PART A

HARDWARE LAB
MANUAL
Contents
1.Identification of the Peripherals of a Computer, components in a CPU and their functions..1

2.Assembling and Disassembling the System Hardware Components of Personal Computer .8

3.Basic Computer Hardware Troubling shooting....................................................................11

4. LAN and Wi-Fi Basics..........................................................................................................12

5. Operating System Installation – Windows Operating System..............................................14

6. Installation and Uninstallation of Software...........................................................................16

7. System configuration............................................................................................................24
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Exercise 01:

1.Identification of the Peripherals of a Computer, components in a CPU and

their functions.

A computer is a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you
can see and touch, are collectively called Hardware.

The illustration below shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system.

Fig: Desktop Computer System.

1. Monitor
A Monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the
monitor that displays the information is called the Screen.

There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors and LCD (Liquid
Crystal Display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the
advantage of being much thinner and lighter.

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Fig: LCD monitor Fig: CRT monitor

2. Keyboard & Mouse

Keyboard
A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into the computer. Like the keyboard on a
typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers.

Different types of keys are:

 The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on
where they are used.

 The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter
numbers quickly.

 The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allows you to move your position
within a document or webpage.

Fig: Keyboard

You can also use your keyboard to perform many of the same tasks you can perform with
a mouse.
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Mouse
A Mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. It is
small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some
newer mouse are wireless.

Fig: Mouse

A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary
button (right button). Many mouse also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows
you to scroll smoothly through screens of information.

Fig: Cursor
When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same
direction. (The pointer's appearance might change depending on where it's positioned on your
screen.) When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press and
release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to
interact with your computer.

3. System Case
The System unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or
underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process
information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU),
or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component
is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses
while the computer is ON. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is
turned off.
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Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The
cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware
that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called Peripheral device or device.

4. Motherboard
The main, and usually the largest, printed-circuit board of a computer that generally carries
the central processing unit (CPU) chip, read only memory (ROM), random access memory
(RAM), other major functional elements, and (in PCs) the basic input output system (BIOS).

It usually also has sockets into which other circuits boards (called daughter boards), such as
for communication ports and peripheral devices, can be plugged in. Main circuit boards of
other electronic devices such as telephone systems are referred to also as motherboards. Also
called system board.

Fig: MotherBoard

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5. Memory
Random Access Memory
Random Access Memory, or RAM, comes in sticks that mount directly into the motherboard.
RAM's function is temporary storage--while the computer is running it serves as a storage
area for the active processes. The more RAM a computer has, the faster it is able to relay the
stored information back to the programs that need it, so it's often considered an important
upgrade to have.

6. Hard disk drive

Hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of platters with a
magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually
serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of your programs and
files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit.

Fig:Hard disk drive

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7. IO Ports
It the connection point acts as interface between the computer and the external devices like:
printer,modem. etc

.
Some important types of ports are as per follows :
1. Serial Port :
 Used for external modems and older computer mouse
 Two versions-9pin,25pin
 Data travels at 115 kilobits per second

2. Parallel Port :

 Used for scanners and printers

 25 pin model
3. Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port :

 It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer,
scanner, mouse, keyboard, etc.
 Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds.

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8.Power Supply
The power supply is what plugs into the wall. Mounted inside the system unit, it takes the AC
power and converts it into the varying voltages needed by the computer's different components.

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Exercise 02:

2. Assembling and Disassembling the System Hardware Components of

Personal Computer

Steps to Assemble a Computer Hardware Components:

Step 1: Mount the Processor

The first step for assembling the computer system starts with mounting the processor on the
processor socket of the motherboard. To mount the process, you don't need to apply any
force. The special ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets are usually used to prevent any damage
to the processor pins. Once the processor is mounted, the heat sink will be attached on top of
the processor. The CPU fan is also attached on top of the heat sink.

Step 2: Fix the Motherboard in the Tower Case

Now the motherboard is to be fixed vertically in the tower case and the screws are fixed
from behind of the motherboard.

Step 3: Connect the Power Supply

Now line up the power supply at the top back end of the cabinet and screw it. The power
connectors for motherboard power supply and CPU fan power supply are to be connected. If
the cabinet cooling FAN is required then it is to be screwed at the back end grill of the
cabinet and its power connector is to be connected from SMPS.

Step 4: Install the Drives

Install the CD/DVD drives at the top front end of the cabinet and screw it. Install the Hard
disk drive and floppy disk drive below CD/DVD drive and screw it. Make sure once screwed
there is no vibration in either of the CD/DVD, hard disk or floppy disk drives.

