heefjÛeÙe

1 (Introduction)

u Brief History u Editing Python Files

u Python Version u Python Documentation
u Installing Python u Getting Help
u Environment Variable u Dynamic Types
u Executing Python from Command Line u Reserved Word
u IDLE u Naming Conventions

n Python
Python Skeâ high level leLee interpreted programming language nw; peesefkeâ meved 1989 ceW Guido Van
Rossum Éeje develop keâer ieF& leLee ØeLece cej meved 1991 ceW release keâer ieF& Leer~ heefjCeecemJe™he Ùen Ssmeer
programming language ngF& pees software development leLee web development kesâ efueS yengle GheÙeesieer meeefyele
ngF&~
Python ceW kegâue oes Version nQ—Python 2 SJeb Python 3 leLee oesveeW ner Deeheme ceW efyeukegâue Deueie nÝb~
meeceevÙeleÙee Python file keâe extension .py neslee nw leLee Command kesâ ceeOÙece mes Yeer nce keâesF& Øees«eece
Deemeeveer mes run keâj mekeâles nQ~
efkeâmeer Yeer Python Program keâes efvecveefueefKele leerve Øekeâej mes run keâj mekeâles nQ—
1. Interactive Interprefer kesâ Éeje
2. Script from command line kesâ Éeje
3. Integrated Development Environment (IDLE) kesâ Éeje

Source Code
(Program)
Computer
Running an Outputs
Inputs Interpreter

efÛe$e : Interpreting a High Level Language

Features of Python
1. Python Skeâ high level language nw; pees free leLee open source language nw~
2 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
2. Ùen Skeâ interpreted language nw DeLee&led Python program ncesMee interpreter Éeje execute efkeâÙes
peeles nQ~
3. Python program keâes Deemeeveer mes mecePee pee mekeâlee nw~ leLee Fmekeâe Syntax leLee Structure simple
SJeb clearly defined neslee nw~
4. Python case sensitive programming language nw DeLee&led PROGRAM leLee program oesveeW
Deueie-Deueie nQ~
5. Python, portable leLee plateform independent nw~ DeLee&led Ùen efJeefYevve DeehejseEšie efmemšce SJeb
ne[&JesÙej huesšheâece& hej Deemeeveer mes run keâj mekeâleer nw~
6. Python ceW yengle meejs Predefined library functions GheueyOe nQ~
7. Python web development ceW yengle GheÙeesieer nw~
8. Python ceW keâes[ hueeve leLee Nested hueeve efueKeves kesâ efueS indentation keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
9. Python, keâchÙetšj FbpeerefveÙeeEjie kesâ veÙes lekeâveerkeâer pewmes Machine learning, 10T NLP Deeefo kesâ
implementation nsleg yengle GheÙeesieer nw~
10. Python nceW ueieYeie meYeer Commercial database mes interface Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
Limitations/Disadvantage of Python
Ùen language efJeMes<e ™he mes Enterprise solution Deeefo kesâ efueS yengle GheÙeesieer veneR nw~ Fmekesâ kegâÚ
limitations efvecveJeled nQ—
1. Difficulty in using other language : Python keâes Ùetpe keâjves Jeeues programmer pees Fmekeâer
library leLee features mes familiar nes peeles nQ, GvnW otmejer programming languages hej keâeÙe&
keâjves ceW mecemÙee Glhevve nesleer nw~
2. Weak in Mobile Computing : Python language efkeâmeer Yeer mobile computing application
kesâ efueS yengle GheÙeesieer veneR nw~
3. Gets Slow in Speed : Python ceW Øees«eece compiler kesâ yepeeÙe interpreter kesâ ceoo mes exicute
neslee nw, efpememes program execution slow nes peelee nw leLee keâYeer-keâYeer Ùen web application ceW
fast Yeer nes peelee nw~
4. Run Time Error : Python Skeâ dynamically typed Øees«eeeEceie ueQiJespe nw, efpememes Ùen run time
error show keâjlee nw~
5. Data Base Access : DevÙe Øees«eeeEceie ueQiJespe Java, JDBL, ODBC keâer leguevee ceW FmeceW limited data
base access neslee nw~
6. Memory Consumption : Python, memory intensive task kesâ efueS yengle DeÛÚe efJekeâuhe veneR
neslee nw~ Python ceW pÙeeoe memory keâe consumption neslee nw~
Applications of Python
Python Skeâ general purpose programming language nw, efpemekesâ yengle meejs DevegØeÙeesie nQ~ kegâÚ cenlJehetCe&
Applications efvecveJeled nQ—
1. Web Development : nce Web application develop keâjves kesâ efueS Yeer Python keâe ØeÙeesie keâj
jns nQ~ FmeceW yengle meejer predefined library GheueyOe nQ~ efpemekeâer ceoo mes HTML, XML, JSON,
E-mail, Internet Protocol keâes Deemeeveer mes handle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Python ceW Python Wiki
Engines, POCOO, Python Blog Software kegâÚ cenòJehetCe& developments nQ~
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2. Data Science : Deepe kesâ oewj ceW peneB yengle meeje data keâes process keâjvee neslee nw, Python ceW
GheueyOe cenlJehetCe& library kesâ keâejCe Data Science ceW Ùen yengle ner GheÙeesie efmeæ nes jne nw~ efpemeceW
Numpy, Pands SJeb Matplotlib kegâÚ cenlJehetCe& SJeb GheÙeesieer library nQ~ efpememes nce data
cleaning, visualization Deeefo keâes Deemeeveer mes nwC[ue keâj heeles nw~
3. Machine Learning : Machine learning Yeer Python keâer Skeâ yengle ner cenlJehetCe& application nw~
Python ceW GheueyOe library pewmes Scikit-lean, Tensorflow SJeb NLTK Deeefo keâe ØeÙeesie machine
learning nsleg yengleeÙele ™he mes efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efpemeceW cegKÙe ™he mes Automation, AI, Medical
diagnosis, Sales Analysis Deeefo ØecegKe DevegØeÙeesie nQ~
4. Image Processing : Image processing kesâ application, face recognition, activity tracking
Deeefo ceW open cv library keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Python, Image processing kesâ efueS yengle
popular nw~ Vpython, Gogh, imgseek ØecegKe application nQ~
5. Game Development : Game development kesâ efueS Yeer Phyton keâe ØeÙeesie nes jne nw~ Pygame
library cegKÙe ™he mes Fmekesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ Android mobile ceW games development kesâ
efueS Python keâe ØeÙeesie nes jne nw~
6. Embedded System and IOT : Ùen Yeer Python keâer cegKÙe application nw~ Fmekesâ ØeÙeesie kesâ Éeje
product automation, robotics, IOT Deeefo keâes develop keâjves ceW Python yengle ner GheÙeesieer nw~
Micropython, Python keâe Skeâ light version nw, peesefkeâ Microcontroller programing kesâ efueS
efJeMes<e ™he mes yeveeÙee ieÙee nw~
7. Android Apps : Android Apps keâe development efJeMes<e ™he mes Android SDK kesâ ceeOÙece mes
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ uesefkeâve python kesâ ceeOÙece mes Yeer nce Android App keâes develop keâj mekeâles nQ,
efpemekesâ efueS Pythoris Kivy library keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
8. Scientific and Numerical Application : Python keâe ØeÙeesie Scientific SJeb Numerical
Computing kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Scipy, Pondas, Ipython, Numeric Python ØecegKe library
nQ, pees Engineering SJeb Science kesâ application development ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nQ~
9. Business Applications : Python kesâ ØeÙeesie kesâ ceeOÙece mes nce ERP, e-commerce systems Deeefo
keâes develop keâjles nQ~
10. 3D CAB Application : 3D CAD Application keâes develop keâjves kesâ efueS Fandango keâe ØeÙeesie
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
n Process of Programming
Step 1 : Problem keâes define keâjvee leLee model keâjvee : meJe&ØeLece efkeâmeer mecemÙee keâes define keâjvee leLee
Gmekeâer Modeling keâjvee nw~
Step 2 : Problem keâe logical solution Øeehle keâjvee : Logical solution Skeâ clear, finite leLee
step-by-step procedure nw efkeâmeer mecemÙee keâes nue keâjves keâe~
Fmes ner nce Algorithm keânles nQ~ Fmes efhekeäÛej heâece& ceW Øemlegle keâjves kesâ efueS ner flow chart keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
GoenjCe kesâ leewj hej, Ùeefo efjÙeue ueeFheâ ceW nceW Ûeehe yeveevee nw Deewj Gmekeâe Øeesmesme nce google hej meÛe& keâjles nQ
lees nceW Gmekeâe finite solution efceue peeÙesiee~ otmejs ÛejCe ceW nceejs step Úesšs leLee clear nesves ÛeeefnSB~
4 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
Step 3 : Øees«eece efueKevee : Programing : leermejs step ceW nce algorithm keâes Skeâ working code ceW
heefjJee|lele keâjles nQ, efpememes computer Deemeeveer mes mecePe mekesâ Deewj Gmekesâ efueS nceW pe™jle nesleer nw Programming
language keâer, efpemeceW nceW Program efueKevee neslee nw~

