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1st Published 2022

Cover Designed by: Dingani Publishers
Typesetting by: Dingani Publishers
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 “Understanding O’ level Geography Study Pack”

CONTENTS
About the publishing house .................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER ONE: WEATHER STUDIES STUDY NOTES ................................................... 5

WEATHER STUDIES STRUCTURED QUESTIONS .......................................................... 9
WEATHER STUDIES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ................................................26

CHAPTER TWO: LANDSCAPES AND LANDFORMS STUDY NOTES.........................31

LANDSCAPES AND LANDFORMS STRUCTURED QUESTIONS ................................35
LANDSCAPES AND LANDFORMS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ......................53

CHAPTER THREE: ECOSYSTEMS STUDY NOTES .......................................................58

ECOSYSTEMS STRUCTURED QUESTIONS ...................................................................60
ECOSYSTEMS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ..........................................................76

CHAPTER FOUR: NATURAL RESOURCES STUDY NOTES .........................................81

NATURAL RESOURCES STRUCTURED QUESTIONS ...................................................83
NATURAL RESOURCES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ..........................................99

CHAPTER FIVE: ENERGY AND POWER DEVELOPMENT STUDY NOTES .............103

ENERGY AND POWER DEVELOPMENT STRUCTURED QUESTIONS ....................105
ENERGY AND POWER DEVELOPMENT MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ...........125

CHAPTER SIX: MAPWORK AND GIS STUDY NOTES ................................................129

MAPWORK AND GIS STRUCTURED QUESTIONS .....................................................136
MAPWORK AND GIS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ............................................153

CHAPTER SEVEN: MINERALS AND MINNG STUDY NOTES ...................................161

MINERALS AND MINING STRUCTURED QUESTIONS .............................................163
MINERALS AND MINING MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ....................................175

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CHAPTER EIGHT: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STUDY NOTES .................180

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRUCTURED QUESTIONS ...........................183
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ..................199

CHAPTER NINE: AGRICULTURE AND LAND REFORM STUDY NOTES ................203

AGRICULTURE AND LAND REFORM STRUCTURED QUESTIONS .........................206
AGRICULTURE AND LAND REFORM MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ................222

CHAPTER TEN: INDUSTRY STUDY NOTES.................................................................227

INDUSTRY STRUCTURED QUESTIONS .......................................................................229
INDUSTRY MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ..............................................................243

CHAPTER ELEVEN: SETTLEMENTS AND POPULATION STUDY NOTES ..............247

SETTLEMENTS AND POPULATION QUESTIONS .......................................................251
SETTLEMENTS AND POPULATION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ...................271

CHAPTER TWELVE: TRANSPORT AND TRADE STUDY NOTES ..............................277

TRANSPORT AND TRADE STRUCTURED QUESTIONS.............................................280
TRANSPORT AND TRADE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS....................................295

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Chapter 1-Weather Studies

Study Notes
You must be familiar with weather as on a daily basis a weather forecast and
update is given on radio, TV and the internet. Weather refers to the conditions
of the atmosphere in a small area over a short period of time e.g., 24 hours.
Predicting weather is difficult as it changes within a short period of time.
When describing weather, we say on the 6th of September 2016, temperatures
were 24ºC, there was 0 mm rainfall, humidity was very low, and the sky was
partially cloudy. The study of weather is called meteorology and a person who
studies weather is called a meteorologist.
Climate refers to the conditions of the atmosphere at a large area Usually large
parts of a continent) over a large period of time usually 30-40 years. Climate
is obtained after studying weather conditions for a long period of time and
therefore can be predicted. As an example, if we say the Sahara Desert
experiences dry and extremely hot days and very cold nights, we are
describing climate.
A Weather Station
A weather station is a place where weather elements are measured and
recorded in order to ensure accurate readings. Your school must have a
weather station.
Characteristics of a Weather Station
 It is fenced for protection of weather instruments from vandalism
against human beings and animals.
 The gate is always locked for protection of instruments.
 It must be located far away from tall trees and buildings as they act as
windbreaks, distort wind direction, cast a shadow on instruments and
lead to droplets being collected directly from tree leaves.
 It is situated on level ground.
 It is located far away from tarmac and gravel e.g., car park so as to
record accurate temperatures. Tarmac surfaces have a higher albedo
and hence absorb heat very fast.
 Grass at a weather station must always be kept short in order to ensure
correct readings are obtained e.g., of temperature and rainfall.
 The Stevenson’s Screen is kept at a weather station.

