Advance Networking

Negalign Wake Hundera (Ph.D.)

Researcher at UESTC | Network security Engineer

| Information Security Engineer | Cryptographer |
Cloud Engineer | IoT Cloud Engineer| Cybersecurity
Engineer | Postdoctoral Fellowship at Zhejiang
Normal University

E-mail: [email protected]
IP Addressing
• Introduction
• IPv4 Network Addresses
• IPv6 Network Addresses
• Connectivity Verification
• Summary

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
IP Addressing
Objectives
In this chapter, you will be able to:
 Describe the structure of an IPv4 address.
 Describe the purpose of the subnet mask.
 Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast,
broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses.
 Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.
 Describe the representation of an IPv6 address.
 Describe types of IPv6 network addresses.
 Configure global unicast addresses.

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IP Addressing
Introduction
In this chapter, you will be able to (continued):
 Describe multicast addresses.
 Describe the role of ICMP in an IP network (include IPv4 and
IPv6)
 Use ping and traceroute utilities to test network connectivity

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IPv4 Network Addresses
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device
on the internet or a local network.

An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely identify

a device on an IP network. The address is made up of 32
binary bits, which can be divisible into a network portion and
host portion with the help of a subnet mask. The 32 binary bits
are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits). Each octet is
converted to decimal and separated by a period (dot). For this
reason, an IP address is said to be expressed in dotted
decimal format (for example, 172.16.81.100). The value in
each octet ranges from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000 -
11111111 binary.

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IPv4 Network Addresses

Here is how binary octets convert to decimal: The right most bit, or least significant bit, of an
octet holds a value of 20. The bit just to the left of that holds a value of 21. This continues until
the left-most bit, or most significant bit, which holds a value of 27. So if all binary bits are a
one, the decimal equivalent would be 255 as shown here:

1 1 1 11111
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

Here is a sample octet conversion when not all of the bits are set to 1.

0 1000001
0 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0+64+0+0+0+0+0+1=65)

And this sample shows an IP address represented in both binary and decimal.

10. 1. 23. 19 (decimal)

00001010.00000001.00010111.00010011 (binary)

These octets are broken down to provide an addressing scheme that can accommodate large
and small networks. There are five different classes of networks, A to E. This document
focuses on classes A to C, since classes D and E are reserved and discussion of them is
beyond the scope of this document.
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IPv4 Address Structure
Binary Notation
 Binary notation
refers to the fact
that computers
communicate in
1s and 0s
 Converting binary
to decimal
requires an
understanding of
the mathematical
basis of a
numbering
system –
positional notation
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IPv4 Address Structure
Binary Number System

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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting a Binary Address to Decimal
Practice

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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting from Decimal to Binary

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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting from Decimal to Binary Conversions

A subnet mask is a 32-bit number created by setting host bits

to all 0s and setting network bits to all 1s. In this way, the
subnet mask separates the IP address into the network and
host addresses.
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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

 To define the network and host portions of an address, a

devices use a separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet
mask
 The subnet mask does not actually contain the network
or host portion of an IPv4 address, it just says where to
look for these portions in a given IPv4 address
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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

Valid Subnet Masks

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

Network address is first address in the network and it is

used for identification network segment. ... Broadcast
address is the last address in the network, and it is
used for addressing all the nodes in the network at the
same time.

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Examining the Prefix Length

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
IPv4 Network, Host, and Broadcast Address

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
First Host and Last Host Addresses

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Bitwise AND Operation

1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Assigning a Static IPv4 Address to a Host

LAN Interface Properties Configuring a Static IPv4 Address

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Assigning a Dynamic IPv4 Address to a Host

Verification

DHCP - preferred method of “leasing” IPv4 addresses to hosts on large

networks, reduces the burden on network support staff and virtually
eliminates entry errors

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Unicast Transmission

In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of

three different ways:

1. Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one

host to an individual host.

