PREFACE

I am pleased to present 9th edition of the Manual of Audit Department, Defence

Services to the personnel of the Defence Audit Department to guide them in achieving
excellence in their official work. The manual is based on the instructions issued by
the Government of India, C&AG and DGADS from time to time and as such does not
override the statutory codes, rules and orders issued by the Government of India and
instructions issued by Comptroller and Auditor General of India. This compilation is
to be read in addition to the original general manuals and orders of Comptroller &
Auditor General.

Far reaching changes have taken place both within SAI India and the auditee since the
publication of the last edition. Adoption of the Auditing Standards and Perspective
Plan for the IA&AD are major milestones within SAI India. Additionally, there is
greater focus on IT audit, Risk based audit, statistical sampling, audit of fraud and
adoption of international best practices in carrying out audit activities.

Similarly major changes in structures and procedures of the auditee have taken place.
These include formation of Defence Procurement Board (DPB), re-designation of
Service Headquarters as Integrated Headquarters of Defence Services, introduction of
IFA System in Army Headquarters and Commands, greater delegation of financial
powers to CFAs, accounting and budgetary reforms, computerization of accounting,
personnel and inventory management functions etc. The current revision of the
Manual attempts to incorporate all the above changes.

The Manual consists of four volumes. While volume-I relates to General Principles
of Audit and Audit of Army and Inter-Service Organisations (ISO), the other two
volumes relate to Air Force/Navy audit and Ordnance Factories audit. The last
volume relates to administrative and establishment aspects of Defence Audit
Department.

The first volume itself is divided into three parts. While Part ‘A’ deals with
organization of Defence Audit Department and general principles of audit, Part ‘B’
deals with organization of the Defence Accounts Department and the general audit
processes to be applied in Central Test Audit of the accounts maintained by Controller
of Defence Accounts and local audit and Part ‘C’ deals with the audit processes to be
applied during local test audit of various Army Units and Formations as well as other
Defence Establishments.

All officers and members of the establishment are expected to make themselves fully
conversant with the contents of the Manual. Ignorance of its provisions will not be
accepted as a valid reason for any departure from rules or failure to comply with
them.

Coordination Section in office of the Director General of Audit, Defence Services,

New Delhi will be responsible for keeping the Manual up-to-date and issue of
correction slips. For this purpose, Command Offices, Co-ordination and other
sections in the DGADS headquarters office will propose corrections periodically and

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the Coordination Section will get the approval of DGADS. If any discrepancies are
noticed vis-a-vis standing orders of GOI/CAG in the manual, the same may be
brought to the notice of Coordination Section in DGADS headquarters office for
necessary amendment.

Efforts have been made to make the revised Manual a comprehensive book of
reference by including new chapters on specific topics of increasing interest and
relevance in Audit and adding useful appendices listing inter alia ‘Audit Approach’,
‘Statistical Sampling’, ‘Risk Assessment’, ‘Internal Control and Standard’ and
‘Important orders/instructions issued by various authorities’ etc. having a direct
bearing on Statutory Audit, so as to help an auditor achieve a high standard of
efficiency and quality. There is, however, no substitute for planning, practical
experience, innovation and creativity in audit. In fact, there are as many best ways to
do anything as there are creative minds. The idea that absolute perfection in any
human endeavour is unattainable implies that there is endless room for improvement
and every auditor should strive for that improvement by becoming experimental,
progressive and receptive to new ideas.

(B.K. CHATTOPADHYAY)
New Delhi Director General of Audit
Date: 24 May 2005 Defence Services, New Delhi

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 PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION

1. The Manual of the Defence Audit Department was first brought out in May
1926 as a guide for the officers and staff of the Military Test Audit Department. Since
then, there have been six further editions. The seventh and last edition was issued in
August 1983, incorporating all changes introduced up to September 1981 in the
organization of the Defence Accounts Department and the Defence Services.

2 In the decade since then, there have been far-reaching structural changes not
only in the structure of the Defence Audit Department, the Defence Accounts
Department and the Defence Services, but also in the methodologies and focus of
audit. A new wing of the Defence Audit Department, the Principal Director of Audit
(Air Force & Navy) was established on 3rd February 1986 for the audit of the Air
Force, Navy and the Coast Guard. In response to the changes in the auditee units,
there have been other corresponding changes in the jurisdiction and scope of work of
many of the field offices. New cadres of officers viz. Supervisors, Assistant Audit
Officers and Senior Audit Officers have been introduced in the Department. Greater
emphasis is now being placed on Efficiency-cum-Performance Audit and System
audit in order to ensure meaningful audit comments. Audit methodologies have to be
adopted taking into account the increasing computerization in the management
information, inventory control and accounting systems in the Defence establishments
and the Controllers of Defence Accounts. An attempt was accordingly made to reflect
and incorporate these far-reaching changes in the revised Manual.

3. This Manual is in three volumes; viz. Volume I dealing with the organization,
responsibilities and general procedures in the Defence Audit Department and its three
wings and the audit of the Army and the Border Roads Organisation conducted by the
Director General of Audit, Defence Services. Volume II would deal with the audit of
the Air Force, Navy and Coast Guard conducted by the Principal Director of Audit
(Air Force & Navy); while volume III would deal with the audit of Ordnance
Factories conducted by the Principal Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories).

4. This Volume I of the Manual has been prepared in three parts. Part ‘A’ brings
out the organisation and duties in general of the Headquarters Offices viz. Director
General of Audit, Defence Services, Principal Director of Audit, Air Force & Navy
and Principal Director of Audit, Ordnance Factories alongwith their Command and
Regional Offices, including the Pay and Accounts Office (Defence Audit). It also
deals with establishment matters and office procedure. Part ‘B’ deals with
organisation of the Defence Accounts Department and detailed audit processes to be
applied in Central Test Audit of the accounts maintained by the Controllers of
Defence Accounts. Part ‘C’ deals with audit processes to be applied during local test
audit of various Army units and formations as well as other Defence establishments.
The other two volumes would also follow the same pattern of Part ‘A’ General
Matters, Part ‘B’ Central Test Audit and Part ‘C’ Local Test Audit. In this edition all
changes introduced up to July 1992 have been taken into account.

5. While the revised Manual is far more exhaustive than its predecessors, with a
host of separate chapters on specific topics of increasing interest in audit, it sill needs

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to be emphasized that it is not meant to be, nor can it be, a substitute for the practical
experience and the innovation that an auditor needs to bring to bear on his work in
order to be able to achieve a high standard of efficiency and quality. What was stated
in 1926 when the first Edition was brought out remains as much true today as it was
then, i.e. that the Manual is only a guide for the personnel of the Defence Audit
Department.
S. H. MANGHANI
Director General of Audit
Defence Services/
Additional Deputy Comptroller & Auditor General
New Delhi
………….1993

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 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

This Manual is intended to be a guide for the officers, accountants and

auditors of the Military Test Audit Department. It consists of three parts. The first part
contains a preliminary chapter giving the origin, constitution and general duties of the
department; it also contains a chapter dealing with the organisation of the work at the
Headquarters office and the system of filing and a chapter on the organisation of the
Headquarters offices of Commands. Part II contains instructions for Routine Test
Audit arranged generally according to sections of a Controller of Military Accounts
office. Specimen programmes of work are appended to the chapters on Units Section,
Stores Audit, Pension Section, Works Section, Disbursement Section and Accounts
Section. Part III deals with the various types of units, which have to be audited
locally. The chapters in this part are more concerned with the functions of the various
Units than with the actual details of the audit to be applied.

2. The Manual, it is hoped, will establish a method of work, but no auditor must
imagine that compliance with these instructions is all that is necessary; unless he can
learn from practical experience he will never be good.

3. So far as it is meant to teach the work of audit the manual is made for the
beginner rather than for the practiced auditor. Every auditor must get a sound
knowledge of the nature of the expenditure that he is test auditing, of the constitution
and functions of the Military Accounts Department and of the general organisation of
the Army. Without this knowledge, no auditor can expect to develop that instinct for
essentials without which a high standard of efficiency in this particular branch of
work cannot be reached.

A.G. BARR
Director of Army; Audit

SIMLA
The 4th May 1926

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6 O/o the DGADS
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME-I

PART ‘A’

Chapter Contents Page

1. Origin, Duty and Authority of the Department 15
2. Organisation of Headquarters Office of the Director General of 19
Audit, Defence Services, Principal Director of Audit
(Ordnance Factories) and Principal Director of Audit (Air
Force & Navy)
3. Duties and Responsibilities of Headquarters Office 35
4. General Duties of Command Officers and Senior Audit 53
Officers/ Audit Officers who are Heads of Offices
5. General Principles and Audit Methodology 89
6. Performance Audit 119
7. Computerized Compilation of Defence Accounts and Audit 129
Checks
8. Certification of Finance Accounts and Appropriation Accounts 141
(Defence Services)
9. IT Audit 163
Appendices
I Report of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India, Union 177
Government (Defence Services)
II Report to be furnished to the Director General of Audit, 187
Central Revenues, Director General of Audit, Economic and
Service Ministries in respect of Central (Civil) Expenditure
III 1. Combined Finance and Revenue Accounts 189
2. Statement of Central Transactions
IV Audit Approach 193
V Statistical Sampling 195
VI Risk Assessment 199
VII Internal Control and Internal Audit 203
VIII Audit of Fraud 217
IX Common Irregularities /Lapses observed in Stores/ Purchase 226
Contracts and Guidelines for Improvement in the Procurement
System