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Key
. Q. Which of sites A, B, C or D is best location of a weather station?
X Short grass

Car park
School buildings
Tarmac

Trees
W
Foot path

Y
Road

Z 0 10 20
m

Fig. 1.0 – Location of a Weather Station

The Stevenson’s Screen

 A Stevenson’s Screen is a white wooden box where a hygrometer and
a Six’s Thermometer are kept.

Louvred sides

120cm

Fig. 1.1-A Stevenson’s Screen

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Characteristics of a Stevenson’s Screen

 It is painted white in order to reflect heat.
 It has louvered or ventilated sides for free air circulation.
 It has a double roof for insulation of heat.
 It is made of wood because wood I a poor conductor of heat/for
insulation of heat.
 It has a slanting roof in order to avoid water collecting at the roof of
the screen.
 Its door has a locking system for further protection of instruments
against vandalism.
 Its door faces the south-west so as to prevent direct rays of the sun on
the thermometers.
 It is placed 120cm or 1.2 m from the surface in order to avoid recording
ground temperature.

Climates

 Remember, climate refers to the conditions of the atmosphere at a large

area Usually large parts of a continent) over a large period of time
usually 30-40 years. Climate is obtained after studying weather
conditions for a long period of time and therefore can be predicted. As
an example, if we say the Sahara Desert experiences dry and extremely
hot days and very cold nights, we are describing climate.

Types of Climates

 There are four major tropical climates namely savannah/tropical

continental, equatorial, Mediterranean and hot desert.

Mediterranean Climate or Warm Temperate

Location

This climate occurs between 30ºNand 45ºN and between 30ºS and 40ºS of the
equator. In the southern hemisphere it occurs in Cape town (South Africa)
only. In the northern hemisphere it occurs in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.

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Climatic Characteristics

The Mediterranean climate experiences cool wet winters and warm dry
summers. Summers are hot and dry because winds blow offshore (from the
land to the sea). Winters are cool and wet because of onshore westerlies.
Cyclonic rainfall is common in this region associated with cold fronts.

N.B. In this climate rainfall occurs in winter.

Vegetation

Vegetation consists of evergreen forests but with shorter trees. Trees include
cork, oak, cider, pine, beech and sweet chestnut. Vegetation is adapted to long
dry summers e.g., by having long tap root, small spiny leaves and storing water
in their trunks etc.

Development Opportunities

 There is orchard farming where growing of citrus fruits such as

oranges, limes, naartjies, lemons and grapes is done.
 There is wine production where the long summer allows grapes to
ripen. So, the main activity in Cape Town is Viticulture (growing of
grapes).
 There is cereal crop production where crops such as wheat and barley
are grown.
 The long summers attract tourists from western countries.

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(b) Fig 1.2 below shows the distribution of the Savanna climate in the
world.

Fig. 1.2-Global distribution of the savanna climate

Describe the distribution of Savanna climate shown. [5]

 Candidates must list 5 descriptions.

 In your description, direction must be given.
 One mark of each description.

Answers

 South America, Campos, Llanos in Brazil, Africa, Northern parts of

west Africa, most parts of central and Southern Africa (Harare),
Australia, Northern Australia.
 All areas with savanna climate lie within the tropics.

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(c) Fig 1.3 below shows an occluded front.

1
y
4
y
3
y
2 2
y y

Fig. 1.3-An occluded front

(i) Label the features numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4. [4]

 You must list and number answers 1-4.

 Redrawing is not necessary.
 One mark for each number.

Answers

1. Warm sector.
2. Cold air
3. Warm front
4. Cold front

(ii) Outline the weather associated with this frontal system. [2]

 For 2 marks just list 2 general weather conditions.

 1 mark for each condition.

Answers

 Overcast skies
 Heavy rainfall.

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(d) Suggest the measures that can be taken during cyclones such as
Idai. [7]

 You must list 7 solutions to cyclones.

 1 mark is reserved for each measure.

Answers

 Evacuation of victims.
 Tracking the cyclone and warning people on the path of cyclone.
 Provision of shelter to displaced population.
 Food aid and clothing.
 Maintain communication lines.
 Reinforce health care services.
 Equip rescue teams.
 Body removal and burial.
 Provide psychosocial support to the victims

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3. (a) State weather hazards associated with a thunderstorm. [7]

 List 7 hazards.
 1 mark for each hazard.