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Broadcast Transmission
2. Broadcast - the process of sending a packet from one host
to all hosts in the network

Routers do not Directed broadcast

forward a • Destination
limited 172.16.4.255
broadcast! • Hosts within the
172.16.4.0/24
network

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Multicast Transmission
• Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to
a selected group of hosts, possibly in different networks
• Reduces traffic
• Reserved for addressing multicast groups - 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255.
• Link local - 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 (Example: routing
information exchanged by routing protocols)
• Globally scoped addresses - 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255
(Example: 224.0.1.1 has been reserved for Network Time
Protocol)

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
Types of IPv4 Address
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Private address blocks are:
 Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can use
private addresses
 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
Shared address space addresses:
 Not globally routable
 Intended only for use in service provider networks
 Address block is 100.64.0.0/10
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Types of IPv4 Address
Special Use IPv4 Addresses
 Network and Broadcast addresses - within each network
the first and last addresses cannot be assigned to hosts
 Loopback address - 127.0.0.1 a special address that hosts
use to direct traffic to themselves (addresses 127.0.0.0 to
127.255.255.255 are reserved)
 Link-Local address - 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
(169.254.0.0/16) addresses can be automatically assigned to
the local host
 TEST-NET addresses - 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255
(192.0.2.0/24) set aside for teaching and learning purposes,
used in documentation and network examples
 Experimental addresses - 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254
are listed as reserved
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Types of IPv4 Address
Legacy Classful Addressing

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Types of IPv4 Address
Legacy Classful Addressing

Classless Addressing
• Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR,
pronounced “cider
• Created a new set of standards that allowed service
providers to allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit
boundary (prefix length) instead of only by a class A, B, or
C address

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Types of IPv4 Address
Assignment of IP Addresses
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) were established to assume this regional
allocation and management role in cooperation with Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA)
Five regional registries
1. The African Network Information Center (AFRINIC) serves Africa.[2]
2. The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) serves Antarctica,
Canada, parts of the Caribbean, and the United States.[3]
3. The Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) serves East Asia,
Oceania, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.[4]
4. The Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC)
serves most of the Caribbean and all of Latin America.[5]
5. The Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)
serves Europe, Central Asia, Russia, and West Asia
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Types of IPv4 Address
Assignment of IP Addresses
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
The major registries are:

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Types of IPv4 Address
Assignment of IP Addresses

ISPs are large national

or international ISPs that
are directly connected to
the Internet backbone.

Tier 2 ISPs generally

focus on business
customers.

Tier 3 ISPs often bundle Tier 3 ISPs purchase

Internet connectivity as a part of their Internet service
network and computer service
contracts for their customers. from Tier 2 ISPs.

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8.2
IPv6 Network Addresses

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© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32
IPv4 Issues
The Need for IPv6

 IPv6 is designed to be the successor to IPv4

 Depletion of IPv4 address space has been the motivating
factor for moving to IPv6
 Projections show that all five RIRs will run out of IPv4
addresses between 2015 and 2020
 With an increasing Internet population, a limited IPv4 address
space, issues with NAT and an Internet of things, the time
has come to begin the transition to IPv6!

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IPv4 Issues
The Need for IPv6

 IPv4 has theoretical maximum of 4.3 billion addresses plus

private addresses in combination with NAT
 IPv6 larger 128-bit address space providing for 340
undecillion addresses
 IPv6 fixes the limitations of IPv4 and include additional
enhancements such as ICMPv6

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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

#1

Dual-stack: Allows IPv4 and IPv6 to

coexist on the same network. Devices run
both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks
simultaneously.
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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

#2

Tunnelling: A method of transporting an IPv6

packet over an IPv4 network. The IPv6 packet
is encapsulated inside an IPv4 packet.

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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

#3

Translation: Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64)

allows IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-
enabled devices using a translation technique similar to
NAT for IPv4. An IPv6 packet is translated to an IPv4
packet, and vice versa. 37
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IPv6 Address Representation
Hextets – 4 Hexadecimal digits = 16 binary digits

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IPv6 Addressing
Hexadecimal Number System

 Hexadecimal is a
base sixteen system
 Base 16 numbering
system uses the
numbers 0 to 9 and
the letters A to F
 Four bits (half of a
byte) can be
represented with a
single hexadecimal
value

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IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation

 Look at the binary bit

patterns that match
the decimal and
hexadecimal values

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IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation
 128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal
values
 In IPv6, 4 bits represents a single hexadecimal digit, 32
hexadecimal values = IPv6 address

2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0000:0000:0000:0200
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF

 Hextet used to refer to a segment of 16 bits or four

hexadecimals
 Can be written in either lowercase or uppercase
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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 1- Omitting Leading 0s
 The first rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6 addresses is
any leading 0s (zeros) in any 16-bit section or hextet can be
omitted
 01AB can be represented as 1AB
 09F0 can be represented as 9F0
 0A00 can be represented as A00
 00AB can be represented as AB

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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2- Omitting All 0 Segments
 A double colon (::) can replace any single, contiguous string
of one or more 16-bit segments (hextets) consisting of all 0’s
 Double colon (::) can only be used once within an address
otherwise the address will be ambiguous
 Known as the compressed format
 Incorrect address - 2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234

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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2- Omitting All 0 Segments
 Examples

#1

#2

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Address Types

There are three types of IPv6 addresses:

• Unicast

• Multicast

• Anycast.