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Appendix Contents Page
X Important Orders/Instructions issued by various authorities 240
1. Evolution of a standard procedure for a mandatory and time 240
bound scrutiny of all major Defence Purchase decisions by
the C&AG and CVC.
2. Soft copy of Sectional Compilation 242
3. Introduction of Computer–Based Accounting System in 245
Government Department.
4. Audit of Cantonment Boards 248
5. Disposal of Audit Objections and Draft Audit Paras - 249
AO- 481/73
6. Statutory (Test) Audit and Draft Audit Paras - 253
AFO- 22/2002
7. Extracts from ‘STANDING GUARD FILE’ (3rd Edition) 264
(1991) issued by G of I, M of F (Department of
Expenditure) on constitutional and statutory provisions
relating to CAG

Forms

Form No. Subject

100 Top Sheet

101 Audit Profile Update
102 Work Completion Certificate
103 Defence Audit Manual Amendment Proposal
104 Statement showing progress of cases reported earlier in Bimonthly
D.Os.
105 Progress Report on Central Test Audit of Sections of Controllers of
Defence Accounts Offices
107 Register for watching Progress of Audit and disposal of Objection
Statements/Local Test Audit Reports
109 Half Yearly Local Test Audit Programme
110 Statistical Chart in regard to Local Test Audit
111 Register of Auditable Units
112 Quarterly Progress Report of Local Test Audit
113 Statement showing outstations to be visited by the LTA Parties
114 Audit Intimation
115 Register for watching the receipt and issue of Local Test Audit Reports

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 INDEX

ORGANISATION -PART ‘A’

CHAPTER SUBJECT PARA

1. Origin and constitution of the Department 1- 6
2. Organisation of the Department 7-18
General 7
Organisation of HQrs. And Command Offices of Director 8
General of Audit , Defence Services
HQrs. Office of Director General of Audit , Defence Services 9
Command Offices 10
HQrs. office of Air Force and Navy Audit Wing 11
Air Force Audit Wing 12
Naval Audit Wing 13
HQrs. office of Factory Audit Wing 14
Regional Offices 15
Relationship between DGADS, PDA (AF/N) and PDA (OF) 16
Staff Strength 17
Association of Defence Audit Board Appraisals of Defence 18
Public Sector Undertaking
Annexure A - Organisational chart of Defence Audit Department
Annexure B - Organisational chart of Director General of Audit
Defence Services and Command Offices
Annexure C - Organisational chart of Air Force & Navy Wing
Annexure D - Organisational chart of Factory Audit Wing
Annexure E - Audit Jurisdiction of command /Branch office of
Director General of Audit- Army Audit Wing
Annexure F - Audit Jurisdiction of Air Force & Navy Audit
Wing
Annexure G - Audit Jurisdiction of Factory Audit Wing
3. Duties and responsibilities of HQrs. Office 26-41
General 26
Organisation of different sections of HQrs. 30
Administration Section 31
Budget Section 32
Establishment Section 33
Hindi Section 34
Audit Group Section 35
Efficiency cum Performance Audit Section 36
Appropriation Audit 37
Report and PAC Section 38

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 Co-ordination Section 39
EDP Cell 40
Other issues in HQrs. Office 41
(i) Audit of Sanction
(ii) Requisitioning of papers
(iii) Files to be submitted to Director General for Orders
(v) Scrutiny of cases of frauds, losses and write off
(vi) Scrutiny of Codes, Regulations etc
(xi) Scale Audit
(xii) Audit of the disposal of surplus and obsolete stores
(xiii) Audit of Defence Pension in Nepal
Annexure ‘A’ –Distribution of Audit Entities
4. General duties of Command Officers and Audit Officers who are 43-77
Heads of Offices
General Duties 43
Responsibility of correctness of payment and accounting 44
Reference outside the Department 45
Cases referred to the HQrs. Office 46
Cases for inclusion in Director General’s Monthly DO to 47
Comptroller and Auditor General
Preparation of Central Test Audit Programme 48
Detailed programme of work 49
Progress of audit 50
Progress Report 51
Special Enquiries 53
Observation Lists, Objection Statements, pursuit of objections 54
and settlement
Preparation of objection statement 55
Objections statements – issue and pursuit of 56
Objections referred to higher administrative authorities 57
Settlement of objections 58
Objections which provide potential material for comment 59
Quarterly list of important points 60
Duties of Local Audit Party 62
Local Test Audit Programme 63
Points to be borne in mind in preparation of programme 64
Audit intimation 65
Period covered by Audit 66
Audit Procedure 67
Observation lists and Local Test Audit Reports 68
Preparation of Local Test Audit Report 69
Issue of Local Test Audit Report 70

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 Period within which LTARs should be issued 71
Settlement of LTARs 72
Other special duties 73
Progress Reports 74
Quarterly Report to be submitted to ADAI(Defence) 75
Ranking the performance of Audit Offices 76
Assurance Memos 77
Annexure ‘A’ – List of Duties of Sr.AO/AAOs/Sr.Auditors and
Auditors
5. General Principles and Audit Methodology 83-98
General 83
Regularity Audit 84
Performance Audit 85
Major distinguishing features of Regularity Audits and 86
Performance Audit
Audit Planning 87
Staffing for Audit 88
Information Technology Tools 89
Other Tools and Guidance 90
Conducting the Audit 91
Consultation and Advice 92
Evidence 93
Documentation 94
Supervision 95
Review 96
Audit Reporting 97
Follow up procedures on Audit Report 98
6. Performance Audit 99-112
Scope of audit 99
Definition of Performance Audit 100
Objective of Performance Audit 101
Performance Audit &Regularity Audit 102
Audit criteria 103
Contents of the report 104
Critical technical issues in performance audits – Fundamental 105
principles
Audit plan and programme 106
Audit evidence for testing against criteria 107
Sampling 108
Audit findings 109
Recommendations and follow – up procedure 110
Publication 111

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 Reporting procedures 112
7. Computerised Compilation of Accounts 113-128
Introduction 113
Compilation of Accounts 114
Preparation of Punching Media 115
Despatch of original copies of PM and filling-up of office copies 116
Amendments to PM 117
PM for March (Supplementary) (13) 118
PM for March (Supplementary correction) (14) 119
PM for March (Supplementary Correction Manual)(15) 120
Procedure in DDP Centre 121
Registration and Preliminary Check of PM 122
Keying in/Verification of Data 123
Batch Totalling 124
Closing of the Punching Media Register 125
Printing, checking and Despatch of the Printed Compilations 126
Procedure being followed in EDP Centre, CGDA, New Delhi 127
Audit checks 128
8. Certification of Finance Accounts and Appropriation 129-181
Introduction 129-131
Audit Objectives 132
Objective of Certification 133
Finance Accounts 134
Part I - Summarised Statements 135
Part II – Detailed Accounts and Other Statements 136
Scrutiny and Certification of Finance Accounts 137
Sending copy of Statements to DGADS by Command Offices 138
Checking the summarised statements of the Finance Accounts 139
relating to Defence by the Appropriation Audit Section in
DGADS
Statement No.1 - Summary of Transactions 140
Statement No.3 - Loans and Advances by the Union Government 141
Statement No.4 - Guarantees given by the Union Government 142
Statement No. 5 - Summary of Balances 143
Statement No.11- Investment of the Union Government in the 144
Statutory Corporation, Government
Companies, Other Joint Stock Companies,
Co-operative Banks and Societies etc.
Statement No.13 - Receipts, Disbursements and Balances under 145
heads of account relating to Deposits,
Remittances and Contingency Fund
Statement No. 14 - Debt and other Interest bearing obligations of 146
Government

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 Statement No.15- Loans and Advances showing amounts 147
advanced and repaid, interest received during
the year and Balances of such Loans and
Advances at the commencement and close of
the year
Statement No. 16 – Details of Earmarked Balances 148
Appropriation Accounts of the Defence Services 149-151
Scrutiny and Certification of Appropriation Accounts of the 152
Defence Services
Objective of the Scrutiny of Appropriation Accounts 153
Section-I : Summary of Appropriation Accounts 154-155
Section-II : Detailed (Grant-wise) Appropriation Accounts 156-158
Section-III : Certification of Controller General of Defence 159-161
Accounts
Section-IV : Review of Military Engineer Services Expenditure 163-169
Section-V : Appendices 170-173
Section-VI : Review on the Accounts of Military Forms 174-180
Audit Certificate 181
9. Information Technology 182-194
Introduction 182
IT in IA&AD 183
IT Audit Plan 184
IT Audit Guidelines 185
Checklist for involvement of Audit in the System Development 186
Phases of Information Technology Systems
IT Audit – Headquarters Office’s responsibility 187
IT Audit – COs’ responsibilities 188
Information Technology (IT) in Indian Army 189
Policy letter formulated and issued by DDG IT 190
History of IT in Defence Accounts Department 191
Applications in Use 192
Salient Features of Computerisation in D.A.D. 193
Mission EXCEL IT in D.A.D. 194

