Chapter 5:

Loops and Files

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Lesson Plan
Week Topic
Week 1 Introduction to Computer and Programming,
Introduction to C++ (Chapter 1 & 2)
Week 2 Expressions and Interactivity (Chapter 3)
Week 3 Making Decisions (Chapter 4)
Assignment 1
Week 4 Making Decisions (Chapter 4)
Week 5 Looping & Files (Chapter 5) Quiz 1
Assignment 2
Week 6 Mid semester break

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Lesson Plan
Week Topic
Week 7 Looping & Files (Chapter 5)
Assignment 3
Week 8 Test 1 (Lab and Writing)
Week 9 Function (Chapter 6)
Assignment 4
Week 10 Function (Chapter 6)
Week 11 Arrays (Chapter 7)
Quiz 2
Week 12 Arrays (Chapter 7)
Assignment 5
Week 13 Test 2 (Lab and writing)
Week 14 Project preparation
Week 15 Project presentation
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 5.1
The Increment and Decrement
Operators

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The Increment and Decrement
Operators
• ++ is the increment operator.

It adds one to a variable.

val++; is the same as val = val + 1;

• ++ can be used before (prefix) or after (postfix) a

variable:
++val; val++;

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The Increment and Decrement
Operators
• -- is the decrement operator.

It subtracts one from a variable.

val--; is the same as val = val - 1;

• -- can be also used before (prefix) or after

(postfix) a variable:
--val; val--;

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Increment and Decrement
Operators in Program 5-1

Continued…
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Increment and Decrement
Operators in Program 5-1

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Prefix vs. Postfix
• ++ and -- operators can be used in
complex statements and expressions
• In prefix mode (++val, --val) the
operator increments or decrements, then
returns the value of the variable
• In postfix mode (val++, val--) the
operator returns the value of the variable,
then increments or decrements

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Prefix vs. Postfix - Examples
int num, val = 12;
cout << val++; // displays ?,
// val is now ?;
cout << ++val; // sets val to ?,
// then displays ?
num = --val; // sets val to ?,
// stores ? in num
num = val--; // stores ? in num,
// sets val to ?

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Prefix vs. Postfix - Examples
int num, val = 12;
cout << val++; // displays 12,
// val is now 13;
cout << ++val; // sets val to 14,
// then displays it
num = --val; // sets val to 13,
// stores 13 in num
num = val--; // stores 13 in num,
// sets val to 12

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Notes on Increment and
Decrement int num1 = 5, num2 = 6;
• Can be used in expressions:
result = num1++ + --num2; [5+5 = 10]
result = ++num1 + --num2; [6+5 = 11]
• Must be applied to something that has a location
in memory. Cannot have:
result = (num1 + num2)++;
• Can be used in relational expressions:
if (++num > limit)
pre- and post-operations will cause different
comparisons
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 5.2
Introduction to Loops: The while
Loop

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Introduction to Loops:
The while Loop
• Loop: a control structure that causes a
statement or statements to repeat
• General format of the while loop:
while (expression)
statement;
• statement; can also be a block of
statements enclosed in { }

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The while Loop – How It Works
while (expression)
statement;
• expression is evaluated
– if true, then statement is executed, and
expression is evaluated again
– if false, then the loop is finished and
program statements following statement
execute

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The Logic of a while Loop

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The while loop in Program 5-3

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How the while Loop in Program 5-
3 Lines 9 through 13 Works

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Flowchart of the while Loop in
Program 5-3

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The while Loop is a Pretest Loop
expression is evaluated before the
loop executes. The following loop will
never execute:

int number = 6;
while (number <= 5)
{
cout << "Hello\n";
number++;
}
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Watch Out for Infinite Loops
• The loop must contain code to make
expression become false
• Otherwise, the loop will have no way of
stopping
• Such a loop is called an infinite loop,
because it will repeat an infinite number of
times

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Example of an Infinite Loop

int number = 1;
while (number <= 5)
{
cout << "Hello\n";
}

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 5.3
Using the while Loop for Input
Validation

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Using the while Loop for
Input Validation
• Input validation is the process of
inspecting data that is given to the
program as input and determining whether
it is valid.