Problem Description

Solution Model of the

Code Problem

Logical
Solution

Programing Cycle of Python

1. Write your program or edit your program
2. Run your program on an input
3. If output is not correct, return to coding step (step 1)
4. Repeat step 2, 3 for other inputs if any.

n Classification of Programming Language

Programming language, efkeâmeer Yeer computer keâes efveoxMe (instruction) osves keâe Skeâ ceeOÙece nw~ pees kegâÚ
syntactic leLee Semantic efveÙeceeW hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ metÛevee ØeewÅeesefiekeâer keâer ogefveÙee ceW yengle-meer Computer
Programming Languages ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙeer peeleer nQ~ GvnW Gvekeâer keâeÙe& ØeCeeueer kesâ DeeOeej hej efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Fmekesâ cegKÙe Øekeâej efvecveJeled nQ—
1. Machine language 5. Scripting language
2. Assembly language 6. Domain Specific language
3. High level language 7. Glue language
4. System language
Machine Language : Fmes lowest level leLee First Generation Programming language kesâ veece mes
peevee peelee nw~ Fme lejn keâer Programming language ceW kesâJeue oes MeleX nesleer nQ—True SJeb False~ FmeefueS Fmes
Binary Programming language kesâ veece mes Yeer peevee peelee nw~ Computer ceW meYeer instructions keâes 0 SJeb 1
™he ceW ner heâer[ efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen Machine level language mecePeves ceW keâef"veeF& nesleer nw~
Assembly Language : Fmes middle level language leLee Second Generation language kesâ veece mes
peevee peelee nw~ Fmekesâ efveoxMe (instructions) Yeer Machine language keâer lejn ner nesles nQ leLee instruction leLee
variable kesâ specific veece nesles nQ~ efpemes nce command keânles nQ~ FmeceW efveoxMeeW keâer JÙeeKÙee leLee mecePeves kesâ efueS
kegâÚ symbols keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
FmeceW nj Skeâ machine instruction kesâ efueS Skeâ statement efueKee peelee nw~ Fmes cewvespe keâjves kesâ efueS
register allocation, call, stack, timer, jump, loop Deeefo keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
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Computer keâer assembly language keâes mecePeves kesâ efueS Skeâ Assember keâes DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ pees
assembly instruction keâes machine instruction ceW heefjJee|lele keâjlee nw~ Assembler Skeâ mee@heäšJesÙej neslee nw~
010100100
Load 100100100
Add Assembler 1000110001
Store 10010010011
10010010011
Source Assembly Binary Machine
Instruction Instruction
efÛe$e : Assembler
Source Exicutable
Assembler Linker
file .asm file

. obj . exe
efÛe$e : Assembler and Linker
High Level Language : meYeer Øekeâej keâer High Level Language (HLL), procedure oriented
language leLee machine independent nesleer nw~ Ùen upper language leLee third generation language kesâ veece
mes Yeer peeveer peeleer nw~ Ùen nceW program keâes meeOeejCe English language efueKeves, Mathematical SJeb DevÙe efmeiveue
keâe ØeÙeesie keâjves keâer megefJeOee Øeoeve keâjleer nw~ efpememes Øees«eece, Deemeeve redable leLee mecePeves ÙeesiÙe nes peelee nw~ Ssmes Øees«eece
keâes Computer keâes mecePeves kesâ efueS Gmes Machine instruction ceW translate keâjvee heÌ[lee nw~ efpemekesâ efueS nceW Skeâ
mee@heäšJesÙej keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ efpemes compiler Ùee interpreter keânles nQ~ Fmes compiler SJeb translator keâe
cegKÙe keâeÙe& source keâes[ keâes machine understandable code ceW heefjJee|lele keâjvee neslee nw~
Source Machine
Compiler Output
Code Code

Source
Interpreter Output
Code

efÛe$e : Compiler and Interpreter

GoenjCe : FORTRAN, Pascal, C, C++, Java, ADA, COBOL, LISP, Prolog etc.
System Language : System Programming kesâ efueS nce system programming language keâe ØeÙeesie
keâjles nQ leLee Gmekeâer ceoo mes System s/w yeveeÙee peelee nw~
GoenjCe : PL/I, D, Rust, Swift
Scripling Language : Ùen Ssmeer progranming language nesleer nw pees otmejer programming language mes
communicate keâjves kesâ efueS design keâer peeleer nw~ Fmes extremly high level leLee powerfull language keâne
peelee nw~ pewmes Java Script, VB Script, PHP, Port Python, Rubly, ASP and TCC.
Domain Specific Language : Ùen programming languauge efkeâmeer efJeMes<e keâeÙe& keâes hetje keâjves kesâ keâece ceW
Deeleer nw~ pewmes CSS, Ant, SQL Deeefo~
Glue Language : Glue language Ssmeer programming language nw pees otmejs mee@heäšJesÙej component kesâ
Øees«eece keâes manage keâjves keâe keâeÙe& keâjleer nw~
6 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
Ùen Ssmes s/w Ùee program keâes integrate keâjves keâe keâeÙe& keâjleer nw pees efYevve-efYevve Øees«eeeEceie ueQiJespe leLee
huesšheâece& hej efJekeâefmele efkeâÙes ieÙes nesles nQ~ Ùen interconnecting keâes support keâjleer nw~
Glue programming language, ØeesšesšeFhe environment ceW yengle GheÙeesieer meeefyele nesleer nw, peneB efJeefYevve
Øekeâej kesâ software mes Skeâ framework yeveeÙee ieÙee neslee nw~
GoenjCe : VBCript, Ruby, Python, Perl and PHP