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Step 5: Connect Cables

Now select the appropriate data cable and connect one end of the cable to its drive socket and
another end at its appropriate connector on the motherboard. For SATA hard disk drive or
CD/DVD drives use SATA cable and its power cable, else use IDE data cable. Do the proper
jumper settings as per the usage requirement.
Step 6: Mount the Memory Modules
It is time now to mount the memory modules on the motherboard by aligning the RAM to its
socket on the motherboard and press it downward. Make sure the side tab are fixed into the
RAM notch. If not, you may still have to press a bit.

Disassembling Computer Hardware Components:

Step 1: Detach the Power Cable

The disassembling of the computer system starts with externally connected device
detachment. Make sure the computer system is turned off, if not then successfully shut down
the system and then start detaching the external devices from the computer system. It
includes removing the power cable from electricity switchboard, then remove the cable from
SMPS (switch mode power supply) from the back of the CPU Cabinet.

Step 2: Remove the Adapter Cards

Make sure if the card has any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if it would be
easier to remove them before or after you remove the card. Remove the screw if any, that
holds the card in place. Grab the card by its edges, front and back, and gently rock it
lengthwise to release it.

Step 3: Remove the Drives

Removing drives is easier. There can be possibly three types of drives present in your
computer system, Hard disk drive, CD/DVD/Blu-ray drives, floppy disk drives (almost
absolute now a day). They usually have a power connector and a data cable attached from the
device to a controller card or a connector on the motherboard. CD/DVD/Blu-ray drive may
have an analog cable connected to the sound card for direct audio output.

The hard disk drive and CD/DVD drives have two types of data cables. IDE and SATA
cables. The IDE cables need better care while being removed as it may cause the damage
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to drive

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connector pins. Gently wiggle the cable sideways and remove it. The SATA cables can be
removed easily by pressing the tab and pulling the connector straight back.
Now remove the screws and slide the drive out the back of the bay.

Step 4: Remove the Memory Module

Single in-line Memory Module (SIMMs) and Dual in-line Memory Module(DIMMs) are
removed in a different way:

SIMM - Gently push back the metal tabs while holding the SIMM chips in the socket. Tilt
the SIMM chip away from the tabs until a 45% angle. It will now lift out of the socket. Put
SIMM in a safe place.

DIMM - There are plastic tabs on the end of the DIMM sockets. Press the tabs down and
away from the socket. The DIMM will lift slightly. Now grab it by the edges and place it
safely. Do not let the chips get dust at all.

Step 5: Remove the Motherboard

Before removing all the connectors from the motherboard, make sure you memorize the
connectors for assembling the computer if required, as that may require connecting the
connectors at its place. Remove the screws from the back of the motherboard and you will be
able to detach it from the cabinet. Now remove the CPU fan from the motherboard. The heat
sink will be visible now which can be removed by the pulling the tab upward. Finally, the
processor is visible now, which can be removed by the plastic tab which can be pulled back
one stretching it side way.

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Exercise 03:

3. Basic Computer Hardware Troubling shooting

1. PC Overheating
 A heating PC slows down the whole system and leads to frequent crashes.
Additionally, PC components may also get permanently damaged due to constant
exposure to heat.
 There are two main reasons your PC heats up, i.e. either the cooling system isn’t
working properly or the PC is heating to the point your cooling system can’t handle it
anymore.

 If the fan is not working , then new fan is adopted. If the Processor is damaged , then
new Processor is fixed.

2. Dysfunctional USB Port

If your USB port stops working, it’s not necessary that it’s broken. Below are some solutions
that can fix this issue:

Method 1: Restart the PC

Restarting the PC is the answer to many problems, and it is a common solution to USB
port problem as well.

Method 2: Uninstall USB port driver

Uninstalling the driver of the USB port will force Windows to reinstall it when you will restart
the PC. This may fix the problem. Here is how to do it:

1. Press Windows + R keys and enter devmgmt.msc in the Run dialog to open the Device

Manager.
2. Here, expand Universal Serial Bus controllers option.

3. Now right-click the entry USB Host Controller and then click on Uninstall.

4. Repeat this for all entries with USB Host Controller to uninstall drivers for all the USB
ports.

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5. Once deleted, restart the PC and Windows will automatically reinstall the drivers and
fix any driver issues.

Exercise 04:

4. LAN and Wi-Fi Basics

LAN stands for Local Area Network. It exists within limited area. In LAN, the devices
communicate over a common communication channel (wired/wireless) allowing moderate
data rates.