Note: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses.

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Prefix Length
 IPv6 does not use the dotted-decimal subnet mask notation
 Prefix length indicates the network portion of an IPv6 address
using the following format:
• IPv6 address/prefix length
• Prefix length can range from 0 to 128
• Typical prefix length is /64

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
 Unicast
• Uniquely identifies an interface on an IPv6-enabled device
• A packet sent to a unicast address is received by the interface that is
assigned that address.

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
 Global unicast
• Similar to a public IPv4 address
• Globally unique
• Internet routable addresses.
• Can be configured statically or assigned dynamically

 Link-local
• Used to communicate with other devices on the same local link
• Confined to a single link - not routable beyond the link

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
 Loopback
• Used by a host to send a packet to itself and cannot be assigned to a
physical interface
• Ping an IPv6 loopback address to test the configuration of TCP/IP on
the local host
• All-0s except for the last bit, represented as ::1/128 or just ::1

 Unspecified address
• All-0’s address represented as ::/128 or just ::
• Cannot be assigned to an interface and is only used as a source
address
• An unspecified address is used as a source address when the
device does not yet have a permanent IPv6 address or when the
source of the packet is irrelevant to the destination

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
 Unique local
• Similar to private addresses for IPv4
• Used for local addressing within a site or between a limited number
of sites
• In the range of FC00::/7 to FDFF::/7

 IPv4 embedded (not covered in this course)

• Used to help transition from IPv4 to IPv6

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses
 Every IPv6-enabled network interface is REQUIRED to have
a link-local address
 Enables a device to communicate with other IPv6-enabled
devices on the same link and only on that link (subnet)
 FE80::/10 range, first 10 bits are 1111 1110 10xx xxxx
 1111 1110 1000 0000 (FE80) - 1111 1110 1011 1111 (FEBF)

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses
 Packets with a source or destination link-local address
cannot be routed beyond the link from where the packet
originated

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 IPv6 global unicast addresses are globally unique and
routable on the IPv6 Internet
 Equivalent to public IPv4 addresses
 ICANN allocates IPv6 address blocks to the five RIRs
 Currently, only global unicast addresses with the first three
bits of 001 or 2000::/3 are being assigned

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address

• Currently, only global unicast addresses with the first

three bits of 001 or 2000::/3 are being assigned

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 A global unicast address has three parts:

 Global Routing Prefix- prefix or network portion of the

address assigned by the provider, such as an ISP, to a
customer or site, currently, RIR’s assign a /48 global routing
prefix to customers
 2001:0DB8:ACAD::/48 has a prefix that indicates that the first
48 bits (2001:0DB8:ACAD) is the prefix or network portion
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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Configuration of a Global Unicast Address

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Configuration of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
using SLAAC

Stateless Address Autoconfiguraton (SLAAC)

• A method that allows a device to obtain its prefix, prefix
length and default gateway from an IPv6 router
• No DHCPv6 server needed
• Rely on ICMPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) messages

IPv6 routers
• Forwards IPv6 packets between networks
• Can be configured with static routes or a dynamic IPv6
routing protocol
• Sends ICMPv6 RA messages

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
using SLAAC

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast
Address using DHCPv6

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)

 Similar to IPv4
 Automatically receive addressing information including a
global unicast address, prefix length, default gateway
address and the addresses of DNS servers using the
services of a DHCPv6 server
 Device may receive all or some of its IPv6 addressing
information from a DHCPv6 server depending upon
whether option 2 (SLAAC and DHCPv6) or option 3
(DHCPv6 only) is specified in the ICMPv6 RA message
 Host may choose to ignore whatever is in the router’s RA
message and obtain its IPv6 address and other
information directly from a DHCPv6 server.
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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast
Address using DHCPv6