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 CHAPTER - 1
ORIGIN, DUTY AND AUTHORITY OF THE DEPARTMENT

Origin
1. Under Rule 8 (ii) of the Rules framed by the Secretary of State for India in
Council, under Section 96 D (i) of the Government of India Act 1919, the Auditor
General (now designated Comptroller and Auditor General of India) was made
responsible for the audit of expenditure in India from the revenues of India. When this
Rule was framed under the Reforms of 1919, the question arose regarding the manner
in which the Auditor General should discharge his statutory responsibility in respect
of expenditure on the Defence Services. It was decided that the Auditor General
should have his own inspection staff working in Military (now Defence) Accounts
Offices to check the accuracy of the work done in those offices. Accordingly the
appointment of a Deputy Auditor General was sanctioned in March 1922. As a result
of further experience gained, the Government of India sanctioned in March 1924, as a
temporary measure, two more Class I Officers of the General list, also designated
Deputy Auditors General, for Test Audit of Military (now Defence) Accounts. While
one of them was posted to Army Headquarters, the other two were to work in the
Southern, Western, Northern and Eastern Commands. The work of the Deputy
Auditors General of Commands consisted of an exhaustive inspection and test audit of
the work done in each Command and District Office of the Military (now Defence)
Accounts Department. The Deputy Auditor General at Headquarters audited the
sanctions of the Government of India in the Army Department and controlled and
watched the progress of audit in the Commands.
(Auditor General's Memo to Standing Finance Committee in the file No. Formation
1/24 F.D. No.403 F.E. dated 6th March 1922, F.D. No. 638 F.E. dated 17th March
1924, Formation 1/24)

2. In May 1924, it was decided to follow as closely as Indian circumstances

permitted, the system of audit applied by the Comptroller and Auditor General of the
United Kingdom to the expenditure of the Army. Proposals were accordingly
submitted to the Secretary of State, inter alia, to convert the class I post of the rank of
the Deputy Auditor General at the Army Headquarters into a post of the rank of an
Accountant General, designated Director of Army Audit (later, Director of Audit,
Defence Services and presently designated as Director General of Audit, Defence
Services). The new scheme was approved by the Secretary of State in January 1925
and was sanctioned permanently with effect from 1st March 1928.
(F.D. No.4770-E/1149-24 dated 30th October 1924(Est.1/24)FD No F 28/iii/24-FE
dated 23rd January 1925(Est.1/24) F D No. F 7/XV11/R 11/27 dated 20th February
1928(A/24/27)

3. (i) With the introduction of the Government of India Act 1935, an order in
Council viz., the Government of India (Audit and Accounts) Order 1936 was issued
on 18th December 1936, under which the Auditor General was made responsible for
keeping the accounts of the Dominion and of each Province, other than the accounts
relating to the Defence, Railways and the accounts relating to transactions in the
United Kingdom.

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 (ii) Under paragraph 13 of the order it was prescribed that it shall be the duty
of the Auditor General: - .
(a) to audit all expenditure from the revenues of the Federation and of
the Provinces and to ascertain whether monies shown in the
accounts as having been disbursed were legally available for and
applicable to the service or purpose to which they have been applied
or charged and whether the expenditure conforms to the authority
which governs it.
(b) to audit all transactions of the Federation and of the Provinces
relating to debt, deposits, sinking funds, advances, suspense
accounts and remittance business; and
(c) to audit all trading, manufacturing and profit and loss accounts, and
balance sheets kept by order of the Governor General or of the
Governor of a Province in any department of the Federation or of
the Province.

(iii) Further, the Auditor General was, with the approval of the Governor
General or the Governor of any Province, to audit and report on:
(a) the receipts of any department of the Federation or as the case may
be of the Province; and
(b) the accounts of stores and stock kept in any office or department
of the Federation or, as the case may be, of the Province.

4. (i) The Comptroller and Auditor General of India today derives his
authority from the Constitution of India which lays down his duties and functions.
The Comptroller and Auditor General is neither an officer of Parliament nor a
functionary of Government. He is appointed by the President by a warrant under his
hand and seal. Articles 148 to 151 of the Constitution and the subsequent Comptroller
and Auditor General's (Duties, Powers and Condition of Service) Act 1971, lay down
the duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor General.
(ii) The Statutory duties of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India
include audit of:

(a) receipts and expenditure from the Consolidated Funds of India and
of the States and Union Territories;
(b) transactions relating to Contingency Funds and Public Accounts;
(c) trading, manufacturing, Profit and Loss accounts and balance
sheets and other subsidiary accounts kept in any Government
Department of the Union or of a State;
(d) accounts of stores and stock kept in Government offices and
departments;
(e) government companies set up under the Indian Companies Act,
1956;
(f) Union Government Corporations which have statutory provision
for audit by Comptroller and Auditor General;
(g) authorities and bodies substantially financed from the Consolidated
Funds as per norms prescribed from time to time;

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 (h) any body or authority even though not substantially financed, either
at the request of the President/Governor or on Comptroller and
Auditor General's own initiative;
(i) accounts of bodies and authorities relating to grants and loans
given by Government for specific purposes.
(iii) To enable him to discharge his duties effectively the Comptroller and
Auditor General is empowered under Section 18 of the Act to:
(a) 1. inspect any office of the organisations subject to his audit;
2. call for any books of accounts and other relevant documents
that are required during audit;
3. put queries or make such observations as may be considered
necessary and to call for such information as may be required
for preparation of any account or report.

(b) The person in charge of any office or department, the accounts

of which have to be inspected and audited by the Comptroller
and Auditor General, shall afford all facilities for such
inspection and comply with requests for information, in as
complete a form as possible with all reasonable expedition.
(iv) The Comptroller and Auditor General has also the authority to dispense
with, when circumstances so warrant, any part of detailed audit of any accounts or
class of accounts or to apply such limited checks in relation to such accounts or
transaction, as he may determine.
(v) The Powers exercisable by the Comptroller and Auditor General under the
above Act or any other Law may be exercised by such officer of the department as
authorised by the Comptroller and Auditor General in this behalf by a general or
special order; provided that except during the absence of the Comptroller and Auditor
General on leave or otherwise, no officer shall be authorised to submit on behalf of
the Comptroller and Auditor General any report which the Comptroller and Auditor
General is required by the Constitution or the Government of Union Territory Act,
1963 to submit to the President or the Governor of State or the Administrator of
Union Territory having a legislative Assembly, as the case may be.
(vi) Various orders/instructions relating to Statutory Audit have been issued by
the executive authorities from time to time. Of these, some important
orders/instructions have been reproduced in Appendix-X for reference and record.

5. According to Article 151 (1) of the Constitution, the reports of the

Comptroller and Auditor General relating to the accounts of the Union shall be
submitted to the President who shall cause them to be laid before each House of'
Parliament.

6. The statutory audit of the receipts and expenditure of the Government of

India in relation to Defence Services is carried out by the Defence Audit Department.
The Director General of Audit (Defence Services), Principal Director of Audit (Air
Force and Navy) and Principal Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories) are required to
submit to the Comptroller and Auditor General each year a draft Audit report for his
approval. The Appropriation Accounts relating to the Defence Services are prepared
by the Secretary (Defence Finance) and forwarded to the Director General of Audit,

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Defence Services who after scrutiny submits the same to the Comptroller and Auditor
General by 30th March each year.

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 CHAPTER- 2
ORGANISATION OF HEADQUARTERS OFFICE OF THE
DIRECTOR GENERAL OF AUDIT (DEFENCE SERVICES),
PRINCIPAL DIRECTOR OF AUDIT (ORDNANCE
FACTORIES) AND PRINCIPAL DIRECTOR OF AUDIT
(AIR FORCE & NAVY)

General
7. (i) Prior to June 1973, the Director of Audit Defence Services (DADS), as
the Head of the Defence Audit Department, was responsible for the audit of Army,
Navy, Air Force and Ordnance Factories. In June 1973, the audit of Ordnance
Factories was entrusted to a Chief Auditor subsequently re-designated as Principal
Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories) with Headquarters at Kolkata where the
offices of the Ordnance Factory Board and Director General of Ordnance Factories
are located.
(ii) The audit of the receipts and expenditure of the Air Force, the Navy, the
Associated Research and Development units and the Coast Guard Organisation was
entrusted to a Director of Audit (Air Force and Navy) (since re-designated as
Principal Director of Audit (Air Force and Navy) and his office is located at New
Delhi.
(iii) The Director General of Audit, Defence Services is nevertheless the
Principal Audit Officer for all Defence transactions.
(iv) In subsequent parts of this Manual, the wings headed by Director General
of Audit, Defence Services, Principal Director of Audit (Air Force and Navy) and
Principal Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories) have been referred to as Army Audit
Wing, Air Force & Navy Audit Wing and Factory Audit Wing respectively.
(v) Although the Defence Audit Department has been divided into separate
wings as in Annexure ‘A’ for facility of audit, the entire staff of the department is
borne on a single cadre controlled by the Director General of Audit, Defence
Services, New Delhi and postings and transfers of all staff is solely his responsibility.
The administrative and other arrangements have been defined in CAG's DO letter No.
120/0M/80/73 dated 29.5.1973 and Director of Audit Defence Services Part I Office
Order No.2-.dated 3.2.1986 endorsed under No. 5854/A-Admn/227/85 dated 3.2.86,
Director General of Audit Part I Office Order No. 26 dated 19.3.90 and Principal
Director of Audit, Defence Services, (Air Force & Navy) Part I Office Order No.1
dated 9.3.90.
(vi) The audit applied in the Department is a statutory audit based on Auditing
Standards, MSO (Audit) and other instructions issued by CAG from time to time.

Organisation of the Headquarters and Command Offices of the Director

General of Audit, Defence Services.

