EEE 324 Digital Signal Processing

Lecture 4
Down-sampling

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology - Abbottabad

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Contents
• Down-sampling

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
• The sampling rate of a sequence can be reduced by defining a new sequence
𝑥𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛𝑀 = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑛𝑀𝑇) (34)
Where M is a positive integer
• The system defined by Eq. (34) is called a compressor and is shown below.

• 𝑥𝑑 𝑛 is identical to the sequence that would be obtained from 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) by

sampling with period 𝑇 ′ = 𝑀𝑇
Dr. Shadan Khattak
Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
• Moreover, if 𝑋𝑐 𝑗Ω = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 Ω ≥ Ω𝑁 , i.e. 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) is a BL signal,
• then 𝑥𝑑 [𝑛] is an exact representation of 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) if 𝜋 𝑇′ =𝜋 𝑀𝑇 ≥ Ω𝑁 .
• The sampling rate can be reduced by a factor M without aliasing using
two techniques: i.e.,
1. if: the original sampling rate was at least M times the Nyquist rate (i.e.,
Ω𝑠 ≥ 𝑀2Ω0 ), or
2. if the bandwidth of the sequence is first reduced by a factor of M by DT
filtering.

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor
• Since the compressor is a DT system, we will employ DTFT.
• The DTFT of 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑛𝑇) is:
1 ∞ 𝜔 2𝜋𝑘
𝑋 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 = 𝑋𝑐 𝑗 − (Recall Eq. (10))
𝑇 𝑘=−∞ 𝑇 𝑇
• The DTFT of 𝑥𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛𝑀 = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑛𝑇 ′ ) with 𝑇 ′ = 𝑀𝑇 is:
1 𝜔 2𝜋𝑟
𝑋𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 = ∞
𝑟=−∞ 𝑋𝑐 𝑗 − (35) (Recall Eq. (10))
𝑇′ 𝑇′ 𝑇′
Putting the value of 𝑇 ′ ,
1 ∞ 𝜔 2𝜋𝑟
𝑋𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 = 𝑋𝑐 𝑗 − (36)
𝑀𝑇 𝑟=−∞ 𝑀𝑇 𝑀𝑇

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor

𝑟 = 𝑖 + 𝑘𝑀, −∞ < 𝑘 < ∞, 0≤𝑖 ≤𝑀−1

1 𝑀−1 1 ∞ 𝜔 2𝜋𝑘 2𝜋𝑖

𝑋𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 = [ 𝑋𝑐 𝑗 − − ] (37)
𝑀 𝑖=0 𝑇 𝑘=−∞ 𝑀𝑇 𝑇 𝑀𝑇

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor
• The term inside the square brackets of Eq. (37) resemble Eq. (10) and can
be written as:

1 ∞ (𝜔 − 2𝜋𝑖) 2𝜋𝑘
𝑋 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔−2𝜋𝑖)/𝑀 = 𝑋𝑐 𝑗 −
𝑇 𝑘=−∞ 𝑀𝑇 𝑇

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐸𝑞. 37 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠:

1 𝑀−1
𝑋𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 = 𝑖=0 𝑋 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔−2𝜋𝑖)/𝑀 (38)
𝑀
Dr. Shadan Khattak
Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor
From Eq. (36), we can say that, in frequency domain, down-sampling
by a factor of M can be thought of as being composed of:
• An infinite set of copies of 𝑋𝑐 𝑗Ω , frequency scaled through 𝜔 = Ω𝑇 ′ and,
2𝜋
• Shifted by integer multiples of
𝑇′

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor
From Eq. (38), we can say that:
• in frequency domain, down-sampling by a factor of M produces M
aliased copies of the DTFT 𝑋(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ).
• These copies are produced by:
• Stretching the frequency axis by a factor of M,
• and then shifting by 2𝜋𝑖.

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor
Either interpretation makes it clear that:
• 𝑋𝑑 (𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) is periodic with period 2𝜋, and

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor
Two ways of avoiding aliasing during downsampling
1. Aliasing can be avoided by ensuring that 𝑋(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) is band-limited i.e.,
𝑋 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 = 0, 𝜔𝑁 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 𝜋
And
2𝜋
≥ 2𝜔𝑁
𝑀
Or
𝑀𝜔𝑁 ≤ 𝜋

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor

Ω𝑠 = 4Ω𝑁 , 𝑀 = 2
1
Ω𝑁 = Ω𝑠
4
𝜋
𝜔𝑁 =
2

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor

Ω𝑠 = 4Ω𝑁 , 𝑀 = 3
1
Ω 𝑁 = Ω𝑠 e
4
𝜋
𝜔𝑁 =
2

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and
O/P of Compressor
Two ways of avoiding aliasing during
downsampling
2. Reduce the bandwidth of the signal 𝑥[𝑛]
first by using an LP filter with cut-off
frequency 𝜋/𝑀 and then down-sample.

For the example shown on the right, the

following parameters are used:
Ω𝑠 = 4Ω𝑁 , 𝑀 = 2
1
Ω𝑁 = 4 Ω𝑠
𝜋
𝜔𝑁 =
2

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor
• If the original signal was band-limited, such that:
𝜋
𝑋 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 = 0, e 𝑀
≤ 𝜔 ≤𝜋
there would be no aliasing.
• To avoid aliasing, we need to first low-pass filter, and then down-sample.
1, 𝜔 < 𝜋/𝑀
𝐻𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 = 𝜋
0, ≤ 𝜔 ≤𝜋
𝑀
• In practice, due to unfavourable properties of ℎ𝑑 [𝑛] (infinite impulse
response, slow decay), we do not apply this idealized filter.
Dr. Shadan Khattak
Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Down-Sampling (Reducing the Sampling Rate)
Frequency Domain Relationship Between I/P and O/P of Compressor
• A general system for down-sampling by a factor of M is shown below.
e

• Such a system is called a decimator, and

• down-sampling by low-pass filtering followed by compression is
called decimation.

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Reading
Section 4.6.1 (Oppenheim)

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad
 Practice Problems
Problems: 4.14 – 4.18, 4.26, 4.27 (Oppenheim)

Dr. Shadan Khattak

Department of Electrical Engineering
CIIT - Abbottabad