Interpreter Virtual machine

Source code
Processor

Compiler

efÛe$e : Compiler Vs Interpreter

Source code
Virtual machine

Interpreter

Compiler

Processor

Bytecode

efÛe$e : Bite Compile Code

1.1 History of Python

Python, meved 1980 kesâ ueieYeie Guido Van Rossum Éeje develop keâer ieÙeer Leer efpemes Netherland keâer
“National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science” ØeÙeesieMeeuee ceW efJekeâefmele efkeâÙee ieÙee
Lee~
Python keâes otmejer Øees«eeeEceie ueQiJespe pewmes ABS Modula-3, C, C++, Afgol, Unix Shell Deeefo mes derive
efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
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Python, copyrighted nw~ Python keâe source code GNU General Public Licence (GPL) kesâ Devleie&le
heefyuekeâ [escesve ceW GheueyOe nw~
Python DeYeer Yeer Skeâ keâesj šerce Éeje maintain keâer peeleer nw leLee Guido Van Rossum DeYeer Yeer Gmekeâer
progress keâes [eÙejskeäš keâjles nQ leLee Ùen DeefOekeâej Gvekesâ heeme megjef#ele nw~
veJecyej 1994 ceW Python 1.0 keâes peejer (release) efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee leLee meved 2000 ceW Python 2.0 keâes peejer
(release) efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee~ Python 2.7.11 DeYeer Yeer Python 2.0 keâe meyemes veJeervelece version nw~
meved 2000 ceW Python 3.0 keâes peejer efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee~ Fmekeâe veJeervelece version Python 3.5.1 DeYeer GheueyOe nw~
Python 3, Python 2 oes Deueie-Deueie Python kesâ version nQ~
Evaluation of Python

1972 C Dennis Ritchie

1983 C++ B Jame Strounstrup

1989 Python Guido Van Rossum

1991 Oak James Gosting

Sun Microsystem
1995 Java (Now Oracle)

2000 C# Microsoft

n Why Python
Python Skeâ General purpose programming language nw~ pees cegKÙele: scripting kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer
nw~ Fmes object oriented scripting language Yeer keâne peelee nw~ Ùen oop kesâ concent keâes support keâjleer nw~
Python codef ile keâes program kesâ yepeeÙe Script keâne peelee nw~
Python kesâ yengle mes ueeYeoeÙekeâ features nesves kesâ keâejCe Øees«eecej Fmes ØeÙeesie ceW ueevee Ûeenles nQ~ Fmekesâ kegâÚ
cenlJehetCe& iegCe efvecveJele nQ, pees Øees«eece keâes Deekeâe|<ele keâjles nQ—
1. Simple and Easy to learn 6. Extendable
2. Interpreted and Interactive 7. Dynamic
3. Object Oriented 8. GUI Programming and Data Bases
4. Portable 9. Board Standard Library
5. Scalable

1.2 Python Versions

meceÙe-meceÙe hej Python software keâes update efkeâÙee peelee nw~ leLee kegâÚ megOeejeW leLee kegâÚ veÙes features kesâ
meeLe Gmekeâe veÙee version peejer efkeâÙee peelee nw~
8 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
Python keâe henuee version Python 1.0 V, Jan 1994 ceW peejer efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee~ Fmekesâ yeeo Oct. 2000 ceW
Python 2.0 V leLee Dec. 2008 ceW Python 3.0 V keâes peejer efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee~ Jele&ceeve ceW GheueyOe Python keâe
Python 3.9.0 SJeb Python 2.7.18 mes veJeerve version nw~
veesš—Python 3 kesâ Jepe&ve ceW (Python 2 mes) Backward compatability veneR nesleer nw DeLee&led Python 2 keâe
Program pe™jer veneR nw~ Python 3 ceW ncesMee run keâjW~
Python Documentation Released
1. Python 3.9.0 05 Oct 2020
2. Python 3.8.6 23 Sept 2020
3. Python 3.8.5 20 July 2020
4. Python 3.8.4 13 July 2020
5. Python 3.8.3 13 May 2020
6. Python 3.8.2 24 Feb 2020
7. Python 3.8.1 18 Dec 2019
8. Python 3.8.0 14 Oct 2019
9. Python 3.7.0 24 June 2018
10. Python 3.6.0 23 Dec 2016
11. Python 3.0 03 Dec 2008
1. Python 2.7.18 20 April 2020
2. Python 2.7.17 19 Oct 2019
3. Python 2.7.16 02 March 2019
4. Python 2.7.15 30 April 2018
5. Python 2.7.14 17 Dec 2016
6. Python 2.7 04 July 2010
7. Python 2.6 01 Oct 2008
8. Python 2.5 19 Sept 2006
9. Python 2.4 30 Nov 2004
10. Python 2.0 16 Oct 2000

Flavors of Python
1. C Python : Ùen Python keâe Standard Flavor nw~ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie C language Applications kesâ efueS
neslee nw~
2. Jython or JPython : Ùen cegKÙele: Java Applications kesâ efueS nw~ Ùen Jum hej run keâjlee nw~
3. Iron Python : Ùen C# leLee .Net Platform hej ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙee peelee nw~
4. P 4 P 4 : Ùen JIT Compiler hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw leLee PVM ceW GheueyOe neslee nw~
5. Ruby Python : Ùen Ruby Platform hej keâeÙe& kesâ efueS neslee nw~
6. Anaconda Python : Ùen cegKÙe ™he mes large volume kesâ data processing, machine learing leLee
mathematical Calculation kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙee peelee nw~
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Where We Can Use Python
Jele&ceeve ceW Python keâes cegKÙe leewj efvecve keâeÙe& nsleg ØeÙeesie keâj jns nQ—
1. For Developing Desktop Applications
2. For Developing Web Application
3. For Developing Database Applications
4. For Network Programming
5. For Developing Games
6. For Data Analysis Application
7. For Machine Learning Application
8. For Developing Artificial Intelligence Applications
9. For Internal of Things (IOT) Application
10. For Image Processing and its Application

1.3 Installing Python

Python Skeâ Cross platform programing language nw~ DeLee&led Ùen efkeâmeer Yeer Platform pewmes Windows,
Macox, Linux Deeefo hej Deemeeveer mes run keâjleer nw~ Ùen free leLee open source nw~
How to Install Python on Windows [Pycharm IDE]
PyCharm is a cross-platform editor developed by JetBrains. Pycharm provides all the tools you
need for productive Python developmen. Below are the detailed steps for installing Python and
PyCharm.

n Installing Python
Step 1 : To download and install Python visit the official website of Python
http://www.python.org/downloads/and choose your version. We have chosen Python version
3.6.3
10 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
Step 2 : Once the download is complete, run the axe for install Python. Now click on Install
Now.

Step 3 : You can see Python installing at this point.

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Step 4 : When it finishes, you can see a screen that says the Setup was successful. Now click on
“Close”.

n Installing Pycharm
Step 1 : To download PyCharm visit the website
http://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/and click the “DOWNLOAD” link under the
Community Section.
12 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
Step 2 : Once the download is complete, run the exe for install PyCharm. The stepup wizard
should have started. Click "Next".

Step 3 : On the next screen, change the installation path if required.

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Step 4 : On the next screen, you can create a desktop shortcut if you want and click on "Next".

Step 5 : Choose the start menu folder. Keep selected Jet Brains and click on "Install".
14 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
Step 6 : Wait for the installation to finish.