8.(i) The Director General of Audit, Defence Services is directly responsible

for the audit of transactions relating to receipts and expenditure of the Armed Forces
(other than Ordnance Factories, Air Force and Navy, associated R&D establishments
& MES offices for Air Force/Navy and Coast Guard Organisation) audit of
Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services and work relating to submission of Draft

19 O/o the DGADS

Audit Report (Report of Comptroller and Auditor General of India - Union
Government - Defence Services Army and Ordnance Factories) as also audit of the
Border Roads Organisation including Bhutan, Pension Disbursement of Defence
Services including Gorkha Pension, Nepal and R&D Organisations.
(ii) The audit jurisdiction of the Command Officers and their branch offices as
per Organizational chart (Annexure ‘B’) is depicted in Annexure ‘E’ to this chapter.
Note: The words "Command Officers" and "Commands" when used in this
Manual refer to officers holding independent charge of an office and the
spheres of their audit responsibility and do not refer to the “organisation of
Commands” in the services.
(iii) A Pay Accounts Office for the Defence Audit Department designated as
Pay and Accounts Office (Defence Audit) catering to the needs of the officers under
Director General of Audit, Defence Services, Principal Director of Audit (Air Force
and Navy) and Principal Director of Audit (OF) was formed with effect from
1.11.1984 and functions under the functional and administrative control of Director of
Audit, Defence Services, Central Command, Meerut.
(Authority: DGADS Office Order Part I No. 14 dated 26-10-1984)

Headquarters Office of the Director General of Audit, Defence Services

9. (i) Besides the three Group Officers of the rank of Directors/Deputy
Directors of Audit at Headquarters, there are branch officers who are in charge of one
or more sections of Headquarters office and report to the Director General of Audit
through the Group Officers.
(ii) The Headquarters Office deals with:
(a) exercise of administrative and financial control over Command
Offices (Army Wing);
(b) cadre controlling functions for staff borne on strength of Defence
Audit Department;
(c) audit of MOD and other headquarters formations under MOD/AHQ
through Audit Group sections;
(d) finalisation and implementation of the Audit Plan;
(e) finalisation of Audit Report and follow up action thereon.

Command Offices
10. The statutory audit of the accounts of receipts and expenditure of Defence
Services (except Ordnance Factories, Air Force, Navy, associated R&D
establishments & MES offices for Air Force/Navy and Coast Guard Organisation) is
carried out, by different Command Offices (Annexure ‘B’ refers) either in Central
Test Audit or in Local Test Audit as dealt with in detail in Chapter 4 and Parts B and
C of this Manual. For this purpose Command Officers are assisted by Sr. Audit
Officer/Audit Officers in the respective Command Offices or in the Branch offices
functioning under their control.

Headquarters Office of the Air Force and Navy Audit Wing

11. (i) The Principal Director of Audit, Air Force and Navy is the head of the
Air Force and Navy Audit Wing with his Headquarters at New Delhi. He is assisted in

20 O/o the DGADS

the Headquarters by two group officers of rank of Directors of Audit/Deputy
Directors of Audit. The organizational chart is given in Annexure ‘C’ and audit
jurisdiction in Annexure-‘F’.
(ii) The Headquarters office deals with the work relating to (a) audit of
sanctions issued by Government of India relating to the Air Force, the Navy,
associated R&D Establishments and the Coast Guard Organisation, (b) the scrutiny of
connected Codes, Manuals and Regulations, (c) the audit of provisioning of stores at
Air Force and Naval Headquarters, associated R&D Establishments and Coast Guard
Organisations and (d) preparation of the Report of the Comptroller and Auditor
General of India, Union Government, Defence Services (Air Force and Navy) as
detailed in Volume II of this Manual.

Air Force Audit Wing

12. (i) The test audit of the accounts of receipts and expenditure of the
Defence Services as it relates to the Air Force and associated R&D Establishments
(i.e. Cash and Stores) is carried out by the Director/Deputy Director of Audit (Air
Force) at Dehradun and Directors/Deputy Director of Audit (Air Force) at Bangalore
either in central test audit or in local test audit as dealt with in detail in Chapter 5, Part
A and Volume II of this Manual.
(ii) For administrative convenience, audit of Naval Hydrographic Office,
Dehradun is also undertaken by the Director of Audit, Air Force at Dehradun as
brought out in Annexure-‘B’.

Naval Audit Wing

13. The test audit of the accounts of receipts and expenditure of Defence
Services as it relates to the Navy, associated R&D establishments and Inspectorates
and Coast Guard Organisation (i.e., Cash, Stores and Works) is carried out by the
Director of Audit, Navy and his sub-offices at Visakhapatnam and Cochin either in
central test audit or local test audit as brought out in Chapter 5 and Volume II of this
Manual.

Headquarters Office of Factory Audit Wing

14.(i) The Principal Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories) is the Head of
Ordnance Factories Audit Wing of Defence Audit Department with his Headquarters
at Kolkata. He is assisted at Headquarters by one Deputy Director of Audit. There are
also five Regional Offices headed by Deputy Directors of Audit along with one
branch office working under the Deputy Director of Audit, Jabalpur, plus a Liaison
Cell at New Delhi as indicated in Annexure ‘D’. The audit jurisdiction of the offices
is also shown in Annexure-‘G’ to this Chapter.
(ii) The audit of the Ordnance Factory Board is done by the Resident Audit
Party (RAP) in the office of the Principal Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories),
Kolkata.
(iii) The Headquarters office deals with the works relating to (a) audit of
sanctions issued by the Government of India and Ordnance Factory Board, (b) audit
of contracts and agreements entered into by the Government of India and Ordnance
Factory Board (c) Imports (d) Provisioning policies and (e) Preparation of the Report
of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India as it relates to portion pertaining to
Ordnance Factories as detailed in Volume III of this Manual.

21 O/o the DGADS

Regional Offices
15. The test audit of the accounts of receipts and expenditure of Factories
(Cash, Stores and Works) is carried out by different Regional Offices of the
Department either in Central or Local Test Audit as brought out in Volume III of this
Manual.

Relationship between the Director General of Audit, Defence Services and

the Principal Directors of Audit, Air Force & Navy and Ordnance
Factories
16.(i) As Heads of the Factory Audit Wing and Air Force and Navy Audit
Wing, the Principal Directors enjoy considerable autonomy in their sphere of work.
However, the overall responsibility for audit of all transactions relating to Defence
Services rests with the Director General of Audit, Defence Services in his capacity as
the Principal Audit Officer. As the Principal Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories)
and the Principal Director of Audit (Air Force & Navy) are concerned with the audit of
a part of Defence Transactions and there exists linkages in many cases which have to
be looked into for conducting effective audit, they will function in close liaison with
the Director General of Audit, Defence Services and give due deference to views
expressed by the latter on audit matters.
(ii) The Principal Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories) is responsible for
preparing/finalising the draft paras relating to Ordnance Factories and sending them to
the Government of India/Comptroller and Auditor General of India. He will
simultaneously send copies of these paras to Director General of Audit, Defence
Services. On receipt of approved copies of draft paragraphs from the Comptroller and
Auditor General, the same are to be forwarded to the Director General of Audit,
Defence Services for inclusion in the Report of Comptroller & Auditor General of
India, Union Government Defence Services (Army and Ordnance Factories) as
detailed in Volume III of the Manual. It is necessary to mention that the Principal
Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories) is solely responsible for the contents of his
draft paras.

(iii) The Principal Director of Audit (Air Force & Navy) is responsible for
preparing/finalising the draft paras relating to the Air Force, Navy, associated R&D
Establishments and Coast Guard Organisation and sending them to Government of
India/Comptroller and Auditor General of India, for processing and finalisation. The
final Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Union Government,
Defence Services (Air Force & Navy) duly countersigned by the Comptroller and
Auditor General of India is submitted separately to the President for being laid before
each House of the Parliament as brought out in Volume II of this Manual.

Staff Strength

17. (i) Permanent Staff :

The entire staff of the Department is borne on a single cadre and the Defence
Audit Organisation is treated as a single unit for purpose of scale audit. The Director
General of Audit, Defence Services is empowered to make distribution of the

22 O/o the DGADS

sanctioned strength (permanent and temporary) up to the grade of Senior Audit
Officers. Distribution of staff among the offices of the Factory Audit Wing and Air
Force and Navy Audit Wing is generally done in consultation with the Principal
Directors of Audit concerned. The authority for distribution of IA&AS posts rests
with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
(C&AG's letter No. 1244.GE/63-52 dated 18-3-50 A/Admn/8/53 and No.
120/0&M/80-73 dated 29.5.73. File A.AdmnlOrg/OF/1973 and DADS Part I Office
Order No.2 of 3.2.86 endorsed under No.5854/A-Admn/227/85 dated 3.2.86).

(ii) Temporary Staff

In addition to the permanent strength referred to in the preceding sub-
paragraph, temporary posts are sanctioned from time to time for various purposes and
are renewed where necessary, from year to year. Sanction for the creation or
continuance of posts is accorded by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India or
the Director General of Audit, Defence Services, as the case may be, in accordance
with the provision of Section 'A' (Sl. Nos.3 to 5) of CAG's MSO (Admn) (Vol.II) as
amended from time to time for which proposals with due justification should be made
in time. In order to ensure that no temporary post is retained in the department beyond
the period sanctioned for its employment, a register of sanctions of the temporary post
is maintained in the Headquarters Office of the Director General of Audit, Defence
Services at New Delhi.