Answer

 Flooding.
 Hail
 Strong winds. (Hurricane force)
 Tornadoes.
 Lightning.
 Extreme temperatures.
 Thunder.

(b) Table 2.1 and 2.2 below shows information of climate in two
Station in Africa.

Table 1.0 Station A

J F M A M J J A S O N D
Temp 0C 21 21 20 19 17 14 14 16 19 21 21 21
Rain(m) 195 178 117 28 13 3 0 2 5 28 97 163

Total rainfall 829mm

Table 1.1 Station B

J F M A M J J A S O N D
Temp °C 27 26 25 22 20 17 17 20 24 25 26 27
Rain(m) 60 27 0 0 0 0 0 19 50 49 57 32

Total rainfall 294mm

(i) Name the climate types represented by Table 2.1 and Table
2.2. [2]

 To distinguish climates, you need to consider rainfall totals and

distribution, annual temperature range, and relationship between rainfall
and temperature.
 Using the tables given, Station B receives rainfall less than 300mm

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per year which suggests it to be a hot desert climate.

 Annual range of temperature is 100C and little rains fall in summer
qualifying it as hot desert climate.
 For Station A, annual total is 829mm rainfall total qualifies it to be
savanna climate. This climate is often confused with Mediterranean
Climate which closely matches it in terms of rainfall amount and
temperature.
 To clear the confusion, the relationship between rainfall and
temperature has to be analysed. In station B, rainfall is received in
warm summer and cool winters are dry confirming it is indeed Savanna
Climate.
 Mediterranean climate has summer droughts and winter rains.

Answer

 Climate A is hot desert.

 Climate B is savannah.

(ii) State differences in climate between Station A and Stations

B. [5]

 Use comparative words such as yet, but, whereas, whilst.

 A table is comparative too.
 1 mark per comparison.

Answer

Station A Station B

Cooler summers Warmer summer.

Cooler winter Warmer winter
Higher total rainfall Low total rainfall for Station results in condensation
and formation of rainfall
Shorter dry season Long dry season
One month without rain There are five months with total absence of rainfall

Table 1.2-Climatic characteristics of Stations A and B

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A. Wind-wind develops as a result of a pressure gradient between two

points
B. Rainfall-rainfall is mainly a result of low pressure and ascension of
warm, moist air.
C. Sunshine-sunshine results from high pressure
D. Cloudcover-Cloudcover results from low pressure

7. All the following weather conditions result from low atmospheric pressure
except

A. Clear skies
B. Rainfall
C. High humidity
D. Strong winds

 The correct answer is A

A. Clear skies-they result from high pressure

B. Rainfall-it results from low pressure and high evaporation rate.
C. High humidity- it results from low pressure and high evaporation
rate
D. Strong winds-they result from low pressure (steep gradient)

8. The instrument below is

N E S
Fig. 1.8-A Weather Instrument
W
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mountains.

A tension tension

Fault

B tension tension

horst subsidence

C tension tension

Fig. 2.5-Stages in the formation of a block

mountain
(c) Figure 2.6 below shows a plate boundary

Subduction zone

Pacific Ocean

Nazca plate

Fault

Convection currents in the asthenosphere

Y

Fig. 2.6-A destructive plate

margin

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Identify the type of plate boundary and the resultant landforms

shown in Fig. 2.6. [4]

 1 mark is reserved for naming the plate margin and 3 marks for
landforms at this plate boundary.
 Failure to name the boundary may lead to attaining 0 even if
landforms are correct.1 mark for each answer.

Answer

 The type of plate boundary is destructive plate boundary.

Resultant landforms are:

 Deep sea Trench.

 Volcanic mountain
 Fold mountains.
 Island arc
 Sea mount
 Guyots

(d) How would you evacuate and manage earthquake victims? [7]

 Reserve 3 or 4 marks for evacuation or management of victims.

 One mark for each point.

Answer

Evacuation
 Air lift them where roads are damaged.
 Give prior notice of evacuation.
 Start off with the most vulnerable.
 Compile necessary data for purposes of camping them.

Management
 Ensure safety of women and children in camp.
 Throughout the whole management process provide psychosocial
support.
 Provide medical attention to the injured and disoriented.
 Provide shelter, clean water, food, sanitation and other necessities.