Features of Local Area Network:

 Network size is limited to a small geographical area, presently to a few kilometers.

 Data transfer rate is generally high. They range from 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps.

 In general, a LAN uses only one type of transmission medium, commonly category 5
coaxial cables.

 A LAN is distinguished from other networks by their topologies. The common

topologies are bus, ring, mesh, and star.

 The number of computers connected to a LAN is usually restricted. In other words,

LANs are limitedly scalable.

 They use a wired medium in conjuncture with a switch or a hub. Originally, coaxial
cables were used for communications. But now twisted pair cables and fiber optic
cables are also used. Ethernet’s speed has increased from 2.9 Mbps to 400 Gbps.

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Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity)
Wi-Fi stands for "Wireless Fidelity." It allows computer and other devices to connect with
the Internet in proximity of an access point.

Features of Wi-Fi

 Wi-Fi is one type of wireless technology.

 It is commonly called a wireless LAN (local area network). WiFi technology allows
local area networks to operate without cable and wiring.

 It is making a popular choice for home and business networks. A computer’s wireless
adaptor transfers the data into a radio signal and transfers the data into an antenna for
users.

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Exercise 05:

5. Operating System Installation – Windows Operating System.

Instructions to install Windows 10 Operating System

NOTE:This quick guide assumes you already have a Windows 10 installation DVD and
product key on hand.

Step 1: To do a ‘clean install’ of Windows 10 but you donot want to wipe the hard drive
clean – this option saves your files (not your settings) and you will have to reinstall your
software.

Insert the Windows 10 installation DVD and boot your computer from the DVD.

NOTE: In most cases, simply inserting the DVD and rebooting will work. If thisdoes not
work, please refer to your computer manufacturer for instructions on booting from a DVD.

Step 2:When you see the screen below, choose English and click Next.

 Accept the license agreement terms and click Next.

 When asked what type of installation you would like, choose Custom: Install
Windows only (advanced).

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Option 2 Or
Option 3

Step 3:When asked to choose the drive to install to, follow the next step according to the
choice you made in Step 1.

Step 4: Your computer may restart multiple times during the installation process. When
you see the screen below, choose Join a Domain and click Continue. You will then set up
your account name and password and the installation will be complete.

Proceed to the next page of these instructions to activate Windows

Windows 10 Activation

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Exercise 06:

6. Installation and Uninstallation of Software

Installation of office tools

Microsoft Office tools includes the foundation programs of the Microsoft Office Suite: Word,
Excel, PowerPoint.
Installation Steps
1) Before you do anything else, make sure that no program is running. Otherwise, it might
cause some malfunctions and cause damage to your computer. Insert the DVD in the DVD-
ROM. Wait for a new window to appear. You can even click on the executable file for Office
by browsing to CD in My Computer and run the program.
2) Wait for the installation window to appear. When the next windows appear, click on
Install after selecting Microsoft Office 2010.
3) Select the features you want to install from the Installation Options tab. Then select the drive.
4) Enter the Product Key. This consists of 25 characters. You may have to click Continue
5) Then a window will appear with agreement terms. Please read and accept the agreement
terms.
6) On the window that appears next choose Upgrade to Install or Custom (if you want
modified settings). If you already have Office installed you may want to upgrade or
customize, otherwise click install.
7) Your program will automatically install once you click on Upgrade. This may take a few
minutes.
8) If you chose Custom, modify your settings by clicking on Configure Preferences.
9) The installation will start and a bar will appear. Wait for it to go up to 100 then proceed.
10) Click on close and run Microsoft Office from the Programs in the Start Menu.

Uninstallation of office tools.

Uninstall Microsoft Office from Control Panel or Settings.

The first method that you should always use to uninstall software such as Microsoft Office is
from the official uninstaller. This will be found in Programs and Features in the Control Panel
or Apps in Windows 10 Settings.

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Select the version of Microsoft Office from the list and click the Uninstall button. You will be
asked to confirm if you want to remove Microsoft Office from your computer. Click either the
Yes or Uninstall button to proceed with the uninstallation.

Installation of Utility software

Tips for finding software
The easiest way to find new software is to search the Web. For example, if you were
looking for a way to edit some personal photos on your computer, you could run a
Google search for free photo-editing software.

Installation of Utility software

Anti-Virus Installation:
Step1: Locate and download an .exe file.

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Step2: After running the executable file below window will appear and select the
language, click on Next.

Step 3: Uncheck participation and check custom installation & click Next to continue.

Step 4: Click on Next

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Step 5: Choose Install in trial mode and click on Next.