Step 7 : Once installation finished, you should receive a message screen that PyCharm is
installed. If you want to go ahead and run it, click the "Run PyCharm Community Edition" box first
and click "Finish".
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Step 8 : After you click on "Finish", the Following screen will appear.

1.4 Environment Variable

Variable Description

1. PYTHONPATH Ùen PATH kesâ meceeve ner neslee nw~ Ùen yeleelee nw efkeâ Interpereter keâes Øees«eece ceW import
keâer ieÙeer module file keâes keâneB locate keâjvee nw~ PYTHONPATH keâYeer-keâYeer
Python installer Éeje Yeer Øemlegle efkeâÙee peelee nw~
2. PYTHONSTARTUR Ùen Gme file kesâ path keâes jKelee nw pees Python Source keâes[ keâes initilize keâjleer
nw~ peye Yeer interpreter start neslee nw, leye Ùen execute neslee nw~ Ùen
PYTHONPATH keâes modify Ùee utilities keâes uees[ keâjves keâe command Deheves
heeme jKelee nw~
3. PYTHONCASEOK Ùen imported statement ceW first case insensitive match kesâ efueS Python keâes
efveoxefMele keâjlee nw~ Fmes activate keâjves kesâ efueS Fmes efkeâmeer Yeer value kesâ meeLe set efkeâÙee
peelee nw~
4. PYTHONHOME Ùen Search Path keâe efJekeâuhe nw, pees PYTHONSTARTUR Ùee PYTHONPATH
ceW embedded jnlee nw~
16 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
File Extensions in Python

.py Extension of normal python source file

.pyc Compiled Bytecode file
.pyd Window DLL file
.pyo File created with optimization
.pyw Python script for windows
.pyz Python script archive

1.5 Executing Python from the Command Line

#One more thing to open python "command prompt".

Example in command prompt
>>>print ("hello"....)
hello
>>>exit
use exit ( ) or ctrl-2 plus return to exit
>>>quit ( )
Example to open notepad :
C:\users/Bhanupratap>notepadIIT
C:\users\Bhanupratap>pythoniitk.py.STP_2020
C:\users\Bhanupratap>
Go to in your file and change name
C:\windows\system32\cmd.exe
Example of swapping program :
a = 10 a b
a = 20 20 10
a=a+b
b=a–b
a=a–b
print
One more method to write swapping program
a = int (a*b)
b = int (a/b)
a = int (a/b)
print (" the new value of a is = "a")
print (" the new value of b is = "b")
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1.6 IDLE

Python Program keâes run keâjves keâe Skeâ ceeOÙece IDLE (Integrated Development Environment) nw~
Development Environment Ssmee tools keâe mesš nw pees Program writing keâes Deemeeve yeveelee nw~ Ùen Program
kesâ efueS word processor keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ Ùen Deehekesâ Program keâes Write keâjves, save keâjves, edit keâjves
ceW ceooieej neslee nw~ IDLE ceW keâeÙe& keâjves kesâ oes ØecegKe cees[ (Mode) efoÙes ieÙes nQ~
1. Interactive Mode
2. Script Mode
1. Interactive Mode : efkeâmeer Yeer Python Program keâes efueKeves keâe yengle ner DeÛÚe leLee lespe (quick)
lejerkeâe neslee nw FmeceW Deehe Python keâes yeleeles nQ efkeâ Deehe keäÙee keâjvee Ûeenles nQ Deewj Ùen Gmekesâ Devegmeej respond keâjlee
nw~
Interactive Session ceW keâesF& Øees«eece efueKeves kesâ efueS meyemes henues (IDEL) pees Python keâe GUI neslee nw, Gmes
open keâjvee nesiee~
® Start Menu ¿
® All Programs ¿
® Python 3
® IDLE
Deye Deehekesâ Screen hej Skeâ efJev[es Kegue peeÙesieer~ Gme efJev[es (Window) keâes Python Shell keâne peelee nw~
Deye Ùeefo Deehe Command promot keâes open keâjkesâ
print ("Hello Python")
šeFhe keâjkesâ Enter Key keâes Press keâjles gSa lees Interpreter respond keâjsiee Deewj Deehekesâ efJev[es hej
Hello Python

efoKesiee (Hello Python)~ Ùen Skeâ Øekeâej keâe Hello Word print keâjves keâe Øees«eece nw~
Python Skeâ Case sensitive language nw~ Ùeefo Deehe print kesâ mLeeve hej Print Ùee PRINT efueKeWies lees Ùen
Øees«eece keâeÙe& veneR keâjsiee~
2. Script Mode : pewmee efkeâ nceves osKee Interactive mode Deehekeâes lelkeâeue (immediate) Feedback oslee
nw~ Ùen cenlJehetCe& nw keäÙeeWefkeâ Deehe legjvle Øees«eece keâe heefjCeece (result/output) osKe mekeâles nQ~ uesefkeâve Interactive
mode ceW Ùen megefJeOee veneR nesleer nw efkeâ Deeheves pees Øees«eece efueKee nw, Gmes mesJe (Save) keâjkesâ yeeo ceW run keâj mekeWâ~
Fmekesâ efueS Python's IDLE keâe Script mode yeveeÙee ieÙee nw, efpemeceW Deehe keâesF& Øees«eece efueKekeâj Gmes Save
keâj mekeâles nQ~ yeeo ceW edit, load Ùee run keâj mekeâles nQ~
Ùen Deehekesâ efueS Word processor keâer lejn nw, efpemeceW keâesF& Øees«eece efueKeles meceÙe GmeceW find and replace,
copy, cut, paste Deeefo functions keâe ØeÙeesie keâj mekeâles nQ~
keâesF& Øees«eece efueKeves kesâ efueS Deehe Skeâ Script Mode Window keâes open keâj mekeâles nQ~ File Menu mes Deehe
Skeâ veF& window open keâj mekeâles nQ~ Ùen window efyeukegâue note pad Ùee word pad keâer lejn nesleer nw~ Deye FmeceW
Yeer Skeâ Program efueKeles nQ leLee
Print ("Hello Python")
18 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
Deye Enter Key press keâjles nQ~ uesefkeâve Deye kegâÚ veneR neslee nw Deewj ve ner keâesF& DeeGšhegš nceW efoKeeF& oslee nw~ Deye Fme
Øees«eece keâes meyemes henues Save keâjvee nesiee~ efheâj Deehe Fmes run keâj mekeâles nQ~ Fmekesâ efueS :
goto file menu
¯
Save As
¯
Hello.py
Deye Deehe keâe Øees«eece keâchÙetšj ceW mesJe (save) nes peeÙesiee~

Note : Python keâe keâesF& Yeer Øees«eece Save keâjles meceÙe Gmekeâe file extension .py ner jKevee neslee nw, efpememes IDLE
Python keâer program keâer file keâes Deemeeveer mes recognize keâj mekeWâ~

Deye Øees«eece keâes run keâjves kesâ efueS run module hej click keâjvee nesiee, leye Deehekeâer window hej Øees«eece keâe
heefjCeece (output) efoKeeF& osiee~
Hello Python

n IDLE Jesâ Øekeâej

Ipython leLee Jupyter notebooks oes yengle ner cenòJehetCe& Development environment nQ pees Deheveer KetefyeÙeeW
keâer Jepen mes ØeÛeueve ceW nQ~ keâesF& Software lewÙeej keâjles meceÙe keâesF& Yeer Ùetpej pÙeeoe ritchy features kesâ IDE keâes
ØeÙeesie keâjvee Ûeenlee nw~ IDE kesâ kegâÚ ØecegKe GoenjCe efvecveJeled nQ—
1. PyDev (Free) IDE pees Eclipse platform hej Built nw~
2. PyCharm from JetBrains (Free open source)
3. Python Tools for Visual Studio (For windows)
4. Spyder (Free, Anide Shiped with Anaconda)
5. Komodo IDE (Commercial)

1.7 Getting Help in Python

Python interpreter ceW Skeâ built-in function help Skeâ object kesâ ™he ceW efoÙee ieÙee neslee nw~ Ùen
interactive use kesâ efueS GheueyOe neslee nw, pees help system keâes invoke keâjlee nw~ Fmes invoke keâjves kesâ efueS help
Ùee help ('object') type keâjvee neslee nw~
leLee Fmemes exit keâjves kesâ efueS 'q' keâes press keâjvee neslee nw~
>>> help ('for') – This display the help for function.