Association of Defence Audit with Audit Board Appraisals of Defence

Public Sector Undertaking
18. In order to enhance the effectiveness of audit of Defence Public Sector
Undertakings which are presently being conducted by the Commercial Audit Wing of
the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the following procedure will be
adopted:
(i) Whenever, appraisals of Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of
Defence are taken up, the comments of ADAI (Defence) should be obtained on the
proposed guidelines before finalising the same.
(ii) One of the official members in the Audit Board will be a Principal Director
(Defence Audit) to be nominated by the ADAI (Defence).
(iii) For mini-reviews, the concerned MAB may ask for such assistance from
ADAI (Defence) as he considers necessary. ADAI (Defence) will give such assistance
to the extent possible by associating his nominated officers with the MAB and or
supplying necessary information.
(Authority: C&AG No. 1300/CA-111/600-91 dated 21.6.91)

19. Blank
20. Blank
21. Blank
22. Blank
23. Blank
24. Blank
25. Blank

23 O/o the DGADS

 ANNEXURE - ‘A’

COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA

Principal Director of Audit Director General of Audit Principal Director of Audit

(Air Force & Navy), New Delhi Defence Services, New Delhi (Ordnance Factories)

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25 O/o the DGADS
 ANNEXURE - ‘B’

Director General of Audit, Defence Services, New Delhi

Director of Deputy Deputy Director of Director of Deputy Director of Deputy

Audit, Defence Director of Director of Audit, Defence Audit, Defence Director of Audit, Defence Director of
Services, Audit, Defence Audit, Defence Services, Services, Audit, Defence Services, Audit, Defence
Western Services, Services, Delhi Eastern Southern Services, Central Services,
Command, Northern Cantt. Command, Command, Southern Command, Central
Chandigarh Command, Patna Pune Command, Meerut Command,
Jammu Chennai Allahabad

Audit Officer, Audit Officer, PAO

Defence Defence (Defence
Services Services, Audit)
(Army) (Canteen Stores) Meerut
Kolkata Mumbai

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 ANNEXURE - ‘C’

Principal Director of Audit, Air Force & Navy, New Delhi

Director of Audit, Director of Audit, Director of Audit,

Air Force, Air Force, Navy,
Dehradun Bangalore Bombay

Audit Officer, Audit Officer

Defence Services Defence Services
(Navy) Cochin (Navy)
Visakhapatnam

27 O/o the DGADS

28 O/o the DGADS
 ANNEXURE - ‘D’

Principal Director of Audit, Ordnance Factories, Kolkata

Deputy Director of Audit, Deputy Director of Audit, Director of Audit Deputy Director of Audit, Director of Audit Audit Officer,
Ordnance Factories, Ordnance Factories, Ordnance Factories, Ordnance Factories, Ordnance Factories, Factory Audit Cell,
Kolkata Kanpur Kirkee Jabalpur Avadi New Delhi

Sr. Audit Officer,

Ordnance Factories,
Ambajhari

29 O/o the DGADS

 ANNEXURE –‘E’
(Para 8(ii) refers)
AUDIT JURISDICTION OF COMMAND/BRANCH OFFICES OF THE
DIRECTOR GENERAL OF AUDIT DEFENCE SERVICES, NEW DELHI
Audit Groups DADS WC DDA DS, DDA DS, DADS, CC, DDA,DS, DADS, SC, DDA DS, SC, DADS,EC, AODS
(DGADS) Chandigarh NC, Delhi Cantt Meerut CC, Allahabad Pune Chennai Patna (Army)
Jammu Kolkata
CDA/ CGDA PCDA PCDA AAO, Delhi Cantt CDA(Army) PCDA(Pens) CDA Secunderabad CDA Bangalore, CDA Gauhati AAO Kolkata
AAO PCDA New Delhi Chandigarh, Jammu CDA(PD) PCDA(CC) Lucknow CDA CDA Chennai CDA Patna
CDA (R&D)N Delhi CDA(SWC) CDA(Training) CDA(Jabalpur) (R&D) Hyderabad DCDA(BR)
CDA(BR) New Delhi Jaipur CDA(Funds) AAO Kanpur CDA(O) Pune AAO Siliguri
CDA(IDS) AAO Jalandhar AAO, Agra AAO Allahabad PCDA Pune AAO Shillong
New Delhi CDA (CSD) Mumbai
PAO (MOD) DCDA (R&D) Pune

PAO 14 GTC JAKLI, Leh RRRC BEG, JRC, AEC, Grenadiers, Jak AOC, BEG, INT DSC, MRC, SRC, PRC,, BRC,
KRC, GRC, Rifles, MRC, Signals, Corps, APTC, Arty, ASC Centre and ASC, ARC, 58
RVC, 39 GTC, RRC, SLI, ACR, MIR, MLI College, CMP, GTC,
DRC, AMC, 11 Para Regt, MEG
GRGC
Army Army Headquarters 61 Indep Sub 31 Sub Area Delhi Area Dehradun Sub Lucknow Sub Area Bombay Sub Area ATNK&K Area 111 Sub Area Kolkata Sub
Units Directorates Area 21 Sub Area Area Allahabad Sub Area , Pune Sub Area, Goa Karnatka Sub Bengdubi, Area
91 Sub Area 71 Sub area Meerut Sub Sub Area Jabalpur, Sub Area Area 41 Sub Area Johrat,
81 Sub Area Area Saugar, 51 Sub Area
PH&HP (indp) Sub Area Itarsi,Panchmarhi Narangi,
Sub Area Bhopal, Mau, Bihar & Orissa Sub
& Gwalior Non-static units in Area
Non-static Non-static units in Non-static units Non-static units in above military Non-static units in Non-static
Non-static units units in above above military in above Non-static units in above military stations stations above military units in above
in above military military stations military stations above military stations stations military
stations stations stations
R&D DRDO Headquarters SASE FRL DESIDOC DRDE, DEAL, DMSRDE Kanpur ARDE, HEMRL, CVRDE, DRL PXE
TBRL CFEES ADRDE, VRDE, RDE(Eng), Chandipur
DLJ DTDATEDRL, DARL, IRDE, ANURAG, DLRL,
DIPAS, INMAS, ITM IAT, DMRL, DRDL,
ISSA, LASTEC,
SAG, SSPL, DIPR
BRO CE (Project) CE (Project) CE (Project) CEs (Project)
Bhutan Chetak Himank Setuk, Phuspak,
Vartak, Hirak,
Swastik.

30 O/o the DGADS

CSD Bhatinda BD Bari Delhi Agra, Bareilly, Lucknow, Jabalpur, Ahmedabad, Chennai Narangi, Misamari, Kolkata
Depots Jalandhar Srinagar Meerut Jhansi Secunderabad Bangalore, Masimpur, Port Blair
Ambala Udhampur Mumbai Vishakhapatnam Dimapur,
Jaipur Leh Khadki Kochi Baghdogra
Bikaner Pathankot Ramgarh,
Hisar

1. DADS No.5638/A.Admn/32/76-80/KW 2 dated 20.3.81.

2. DADS O.O No.9 dated 13.7.84 endorsement No.1646/A.Admn/81/81-84 dated 13.7.84.
3. DADS O.O No.13 dated 9.8.84 endorsement No.2325/A/Admn/8/81-84 dated 9.8.84.
4. DA (AF&N) No.242/A-Admn/AFN/91/86-91 dated 28.6.91.
5. DADS No.2769/A/Admn/32/82-83 dated 17.9.83.
6. DADS Secret No.5774/A-Admn/227/85 dated 30.1.85.
7. PDADS confidential No. 9861A-Admn./227/85-89 dated 25.6.92 and D.O. No.180/A-Admn/ 227/92-93 dated 1.9.92.
8. DGADS O.O. Part I No.63 dated 9.11.98
9. DGADS O.O. Part I No.64 dated 30.1.99
10. DGADS O.O. Part I No 67 dated 6.11.2003.
11. DGADS O.O. Pt. II No.68.
12. DGADS O.O. Pt. No.69 dated 11.8.2004.
13. DGADS O.O. No.70 dated 28.8.2004.

31 O/o the DGADS

 ANNEXURE –‘F’
(Para 11(i) refers)
AUDIT JURISDICTION OF COMMAND/BRANCH OFFICES OF THE
PRINCIPAL DIRECTOR OF AUDIT AIR FORCE & NAVY, NEW DELHI

DA (Navy) AO AO DA(AF) Dehradun DDA(AF)

Mumbai Visakhapatnam Kochi Bangalore
CDA/AAO CDA(AF) Dehradun CDA R&D Bangalore
CDA(AF) New Delhi DCDA(AF) Nagpur
Dy CDA(AF) Subroto
Park New Delhi
Air Force Units in the states north Units/formations in Gujarat,
Units of Gujarat, Madhya Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Pradesh (except Amla), Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Orissa, Delhi Nadu,Pondichery, Goa, Amla in
Madhya Pradesh and HAL,
Koraput in Orissa..
Naval Units All Naval Units located All Naval Units/ Formations in Eastern All Naval Units at Southern Naval Naval Hydrographic
in Western Naval Naval Command and Andaman and Command except Goa Area and all Office at Dehradun
Command and Goa Nicobar Islands excluding INS Rajali Coast Guard units under Eastern
Area and all Coast and INS Kattabomman and all Coast Region except Coast Guard
Guard units located in Guard units located in Coast Guard Districts located at Visakhapatnam,
Western Region. Districts located at Visakhapatnam, Paradip and Haldia and Andaman
Paradip and Haldia. and Nicobar Region.
R&D i) Naval Material Naval Science and Technological NPOL Cochin i)Microwave Tube Research
Research Laboratory, Visakhapatnam Development Centre(MTRDC)
Laboratory, ii) Defence Avionics Research
Ambernath. Estt(DARE)
iii) ADE Bangalore
iv) Electronic & Radar
Development Estt (LRDE).
v) Center for Air Borne System
(CABS) Bangalore.
vi)Gas Turbine Research Estt
(GTRE)
vii) Aeronautic Development
Agency(ADA)
viii)Aircraft System Testing
Estt(ASTE)

32 O/o the DGADS

 ix)Center for Artificial
Intelligence & Robotics
x)DFRL Mysoor
xi)Project Office
(Material)Hyderabad
xii)Centre for Military
Airworthiness & Certification
MES i) All MES All MES units and formations All MES units and formations All MES Units/ All MES Units/ formations
units/formations exclusively executing Naval/Coast exclusively executing Naval and formations exclusive - exclusive -ly executing Air Force
exclusively working for Guard Works in Eastern Naval Coast Guard Works located in ly executing Air Force Works located in the above states
Naval/Coast Guard Command, Andaman and Nicobar Southern Naval Command except Works in the above and places.
Works in WNC and Islands excluding those units located at Goa Area, Arkonam, Chennai and states and places.
Goa Area and Coast Arkonam, Chennai and Tirunelveli. Tirunelveli.
Guard Western Region.. ii) DGNP
ii) Audit of final bills iii) Audit of final bills along with Cost data
along with Cost data in in respect of Naval Works undertaken by
M/s Garden Reach Workshop.
respect of Naval Works
undertaken by
Mazagaon Dock
Limited and Goa
Shipyard.

