CG Caro qa) _-AMarks wey «Paratha aii auth 1h tearing te —disvipbin Ga steed hier ta hp be prayed Jolt. ons hy La eign A apd __—paccollel _frojution ——____ Vata 2 Define “Ponape chive _pusiecton with figs Sed. enth 2d ene it gtd ik tev je glare 2 lee : ng fe in Called of tnsperbiise 7 F pojection c — = Jane = - — Ee eenpaens IZ a Def vaniskiag — point 38 Wad ich_a_cet of Projetted eaveliel Lint Lines_oppfuans to eo verge ix calles!ae Give use appticdbrons ‘| * Doftt, Cuddiny : 9 Desth Cuein a“ afflict by choosing A wea rinee and a mln Intawul, value anal a tang of s . é dlalances vie usted Us infenuity nto vee 9) Austher appoliation ff cbf ting How sling Net the alee fave mm Lhe preesived intensity 4 objerts ‘ 5d Define Orthognal pxgjecttorr view Volume > She limits whteh ane unecl do form th top» bofon ond =o gids 4 a chipper Asgtor called G the orthegonal pbrajection view Seba ck dist andl olfine vigible gurfare drboetion —) Objest-9pace milhods 2) Sage - pa @ mathods tp dist tie lower 44 Dogical Sinful devices 7) STRING — uy) CHoIce ___ 2)_ LOCATOR . 5) VALDATORS a). Pick 6) gTROKELtt Define measure aul “Tht Toft Sieh a of prot, in > MEASURE Bg a dwia i. whal the ly Le tothe. _applications pres ham. . ee emi: “Owen i a ele 7 Phot ppuovicles Ho Asc valu 9 f Tefal —~)_Locator “al Joints dasa pani 0-foston Bin canted Lentini ae pity tally ted taney track a Plc? A pick ke device _xoboxas the ident eng Object on the — display do the user ted udith the Saree s_ Gs isonl __tenplemertte y we Le “ Physical Avice as te lotator buti — Separate — Sof care interfau. ty He liasir Pr x 4) Chores A choice device alloves the uss select otte a_diccrate -rrumber g bio ay gees Aarious widlaets bu the ufado A widget is a 3 Saecatlive tombanent puovicled fp Pea went, éyster cr a tool kit - — 5) VALUATORS 3 Spey beovide aoraleg inbed The se ——} oes pablical_ay ste aie - Lond o> al olials ee to brcvicl value. —6) Stroxe? of Stroke devi Me Mian tay Bh pst ——Eranbls pushing deion a mowse been = lean data mb ¢ eka ad teleaning button ends Hess soln Cc]Q3) What is double buffering? How openGL implements double buffering? DOUBLE BUFFERING: » Double|buffering!is n must in such animations where the primitives, attributes and viewing conditions are changing continuously. > Double buffer consists of two buffers: front buffers and back buffers. Doubles buffering, — mode can be initialized: glutinitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DOUBLE); > Further in the display function, we have to include: glutSwapBuffers) to exchange the contents of front and the back buffer, y Using this approach, the problems associated with flicker can be eliminated. USING TIMER: + To understand the usage of timer, consider cube rotation program and its execution is done by using fast GPU (modern GPUs can render tens of millions of primitives per second) then cube will be rendered thousands of time per second and we will see the blur on the display. > Therefore, GLUT provides the following timer function: glutTimerFuncfint delay, vold{*timer_func {int}, int value) Execution of this function starts timer in the event loop that delays for delay milliseconds. When timer has counted down, timer func is executed the value parameter allow user to Pass variable into the timer call back.Q2)With diagram, Explain the steps for generating three dimensional viewing effects? Generating Three-Dimensional Viewing Effects Y By varying the viewing parameters, we can obtain different views of objects in a scene. Y we could change the direction of N to display objects at positions around the viewing- coordinate origin. Y We could also vary N to create a composite display consisting of multiple views from a fixed camera position. Y In interactive applications, the normal vectorNis the viewing parameter that is most often changed. Of course,when we change the direction for N,we also have to change the other axis vectors to maintain a right-handed viewing-coordinate system. ¥ If we want to simulate an animat ion panning effect, as when a camera moves through a scene or follows an object that is moving through a scene, we can keep the direction for N fixed as we move the view point, ve b Y Altematively, different views of an object or group of objects can be generated using geometric transformations without changing the viewing parametersQ4)How popup menu's are created using GLUT, illustrate with an example. 5.1.7 MENUS > Menus are an important feature of any application program. OpenGL provides a feature called “Pop-up-menus” using which sophisticated interactive applications can be created. Menu creation involves the following steps: Define the actions corresponding to each entry in the menu. Link the menu to a corresponding mouse button. Register a callback function for each entry in the menu, pe glutcreatetens(deo2ec) : thaamenutatry (“quit 1); uthaamenutatry ("decrease gus elutAveacthens (CUT RIGHT ‘The glutCreateMenu() registers the callback function demo_menu. The function glutAddMenuEntry() adds the entry in the menu whose name is ¥ pased in first argument and the second argument is the identifier passed to the callback when the entry is selected. ‘yold deae_neaaCint 18) < sviten(tad 4 case 15 ext (0)5 reat > GLUT also supports the creation of hierarchical menus which is given below:Q5) Explain symmetric perspective projection frustum in detail with neat diagram. & Perspective: Y The line from the projection reference point through the center of the clipping window and on through the view volume isthe centerline fora perspectiveprajection frustum. It this centerline is perpendicular to the respect to its centerline) sw plane, we have a symmetric frastum (with Frosum Centetine Fac Cliping Pane View lane Cee Yer tee) ¥ Because the frustum centerline intersects the view plane at the coordinate location (typ, Yor» Zaph We can express the comer positions for the clipping window in terms of the window n= Yor Yn = Yep +t Y Another way to specify a symmetric perspective projection is to use parameters that approximate the properties of « camera Tens YA photograph film plane. Reflected light rays from the objects in a scene are collected on the film plane from produced with a symmetric perspective projection of a scene onto the within the “cone of vision” of the camera. ¥ This cone of vision can be referenced with a field-of- the size ofthe camera lens. jew angle, which is a measure of A large field-of-view angle, for example, corresponds to a wide-angle lens.