1.8 Python Reserved Words

otmejer Programming languages keâer YeeBefle Python ceW Yeer kegâÚ reserved Ùee keyword nesles nQ,efpevnW nce
meeceevÙe identifier kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie veneR keâj mekeâles nQ~
 heefjÛeÙe y 19
and del for is raise
assert elit from lambda return
break else global not try
class except it or while
continue exec import pass yield
det finally in print false
true nonlocal with
Table : Python Reserved Words
Python ceW kegâue 33 keyword nQ~ uesefkeâve Gvekeâer mebKÙee Ieš Ùee yeÌ{ mekeâleer nw~
True, False, None keâes ÚesÌ[keâj meYeer keywords lowercase Ùeeefve Úesšs De#ejeW ceW nesles nQ~
# Keywords in Python :
v Keywords are the reserved words.
v They are used to define the syntax and structure of Python language.
v We cannot use a keyword as a Variable name, Function name or any other identifier.
v In Python, keywords are case sensitive.
v All the keywords except True, False and None are in lowercase.
v There are 35 keywords in Python.
Keyword.is key word (X)
v Return true if X is a Python keyword.
# What is identifier in Python :
v An idenfifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other
object.
Ex. – X = 10 X
10
Y = 20 Y
20

1.9 Naming Conventions

"Names" efkeâmeer Yeer Øees«eeeEceie ueQiJespe keâe yengle ner cenòJehetCe& efnmmee neslee nw~ nceW Module keâes Skeâ veece (GÅee0
Covert) leLee Module kesâ Devoj Function osvee neslee nw~
Variable : Variable keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer Names keâes Value assign keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes C, F
Deeefo~
Identifier : Python ceW efkeâmeer variable, function, class, module Ùee DevÙe object keâe pees veece (Name)
jKee peelee nw Ùee ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, Gmes ner nce identifier keânles nQ~
uesefkeâve identifier yeveeÙes peeves kesâ kegâÚ efveÙece efveOee&efjle efkeâÙes ieÙes nQ pees De«eJeled nQ—
20 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
1. keâesF& identifier, lowercase (a to z), uppercase (A to Z), digit (0 mes 9), underscore (_) keâe
Skeâ efceßeCe (combination) neslee nw~ Ùee Fvemes ner efceuekeâj yevee neslee nw~ GoenjCe—my_car, vor_1,
print123, x_19 Deeefo~
2. keâesF& Yeer identifier keâYeer Yeer digit (0 mes 9) mes veneR Meg™ nesiee~ pewmes 1var Skeâ invalid leLee var1
Skeâ valid identifier nw~
3. Keywords Ùee Reserved word keâe ØeÙeesie nce identifier kesâ ™he ceW veneR keâj mekeâles nQ~
4. Python ceW efkeâmeer Yeer identifier kesâ Devoj !, #, @, $, % Deeefo efJeMes<e character keâes veneR jKee
peevee ÛeeefnS~
5. efkeâmeer Yeer identifier kesâ yeerÛe ceW peien (Space) veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS~
6. Identifier keâer length keâer keâesF& meercee efveOee&efjle veneR keâer ieF& nw~
7. Python Skeâ case sesitive programming language nesves kesâ keâejCe Name SJeb name oes
Deueie-Deueie identifier ceeves peeles nQ~
Identifier Validity Reason
1. Roundoff Valid
2. ‘Round off’ Invalid –Use of ‘ ’
3. Sum x Invalid –Space
4. 2020 worldcup Invalid –Digit first
5. Covid-19 Valid
6. True Invalid –Keyword
7. My@name Invalid –Special char–@
8. Java2Shore Valid
9. Cash Invalid –Special char $
10. def Invalid –Keyword

z
z=x+y 30
– It is a user defined name.
# Rules for Writing Identifiers :
1. Identifiers can be combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A to Z) or digit (0
to 9) or an underscore :
a = 10 3
A = 10 3
a1 = 20 3
Aa = 20 3
– = 20 3
a_ = 20 3
x–y = 100 7
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2. An identifier cannot start with a digit.
Ex : 1x = 100 7
x1 = 100 3
3. Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
Ex. : If = 10 7
break = 20 7
Identifier naming convention for Python
v Class, name, start with an uppercase letter and all other identifiers with a lowercase
letter.
v Starting an identifier with a single leading underscore indicates by convention that the
identifier is meant to be private.
v Starting an identifier with two leading underscores indicates a strongly private
identifier.
v If the identifier also ends with two trailing underscores, the identifier is a
language-defined special name.
Use of Python Language in Industry
v GUI based Desktop applications
v Image processing and graphic design applications
v Scientific and computational applications
v Games
v Web frameworks and web applications
v Enterprise and business applications
v Operating systems
v Language Development
v For Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning
v DIY projects such as Robots, Remote-controlled toys and video game consoles
v Prototyping

heefjefMe<š-I
n Keywords in Python
Keywords reserved words nesles nQ~
Computer programming language ceW predefined words kesâ set Meeefceue nesles nQ efpevnW keywords keâne
peelee nw~ ØelÙeskeâ keyword kesâ use kesâ efueS efveOee&efjle efveÙece keâes syntax keâne peelee nw~
ØelÙeskeâ keyword keâe Skeâ special DeLe& Deewj Skeâ special operation neslee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ efkeâmeer Yeer keyword kesâ
veece keâe ØeÙeesie python program ceW efkeâmeer identifier pewmes—variable, function, class name Deeefo kesâ efueS veneR
efkeâÙe pee mekeâlee nw~
Python ceW ueieYeie 33 keywords predefined nQ~
22 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
as and from
non local
for
assent
finally
break
class raise
continue import
del in
PYTHON KEYWORDS
def lambda
elif none
else not
pass or
except while
it with
global true yield