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castle kopjes had deep-wide vertical and horizontal joints.

 Domed inselbergs are usually flat-topped while castle kopjes are
domical.

(iii) Name two areas where these features are found in

Zimbabwe. [2]

 List 2 areas with granite features.

 Separate answers for inselbergs and castle kopjes

Answer

 Domed inselberg- Mbalabala, Matopo etc.

 Castle kopjes – Domboshava, Ruwa etc.

(c) Suggest how people can use the resources of the Eastern
Highlands of Zimbabwe for their own benefit. [6]

 Candidates are expected to first identify resources that are found in

the Eastern Highlands and deduce benefits of such resources.
 List 6 benefits from use of resources.
 1 mark for each benefit.

Answer
 Vast forest resources – timber for furniture, paper and pulp industries.
 Mountain and valley slopes – ideal for specialised farming e.g., tea
growing.
 Mountains – Scenic view provide ideal tourist spots.
 High rainfall- abundant water for irrigation and hydro- electric power
generation.
 Forests – used as botanical gardens – medical researches.
 Rugged terrain ideal for film making
 Game ranching.

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5. (a) (i) Describe the formation of a waterfall. [5]

 Outline the stages in the formation of a waterfall.
 Annotated diagrams will assist you to attain all marks.

Answer

 There are several ways in which waterfalls are formed, however the
most common condition for the formation of waterfall is the presence
of heterogeneous rocks on surfaces over which the rivers flow.
 The less resistant section of the rock is eroded faster than the more
resistant section. Continued downward erosion of softer section will
lead to the lowering of the channel bed.

River

Resistant rock

Waterfall
Soft rock

Undercutting Pebbles Plunge pool

Fig. 2.11-A waterfall

(ii) Outline the major value of waterfalls to people. [7]

 List 7 benefits of waterfalls.
 1 mark for each benefit.

Answer

 Hydro-electric power generator.

 It is a tourist attraction.
 Leads to foreign currency generation.
 Lead to infrastructural development.
 Lead to employment creation.

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9. The diagram beneath illustrates a karst scenery. Features X, Y and Z

respectively are
Z

Fig. 2.15-A karst scenery

X Y Z
A. Stalactite Stalagmite Clint
B. Stalagmite Stalactite Grike
C. Pillar Sinkhole Ridge
D. Underground river Cave Spring

The correct answer is B

A. X and Y were vice versed, while Z is a grike
B. B illustrate the correct position of respective landforms.
C. All land forms in C are incorrect though they are part of a karst scenery.
D. All land forms in C are incorrect though they are part of a karst scenery

10. What causes a river to have a straight channel?

A. Presence of softer rocks

B. Faulting
C. Laminar flow
D. Nature of the bed
The correct answer is B
A. Presence of softer rocks-they cause shallow rivers
B. Faulting-they influence straight channels
C. Laminar flow-it is a type of flow not related to shape of a channel.
D. Nature of the bed-it determines the type of flow.

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Chapter 3-Ecosystems
Study Notes
 An ecosystem is a community of different organisms that interact with
one another and with the non-living environment.
 The term ecosystem was derived from a Greek word oikos which
means a house.
 The term ecosystem is therefore related to the term habitat which mean
where organisms reside or live.
 An ecosystem consists of countless animals, plants, and their physical
surroundings.
 Ecosystems vary in size from a pond, a tree or a garden at a micro scale
to a climatic region like the hot desert ecosystem and an ocean at a
macro scale.

Plankton

Fig. 3.0-A pond (micro ecosystem)

Composition of an Ecosystem
 Any ecosystem consists of non-living and living species
 The living components of an ecosystem are termed biotic components
while the non-living components are known as abiotic components
Biotic Components
 The word biotic was derived from the term bio which means life
 Biotic components of an ecosystem therefore refer to all living
organisms in an ecosystem
 Both flora and fauna constitute biota are biotic components. The word
flora refers to all green plants or vegetation while fauna refer to
animals
 Different types of plants and animals are known as species

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(ii) Suggest how desert plants can be used to produce products

for human use. [7]

 List at least seven suggestions.

 One mark for each suggestion.