Other i)Estate Management units

Units ii)Software Development Institute

33 O/o the DGADS

 ANNEXURE –‘G’
(Para 14(i) refers)
AUDIT JURISDICTION OF COMMAND/BRANCH OFFICES OF THE
PRINCIPAL DIRECTOR OF AUDIT ORDNANCE FACTORY,
KOLKATA

SI. No. Name of Auditee units

A) Head Office, Kolkata
1. Ordnance Factory Board, Kolkata
B) Regional office Avadi
l. Cordite Factory Aruvankadu and its Accounts Office
2. Ordnance Factory Trichi and its Accounts Office
3. Heavy Alloys Penetrator Project, Trichi and its Accounts office
4. Heavy Vehicles Factory, Avadi and its Accounts Office
5. Ordnance Factory Medak and its Accounts Office
6. Engine Factory Avadi and its Accounts Office
7. Ordnance Clothing Factory, Avadi and its Accounts Office
8. Addl. DGOF, A V Headquarters, Avadi and its Accounts Office
9. Accounts of Vijayanta Senior Secondary School Avadi (VSSS)
10. Defence Standardisation Cell Avadi
11. Controllerate of Quality Assurance (Infantry Combat Vehicle) Medak
12. Quality Assurance Establishment (Armaments) Medak
13. Quality Assurance Establishment (Electronics) Medak
14. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment Trichy
15. CQA (A VL) Avadi
16. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Armaments) Avadi
17. CQA (HVF) Avadi
18. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (ME) Aruvankadu
19. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment, Trichi
20. Regional Marketing Centre, Avadi
C) Regional Office Kirkee
1. Ammunition Factory Khadki and its Accounts Office
2. High Explosives Factory Khadki and its Accounts Office
3. Ordnance Factory Dehu Road and its Accounts Office
4. Ordnance Factory Ambernath and its Accounts Office
5. Machine Tool Prototype Factory, Ambernath and its Accounts Office
6. Controllerate of Quality Assurance (Armaments) Kirkee (CQA)
7. Assurance Establishment (Weapon) Ambernath (QAE)
8. Controllerate of Quality Assurance (Military Explosives), Kirkee (CQA)
9. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Armaments), Kirkee (SQAE)
10. OCRI, Kirkee
11. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Military Explosives)
12. Quality Assurance Establishment (Material), Ambemath QAE
13. Quality Assurance Establishment (Military Explosives) Dehu Road (QAE)
14. Regional Mark Centre, Kirkee
15. Regional Training Institute Ambernath .
16. Controller of Safety, Kirkee

34 O/o DGADS
D) Regional Office Kanpur
1. Ordnance Factory Kanpur and its Accounts Office
2. Field Gun Factory Kanpur and its Accounts Office
3. Ordnance Equipment Factory Kanpur and its Accounts Office
4. Ordnance Parachute Factory Kanpur and its Accounts Office
5. Small Arms Factory Kanpur and its Accounts Office
6. Ordnance Equipment Factory Hazaratpur and its Accounts Office
7. Ordnance Factory Dehradun and its Accounts Office
8. Opto Electronic Factory Dehradun and its Accounts Office
9. Ordnance Cable Factory, Chandigarh and its Accounts Office
10. Ordnance Factory Muradnagar and its Accounts Office
11. Clothing Factory, Sahjahanpur and its Accounts Office
12. Addl. DGOF (OEF Headquarters), Kanpur
13. Regional Training Institute, Kanpur (RTI)
14. Regional Training Institute, Dehradun (RTI)
15. Quality Assurance Establishment (Armaments), OF Kanpur (QAE)
16. Air Armament Inspection Wing (Detachment) at OF Kanpur ( AAIW)
17. Vehicle Inspection Wing OEF Kanpur (VIW)
18. Quality Assurance Establishment (Small Arms), SAF Kanpur (QAE)
19. Inspectorate of Metal, Muradnagar (I of M)
20. Controllerate of Quality Assurance (Instrument) Dehradun (CQAE)
21. Inspectorate of General Stores Shahjahanpur (IGS)
22. Quality Assurance Establishment Establishment (Field p;un), FGF Kanpur (QAE)
23. Quality Assurance Establishment (Metal), Dett Chandigarh (QAE)
24. Air Armament Inspection Wing (Detachment) at OFM and Delhi (AAIW)
25. Naval Armament Institute, Kanpur (NAI)
26. Chief Resident Inspector Directorate of Technical Development & Production
(DTD&P) Dehradun
27. Quality Assurance Wing, OEF Kanpur (QAE)
28. Defence Standardisation Cell Dehradun
29. Ordnance Factory Cell, GB, New Delhi
E) Regional Office Kolkata.
1. Rifle Factory Ishapore and its Accounts Office
2. Metal and Steel Factory Ishapore and its Accounts Office
3. Gun and Shell Factory Cossipore and its Accounts Office
4. Ordnance Factory Dum Dum and its Accounts Office
5. Ordnance Factory Bolangir and its Accounts Office
6. Consolidated Annual Accounts - CCA (Fys.) Kolkata
7. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Armaments), Badmal (SQAE)
8. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Armaments), Hastings, Kolkata (SQAE)
9. AAIW, Cossipore
10. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Armaments) GSF Cossiporc (SQAE)
11. Controllerate of Quality Assurance Establishment (Small Arms) R.F. Ishapore (CQAE)
12. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Small Arms), RF. Ishaporc (SQAE)
13. Controllerate of Quality Assurance Establishment (Metal), MSF (SQAE)
14. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Metal), MSF (SQAE)
15. Defence Standardisation Cell, Ishapore
16. Quality Assurance Establishment (Metal), Rourkela (QAE)

35 O/o DGADS
F) Regional Office Jabalpur
1. Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur and its Accounts Office
2. Ordnance Factory Khamaria and its Accounts Office
3. Vehicle Factory Jabalpur and its Accounts Office
4. Grav Iron Factory, Jabalpur and its Accounts Office
5. Ordnance Factory, Katni and its Accounts Office
6. Ordnance Factory Itarsi and its Accounts Office
7. Controllerate of Quality Assurance Establishment (Weapon), Jabalpur (CQAE)
.8 Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Armaments), OFK (SQAE)
9. Central Proof Establishment, ltarsi (CPE)
10. Controllerate of Quality Assurance Establishment, VFJ (CQAE)
11. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Armaments), GCF (SQAE)
12. Senior Quality Assurance Establishment (Electronics), GCF (SQAE)
13. Air Armament Inspection Wing (Detachment) GGF (AAIW)
14. Regional Training Institute, OFK (RTI)
15. Quality Assurance Establishment (Military Explosives), OFK (QAE)
16. Air Armament Inspection Wing (Detachment) OFK (AAIW)
17. Defence Standardisation Cell, VFJ
18. Quality Assurance Establishment (Metal), Katni (QAE)
19. Air Armament Inspection Wing (Detachment) Itarsi (AAIW)
20. Quality Assurance Establishment (Military Explosives), ltarsi (QAE)
21. Long Proof Range, Khamaria
G) Branch Office Ambajhari
1. Ordnance Factory, Ambajhari and its Accounts Office
2. Ordnance Factory Bhandara and its Accounts Office
3. Ordnance Factory Bhusawa1 and its Accounts Office
4. Ordnance Factory Chanda and its Accounts Office
5. Ordnance Factory Varangaon and its Accounts Office
6. Ordnance Factory Staff College, Ambajhari
7. Air Armament Inspection Wing, Ambajhari (AAIW)
8. Quality Assurance Establishment Ambajhari (QAE)
9. Regional College of Security Ambajhari (RCS)
10. Regional Training Institute Ambajhari (RTI)
11. Quality Assurance Establishment (Metal), Bhandara - Annual Accounts + Cost + DAD
12. Air Armament Inspection Wing, Bhandara (AAIW)
13. Quality Assurance Establishment (Detachment) Bhusawal (QAE)
14. Quality Assurance Establishment Chanda (QAE)
15. Air Armament Inspection Wing, Chanda (AAIW)
16. Quality Assurance Establishment Varangaon (QAE)