Step 6: Choose Custom setting and uncheck Network Shield

Step7: Click on Next to continue.

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Step 8: Program will install itself.

Step10: Setup will finish.

Installation of Internet

Browsers Google Chrome

Installation:

Today, the most common way to get new software is to download it from the Internet.
Applications like Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop can now be purchased and
downloaded right to your computer. For example, if you wanted to install the Google Chrome
web browser, you can visit this page and click the Download button.

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The installation file will be saved to your computer in .exe format. This is the standard
extension for installation files on Windows computers. You can follow the steps below to
install an application from an .exe file.

Step 1:Locate and download an .exe file.

Step 2:Locate and double-click the .exe file. (It will usually be in your Downloads folder.)

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Step 3:A dialog box will appear. Follow the instructions to install the software.

Step 4:The software will be installed. You can now open the application from the Start menu.

Uninstallation of Softwares

NOTE: Please remember to close all programs before you install OR uninstall software.
1. Select Start and choose Control Panel.
2. Within the Control Panel, select Add or Remove Programs.

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3. Find PDF Complete and click Remove to uninstall.

4. Go through the uninstall wizard and click Done when completed.
5. Restart your computer to complete the uninstall.

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Exercise 07:

7. System configuration
BIOS Configuration:
Most motherboards will make a beep sound once the computer powers on, although some motherboards don’t
have an onboard speaker and require you to connect them to a case speaker. Some motherboards might also
produce this beep via the onboard sound through your desktop speakers. The first thing you should see once
your PC has powered on is a screen similar to the one below, there might be a logo displayed in its stead, but
there should be instructions at the bottom of the screen that tells you how to access the post screen

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Task Manager
Task Manager shows you the programs, processes, and services that are currently running
on your computer. You can use Task Manager to monitor your computer’s performance or
to close a program that is not responding.

If you are connected to a network, you can also use Task Manager to view network status
and see how your network is functioning.

If more than one user is connected to your computer, you can see who is connected, what
they are working on, and you can send them a message.

How to open Task Manager?

The Windows XP's CTRL+ALT+DEL key combination which brought up the task
manager has a different effect in Windows 7. It brings up a selection dialog which requires
another click or key press to either:

 lock the computer

 switch user
 log off
 change a password
 start the task manager

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Fig: Task Manager

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To go directly to the task manager and bypass this dialog altogether press the
CTRL+SHIFT+ESC keys together instead.
Alternatively you could run a search for it from the task bar or put it into a Run box or you
can right click on the task bar and choose task manager from the menu that appears.
The Application Tab
The Applications tab in Task Manager shows a list of the programs currently running.
Most applications that have a taskbar entry will appear on this tab, but this is not always the
case. Right-clicking any of the applications in the list brings up a menu that allows switching
to that application, ending the application and showing the process on the Processes tab that
is associated with the application.
Choosing to End Task from the Applications tab causes a request to be sent to the application
for it to terminate.
If you click a particular column header to sort the list, you’ll see a small arrow in the column
header that not only alerts you to which column header has the current sort, but also lets you
know if the sort is ascending or descending - if the arrow points up the sort is ascending and
if it points down, the sort is descending.

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System Maintenance
The results obtained from the evaluation process help the organization to
determine whether its information systems are effective and efficient or
otherwise. The process of monitoring, evaluating, and modifying of
existing information systems to make required or desirable improvements
may be termed as System Maintenance.
System maintenance is an ongoing activity, which covers a wide variety of
activities, including removing program and design errors, updating
documentation and test data and updating user support.
Different types of Maintenance:
i) Corrective Maintenance: This type of maintenance implies removing
errors in a program, which might have crept in the system due to faulty
design or wrong assumptions. Thus, in corrective maintenance, processing
or performance failures are repaired.
ii) Adaptive Maintenance: In adaptive maintenance, program functions are
changed to enable the information system to satisfy the information needs of
the user. This type of maintenance may become necessary because of
organizational changes which may include:
a) Change in the organizational procedures,
b) Change in organizational objectives, goals, policies, etc.
c) Change in forms,
d) Change in information needs of managers.
e) Change in system controls and security needs,
etc iii)Perfective Maintenance: Perfective maintenance means adding new
programs or modifying the existing programs to enhance the performance of
the information system. This type of maintenance undertaken to respond to
user’s additional needs which may be due to the changes within or outside of
the organization. Outside changes are primarily environmental changes,
which may in the absence of system maintenance, render the information
system ineffective and inefficient. These environmental changes include:
a) Changes in governmental policies, laws, etc.,
b) Economic and competitive conditions, and
c) New technology.

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