Answer

 Xerophytic plants like aloe have medical qualities hence are added to
creams.
 Sisal thriving in deserts can be processed in fibre used to weave.
 Seeds of desert plant have a tough testa, which can be used for
making percussion instruments.
 Hardwoods and softwoods can be curved into utensils plates and
spoons.
 Seeds used to make beads.
 Palm fruit used for brewing beer.
 Palm leaves used for weaving mats and baskets.

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5. (a) (i) Explain the term environmental management. [4]

 Define the term with more details.

 At most five lines.

Answer

 It is a strategy employed by government and all entities that use the

environment to:
 Protect the natural resources from over exploitation
 Ensure their actions impact positively on the use of natural resources.
 Protect plant and animal species from extinction.
 Control various forms of pollution.

(ii) Outline the methods used to educate the public on

environmental issues. [5]

 List at least five methods.

 One mark for each method.

Answer

 Information posters.
 Community meetings.
 Workshops conducted by NGOs and other government agencies.
 Televised programs.
 Debate sessions.
 Quiz competition.
 Road shows.
 Radio programmes.

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(b) Fig 4.4 represents cause and effects of desertification in a

communal area of Zimbabwe.

1 2 3

Land
fragmentation
DESETIFICATION

Siltation 4

A B
Causes Effects

Fig. 4.4-Effects of desertification in a communal area of Zimbabwe

(i) State causes marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 and effects marked A

and B. [6]

 Refer to Fig. 4.4 above.

 List causes and effects shown.
 One mark for each cause or effect.

Answers

Causes
1. Veld fires.
2. Poor farming methods.
3. Deforestation.
4. Overgrazing/overstocking.
Effects
A - low productivity
B – biodiversity.

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 From a transformer energy is conveyed towards distant consumers in

giant powerlines or towers known as pylons. You could have seen
pylons beside major highways.
 Power is then channelled towards a transmission substation. Since the
term transmit refers to send, transfer or convey, a transmission
substation’s function is to send suitable amounts of energy towards
specific units or grids.
 A distribution substation is ahead of a transmission substation.
Distribution refers to the process of dividing up and giving out or
sharing energy by a number of people. Such a sub-station’s role is to
partition enough energy towards consuming units and in Zimbabwe it
is the responsibility of the Zimbabwe Power Distribution Company.
The amount of energy distributed is determined by the number of
consumers in respective units.
 A distribution substation is also known as a step-down substation as
here power is stepped down to the voltage on the distribution lines.
 From a distribution substation power is conveyed towards
transformers. To transform is to change. The role of transformers is to
lower the distribution voltage to the level used by the consumer’s
equipment. Transformers are visible on power poles among
consumers.
 Eventually energy reaches homes ready for use.

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Structured Questions on Energy and Power

1. (a)(i) Copy and complete Table 1.6 shown above. [4]

 Redraw the table and fill in the blank spaces.

 One mark each.

TYPES OF ENERGY SOURCE OF ENERGY

Solar

Hydro electric Water

Heat from the mantle

Nuclear Uranium

Biogas

Table 1.6-Types and sources of energy

Answer

TYPES OF ENERGY SOURCE OF ENERGY

Solar Sun

Hydro electric Water

Geothermal Heat from the mantle

Nuclear Uranium

Biogas Organic matter

Table 1.7-Types and sources of energy

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ii) From Table 1.7 above, state one renewable source of

energy and one non- renewable source of energy. [2]

 List one renewable resource and one nonrenewable resource.

 One mark each.

Answer

RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLE

Sun Uranium
Water
Biogas
Geothermal

Table 1.8-Renewabale and non-renewable resources

(b) Fig 5.0 shows the percentage contribution of various sources of

energy.

biogas
imported
H.E.P.
solar

other thermal power

thermal power

Fig. 5.0-various sources of power

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fossil fuel.

(c) Suggest measures to improve availability of energy in your area.

[7]
 List 7 solutions to avail energy.
 One mark per measure.

Answer

 Afforestation
 Reforestation
 Construction of biogas digesters
 Installing solar equipment.
 Use of wood saving devices like tsotso stoves to reduce use of wood
fuel.
 Rural electrification.
 Power rationing
 Educating people about ways of saving energy.

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2. (a) Table 1.9 below shows a list of types of power used in Zimbabwe.

Solar
Hydroelectricity
Thermal power
Biogas

Table 1.9-Types of power

(i) Classify the types of power in table into renewable and

non- renewable. [4]
 Tabulate.
 One mark per classification

Answer

Renewable Non-renewable
Solar Thermal power
Hydro electricity
Biogas

Table 2.0-Classification of energy

(ii) Describe how biogas is produced. [3]
 Outline 3 stages in order.
 One mark per correct stage.