36 O/o DGADS
 CHAPTER- 3
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF HEADQUARTERS OFFICE

General
26. (i) The Director General of Audit, Defence Services is the principal audit
officer for the Ministry of Defence (expenditure pertaining to the Ordnance Factories
and expenditure for the Air Force and Navy is audited by the Pr. Director of Audit
(Ordnance Factories) Kolkata and Principal Director of Audit (AF/N) respectively)
and is responsible for rendering reports to the Comptroller and Auditor General of
India, of serious arrears in work vide Paragraph 1:16:6 of CAG's M.S.O.(Admn)
Volume I.
(ii) In any case in which the Secretary, Ministry of Defence (Finance) is not
prepared to accept the opinion of the Director General on an audit point, the question
at issue has to be stated for the Comptroller and Auditor General's decision. It is also
open to the Director General to refer to the C.A.G. of India any point on which he
himself is in doubt and any decision of the Defence Authorities which is likely, in his
opinion, to affect Civil Accountants General. The Comptroller & Auditor General of
India would communicate to the Director General, changes of procedure in civil audit
and accounts offices which may call for corresponding changes in Defence Accounts
offices. The Director General should then take steps to have such changes introduced
by the Secretary, Ministry of Defence (Finance).
(iii) The Director General will inspect his branch offices (which are
functioning independently, whether in the same station or another station, whether
headed by IA&AS Officer or Group ‘B’ Officer) periodically and at least once a year.
A report on the deficiencies and irregularities (both administrative and technical)
noticed during the inspection and remedial and follow-up action taken will be sent to
Coordination Section in Headquarters within 3 months of inspection and also shown
to Inspection Team when its next visit to this HQ.
27. Blank
28. Blank
29. Blank

Organisation of the different Sections of Headquarters Office

30. (i) Headquarters Office has fourteen Sections, viz:

(a) Administration Section

(b) Budget Section.
(c) Establishment Section.
(d) Hindi Cell/PAO
(e) Audit Group. I
(f) Audit Group. II
(g) Audit Group. III
(h) Audit Group. IV

37 O/o DGADS
 (i) Audit Group. V
(j) E.C.P.A
(k) Appropriation Audit Section
(l) Report and P.A.C. Section
(m) Coordination Section.
(n) EDP Section
(DGADS O.O.Pt.1 No.10 dated 20/3/91, O.O. Part I No.35 dated 10.7.91 and O.O.
Part I No.65 dated 25.2.2003 and O.O Part I No. 70 dated 25.8.2004)
(ii) The paragraphs below describe broadly the allocation of the duties
between the different sections. Detailed lists of duties in respect of individual seats
should be prepared and kept up-to-date. In the interest of expeditious disposal of work
in the section, it would be open to the AAOs/SOs to make temporary changes in the
distribution of work. Any permanent change proposed to be made should be brought
to the notice of the Branch Officer concerned.

Administration Section
31. (i) This Section deals with:
(a) Questions relating to the administration and cadre control of the
Department viz recruitment, appointment, promotions,
confirmations, transfers, pay fixation, discipline and encashment of
leave.
(b) Cases relating to the general policy and procedure of audit.
(c) The departmental Examinations like Section Officers Grade
Examination, Revenue Audit, Confirmatory etc.
(d) Training Programme.
(e) Confidential matters
(ii) Tour programme of Director General.
The Tour programme of the Director General of Audit in respect of
each calendar year should be numbered serially and should be sent sufficiently in
advance to the Comptroller & Auditor General. The purpose of tour should invariably
be specified in the copy of tour programme sent to Secretary to the CAG of India.
(Authority: CAG Letter No.4145-GE-I/37-73 dated 12.6.73 and 3047-GE/327-52,
dated 3.6.53 file No.A.Admn/18/52 and 18/73).

Budget Section
32. This Section deals with:
(i) Matters relating to Budget, expenditure statements, reconciliation etc.
(ii) Pension and gratuity etc.
(iii)All loans and advances (other than G.P.Fund) like HBA, Car, Scooter,
Cycle, Floods etc.
(iv) Pay fixation cases and anomalies of pay fixation of departmental
employees under Fundamental Rules.
(v) Monthly D.O

38 O/o DGADS
 A monthly D.O. letter may be sent by the Director General to the Comptroller
and Auditor General indicating important activities of the Defence Services,
important irregularities and matters relating to Administration etc. (with copies to
Deputy C.As.G. and Addl. Deputy C.As.G.). In respect of serious and interesting
cases of fraud and forgery a separate formal report should also be made to the C.A.G.
To enable the Director General to select the material for his monthly D.O., a Register
will be maintained in the section in two parts - Part I will include a list of new
activities/new projects undertaken by Ministry of Defence and Part II will include
items reported by the Command Officers to enable a watch and inclusion in the
monthly D.O. if and when considered appropriate.
(CAG's D.O. No. Ps/731 dated 30.12.50 - Instructional Order No.1 dated 26.6.61 and
CAG. No.326 - Admn/13/61 dated 31.1.61)

Establishment Section
33. (i) This Section deals with:
(a) Establishment and staff matters of Headquarters office.
(b) G.P.F. advances and C.D.S. final payments.
(c) Office library and old records.
(d) Hindi Cell
(e) TA/DA adjustment bill for all categories of officers/staff.
(f) Medical Claims
(ii) Supply of Books and Corrections
The orders of Deputy Director of Audit/Director of Audit should be obtained
whenever a new book is required to be purchased for official use. A register titled
Register of Corrections is required to be maintained to watch that amendments to the
books in use in the office are received regularly when issued and to ensure that the
publications are brought up-to-date. The register is to be submitted to the Branch
Officer for information once every month.
Note: One copy of all publications (having. financial bearing) issued by the Ministry
of Defence, as well as correction thereto, has to be supplied to C&AG by this office.
(C.A.G No.765-Admn/39/49 dated 14.4.49, D.A.D.S No.5136/Public/2/49 dated
8.3.1949 O. O. Part II No. 14 dated 30/10/88)

Hindi Cell
34. This Section deals with:
(a) Coordination of work relating to implementation of Policy of
Government in regard to use of Hindi in Official work.
(b) Preparation and submission of all statistical reports/returns in
connection with the use of Hindi in the Department.
(c) Hindi translation of Departmental Manuals as and when necessary.
(d) Hindi translation of the Report of the Comptroller & Auditor
General of India, Union Government (Defence Services).
(e) Organisation of Hindi Workshop for the staff to enable them to
transact official work in Hindi, as and when considered necessary.
(f) Assistance to Sections in the Headquarters office to progressively

39 O/o DGADS
 switch over to use Hindi in day-to-day official work.
(g) Vetting of out-going Hindi letters.
(h) Working of sub-PAO and Pre-Audit of bills in respect of Director
General of Audit, Defence Services, Principal Director of Audit
(Air Force and Navy) and Deputy Director of Audit, Defence
Services, Delhi Cantt. in HQ office.
(Procedural Office Order No.2. cI.22.3.78 DAD.S. file No.AAdmn/8/77-78 and
D.A.D.S. O.O.Pt.1. No.10 dated 20.3.81-File No. A-Admn /8/81).

Audit Group Section

35. In the assigned areas, each Audit Group will be responsible for:
(a) Scrutiny and follow up of Policy documents, codes, manuals,
regulations, instructions, orders and standard operating procedures
(SOPs) issued under the authority of Ministry of Defence, Army
Headquarters, Controller General of Defence Accounts, DRDO
Headquarters and DGDE etc.
(b) Scrutiny of Defence Services Estimates (Vol. I & II)and Ministry
of Defence (Civil) Grant and Annual Report of Ministry of
Defence
(c) Study and follow up of reports submitted by Parliamentary
Standing Committee on Defence, Government’s reply to
Parliamentary Questions, reports of in-house committees
constituted by MOD/AHQ/Other Directorates and reports
appearing in Professional Defence Journals/News Papers etc.
(d) To maintain Directorate-wise guard files on key subjects dealt with
by individual Directorates
(e) Audit of sanctions issued by Government of India and subordinate
Headquarters Formations (Army Headquarters, DRDO
Headquarters, CGDA Headquarters, DGDE Headquarters)
(f) Scrutiny of contract agreements/supply orders/ATs entered into by
Government of India/Army Headquarters etc.
(g) Updating of background material in respect of Army Headquarters,
Directorates by collecting latest orders and ATNs from Report and
Appropriation Section.
(h) Disposal of references received from Report, Appropriation,
Coordination, other Audit Groups and ECPA Sections and
Command Offices.
(i) Undertaking risk analysis in terms of activities, programmes,
procedures, transactions, accounting code heads, auditee units,
vendors, suppliers and its periodic communication to Command
Offices.
(j) Examination of LTAR files of the Command Offices as envisaged
in this office letter No. 3328/A.Coord/137/2002 dated 27.1.2003
(k) Certification of Defence Appropriation Accounts (MES Chapter,
Military Farms Chapter ) and annual CSD accounts

40 O/o DGADS
 (l) Local Audit of Ministry of Defence and other Headquarters
Formations under Ministry of Defence. The auditee units for local
audit would be PAO/CDA, DDO and Budget centers allocated
budget under different accounting code heads as per records of
PCDA, New Delhi.
(m) To propose amendments in Defence Audit Manual in the assigned
functional areas.
(n) To prepare half yearly/annual audit programme for approval by the
Director General of Audit Defence Services.