• The while loop can be used to create input

routines that reject invalid data, and repeat
until valid data is entered.

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Using the while Loop for
Input Validation
• Here's the general approach, in
pseudocode:

Read an item of input.

While the input is invalid
Display an error message.
Read the input again.
End While

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Input Validation Example

cout << "Enter a number less than 10: ";

cin >> number;
while (number >= 10)
{
cout << "Invalid Entry!"
<< "Enter a number less than 10: ";
cin >> number;
}

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Flowchart for Input Validation

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Input Validation in Program 5-5

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Input Validation in Program 5-5

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Input Validation in Program 5-5

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 5.4
Counters

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Counters
• Counter: a variable that is incremented or
decremented each time a loop repeats
• Can be used to control execution of the
loop (also known as the loop control
variable)
• Must be initialized before entering loop

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A Counter Variable Controls the
Loop in Program 5-6

Continued…
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A Counter Variable Controls the
Loop in Program 5-6

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 5.5
The do-while Loop

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The do-while Loop
• do-while: a posttest loop – execute the loop,
then test the expression
• General Format:
do
statement; // or block in { }
while (expression);

• Note that a semicolon is required after

(expression)

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The Logic of a do-while Loop

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An Example do-while Loop

int x = 1;
do
{
cout << x << endl;
} while(x < 0);

Although the test expression is false, this loop will

execute one time because do-while is a posttest
loop.

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A do-while Loop in Program 5-7

Continued…
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A do-while Loop in Program 5-7

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do-while Loop Notes
• Loop always executes at least once
• Execution continues as long as
expression is true, stops repetition
when expression becomes false
• Useful in menu-driven programs to bring
user back to menu to make another choice
(see Program 5-8 on pages 245-246)

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 5.6
The for Loop

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The for Loop
• Useful for counter-controlled loop

• General Format:

for(initialization; test; update)

statement; // or block in { }

• No semicolon after the update expression or

after the )

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for Loop - Mechanics
for(initialization; test; update)
statement; // or block in { }

1) Perform initialization
2) Evaluate test expression
– If true, execute statement
– If false, terminate loop execution
3) Execute update, then re-evaluate test
expression

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for Loop - Example

int count;

for (count = 1; count <= 5; count++)

cout << "Hello" << endl;

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A Closer Look
at the Previous Example

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Flowchart for the Previous Example

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A for Loop in Program 5-9

Continued…
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A for Loop in Program 5-9

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A Closer Look at Lines 15 through
16 in Program 5-9

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Flowchart for Lines 15 through 16
in Program 5-9

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When to Use the for Loop
• In any situation that clearly requires
– an initialization
– a false condition to stop the loop
– an update to occur at the end of each iteration

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The for Loop is a Pretest Loop
• The for loop tests its test expression
before each iteration, so it is a pretest
(test before iterate) loop.
• The following loop will never iterate:

for (count = 11; count <= 10; count++)

cout << "Hello" << endl;

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for Loop - Modifications
• You can have multiple statements in the
initialization expression. Separate
the statements with a comma:
Initialization Expression
int x, y;
for (x=1, y=1; x <= 5; x++)
{
cout << x << " plus " << y
<< " equals " << (x+y)
<< endl;
}
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for Loop - Modifications
• You can also have multiple statements in
the test expression. Separate the
statements with a comma:
Test Expression

int x, y;
for (x=1, y=1; x <= 5; x++, y++)
{
cout << x << " plus " << y
<< " equals " << (x+y)
<< endl;
}
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for Loop - Modifications
• You can omit the initialization
expression if it has already been done:

int sum = 0, num = 1;

for (; num <= 10; num++)
sum += num;

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for Loop - Modifications
• You can declare variables in the
initialization expression:

int sum = 0;
for (int num = 0; num <= 10;
num++)
sum += num;

The scope of the variable num is the for loop.

