Select All button in the upper-left corner of the
table.
Delete a Record
• To delete a record
➢ Select the record that user wants to delete.
➢ Activate the Home tab.
➢ Click Delete in the Records group. Or
➢ Click Delete option from right-click. A prompt appears.
➢ Click the Yes button.
Resize a column or row
• User can make the column or row as larger or smaller, if the information in a
column or row does not display or want to fit more information on the screen.
• User can click and drag to increase or decrease column width or row height.
• To resize a column or row
➢ Place the cursor over the line that separates two columns or two rows.
➢ The cursor turns into a double-sided arrow.
➢ Hold down the left mouse button and drag to increase or decrease width of a
column or the height of all of the rows.
Import a table into MS-Access from MS-Excel
• User can import data from Excel into MS-Access by using the Excel Spreadsheet
Wizard.
• To import data from Excel
➢ Open the Excel Spreadsheet Wizard

Page | 22
 FIG 7.21: Import data from Excel
➢ Activate the External Data tab.
➢ Click the Excel button in the Import group. The Get External Data - Excel
Spreadsheet Wizard appears.
➢ Click the Browse button, the File Open window appears.
➢ Locate the spreadsheet that user want to import.
➢ Click the Open button. The path to the selected file appears in the File Name
field.
➢ Click OK. MS-Access moves to the next page.

Page | 23
 FIG 7.22: Import Spreadsheet Wizard
➢ Select Show Worksheets to import a worksheet or Select Show Named
Ranges to import a named range.
➢ Click the worksheet or named range that user wants to import.
➢ Click Next. MS-Access moves to the next page.

Page | 24
 FIG 7.23: Select first column heading in Import SpreadSheet Wizard

➢ Select First Row Contains Column Headings if the first row of user's Excel
spreadsheet contains column headings.
➢ Click Next. MS-Access moves to the next page.

Page | 25
 FIG 7.24: Import SpreadSheet Wizard
➢ Click a column heading to select a column.
❖ Type the MS-Access table's column heading in the Field Name field.
❖ Choose a Data type.
❖ Indicate if the field should be indexed and if so, select the type of index.
❖ Check the Do Not Import Field box for any column that user do not want to
import.

Page | 26
➢ Click Next. MS-Access moves to the next page.

FIG 7.25: Choosing radio button in Import SpreadSheet Wizard

➢ Click to choose the proper radio button

❖ If user wants MS-Access to add the primary key, click Let MS-Access add
Primary key option.
❖ If user want to add the primary key, click Choose My Own Primary Key and
then click the down-arrow and select the field that user want to use as the
key.
❖ If user do not want to add a primary key, click No Primary Key option.
➢ Click Next. MS-Access moves to the next page.

Page | 27
 FIG 7.26: Naming the imported table
➢ Type the name of the imported table.
➢ Click Finish. MS-Access moves to the next page.
➢ Finally click Close to imports the table.
➢ Now MS-Access imports the excel worksheet into the access table.

Page | 28
Chapter : 7.5 Operations

Topic : 7.5.3 Dropping

Dropping
Delete a field in Datasheet view
• In the Navigation Pane, double-click the table from which you want to delete
the field. The table is opened in Datasheet view.
• Select the field (the column) that user want to delete.
• Press Delete Field option from right click. Or
• Or on the Fields tab, in the Add & Delete group, click Delete button. Then
click yes to delete the column permanently.
Delete a record in Datasheet view
• Same method need to be followed to delete a record in datasheet view.
• Select the record (the row) that user want to delete.
• Press Delete Record option from right click.
• Or Press DELETE key. Then click yes to delete the record permanently.
Delete a table relationship
• If the tables that participate in the table relationship are open, close them.
User cannot delete a table relationship between open tables.
• Then right click over the table name in the navigation pane and click delete
option.
• Click yes in the warning dialog box to delete a table.
• Thus MS-Access deletes that table permanently.