Answer

 Biodegradable waste is added to the biogas digester with a little water

 Action of anaerobic bacteria on organic matter produces methane a
flammable gas.
 The gas is light so it is tapped of above the tank then piped for use.

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3. (a)(i) State any two fossil fuels and the type of power that can be
generated from them. [3]

 List 2 fossil fuels.

 Link the type of power that can be generated to the fossil fuel.

Answer

Coal – thermal power.

Oil – thermal power.
(ii) Outline the characteristics of fossils fuels. [2]
 List 2 characteristics of fossil fuels.
 One mark for each characteristic.

Answer

 Burn to give out heat.

 Non-renewable.
 Rich in carbon.
 Polluting.

(iii) Name any two-coal fired thermal power station in

Zimbabwe. [2]

 State 2 names.
 One mark for each station.

Answer

 Hwange Power Station

 Bulawayo Power station
 Munyati Power Station
 Harare Power Station

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Fig. 5.2 below shows features of a thermal power plant.

Fig 5.2-Features of a thermal power station

(i) Name the feature marked A, B, and C and their uses at the
plant. [6]

 Just list names of parts A, B and C and for each outline and link its
use.
 One mark for each part and one mark for each use.

Answers

NAME USES
A. Cooling tower Cooling steam from power
generation.

B. Power house House the generator that produce

electricity.

C Transmission cables Transports power to distribution

centres and consumers

Table 2.3-Features of a thermal power station

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6. (a) The table 2.8 below shows minerals.

Copy and fill the blank spaces. [7]
Mineral Uses
Coal 1.
2.

Iron ore 1.
2.

Copper 1.
2.

Nickel 1.
2.

Table 2.8-Minerals and their uses

 Copy table then fill in blank spaces.
 One mark per correct answer.

Mineral Uses
Coal 3. Steam locomotives
4. Curing tobacco

Iron ore 3. Construction industry

4. Steel production

Copper 3. Electric cables

4. Car parts

Nickel 3. Making alloys

4. jewellery

Table 2.9-Minerals and their uses

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(b) Fig 7.1 shows the distribution of minerals in Zimbabwe.

Fig. 7.1-Distribution of minerals in Zimbabwe

(i) Describe the distribution of the gold belts and coal. [7]

 Name areas on the map and give direction for effective

description.
 Outline 7 descriptions.
 One mark per description.

Answer

 Gold – Broad around Bulawayo, narrow towards Midlands, Shurugwi

up the great Dyke broadens again around Gweru, Kwekwe up to
Kadoma. It also exists close to Mutare.
 Coal – coal fields are in Hwange, Binga area along the Zambezi

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escarpment. Some fields are South of Renco in the South East

low veld.

(ii) Name the minerals associated with the Great Dyke. [4]

 List 4 names of minerals.

 One mark for each name.

Answer

 Chromite.
 Copper.
 Nickel.
 Gold.

(iii) Using map evidence only state on factor which enables the
transportation of minerals. [1]

 Refer to map only.

 Name one factor.

Answer

 Railway transport.

(c) How would the community benefit from the exploitation of local
mineral resources under community ownership of a local mineral
resource under community ownership scheme. [6]

 One mark per benefit.

 List at least 5 benefits.

Answer

 Improvement or constitution of social munities like schools.

 Employment of youths from community.
 10% contribution may go into community infrastructure upgrade.
 Proceeds from sales of minerals would improve incomes.
 Raising of standards of living.
 Processing mineral would open other industries in the area.

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Chapter 8-Environmental Management

Study Notes
Environment

 Environment is a broad term that describes the surroundings or

conditions (including living and non-living components) in which any
given organism exists.
 The term environment refers to a complex web of inter-relationships
between the biotic and abiotic components which sustain all life on
earth.
 Literary environment means the surrounding external conditions
influencing development or growth of people, animal or plants; living
or working conditions.
 The environment consists of four segments, namely, the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.
 Environmental management is the process by which environmental
health is regulated by taking steps and behaviours that have a positive
effect on the environment, it involves the wise use of resources to have
positive impact on the world.