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 5.7
Keeping a Running Total

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Keeping a Running Total
• running total: accumulated sum of numbers from
each repetition of loop
• accumulator: variable that holds running total
int sum=0, num=1; // sum is the
while (num <= 10) // accumulator
{ sum += num;
num++;
}
cout << "Sum of numbers 1 – 10 is"
<< sum << endl;

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Logic for Keeping a Running Total

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A Running Total in Program 5-12

Continued…
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A Running Total in Program 5-12

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 5.8
Sentinels

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Sentinels
• sentinel: value in a list of values that
indicates end of data

• Special value that cannot be confused with

a valid value, e.g., -999 for a test score

• Used to terminate input when user may

not know how many values will be entered

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A Sentinel in Program 5-13

Continued…
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A Sentinel in Program 5-13

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 5.9
Deciding Which Loop to Use

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Deciding Which Loop to Use
• The while loop is a conditional pretest loop
– Iterates as long as a certain condition exits
– Validating input
– Reading lists of data terminated by a sentinel

• The do-while loop is a conditional posttest loop

– Always iterates at least once
– Repeating a menu

• The for loop is a pretest loop

– Built-in expressions for initializing, testing, and updating
– Situations where the exact number of iterations is known

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 5.10
Nested Loops

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Nested Loops
• A nested loop is a loop inside the body of
another loop
• Inner (inside), outer (outside) loops:

for (row=1; row<=3; row++) //outer

for (col=1; col<=3; col++)//inner
cout << row * col << endl;

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Nested for Loop in Program 5-14
// This program averages test scores. It asks the user for the number of students and the
number of test scores per student.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int numStudents, // Number of students
numTests; // Number of tests per student
double average; // Average test score for a student

// Get the number of students

cout << “This program averages test scores.\n”;
cout <<“How many students are there?”;
cin >> numStudents;
// Get the number of test scores per students
cout << “How many test scores does each student have?.\n”;
cin >> numTests;
cout << endl; 71
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Nested for Loop in Program 5-14

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Nested for Loop in Program 5-14

Inner Loop

Outer Loop

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Nested Loops - Notes
• Inner loop goes through all repetitions for
each repetition of outer loop

• Inner loop repetitions complete sooner

than outer loop

• Total number of repetitions for inner loop

is product of number of repetitions of the
two loops.
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 5.11
Using Files for Data Storage

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Using Files for Data Storage
• Can use files instead of keyboard, monitor
screen for program input, output
• Allows data to be retained between
program runs
• Steps:
– Open the file
– Use the file (read from, write to, or both)
– Close the file

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Files: What is Needed
• Use fstream header file for file access
• File stream types:
ifstream for input from a file
ofstream for output to a file
fstream for input from or output to a file
• Define file stream objects:
ifstream infile;
ofstream outfile;

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Opening Files
• Create a link between file name (outside the program)
and file stream object (inside the program)
• Use the open member function:
infile.open("inventory.dat");
outfile.open("report.txt");
• Filename may include drive, path info.
• Output file will be created if necessary; existing file will
be erased first
• Input file must exist for open to work

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Example: writing output to file

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Example: reading input from file

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Testing for File Open Errors
• Can test a file stream object to detect if an open
operation failed:
infile.open("test.txt");
if (!infile)
{
cout << "File open failure!";
}
• Can also use the fail member function

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Using Files
• Can use output file object and << to send
data to a file:
outfile << "Inventory report";
• Can use input file object and >> to copy
data from file to variables:
infile >> partNum;
infile >> qtyInStock >>
qtyOnOrder;

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Using Loops to Process Files
• The stream extraction operator >> returns
true when a value was successfully read,
false otherwise

• Can be tested in a while loop to continue

execution as long as values are read from
the file:
while (inputFile >> number) ...

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Closing Files
• Use the close member function:
infile.close();
outfile.close();
• Don’t wait for operating system to close
files at program end:
– may be limit on number of open files
– may be buffered output data waiting to send
to file

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Example 1
// This program uses a loop to read and display all the numbers in a
// file. The ifstream eof member function is used to control the loop.