Page | 29
Chapter : 7.6 Manipulation of Data

Topic : 7.6.1 Query

Query
• User can use a query to view a subset of data or to answer questions about user
data.
• For example, if user wants to view a list of student names and email address, but
user do not want to see addresses and other data, user can create a query that
displays the student's first name, last name and email address only.
Open Tables or Queries in Query Design View
• To open tables or queries in Query Design View

FIG 7.27: Open tables or queries in Query Design View

Page | 30
 ➢ Activate the Create tab.
➢ Click the Query Design button in the Queries group. The Show Table dialog
box appears.
➢ Activate the Tables tab if user wants to base their query on tables, activate
the Queries tab if user want base their query on queries or activate the Both tab
if user want to base their query on both tables and queries.
➢ Click to choose the table or query on which user want to base their query.
➢ Click Add. The table appears in the window.
❖ Click to choose the next table or query on which user want to base their
query.
❖ Continue clicking tables or queries until user have all the tables and
queries their plan to use.
➢ Click Close. MS-Access changes to Query Design view.
Display All Records and All Fields
• In Query Design view, each table has an option that allows user to display all of
the fields and all of the records in a table.
• This option appears on the field line on the drop-down menu as the table name
followed by a period and an asterisk (tablename.*).
• To display all records and all fields

Page | 31
 FIG 7.28: Display all records and all fields
➢ Open a table or query in Query Design view.
➢ Click the down-arrow in the first field on the Field row and then select
the tablename.* option. The table name appears on the table line.
➢ Click the Run button. MS-Access retrieves all of the fields and records for the
table and displays them in Datasheet view.

Page | 32
 FIG 7.29: Display all records and all fields

Sort a Query
• While creating a query, user can sort the rows that they retrieve in ascending or
descending order by choosing the option of their need on the Sort row in Query
Design view.
• Follow the steps to perform a sort

Page | 33
 FIG 7.30: Sort a Field
➢ Open a table or query in Query Design view.
➢ Choose the field names to retrieve them.
➢ Under the field click the down-arrow and then choose Ascending or
Descending.
➢ Click the Run button. MS-Access retrieves the selected columns and displays
the rows in the order that user specified.

Page | 34
FIG 7.31: Result after running a query

Page | 35
Save a Query
• User can save and return a saved query at any time.
• To save a query

FIG 7.32: Save a query

➢ Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar. Access saves the query
unless it saving for first time.
➢ Type the name of the query in Save As dialog box.
➢ Click OK. MS-Access saves the query. User can now MS-Access the query
by using the Navigation pane.

Page | 36
Chapter : 7.6 Manipulation of Data

Topic : 7.6.2 Data Entry Forms

Data Entry Forms

• MS-Access forms are much like paper forms. User can use them to enter, edit, or
display data.
• They are based on tables. When using a form, user can choose the format, the
arrangement, and which fields to display.
Using the Form Button
• MS-Access can automatically create several types of forms.
• For example, when user click the Form button on the Create tab, MS-Access
places all fields in the selected table on a form.
• If the table has a one-to-many relationship with other table or query, MS-Access
creates a stacked form (the records are displayed in a column) for the primary table
and a datasheet for the related table.
• If there are several tables with a one-to-many relationship, MS-Access does not
create the datasheet.
• Follow the steps to create a form

Page | 37
 FIG 7.33: Create a Form
➢ Open the Navigation pane.
➢ Click the table or query on which user want to base their form.
➢ Activate the Create tab.
➢ Click Form in the Forms group. MS-Access creates a form.

Page | 38
 FIG 7.34: Department Form tab
➢ User can use the Navigation bars to move through the records on a form.

FIG 7.35: Navigation bar in the Form

1 Go to First Record
2 Go to Previous Record
3 The Current Record
4 Go to Next Record
5 Go to Last Record
6 Create a New (Blank) Record

• To save a form
➢ Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar. MS-Access saves the
form unless user are saving for the first time. If user saving for the first time, the
Save As dialog box appears.
➢ Type the name user want to give the form.
➢ Click OK. MS-Access saves the form. User can now access the form by using
the Navigation pane.

Modify a Form

• After user creates a form, it opens in Layout view, where user can modify it.
• To change the size of a field
➢ Click a side of the field and drag to change the width of the field.
➢ Click the top or bottom of a field and drag to change the height of a field.
• To move a datasheet
➢ Click the datasheet to select it.

Page | 39
 ➢ Click and drag the four-sided arrow in the upper-right corner to move the
datasheet.
• To resize a datasheet
➢ Click the datasheet to select it.
➢ Click a side of the datasheet and drag to change the width.
➢ Click the top or bottom of the datasheet and drag to change the height.
• To apply an AutoFormat
➢ Activate the Format tab.
➢ Click Shape fill button and choose any color for background color.
➢ User can also insert background image from gallery.
➢ To change the font color, style, size click Select all button then choose the
appropriate changes.
➢ Then navigate to Forms view to see the full structure of the form

• To change a Form title

➢ While user create a form, by default, MS-Access uses the form name as the
title. User can change the title.
❖ Activate the Format tab.
❖ Click the Title button.
❖ Type the new title.
• To add the date and time
➢ User can easily add the date and time in their form.
❖ Activate the Format tab.
❖ Click the Date and Time button. The Date and Time dialog box appears.
Select the date and time to appear on the Form.