¥ In computer graphics, the cone of vision approximated with a symmetric frustum, and angle (o specify an angular size forthe frustum, we can use a feld-o: Serpe re Vinee Prjecon Relerence Rant ¥ Fora given projection reference point and view-plane position, the feld-of view angle determines the height of the clipping window from the right triangles in the diagram of Figure below, we see that Gipping Window sa that the clipping-window height can be calculated as, ons) ‘Therefore the diagonal elements with the value :jp~y could be replaced by either of height = the following two expressions Fry —ty = EM ca( 2)10 marks Q1)What is meant bye measure and trigger of a device?Explain with neat diagram various input modes. 1, Measure of a device is what the device returns to the application program, 2. Trigger of a device is a physical input on the device with which the user can send signal to the computer Example 1: The measure of a keyboard is a single character or array of characters where as the trigger is the enter key. Example 2: The measure of a mouse is the position of the cursor whereas the trigger is when the mouse button is pressed. The application program can obtain the measure and trigger in three distinct modes. 1. REQUEST MODE: In this mode, measure of the device is not returned to the program until the device is triggered. « For example, consider a typical C program which reads a character input using scanf). When the program needs the input, it halts when it encounters the scanf{) statement and waits while user type characters at the terminal. The data is placed in a keyboard buffer (measure) whose contents are returned to the program only after enter key (trigger) is pressed. * Another example, consider a logical device such as locator, we can move out pointing device to the desired location and then trigger the device with its button, the trigger will cause the location to be returned to the application program. Request Trigger Measure Program process Trigger [Process Measure Figure: Request Mode2 SAMPLE MODE: In this mode, input is immediate. As soon as the function call in the user program is executed, the measure is returned. Hence Sample Measure process Measure Figure: Sample Mode no trigger is needed. Both request and sample modes are useful for the situation if and only if there is a single input device from which the input is to be taken. However, in case of flight simulators or computer games variety of input devices are used and these mode cannot be used. Thus, event mode is used. 3. EVENT MODE: This mode can handle the multiple interactions. * Suppose that we are in an environment with multiple input devices, each with its own trigger and each running a measure process. * Whenever a device is triggered, an event is generated.The device measure including the identifier for the device is placed in an event queue. * If the queue is empty, then the application program will wait until an event occurs. If there is an event in a queue, the program can look at the first event type and then decide what to do. ‘Await Trigger ‘Measure Event Ce Program Process Trigger proeeae Measure queue Event Figure: Event-mode model Another approach is to associate a function when an event occurs, which is called as “call back,”Q3)Explain how an event driven input can be programmed for mouse device. 5.1.6 PROGRAMMING EVENT DRIVEN INPUT > The various events can be recognized by the window system and call back function can be called for each of these events. USING POINTING DEVICES > Pointing devices like mouse, trackball, data tablet allow programmer to indicate a position on the display. > There are two types of event associated with pointing device, which is conventionally assumed to be mouse but could be trackball or data tablet also. 1, MOVE EveENT - is generated when the mouse is move with one of the button being pressed. If the mouse is moved without a button being pressed, this event is called as “passive move event”. 2. MOUSE EvENT - is generated when one of the mouse buttons is either pressed or released. > The information returned to the application program includes button that generated the event, state of the button after event (up or down), position (x,y) of the cursor. Programming a mouse event involves two steps: The mouse callback function must be defined in the form: void myMousefint button, int state, int x, int y) is written by the programmer. For example, void myMouse(int button, int state, int x, int y) { if(button==GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN) exit(0);Module 5 **4SAI RAM*** Input and Interaction The above code ensures whenever the left mouse button is pressed down, execution of the program gets terminated. 2. Register the defined mouse callback function in the main function, by means of GLUT function: glutMouseFunc{myMouse); Write an OpenGL program to display square when a left button is pressed and to exit the program if right button is pressed. #include #include #include int wh=500, ww=500; float siz=3; void myinit() { glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0); glViewPort(0,0,w,h) glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadidentity); gluOrtho2D(0,{GLdouble) ww, 0, (GLdouble) wh); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glColor3f(1,0,0); void drawsq (int x, int y) { y=wh-y; glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glVertex2f(x+siz, y+siz); Mr. Sukruth Gowda MA, Dept., of CSE, SVIT 7Module 5 PASSAT RAM*A* Input and Interaction glVertex2i{x-siz, y+siz); glVertex2f{x-siz, y-siz); glVertex2f{x+siz, y-siz); glEnd(); glFlush(); } void display() { giClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER BIT); void myMouse(int button, int state, int x, int y) { if(outton=-GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN) drawsq(x,y); if(outton=-GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN) exit(0); J void main(int arge, char **argy) ( glutinit(&arge, argv); glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGB | GLUT_SINGLE); glutinitWindowSize(wh, ww); glutCreateWindow(“square”); glutDisplayFunc(display); glutMouseFune{myMouse); myinit(); glutMainLoop(); ‘Mr, Sukruth Gowda MA, Dept, of CSE, SVIT Is