Electric Current
Rate of flow of charge per unit time
through the cross section of the conductor
Scalar/Vector Quantity
S I Unit :
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
Drift Speed
These free e-s collide with fixed +ve ions (lattice)
and follow zigzag path,
+
+
+
+
motion is random, no net flow of charge in any direction.
Drift Speed vd
Average speed with which e-s drift,
in the direction opposite to applied electric field.
E
m : mass of e-
eE𝜏
𝝂d = e : electronic charge
m
𝜏 : relaxation time
(Average time taken by e-
between two successive
Mobility μ defined as drift 𝛎d collisions.)
speed per unit electric field μ= depends on material
E
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
Relation between Current Density & Drift Speed
E
i = neA𝝂d
A
j = ne𝝂d
𝝂dΔt
n: free e-s per unit volume
vd: drift speed
The area of cross section of a current carrying conductor is Ao and
Ao/4 at section (1) and (2) respectively. If vd1 and vd2 be the drift
velocity at sections (1) and (2) respectively, then -
A.
B.
C.
D. None of these
Deriving Ohm’s Law
eE𝜏
j = ne𝝂d 𝝂d =
m
[JEE Main -April 2019]
Ohm’s Law
i E
j = 𝞂E V = iR
V
Resistance
l ⍴l
R= or R=
σA A
R : resistance of a conductor
A
Area of
Cross section Unit : Volt/Ampere or Ohm (Ω)
l
length of conductor Symbol :
along which current flows
ρ : Resistivity Units: Ω-m
σ : Conductivity Units: Ω-1m-1
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
Series Combination
1. The current in each resistance is same.
Req = (R1 + R2 + R3) i = i1 = i2 = ….
i R1 R2 R3
A B
V1 V2 V3
2. The potential difference across each resistor
is proportional to its resistance.
V∝R
Parallel Combination
1. The potential
R1 difference
across each resistance is same.
1 1 1 1
= + +
Req R1 R2 R3 V = V1 = V2 = ….
R1
i R2
A B
R3
2. The current in each resistance is
inversely proportional to its resistance.
1
i α
R
[JEE Main -Jun 2022]
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
The Junction Law
In an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the current meeting at
any junction in the circuit is zero
i6 i1
Σi=0
i5
i2
i4
i3
The Loop Law or Voltage Law
The algebraic sum of all the potential differences
along a closed loop in a circuit is zero.
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
Cells in Series
r1 r2 r3 rn req
A B A B
𝛆eq = 𝛆1 + 𝛆2 + 𝛆3 + ………… + 𝛆n
req = r1 + r2 + r3 + ………… + rn
If all cells in series are identical?
Cells in Parallel
r1
r2
r3 A req B
B
rn
If all cells in parallel are identical?
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
RC Charging Circuit
C
i R
q: Charge on the Capacitor
q -q
i: Current in the Resistance
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
RC Discharging Circuit
C
q = Qoe-t/RC
Qo
i= ioe-t/RC io =
RC
Galvanometer
The deflection is directly proportional to current
i∝θ N S
i = kθ
k : Galvanometer constant
1 θ
=
k i
Current Sensitivity: deflection per unit current
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
Ammeter To convert galvanometer into an Ammeter,
connect a small resistance (shunt) in parallel to it.
I: Current to be measured
G
S: Shunt resistance
a small resistance connected in I S
parallel to G
I
Ig: full-scale deflection current
E
Voltmeter To convert a galvanometer into voltmeter, connect
a high value resistance R in series with it.
Ig: full-scale deflection current
Ig Ig
R
G
+
-
R
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
A. 40 V
B. 45 V
C. 80 V
D. 90 V
Meter Bridge Wire AB of uniform cross section usually 1 m length.
Unknown Resistance Resistance Box
X R
G
A B
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
Potentiometer Rheostat
Variable resistance
Potential gradient along AB Drivercell
i C
k
A
G
𝝆 : Resistivity of wire
A: cross sectional area V
i: current
Linear conductor of uniform cross section.
Made of low expansion coefficient
like Manganin, Constantine wire.
Application of Potentiometer
1. Comparing emf of two cells
𝞮 K Rh
A J B
G
+ 𝞮-
1
+ -
𝞮2
[JEE Main -Jan 2023]
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