Page | 40
• To change Fonts and Formats

Page | 41
Chapter : 7.6 Manipulation of Data

Topic : 7.6.3 Reports

Reports
• Reports organize and summarize data for viewing online or for printing.
• A detail report displays all of the selected records.
Creating Reports
• User can include summary data such as totals, counts, and percentages in a
detail report.
• A summary report does not list the selected records but instead summarizes the
data and presents totals, counts, percentages, or other summary data only.
• MS-Access has several report generation tools that user can use to create both
detail and summary reports quickly.
• Use of Report Button
➢ The Report button creates a simple report that lists the records in the selected
table or query in a column format.
• To use the Report button

FIG 7.36: Report button

➢ Open the Navigation pane.
➢ Click the table or query on which user want to base their report.
➢ Activate the Create tab.

Page | 42
 ➢ Click the Report button in the Reports group. MS-Access creates report and
displays report in Layout view. User can modify the report.

• Sections of Report

FIG 7.38: Sections of a Report

Page | 43
Use the Report Wizard
• User can also use the Report Wizard to create a report.
• The Report Wizard provides with more flexibility than by using the Report button.
• User can choose the tables and fields, group the data, sort the data, summarize
the data, choose a layout and orientation, apply a style, and title their report.
• To create a report by using the Report Wizard
➢ Open the Report Wizard

FIG 7.39: Report Wizard Button

➢ Activate the Create tab.
➢ Click Report Wizard in the Reports group. The Report Wizard appears.

• Select tables, queries and fields

Page | 44
➢ When using the Report Wizard, user can use fields from multiple tables
and/or queries if the tables/queries have a relationship.

FIG 7.40: Select table, queries and fields

❖ Click the down-arrow next to the Table/Queries field and then click the table
from which user want to select fields.
❖ Click a field and then click the single-right arrow to select a single field, click
the double-right arrows to select all fields, click a field and then click the
single-left arrow to deselect a single field, or click the double-left arrow to
deselect all fields.
❖ Click Next. The Report Wizard moves to the next page.

Page | 45
• Group
➢ User can group data by using Report Wizard.
➢ Grouping puts all of the values in a field into a group based on the field’s
value.

FIG 7.41 : Groups

❖ Click to select the field which user want to group their data. User may not
see this page of the wizard if they are selecting data from a single table.
❖ Click Next. The Report Wizard moves to the next page.

Page | 46
 FIG 7.42: Groups in Report Wizard
❖ Click a field user want to group by.
❖ Click the right-arrow to select a field; click a field and then click the left arrow
to deselect a field. Use the up and down arrows to change the order of the
groupings.
❖ Click Next. The Report Wizard moves to the next page.

Page | 47
• Sort and summarize
➢ User can create up to four levels of sort by using the Report Wizard.

FIG 7.43: Sort and Summarize

❖ Click the down-arrow and then select the field user want to sort by.
❖ Click the button to choose ascending or descending order. Clicking the
button toggles between Ascending and Descending. User can sort up to four
levels.
❖ Click the Summary Options button. The Summary Options window appears.

Page | 48
 FIG 7.44: Steps to sort and summarize
❖ Click to select the summary data user want.
❖ Click to select whether user want detail and summary data or if user want
summary data only.
❖ Click if user want to calculate the percent to the total for sums.
❖ Click OK. The Summary Options window closes.
❖ Click Next. The Report Wizard moves to the next page.
• Layout and orientation
➢ User can choose the layout and orientation of their report.
➢ The layout determines where the each fields appears on the page.
➢ MS-Access provides three options for layout to choose
❖ Stepped
❖ Block
❖ Outline
➢ Orientation determines whether MS-Access creates the report in portrait or
landscape.

Page | 49
 FIG 7.45: Layout and orientation
❖ Click to select a layout.
❖ Click to select a page orientation.
❖ Choose the Adjust The Field Width So All Fields Fit On A Page option if
user want all fields to fit on a single page.
❖ Click Next. The Report Wizard moves to the next page.