1. ‘and’ (Logical AND) Keyword

‘and’ keyword keâe use peye oes Ùe oes mes DeefOekeâ operands true nesles nQ leye true return efkeâÙee peelee nw~
0 = True
1 = False
Truth Table of ‘and’

x y x and y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

Source Code :
Print(5! = 6 and 5 = = 6) # False
Print(5! = 6 and 5 = = 5) # True
Print(5! = 6 and 5 = = 6 and 4 < 6) # False
Output : False
True
False
2. ‘as’ Keyword
‘as’ keyword keâe Fmlesceeue module keâes keâesF& veece Ùee Gheveece (alias) veece oskeâj import efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
import keyword as pykey
print(pykey.kwlist)
Output : [‘False’, ‘None’, ‘True’, ‘and’, ‘assert’, ‘break’, ‘class’, ‘continue’, ‘def’, ‘del’, ‘elif’, ‘else’,
‘except’, ‘finally’, ‘for’, ‘from’, ‘global’, ‘if’, ‘import’, ‘in’, ‘lambda’, ‘nonlocal’, ‘not’, ‘or’, ‘pass’, ‘raise’,
‘return’, ‘try’, ‘while’, ‘with’, ‘yield’]
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3. ‘assert’ Keyword
Python program ceW debugging kesâ efueS ‘assert’ keyword keâe use efkeâÙee peelee nw~
‘assert’ keyword kesâ meeLe peye condition true nesleeR nw leye kegâÚ veneR neslee Deewj peye condition false nesleer
nw leye ‘Assertion Error’ occur neslee nw~
Source Code :
assert 4 = = 4 #No Exception
assert 4 = = 5 # Assertion Error Exception occured
Ouput : assert 4 = = 5 #Assertion Error Exception Occured Assertion Error
4. ‘break’ Keyword
‘break’ keyword, loop execution Deewj transfer control keâes loop kesâ Devle lekeâ meceehle keâjves kesâ efueS use
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
for i in range (5) :
if (i = = 3) :
break
print(i)
print(“End of execution”)
Output : 0
1
2
End of execution
5. ‘class’ Keyword
User kesâ Éeje classes keâes define keâjves kesâ efueS ‘class’ keyword keâe use efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Classes ceW kegâÚ attributes Deewj kegâÚ methods nesles nQ~ Classes ‘OOP’ ceW meyemes Important part nw~
Source Code :
Class my Class :
def func ( ) :
print(“Hello”)
Myclass.func()
Output : Hello
6. ‘Continue’ Keyword
‘Continue’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie iterate nes jns kegâÚ statements keâes skip keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
‘Continue’ keâe ØeÙeesie iterate ve nes jns loop keâes iterate keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
a=0
while (a < 10) :
if (a = = s) :
24 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
print (“skipped value of a is” a)
a=a+1
continue
print (“value of a is”, a)
a=a+1
Output : Value of a is 0
Value of a is 1
Value of a is 2
Value of a is 3
Value of a is 4
Value of a is 5
Value of a is 6
Value of a is 7
Value of a is 8
Value of a is 9
7. ‘def’ Keyword
‘def’ keyword keâe use user-defined function yeveeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
def func(a) :
print(“value of a is”, a)
fun(5)
Output : Value of a is 5
8. ‘del’ Keyword
Python ‘del’ keyword keâe DeLe& delete neslee nw~
‘del’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie list, tuple, dictionary Ùee efkeâmeer Deewj collection ceW element keâes delete keâjves
kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
list = [1, 4, 3, 5, 7]
del list [2]
print (list)
Ouput : [1, 4, 5, 7]
‘del’ keyword kesâ DeueeJee remove () function keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
list = [1, 4, 3, 5, 7]
list.remove (3)
print(list)
Output : [1, 4, 5, 7]
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9. ‘elif’ Keyword
‘elif’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie if Deewj else keyword kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ conditions keâes
check keâjves kesâ efueS ‘elif’ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
a = 11
if (a < 10)
print (“a is less than 10”)
elif (a > 10) :
print(“a is greater than 10”)
else :
print(“a is greater than 10”)
Output : a is greater than 10
10. ‘else’ Keyword
‘else’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie if, elif Ùee efmehe&â if kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Deiej if Deewj elif keâer condition
false nesleer nw lees else keâe statement execute neslee nw~
Source Code :
a = 11
if (a%2 = = 0) :
print (“Number of even.”)
else :
print (“Number of odd.”)
Output : Number is odd.
11. ‘except’ Keyword
‘except’ Keyword keâe ØeÙeesie exception/error handling kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ try clause kesâ meeLe
except keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Example ceW try block ceW pees Yeer exception occur nesiee, Gmekeâe legjvle block execute nes peeÙesiee~
Example 1 :
Source Code :
try :
a
except Zero Division Error :
print (“Divided byZero Error”)
except Name Error
print (“as is not found”)
Output : a is not found
Example 2 :
Source Code :
try :
26 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
4/0
except ZeroDivisionError :
print (“Divided by ZeroError”)
except NameError :
print(“a is not found”)
Output : Divided by Zero Error
12. ‘nonlocal’ Keyword
‘nonlocal’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie nested function kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
‘nonlocal’ variable global veneR nesles~ Deiej inner function ceW Gvekeâes efueÙee peelee nw lees outer functions ceW
Gvekeâer value heefjJee|lele veneR nesleer nw~
Without nonlocal
Source Code :
Var = 2
def main func () :
var = 5
def subfunc ( ):
var = 10
print("SubFun C :", var)
SubFunc()
‘False’ keyword boolean false keâe JeCe&ve keâjlee nw~ Deiej oer ieF& condition Ùee statement ieuele nes peelee
nw lees False; return efkeâÙee peelee nw~ False ‘0’ kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~
Source Code :
print(False = = 0)
print(4 = = 5)
Output : True
True
14. ‘Finally’ Keyword
‘Finally’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie ‘try-except’ Ùee ‘try’ block kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peelee nw~
exception/error nes Ùee vee nes lees finally block execute neslee nw~
Source Code :
try :
a
except NameError :
print(“NameError Exception Occured”)
Finally :
print(“Always executed”)
Output : NameError Exception Occured
Always executed
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print(“mainFunC :”, var)
mainFunc()
print(“global : ”, var)
Output : SubFunC : 10
mainFunC : 5
global : 2
With nonlocal
Source Code :
Var = 2
def mainFunc() :
Var = 5
def SubFunc() :
nonlocal var
Var = 10
print (“SubFunC :”, var)
SubFunc()
print (“global”, var)
Output :
SubFunc : 10
MainFunc : 10
Global : 2
15. ‘for’ Keyword
‘for’ Keyword keâe ØeÙeesie looping kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Collection kesâ elements keâes iterate keâjves kesâ
efueS ‘for’ loop keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source code :
list = [“Rakesh”, “Ramesh”, “Suresh”]
for n in list
print(n)
Output : Rakesh
Ramesh
Suresh
16. ‘from’ Keyword
‘from’ Keyword keâe ØeÙeesie ‘import’ keyword kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ kegâÚ special function Ùee
attribute keâes import keâjves kesâ efueS ‘from’ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Deiej efmehe&â ‘Module’ keâes import efkeâÙee peelee nw Deewj GmeceW mes fun1 () keâes uesvee heÌ[lee nw lees +
‘Module.Func ()’ efueKevee heÌ[lee nw~
Module.p4
28 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
(i) Source Code :
def funC1() :
print(“I am in funC1”)
def funC2() :
print(“I am in funC2”)
Sample.py
Source Code :
from Module import FunC1
funC(1)
Output : I am in fun 1
Example 2.
Source Code :
From math import sqrt
print (sqrt(25))
Output : 5
17. ‘Global’ Keyword
‘Global’ Keyword keâe ØeÙeesie function kesâ variable ceW global yeveeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Differnce between Local and Global variable in fun
test1.py
Source Code :
def funC( ) :
string = “Local variable”
print(string)
funC()
print(string)
Output : Local variable
print(string)
Name Error : name ‘string’ is not defined
18. ‘if’ Keyword
‘if’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie if statement, if_else statement Deewj if_elif_else statement ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
var = 0
if (var = = 0):
print (“var is equal to 0”)
Output : var is equal to 0
19. ‘Import’ Keyword
‘Import’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie Module keâes Current program hej import keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Example hej math module keâes import efkeâÙee peelee nw~
 heefjÛeÙe y 29
Source Code :
Import math
print(Math.sqrt (16))
Output : 4.0
20. ‘In’ Keyword
‘In’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie collections (list, tuple, string, dictionary) ceW element nw Ùee veneR, Ùen check
keâjkesâ boolean value return keâjlee nw~ For loop ceW Yeer ‘in’ keyword keâe nesvee DeefveJeeÙe& neslee nw~
Source Code :
list = [6, 8, 4, 7, 8]
print = (7 in list) # True
print = (10 in list) # False
Output : True
False
21. ‘is’ Keyword
‘is’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie object equality kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùes keyword ‘= =’ operator kesâ
LeesÌ[e-yengle meceeve neslee nw~ Deiej oes objects equal nesles nQ lees ‘True’ return neslee nw~ Ùeefo equal veneR nesles nQ lees
‘false’ return neslee nw~
Source Code :
print(“one” is “are”) # True
print (“one” is 1) # False
print (“” is “”) # True
print (“” = = “”) # True
print ([] is []) # False
print ([] = = []) # False
Output : True
False
True
True
True
False
True
22. ‘lambda’ Keyword
‘lambda’ Keyword mes anonymous (without name) function keâes create efkeâÙee peelee nw~ name Jeeues
function ceW ‘def’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw Deewj anonymous function ceW ‘def’ kesâ yepeeÙe ‘lambda’
keyword keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ lambda function kesâ efueS return statement veneR neslee nw~ Function kesâ
arguments function nesves kesâ keâejCe Fvekeâes efkeâmeer variable hej assign efkeâÙee peelee nw Deewj Gme variable kesâ Éeje
call efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Deeies efoS ieS oesveeW Examples keâe celeueye Skeâ ner nw~
30 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
Normal Function Example
Source Code :
def funC(a, b) :
return a*b
print (funC (5, 5))
Output : 25
23. ‘None’ Keyword
Python ceW ‘None’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ uesefkeâve Fmekeâer programming languages ceW ‘null’
keyword keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ‘None’ keâe celeueye keâesF& value veneR nesleer~ Deiej function keâesF& value retrun
veneR keâjlee nw lees ‘None’ return keâjlee nw~
Source Code :
print (“None = =”)
print (None = = 0)
print (None = = None)
print (type (None))
Output : False
False
False
<class ‘none type’>
24. ‘not’ (Logical NOT) Keyword
‘not’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie efoS ieS operand keâes True mes False Ùee False mes true ceW convert keâjlee nw~
0 = True
1 = False
True
Table of