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Link-local Addresses
Link-local Address
 After a global unicast address is assigned to an interface,
IPv6-enabled device automatically generates its link-local
address
 Must have a link-local address which enables a device to
communicate with other IPv6-enabled devices on the
same subnet
 Uses the link-local address of the local router for its default
gateway IPv6 address
 Routers exchange dynamic routing protocol messages
using link-local addresses
 Routers’ routing tables use the link-local address to identify
the next-hop router when forwarding IPv6 packets

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Link-local Addresses

Dynamically Assigned
 Link-local address is dynamically created using
the FE80::/10 prefix and the Interface ID

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Link-local Addresses

Configuring link-local

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Static Link-local Addresses

Configuring link-local

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IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses
Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration

Each interface has

two IPv6 addresses -

1. global unicast
address that was
configured
2. one that begins
with FE80 is
automatically
added link-local
unicast address

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IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses
Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration

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IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses

 IPv6 multicast addresses are similar to IPv4 multicast

addresses. Recall that a multicast address is used to send a
single packet to one or more destinations (multicast group)
 Note: Multicast addresses can only be destination addresses
and not source addresses.
 . IPv6 multicast addresses have the prefix FFxx::/8
 There are two types of IPv6 multicast addresses:
• Assigned multicast
• Solicited node multicast

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IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses
An assigned multicast address is a single address used to reach a group of
devices running a common protocol or service.

Two common IPv6 assigned multicast groups include:

 FF02::1 All-nodes multicast group –
• A packet sent to this group is received and processed by all IPv6
interfaces on the link or network. This has the same effect as a
broadcast address in IPv4.
• FF02::2 All-routers multicast group –
• This is a multicast group that all IPv6 routers join.
• a packet sent to this group is received and processed by all IPv6
routers on the link or network.

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IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses

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8.3
Connectivity Verification

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ICMP
ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 Messages
 IICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is an error-
reporting protocol network devices)
 messages common to both ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 include:
• Host confirmation
• Destination or Service Unreachable
• Time exceeded
• Route redirection

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ICMP
ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router
Advertisement Messages
 ICMPv6 includes four new protocols as part of the Neighbor
Discovery Protocol (ND or NDP):
• Router Solicitation message
• Router Advertisement message
• Neighbor Solicitation message
• Neighbor Advertisement message

 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Message:

Sent between hosts and routers.
 Router Solicitation (RS) message: RS message is sent as
an IPv6 all-routers multicast message
 Router Advertisement (RA) message: RA messages are
sent by routers to provide addressing information 82
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ICMP
ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router
Advertisement Messages

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Testing and Verification
Ping - Testing the Local Stack

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Testing and Verification
Ping – Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN

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Testing and Verification
Ping – Testing Connectivity to Remote

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Testing and Verification
Traceroute – Testing the Path
Traceroute (tracert)
• Generates a list of hops that were successfully reached
along the path
• Provides important verification and troubleshooting
information
• If the data reaches the destination, then the trace lists the
interface of every router in the path between the hosts
• If the data fails at some hop along the way, the address of
the last router that responded to the trace can provide an
indication of where the problem or security restrictions are
found
• Provides round trip time for each hop along the path and
indicates if a hop fails to respond

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 89
IP Addressing
Summary
 IP addresses are hierarchical with network, subnetwork, and
host portions. An IP address can represent a complete
network, a specific host, or the broadcast address of the
network.
 The subnet mask or prefix is used to determine the network
portion of an IP address. Once implemented, an IP network
needs to be tested to verify its connectivity and operational
performance.
 DHCP enables the automatic assignment of addressing
information such as IP address, subnet mask, default
gateway, and other configuration information.

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 90
IP Addressing
Summary
 IPv4 hosts can communicate one of three different ways:
unicast, broadcast, and multicast.
 The private IPv4 address blocks are: 10.0.0.0/8,
172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16.
 The depletion of IPv4 address space is the motivating factor
for moving to IPv6. Each IPv6 address has 128 bits verses
the 32 bits in an IPv4 address. The prefix length is used to
indicate the network portion of an IPv6 address using the
following format: IPv6 address/prefix length.

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 91
IP Addressing
Summary
 There are three types of IPv6 addresses: unicast, multicast,
and anycast.
 An IPv6 link-local address enables a device to communicate
with other IPv6-enabled devices on the same link and only on
that link (subnet). Packets with a source or destination link-
local address cannot be routed beyond the link from where
the packet originated. IPv6 link-local addresses are in the
FE80::/10 range.
 ICMP is available for both IPv4 and IPv6.

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Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 93