Aspects of the Environment

 When we deal with the environment, we need to pose a few questions,

like what is surrounded? surrounded by what? and where.
 The environment consists of four segments, namely, the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere
 We will focus on just three segments, that is, land, water and air.

Land/Lithosphere

 It is the crust of the solid earth. It consists of minerals occurring in the

earth’s crusts and the soil e.g., minerals, organic matter, air and water.

Atmosphere

 The atmosphere refers to a thin layer of protective, odourless gasses

that surrounds the earth. It is commonly referred to as the air that
surrounds us
 It is about 330km thick and consists of three main layers, the
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere

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2. (a) Outline cause of veldfires in Zimbabwe. [7]

 List at least 7 causes.

 One mark per cause.

Answer

 Car accidents.
 Mine dumps (coal)
 Unextinguished camp fires.
 Discarding of glowing cigarette stamps.
 Heat waves.
 Volcanic eruptions.
 Poaching activities.
 Clearing fields of bushes and crop residue using fire.
 Burning of refuse dumps.

(b) Table 3.1 below shows information about veld fires in Zimbabwe
YEAR FIRE INCIDENCES HECTRARES NUMBER OF DEATH
S

2009 7 409 950 905 10

2010 9 361 1 152 413 25
2011 6 780 713 770 5
2012 1 861 1 320 325 16
2013 1 981 1 179 274 4
2014 2 575 1 653 822 12

Table 3.1-Veld fire incidences and deaths

(i) Describe the trends shown. [5]

 A careful study of the table shows three attributes. That is fire,
incidences, hectares and number of deaths.
 Outline trends in ascending or descending order over the years for
the three attributes.
 One mark per description.

Answer

 Rise in the incidents from 2009 to 2010.

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The correct answer is A

A. A decline in wildlife-this is actually a disadvantage.

B. Utilisation of idle land-it is a major benefit.
C. Increase in living standards- it is a major benefit.
D. Reduction of pressure in reserves- it is a major benefit.

10. To improve the life of resettled farmers the government has done all
the following except

A. Provision of loans
B. Provision of seeds
C. Provision knowledge
D. Provision of ammunition

The correct answer is D

A. Provision of loans-they were provided by the government.

B. Provision of seeds- they were provided by the government.
C. Provision knowledge-it was provided by the government
D. Provision of ammunition-it was not provided, actually uncalled for.

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(b) An industrialist plans to set up a factory in Zimbabwe.

Inputs
Buildings – 500m2
Machinery and equipment – mixers, ovens, trolleys, trays.
Raw material – flow, water
Labour force – unskilled and skilled.
Transport – delivery vans.

Fig. 10.1-Inputs of a factory in Zimbabwe

(i) Name an industry likely to be set up. [1]

 State the name of the industry to earn one mark.

Answer

 Bakery

(ii) State four raw materials required by this industry. [4]

 List at least four raw materials.

 One mark for each raw material.

Answer

 Yeast
 Sugar
 Salt
 Essence etc.

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 Some countries have actually never had a complete census eg Nigeria

and Ethiopia due to shortage of money, political instability,
inaccessibility to some areas etc.
Census Approaches
 Two approaches are commonly used, the Defacto approach and the
Dejure approach
The Defacto Approach
 The Defacto approach is used in Zimbabwe, UK and many other
countries
 It is recommended by the United Nations
 It is where a person is enumerated wherever he is found at the time of
the census enumeration
 The advantage of this method is that there are less chances of double
counting or omissions
The Dejure Approach
 In this approach a person is enumerated at his usual place of residence
 The problems however arise with the multiple residences of some
people and the homelessness of others

 The UN recommends that the census should determine the following

population characteristics
a) Total population
b) Sex, age and marital status
c) Place of birth, citizenship or nationality
d) Mother tongue, literacy and educational qualifications
e) Economic Characteristics
f) Urban and rural domicile
g) Household and family structure
h) Fertility
Problems Associated with Censuses
 Every census has got problems and as a result data that is received is
not all that accurate
 False information is given eg on educational qualifications
 Information is not given at all
 There inaccuracies with age especially among the elderly people

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 Whichever census approach is used results take long to be published

and by then a lot of changes would have occurred. In some cases, they
take up to two years
 Some areas are remote and inaccessible resulting in some members of
the population not being omitted
 Some people are unwilling to give correct information or may
deliberately give wrong information

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Structured Questions on Population and Settlements

1. (a)(i) Explain the terms birth rate and growth rate as used in
population studies. [4]

 Treat the term explain here as define.

