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Tutorial 5

The document discusses determining drag forces on ship hull models and prototypes at different scales using the Froude number criteria. It also discusses determining drag forces on sonar sensors and airplanes using dimensional analysis and dynamic similarity. The key information is determining velocities and scale ratios that satisfy dynamic similarity between prototypes and models for drag force calculations.

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clarence lim
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views

Tutorial 5

The document discusses determining drag forces on ship hull models and prototypes at different scales using the Froude number criteria. It also discusses determining drag forces on sonar sensors and airplanes using dimensional analysis and dynamic similarity. The key information is determining velocities and scale ratios that satisfy dynamic similarity between prototypes and models for drag force calculations.

Uploaded by

clarence lim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial 5 Qu 1

A 1:50 scale model is to be used in a towing tank to determine


the drag on the hull of a ship. The model is operated in
accordance with the Froude number criteria for dynamic
similitude. The prototype is designed to cruise at 9.26 m/s.

At what velocity (m/s) should the model be towed ? What is the


ratio of prototype drag to model drag ? Assume shear drag is
negligible.

1) Find Velocity of model ship, Vm

2) Find ratio of : FD prototype : FD model


Qu 1_ Solution
Ship Hull
Prototype Model
Size Lp = 1 Lm = 1/50 1 :50 scale model

Prototype cruise
Velocity Vp = 9.26 m/s Vm = ? at 9.26 m/s

For surface fluid flow around ship, Froude No. governs:


Vp Vm
=
gl p glm

Therefore Vm = 1.315 m/s


Qu 1_ Solution

Fp
2) Find ratio of : FD prototype : FD model = ??
Fm
F
Force / Drag coefficient is :
0.5 rV 2 l 2

For similarity of Drag Coefficient :


Fp Fm
=
0.5 rV p lp 0.5 rVm lm
2 2 2 2

Fp 0.5 rV p lp
= = 125,000
Fm 0.5 rVm lm
Tutorial 5 Qu 2
The drag force acting on a sonar sensor depends on its diameter, its speed
in a fluid of densityr and dynamic viscosity  . A prototype of 300mm
diameter is towed at 1 m/s in sea water. A model has a diameter of 200 mm
is tested in a wind tunnel. To achieve dynamic similarity, determine the
speed at which the tunnel should be run. If the drag on the model is 25 N,
estimate the drag on the prototype. The density of sea-water and air is 1030
and 1.23 kg/m3 respectively. The dynamic viscosity of sea-water and air is
1.20x10-3 and 1.79x10-5 N×s/m2 respectively.

Prototype Model
Seawater r Air r
Dp = 300mm Dm = 200mm
Vp = 1m/s Vm = ?
FD = ? FD = 25N
Qu 2_ Solution
The drag force acting on a sonar sensor depends on its
diameter , its speed in a fluid of densityr and dynamic
viscosity 
Drag Force , FD = f ( D,V , ,r )

n = 5, m = 3
Hence : n−m = 2  terms

From Dimensional Analysis


FD 
p1 = p2 =
rV 2 D2 rVD
FD æ  ö
= gç ÷
rV D
2 2
èrVD ø
Qu 2_ Solution
Prototype Model
Seawater r Air r
FD æ  ö Dp = 300mm Dm = 200mm
= gç ÷
rV D
2 2
èrVD ø Vp = 1m/s Vm = ?
FD = ? FD = 25N

Dynamic Similarity
æ  ö æ  ö
ç ÷ = ç ÷
èrVD øp èrVD øm
1.2 ´10-3 1.79´10-5
= Vm = 18.7 m/s
1030(1)(0.3) 1.23V(0.2)
Find Drag on Prototype
Qu 2_ Solution

æ FD ö æ FD ö
Drag Force ç 2 2 ÷ = ç 2 2 ÷
èrV D øp èrV D øm

FD 25
=
1030(1 )(0.3) 1.23(18.7)2 (0.2)2
2 2

FD =134.7N
Qu 3
A prototype automobile is designed to travel at 65 km/h. A
model of this design is tested in a wind tunnel with identical
standard sea-level air properties at a 1:5 scale. The
measured model drag is 400 N, enforcing dynamic similarity.
Determine (a) the drag force on the prototype, and (b) the
power required to overcome this drag.

From Dimensional Analysis

FD 
p1 = p2 =
rV 2 D2 rVD
FD æ  ö
= gç ÷
rV D
2 2
èrVD ø
Qu 3
Find Drag Force on prototype Given :

æ FD ö æ FD ö (FD)model = 400 N
ç 2 2 ÷ = ç 2 2 ÷ Dp/Dm = 5
èrV D øp èrV D øm rp = rm

First determine : Vm Vp = 65 km/h Vm = ?

Dynamic Similarity
Dp/Dm = 5
æ  ö æ  ö  rp = rm
ç ÷ = ç ÷  p = m
èrVD øp èrVD øm
Vp = 65 km/h Vm = ?

Hence Vm = (5/1) (65) = 325 km/h


Qu 3

æ FD ö æ FD ö
(FD)m = 400 N
ç 2 2 ÷ = ç 2 2 ÷
èrV D øp èrV D øm

Hence, (FD)p = 400 N

Power (W) = Drag Force × Velocity


= 400 (N) × (65×1000/3600) (m/s)
= 7,220 W
Qu 4
The drag characteristics of an airplane are to be determined by model
tests in a wind tunnel operated at an absolute pressure of 1300 kPa. If the
prototype is to cruise in standard air at 385 km/h, and the corresponding
speed of the model is not to defer by more than 20% from this (so that
compressibility effects may be ignored), what range of lengths scales may
be used if Reynolds number similarity is to be maintained? Assume the
viscosity of air is unaffected by pressure, and the temperature of air in the
tunnel is equal to the temperature of the air in which the airplane will fly.

Model airplane test in wind tunnel at 1300 kPa(abs)


Note: Testing pressure in the wind tunnel is higher

Prototype , Vp = 385 km/h


Model, Vm = ( 1±0.2 ) Vp
Find ratio , lm / lp or Dm / Dp
Qu 4 Dynamic Similarity
æ  ö æ  ö p = ?
ç ÷ = ç ÷
èrVD øp èrVD øm m = ?

For an ideal gas, p = rRT


And with Temp as constant; p/r = Constant

Pm Pp Pp rp
= =
rm rp Pm r m
Dm Pp Vp
=
æ  ö æ  ö Dp Pm Vm
ç ÷ = ç ÷
èrVD øp èrVD øm
Qu 4
Dm Pp Vp
=
Dp Pm Vm

Dm 101(kPa) 1
=
Dp 1300(kPa) (1+±-0.2)

Dm
= 0.0647 ® 0.0971
Dp

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