x not x
0 1
1 0

Source Code :
print (not (5! = 6) # False
print (not (3! = 5) # True
Output : False
True
25. ‘or’ (Logical OR) Keyword
‘or’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie peye efoS ieS oprands ceW mes Skeâ Yeer oprand true neslee nw, leye true return efkeâÙee
peelee nw~
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0 = True
1 = False
True Table
of
‘OR’

x y x or y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Source Code :
print(5! = 6 or 5 = = 6) # True
print(5! = 6 or 5 = = 5) # True
print(5! = 6 or 5 = = 6 or 4 < 6) # True
print(5! = 6 or 5 > 6 or 6 < 6) # False
Output : True
True
True
False
26. ‘pass’ Keyword
‘pass’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie loops, functions Deewj classes keâes efjkeäle jKeves kesâ efueS neslee nw~ Ùes Skeâ null
statement/block neslee nw~ ‘pass’ keâe Fmlesceeue peye efkeâÙee peelee nw, leye Ùes kegâÚ veneR keâjlee nw~
pass statement keâe Fmlesceeue Skeâ ner line hej Ùee seperate line hej Yeer efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
def func() : pass
while 4 < 5 :
pass
Output :
27. ‘Raise’ Keyword
‘raise’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie Exception handing kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ raise keyword mes custom
exception/error keâe efvecee&Ce efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pÙeeoelej programming languages ceW ‘throw’ keyword keâe
Fmlesceeue efkeâÙee peelee nw~ uesefkeâve Python ceW ‘raise’ keâe Fmlesceeue efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
1. a = 5
2. if (a > 2) :
3. raise Exception (‘a should not exceed 2’)
32 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
Output :
Exception : a should not exceed 2
28. return keyword
return keyword keâe ØeÙeesie function kesâ DeeefKej ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Function keâes Deiej keâesF& value return
veneR keâer peeleer nw lees null/none return efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Source Code :
def func(a) :
b = a*a
return b
print (func(5))
Output : 25
29. ‘True’ Keyword
‘True’ keyword Skeâ Boolen value nw~ logical Ùee comparism operations ceW boobean value (True,
False) return efkeâÙee peelee nw~ True keâer value ‘1’ Deewj False keâer value ‘0’ nesleer nw~
Source Code :
print (True = =1)
print (false = = 0)
print (1 = = 1)
print (True + True)
Output : True
True
True
2
30. ‘Try’ Keyword
‘Try’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie excepting handing ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw pees code exception check keâjlee nw~
FmeceW code keâes try block hej efueKee peelee nw~
Source Code :
Try :
a
except Name Error :
print (“value of a is not defined”)
Output : Value of a is not defined
31. ‘While’ Keyword
‘While’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie looping kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ peye lekeâ while condition true nesleer nw, leye
lekeâ statement iterate neslee jnlee nw Deewj Deiej condition false Ùee loop break efkeâÙee peelee nw, leye loop keâe
iteration yevo nes peelee nw~
 heefjÛeÙe y 33
Source Code :
a=0
while a < 10 :
print (“value of a is”, a)
a=a+1
Output :
Value of a is 0
Value of a is 1
Value of a is 2
Value of a is 3
Value of a is 4
Value of a is 6
Value of a is 7
Value of a is 8
Value of a is 9
32. ‘with’ Keyword
‘with’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie File handling kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ peye file kesâ efueS ‘with-as’ statement
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw leye file keâes close keâjves keâer pe™jle veneR heÌ[leer nw~
veerÛes efoS ieS oesveeW examples keâe celeueye Skeâ ner nw~
(1) without ‘with’
Source code :
file = open (“text file.text”, “w”)
file.write (“Hellow world”)
file.close ()
textfile.txt
Hellow world
(2) with ‘with’
Source Code :
with open (“text file.text”, “w”) as file :
file.write (“Hello world”)
text file.txt
Hello world
33. ‘yield’ Keyword
‘yield’ keyword keâe ØeÙeesie function kesâ efueS return statement pewmes efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ‘yield’ keyword
generator keâes return keâjlee nw~ return statement; function kesâ DeeefKej ceW function keâes suspend keâjkesâ JeneB mes
Deeies Jeeheme start neslee nw~ Normal function peneB hej Kelce neslee nw, JeneB hej Jeeheme veneR Deelee nw~
Source Code :
def func-name ( ) :
34 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
yield 5
yield 10
yield 15
for y in func-Name ( ) :
print (4)
Output : 5
10
15
next () function keâe ØeÙeesie ‘yield’ kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ next () function generate object keâes ueskeâj
Deieueer value return keâjlee nw~
Source Code :
def func-name ( ) :
yield 5
yield 10
yield 15
y = func-name ( )
print (next (4))
print (next (4))
print (next (4))
Output : 5
10
15

cenòJehetCe& Øees«eece
n Program 1
#Write a Program to print Hello World and print your name
print(“Hello World”)
print(“Rajshree”)
#output:
 heefjÛeÙe y 35

DeYÙeeme ØeMveeJeueer
- A. Keeueer mLeeve Yejes (Fill in the blanks)
1. Python was created by ……… .
2. To start python from the command prompt, use the command ……… .
3. To run python script file named t.py, use the command ……… .
4. A python paragraph comment uses the style ……… .
5. In python, a syntax error is detected by the ……… at ……… .