Page | 50
• Style
➢ MS-Access supplies predesigned styles that format titles, labels, and more.
➢ When user choose a style, the left side of the window displays a preview.

FIG 7.46: To select style

❖ Click to select a style.
❖ Click Next. The Report Wizard moves to the next page.
• Create a title
➢ On the final page of the Report Wizard, user can title their report. The title
appears at the top of the report and on the Navigation pane.

Page | 51
 FIG 7.47: Create a title
❖ Type the title user want to give the report.
❖ Click Finish. MS-Access creates, saves, and opens their report in Layout
view.

Page | 52
 FIG 7.48: Example Report

Modify a Report
• After creation of a report, user can modify it by adding groups or sorting, adding
fields, change labels and can perform many other tasks.
• User can view a report in Report view, Layout view, design view and Print
Preview.
• Change to Layout view
➢ Open the report.
➢ Activate the Home tab.
➢ Click the View button. A menu appears.
➢ Click Layout View. MS-Access changes to Layout view.

Page | 53
• To change the Size of a Field or Label

FIG 7.49: Change the size of a field or label

➢ Click the field or label. A border appears around it.
➢ Click a side of the border and drag outward to increase the width. Click a side
of the border and drag inward to decrease the width.
• Add a Group or Sort
➢ Use Group & Sort button on the Design tab to create a group or sort.
➢ To Group or Sort

FIG 7.50: Add a group or sort

Page | 54
 FIG 7.51: Add a Sort
❖ Click Add A Group and then select the field by which user want to group.
MS-Access groups and sorts the field.

FIG 7.52: Add a group

❖ Click Add A Sort and then select the field on which user want to sort. MS-
Access sorts the field.

Page | 55
• To add a field

FIG 7.53: Add Existing Fields

➢ Open the report in Layout view.
➢ Activate the Design tab.
➢ Click the Add Existing Fields button in the Tools group. The Field List pane
appears.
➢ Click Show All Tables if the field that user want to add does not appear.

FIG 7.54: Drag a field into report

➢ Click the field user want to add and drag it onto their report.
➢ A thick line appears on the report. MS-Access places the field before the line.
➢ If user want the field to appear in the detail area, be sure to drag it to the
detail area.
• To delete a field
➢ Open the report in Layout view.
➢ Click the field user want to delete.
➢ Press the Delete key. MS-Access deletes the field.

Page | 56
• To move a column
➢ Open the report in Layout view.
➢ Click the column label.
➢ Drag the column to the new location. MS-Access moves the column to the
new location.
• To change a title
➢ Open the report in Layout view.
➢ Double-click in the Title field.
➢ Click and drag to select the current title.
➢ Type a new title.
➢ Click anywhere outside the Title field. MS-Access changes the title.
• To change a field label
➢ Open the report in Layout view.
➢ Double-click the field label.
➢ Click and drag to select the label name.
➢ Type the new label name.
➢ Click anywhere outside the label. MS-Access changed the field label..
• To add page numbers
➢ Open the report in Layout view.
➢ Activate the Design tab.
➢ Click the Insert Page Number button. The Page Numbers dialog box appears.
➢ Click a radio button to choose a format.
➢ Click a radio button to choose a position.
➢ Click the down-arrow in the Alignment field and then choose an alignment.
➢ Deselect Show Number On First Page if user do not want the page number to
appear on the first page.
➢ Click OK. MS-Access places the page number in their report.

Page | 57
Chapter : 7.7 Summary

Topic : Summary

• In this class, we have learnt about

➢ data manipulation concept in database.
➢ the relational database.
➢ the concept of integrity.
➢ the database operations such as creation, dropping and manipulating table
structure.
➢ the concept of manipulating data in query, forms and reports.

Page | 58
Chapter : 7.8 Model Questions

Topic : Model Questions

1. What is database?
2. Explain about relational database.
3. Explain the concept of integrity and its types.
4. How to create a database and tables in MS-Access?
5. How to Drop a table and database in MS-Access?
6. How to manipulate table structure in MS-Access.
7. Describe query in MS-Access and its manipulation.
8. Explain forms in MS-Access and its manipulation.
9. Define reports in MS-Access and its manipulation.

Page | 59
Books Referred
1. Microsoft Access Small Business Solutions: State-of-the-Art Database Models By
Teresa Hennig, Truitt L. Bradly, Larry Linson, Leigh Purvis, Brent
Spaulding.
2. IT Tools & Business Systems By Isrd Group
3. IT Tools and Business Systems By Pankaj Kumar