# include <iostream>
# include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int number;
ifstream inputFile;

inputFile.open (“numbers.dat”); // Open the file

if (!inputFile) // Test for errors
cout << “Error opening file. \n”;

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Example 1
else
{
inputFile >> number; // Read the first number
while (!inputFile.eof()) // While read was good; no eof yet
{
cout << number << “ “; // Display the number
inputFile >> numbers; // Read the next number
}
cout << endl;
inputFile.close (); // Close the file
}
return 0;
}

Program Output
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
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Example 2
// This program uses a loop to read and display all the numbers in a
// file. The >> operator return value is used to control the loop.

# include <iostream>
# include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int number;
ifstream inputFile;

inputFile.open (“numbers.dat”); // Open the file

if (!inputFile) // Test for errors
cout << “Error opening file. \n”;

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Example 2
else
{
while (inputFile >> number) // Read a number and execute the
{ // loop while read was successful
cout << number << “ “; // Display the number
}
cout << endl;
inputFile.close (); // Close the file
}
return 0;
}

Program Output
2 4 6 8 10 12 14

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 5.12
Breaking and Continuing a Loop

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Breaking Out of a Loop
• Can use break to terminate execution of
a loop

• Use sparingly if at all – makes code harder

to understand and debug

• When used in an inner loop, terminates

that loop only and goes back to outer loop

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Program 5-14
// This program is supposed to find the square root of 5 numbers entered by //the user. However, if a negative number is entered
an error message //displays and a break statement is used to stop the loop early.

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

int main( )
{
double number;
cout <<“Enter 5 positive numbers separated by spaces and \n”
<<“I will find their square roots: ”;
for (int count = 1; count <= 5; count++)
{
cin >> number;
if (number >= 0.0)
{ cout << ”\n The square root of ”<< number << “ is ”
<<sqrt(number);
}
else
{ cout << “ \n\n ” <<number << “ is negative. ”
<< “I cannot find the square root \n”
<< “of a negative number. The program is terminating.\n”;
break;
}
}
return 0;
}

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Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold
Enter 5 positive numbers separated by spaces and
I will find their square roots: 12 15 -17 19 31 [Enter]

The square root of 12 is 3.4641

The square root of 15 is 3.87298

-17 is negative. I cannot find the square root of a negative number.

The program is terminating.

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Program 5-15
// This program calculates DVD rental charges where every third DVD is free.
//It illustrates the use of the continue statement.

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int numDVDs; //Number of DVD being rented
double total = 0.0; //Accumulates total charges for all DVDs
char current; // Current release? (Y/N)

//Get number of DVDs rented

cout << “How many DVDs are being rented? ”;
cin >>numDVDs; //5

//Determine the charges

for (int dvdCount = 1; dvdCount <= numDVDs; dvdCount++)
{ if (dvdCount % 3 == 0 //if it’s a 3rd DVD its free
{
cout << “DVD #” << dvdCount << “is free!\n” ;
continue;
}
cout << “Is DVD #” <<dvdCount<< “a current release (Y/N)?”;
cin >> current;
if (( current == ‘Y’) ||( current == ‘y’))
total += 3.50; //total = total + 3.50;
else
total += 2.50; //total = total + 2.50;
}
//Display the total charges
cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);
cout << “The total is $” << total << end1;
return0;
} 98
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Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold
How many DVDs are being rented? 6[Enter]
Is DVD #1 a current release (Y/N)? y[Enter]
Is DVD #2 a current release (Y/N)? n[Enter]
DVD #3 is free!
Is DVD #4 a current release (Y/N)? n[Enter]
Is DVD #5 a current release (Y/N)? y[Enter]
DVD #6 is free
The total is $12.00

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The continue Statement
• Can use continue to go to end of loop
and prepare for next repetition
– while, do-while loops: go to test, repeat
loop if test passes
– for loop: perform update step, then test,
then repeat loop if test passes
• Use sparingly – like break, can make
program logic hard to follow

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