 Formula can earn all two marks.
 Two marks are reserved for each definition.

Answer

 Birth rate – number of live births per every thousand people of popula
tion in a given year.

Birth Rate = Number of live births in a year×1000

Total population
 Growth rate –is a measure of how population increases from one year
to the other. Calculated by determining the increase from year to year
and expressing the increase as a percentage of previous year`s
population.

Growth Rate = births-deaths×100

1000
(ii) State three methods of collecting population data. [3]

 List at least 3 methods.

 One mark for each method.

Answer

 Periodic census
 Sample surveys
 Vital registrations

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6. Study the graph below which shows population growth between 1980
and 2000.

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Key
2.5 1980
2 2000
1.5
1
0.5
0
A B C D

Fig. 11.8-Population growth

Which country A, B, C or D experienced the least change?

The correct answer is A

ii. The difference between 1980 and 2000 is least despite high
numbers.
iii. The difference is second highest.
iv. The difference is highest despite lower values.
v. The difference is third highest.

7. A great variety of movements which are short term, temporary, repetitive

and cyclic of less than one year are

A. Commuting
B. Transhumance
C. Migration
D. Circulation

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2. (a) Describe aims of any economic grouping of your choice in Africa.

[7]
 Choose and name the grouping of your choice.
 If you do not name a grouping no mark will be awarded eve if
aims are correct.
 List at least seven aims for the chosen grouping.
 One mark is reserved for naming and six marks for aims.

Answer

Name-SADC
Aims
 To raise the standards of living of the people of South Africa.
 To promote regional integration through the implementation of a
trade agreement allows free movement of goods. Services and finance
the member states.
 To change the way of doing business by equipping industries in the
region to aim at exporting.
 Promote cultural and economic cooperation for the good of the region
 Pulling resources together for execution of national and inter- state
and regional policies.
 Control prices on the international markets.
 Establishing links to form a true and equitable regional integration.

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(b) Figure 12.1 below shows costs of transport for different models of
transport.

Fig. 12.1-costs of transport

(i) Explain the comparative costs of transport shown. [6]

 Describe the trends first.

 Outline at least six explanations.
 One mark for each explanation.

Answer

 Road transport is cheapest over short distances, rapid increase with

distance because road fuel is expensive with distance due to increased
time of fuel consumption and high cost of road maintenance.
 Railway is second cheapest to road and second most expensive with
distance due to high cost of rail fuel.
 Water is third most expensive with distance due to low operational
cost.
 Pipe line is constant from terminal cheapest due to low maintenance
cost.

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(c) Suggest how import substitution may benefit small scale

industries in Zimbabwe. [7]
 List at least seven suggestions,
 One mark for each suggestion.

Answer
 Reduces unfair competition with more advanced countries.
 Increase their market share through intercepting forex that could
have been spent on importing products.
 Help them to grow and improve their brands to meet international
standard.
 Stimulates innovation.

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Answer

200

Key
150
South Africa
Exports ($)

USA
100
UK
Germany
50

0
Countries

Fig. 12.4-Bar graph illustrating percentages of population with access

to protected water in four provinces
(c) Suggest measures that would be taken to reduce traffic congestion
[7]
 List at least seven measures to reduce traffic congestion.
 One mark for each solution.

Answer

 Construction of ring roads so that some traffic by passes the city

centres.
 Widening roads to accommodate more traffic.
 Dualization of highways.
 Parking private cars and riding public transport.
 Introduction of urban toll gates.
 Parking restrictions.
 Construction of packages.

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Multiple Choice Questions on Transport and Trade

1. A horticulturist in Kenya transport flowers daily from his rural home to
Europe. Which methods of transport would be most appropriate?

A. Air and sea.

B. Road and sea
C. Rail and sea
D. Road and air.
The correct answer is D

2. Which of the following methods of transportation would be most suitable

for moving milk from a dairy farm at Inyathi 60km away to Bulawayo
the major market?

A. Water
B. Air
C. Rail
D. Road
The correct answer is D

3. The most effective method to transport tourist though a large national

park is

A. Air
B. Water
C. Rail
D. Road
The correct answer is D
4. A country that exports more than it imports is said to

A. Be an exporter
B. Have a trade deficit
C. Have a trade surplus
D. To be underdeveloped.

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