- B. ueIeg GòejerÙe ØeMve (Short Answer Questions)

1. Name some features of Python.
2. What is the purpose of PYTHONPATH variable ?
3. What is the difference between tuples and lists ?
4. What are the applications of Python?
5. Differentiate between Python 2 and Python 3.
6. Why it is necessary to define environment variables in python ?
7. Explain Python reserved words with example.
8. What are the naming conventions used in Python ?
9. What is IDLE ?
10. How is Python an interpreted language ?
11. Give the brief history of python.
12. Write short note on environment variables.
13. Explain IDLE.
14. Explain help function in python.
15. Why python is dynamically typed ?
16. Name any 5 reserved keywords in python.
17. Explain all the general naming conventions in python.
18. How can we install python in windows ?
19. Write a short note on IDLE editor window?
20. How can you documentation ?

- C. cenlJehetCe& ueIeg GòejerÙe ØeMve (Important Short Answer Questions)

1. heeFLeve keâe heefjÛeÙe osles ngS Fefleneme kesâ yeejs ceW yeleeFS~
2. heeFLeve Øees«eeefcebie keâer efJeMes<eleeDeeW keâe GuuesKe keâerefpeS~
3. ueeskeâue keâchÙetšj hej heeFLeve Fbmše@ue keâjves keâer efJeefOe yeleeFS~
4. heeFLeve kesâ efJeefYevve DevegØeÙeesieeW keâe GuuesKe keâerefpeS~
5. heeFLeve keyword mes Deehe keäÙee mecePeles nQ? efJemleejhetJe&keâ JeCe&ve keâerefpeS~
36 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
6. heeFLeve keâes dynamically typed keäÙeeW keâne peelee nw?
7. IDLE keäÙee nw? Fmekesâ cegKÙe GösMÙe yeleeFS~
8. Keyword mes Deehe keäÙee mecePeles nQ? Python ceW kegâue efkeâleves Keyword nesles nQ?
9. Python kesâ cegKÙe features keäÙee nQ?
10. Python kesâ Applications keâes efueefKeS~
11. Python ceW variable keâes kewâmes declare efkeâÙee peelee nw? GoenjCe meefnle efueefKeS~
12. IDLE mes Deehe keäÙee mecePeles nQ? Fmekeâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee SJeb DeewefÛelÙe keâes efueefKeS~
13. Programing SJeb scripting mes Deehe keäÙee mecePeles nQ? oes Devlej mhe<š keâerefpeS~
14. Python ceW Environment variable keäÙee nesles nQ? GoenjCe meefnle efueefKeS~
15. Python documentation mes Deehe keäÙee mecePeles nQ?
16. Dynamically typed language keâes keâye ÛeÙeve efkeâÙee peelee nw? Python kesâ yeejs ceW Deehe keâer keäÙee jeÙe nw?
17. Python ceW Identifier mes Deehe keäÙee mecePeles nQ? Fmekeâes yeveeves keâe efveÙece keäÙee nw?

- D. yengefJekeâuheerÙe ØeMve (Objective Questions)

1. What is the maximum possible length of an indentifer ?
(a) 31 characters (b) 63 characters
(c) 79 characters (d) None of the mentioned
2. Which of the following is invalid ?
(a) _a = 1 (b) __a = 1
(c) __str__ = 1 (d) None of the mentioned
3. What is output for :
a = [‘he’, ‘she’, ‘we’]
‘ ’ . join (a)
(a) [‘heshewe’] (b) ‘heshewe’
(c) [‘he she we’] (d) ‘he she we’
4. Pylab is a package that combine ………, ……… & ……… into a single namespace.
(a) Numpy, scipy & matplotlib (b) Numpy, metplotlib & pandas
(c) Numpy, pandas & matplotlib (d) Numpy, scipy & pandas
5. Which of the following is an invalid statement ?
(a) abc = 10,00,000 (b) a b c = 1000 2000 3000
(c) a, b, c = 1000, 2000, 3000 (d) a_b_c = 10,00, 000
6. Which statement is correct ……… ?
(a) List is mutable && Tuple is immutable (b) List is immutable && Tuple is mutable
(c) Both are Immutable (d) Both are Mutable
7. The format function, when applied on a string returns :
(a) list (b) bool
(c) int (d) str
 heefjÛeÙe y 37
8. Output of the following code would be ?
a = True
b = False
c = True
if not a of b :
print “a”
elif not a or not b and c :
print “b”
elif not a or b or not be and a :
print “c”
else :
print “d”
(a) a (b) b
(c) c (d) d
9. If a = ‘cpp’, b = ‘buzz’ then which of the following operation would show ‘cppbuzz’ as
output?
(a) a + b (b) a + “ +b
(c) a + “ ” + b (d) All of the above
10. How to find the last element of list in Python? Assume ‘bikes’ is the name of list.
(a) bikes [0] (b) bikes [– 1]
(c) bikes [1 pos] (d) bikes [: – 1]
11. Which of the following is correct way to declare string variable in Python?
(a) fruit = ‘banana’ (b) fruit = “banana”
(c) fruit = banana (d) fruit = (banana)
12. Select the reserved keyword in python :
(a) else (b) import
(c) raise (d) all of these
13. Which operator has higher precedence in following :
(a) % vModulus (b) & BITWISE AND
(c) ** exponent (d) > comparison
14. Which of the following is not a keyword ?
(a) eval (b) assert
(c) nonlocal (d) pass
15. What is the order of precedence in python ?
(i) Parentheses (ii) Exponential
(iii) Multiplication (iv) Division
(v) Addition (vi) Subtraction
(a) i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi (b) ii, i, iii, iv, v, vi
(c) ii, i, iv, iii, v, vi (d) i, ii, iii, iv, vi, v
38 y keâchÙetšj Øees«eeeEceie ÙeteEpeie heeÙeLeve
16. Jython pees efkeâ Python keâe ner implementation nw~ efkeâme uee@Jespe ceW efueKee ieÙee nw—
(a) C (b) C++
(c) Java (d) C#
17. Python kesâkesâ meYeer Object nesles nQ~
(a) either Muable or immutable (b) mutable
(c) immutable (d) none
18. Python support keâjlee nw~
(a) Mixed Programming Language (b) GUI programming
(c) Interactive computing (d) All of above
19. efvecve mes keâewve Scripting language veneR nw—
(a) Java Scrpt (b) C
(c) VBScript (d) Ruby
Gòejceeuee
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