Audit Follow up
The observations based on scrutiny of papers (codes, manuals, indents,
sanctions, contracts, supply order etc.) received/obtained from Ministry of
Defence/Headquarters Formations will be issued in the form of Audit Memos. The
issue and disposal of Audit Memos will be watched by maintaining sectional Audit
Memos Register in the prescribed format. Similarly the observations based on Local
Audit of Ministry of Defence and other units mentioned in Annexure-‘A’ will be
issued in the form of Local Test Audit Report (LTAR). The issue and disposal of
items in LTAR will be watched through sectional LTAR Register.
A comprehensive audit of Ministry of Defence (DDO, PAO, MOD Sections)
by Audit Group-V will be undertaken in July every year when annual budget gets
finalized and the reports of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence about
Defence Grants are available. Based on the above comprehensive audit, an
Inspection Report (LTAR) may be issued. This opportunity may also be utilized to
collect important reports and balance orders/circulars issued by MOD in the last one
year. Subsequent to annual audit of MOD, the local audit of AHQ Directorates/ISOs
by concerned Audit Group sections may be undertaken in a planned manner taking
into account the inputs from MOD files, PCDA’s Data Base, review of Command
Offices’ LTAR files and strategic audit plan. The periodicity of audit of different
Directorates will be decided separately based on risk factors determined and
expenditure figures available with PCDA New Delhi /Defence Services Estimates
(Volume II).
The distribution of the work among audit group sections is given in Annexure-
‘A’ to this chapter.
(DGA DS Office Order Part I No. 70 dated 25.8.2004 issued under no.6414/Admn/
Reorganisation of Audit Gps./2003 dated 25/08/2004)

Efficiency –cum- Performance Audit Section

36. The duties of ECPA were mainly planning, processing, progressing and
finalising the reviews. The duties of ECPA section has changed almost entirely with
the introduction of Performance Audit in the IA&AD. All the performance audits are
now required to be carried out strictly as per the New performance auditing guidelines
finalized by the CAG’s office in May 2004.
The charter of duties of ECPA section is appended below:
(a) All work relating to the new performance audit regime;
(b) Preparation of action plan for implementation of the strategic plan of
the CAG and its follow up;

41 O/o DGADS
 (c) Planning of performance audits for each year including arranging of
pilot study of topics proposed for performance audit, risk assessment
of the topic, submission of proposals to CAG’s office for ADAI’s
approval of the topic for performance audit as per the new
performance auditing guidelines;
(d) Preparation of performance audit implementation guidelines as per
para 3.45 of the new performance auditing guidelines for topics
approved by the ADAI for performance audit;
(e) Arranging entry conferences, exit conferences for performance audits,
setting audit criteria for the selected topics and communication of the
criteria to the entity for acceptance;
(f) Setting up of audit criteria for the selected topics and communication
of the criteria to the entity for acceptance.
(g) Planning of field work of performance audits and its monitoring,
through mid term workshops and follow up;
(h) Drafting of consolidated performance audit reports, its issue to the
Ministry and the CAG’s office, revision of the performance audit
reports based on ADAI’s remarks and the Ministry’s reply;
(i) Preparation of pre-bond copy and bond copy of the performance audit
reports approved by the ADAI for submission to CAG, action for
printing of the report after its approval by the CAG, and submission of
the printed Report to the CAG;
(j) Laying of the Report in the parliament and thereafter its distribution to
various Departments/offices;
(k) Propose performance audit reports for selection by the PAC, prepare
questionnaire on the Report for examination by the PAC, vetting of
Ministry’s replies to the questionnaire, attending PAC meeting for
discussion of performance audit reports and all follow up on PAC
selected cases;
(l) Examination and vetting of Ministry’s ATN on performance audit
reports;
(m) Preparation of Audit plan for Army audit maintaining required level of
audit time for performance audit;
(n) Action on press clippings relating to themes/projects.
(o) All correspondence with CAG’s office with respect to the Defence
Audit (Army wing) on audit and report matters.

Appropriation Audit Section

37. This Section deals with the scrutiny of following accounts and other items
of work as given below:
(a) Consequent upon audit scrutiny of Appropriation Accounts,
preparation of Chapter-I on Financial aspects for its inclusion in the
Audit Report, Defence Services and preparation of Draft
Paragraphs containing observations on the Appropriation
Accounts, Defence Services for inclusion in the Civil Report No. 1
prepared by the office of the Director General of Audit, Central
Revenues.

42 O/o DGADS
(b) Vetting of Head-wise Appropriation Accounts in respect of grants
relating to “Ministry of Defence Civil” (The expenditure relating to
Ministry of Defence is met from the Civil Estimates). Detailed
instructions are given in Appendix-II.
(c) Vetting of Head-wise Appropriation Accounts in respect of grants
relating to “Defence Pensions”.
(d) Vetting of material relating to Union Government Finance
Accounts, pertaining to Defence Services and Civil and its further
rendition to DGACR office for inclusion in the Union Government
Finance Accounts prepared by CGA, Ministry of Finance.
(e) Vetting of Defence Services portion of Combined Finance &
Revenue Accounts’. Detailed instructions are given in Appendix-
III.
(f) Vetting of Statement of Central Transactions (SCT) and their
rendition to office of the DGACR and Controller General of
Accounts, Ministry of Finance respectively. Detailed instructions
are given in Appendix-III.
(g) Vetting of “Action Taken Notes” against paragraphs on
Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services included in the Civil
Report No. 1 prepared by the DGACR office.
(h) Vetting of ATNs against PAC’s recommendations.
(i) Vetting of CGDA certificate on the basis of AACs received from
COs.
(j) Charged Expenditure Reports, Review of Balances etc.
(k) Vetting of Correction Slips proposing amendments to
‘Classification Hand Book’ and ‘Pamphlet of RD&R’, heads
received from CGDA/MOD.
(l) Vetting of allocation of expenditure on Joint Cipher Bureau (JCB)
between Civil Estimates and Defence Services Estimates.
(m) Certification of Net Proceeds of Taxes on Income and Estate duty
on property.
(n) Defence Services Budget Estimates and Allotment. At the
beginning of the year, after the Annual Financial Statement
referred to in Art. 112(i) of the Constitution of India has been
presented, it should be seen:
1) that the figures given in the Demands for Grants and the
Annual Financial Statement tally with the details in the
Defence Services Estimates;
2) that the original allotments made by the Controlling Officers at
Service Headquarters to local controlling authorities are within
the amount under the head concerned;
3) that the re-appropriations carried out towards the close of the
year in respect of the locally controlled heads are in order. This
check should be exercised with reference to the sanctions to
final allotments accorded by the authorities at Service

43 O/o DGADS
 Headquarters These sanctions specify the sanctioned final
allotment and the manner of their distribution; and
4) that the results of the year's working as embodied in the
Appropriation Accounts do not reveal any defect in the
machinery of financial control.
(o) Scrutiny of Quarterly Reports relating to cash losses, stores losses,
infructuous expenditure, ex-gratia payments etc. for inclusion in
the Appropriation Accounts received in Headquarters office from
Command Officers duly test checked. These reports are scrutinised
with reference to the detailed annotations (Government sanctions,
statement of cases, delay Reports etc.) received from the Ministry.
(p) Scrutiny of statement pertaining to Appropriation Accounts except
those relating to Annual review of MES Expenditure, C.S:D.
Accounts, losses in Border Roads and Military Farms which shall
be dealt with by concerned Audit Group Sections.

Report Section
38. This Section deals with the preparation of the Report of the Comptroller
and Auditor General of India, Union Government (Defence Services). This Section is
also responsible for the scrutiny of all Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Finance
(Defence) papers dealing with the Public Accounts Committee's recommendations
emanating from the points included in the Report of the Comptroller and Auditor
General of India, Union Government (Defence Services). Detailed instructions for the
compilation of this Report are given in Appendix I to this Manual.
Detailed charter of duties in respect of Report Section is given below:

(a) Planning for DP work for Audit Report, Defence Services (Army).
(b) Scrutiny of Draft Paragraphs in respect of all Command Offices under
Army wing, all Audit Groups of Headquarters and draft paras received
from Pr. Director of Audit Washington and London.
(c) Processing the draft paragraphs for 1st Journey for Audit Report
Defence Services.
(d) Revision of draft paragraphs on receipt of remarks of CAG’s office as
well as Ministry’s reply on the 1st Journey draft paragraphs.
(e) Preparation of pre-bond copy as well as bond-copy of Audit Report,
Defence Services as per time schedule fixed by CAG’s office.
(f) Preparation of Report of C&AG of India, Union Government Defence
Services (Army & Ordnance Factories).
(g) Report analysis and in-house comments for future action.
(h) Printing of Audit Report, Union Government (Defence Services).
(i) Submission of the Audit Report to the C&AG of India.
(j) Laying of Audit Report in the Parliament.
(k) Distribution of Audit Reports to various Departments/ offices.

44 O/o DGADS
 (l) Selection of Audit Paras for examination by Public Accounts
Committee and preparation of questionnaire on them.
(m) Attending the meeting of PACs on oral evidence of Audit Paras
selected by PAC.
(n) Examination and vetting of Action Taken Notes received from
Ministry.
(o) Submission of Reports pertaining to ATNs.
(p) Correspondence on press clippings with COs/CAG.
(q) All correspondence with CAG’s office with respect to the Defence
Audit (Army wing) on audit and report matters.

Co-ordination Section
39. This section deals with the following:
(a) Pursuance of Inspection Reports of the Director of Inspection
of the C&AG of India.
(b) Internal Audit of the Command/Branch Offices and pursuance
of the Inspection Reports.
(c) Reports on Quarterly list of important points raised in test
audit, reports on Major Financial and Accounting irregularities.
(d) The work relating to the quantum of Audit as applied in Audit
Department, Defence Services, and preparation of Arrear
Report.
(e) Work relating to C&AG’s (DPC) Act, 1971.
(f) Scrutiny of Local Test Audit programmes, Central Test Audit
Programme and watching the progress of Audit
(g) Scrutiny/approval of CO’s monthly supervision programmes
for the local audits and watching actual Tour as well as
submission of Tour Notes.
(h) Scrutiny of Quarterly Progress Reports of Local Test Audit
Parties received from Command Offices.
(i) To watch the clearance of old outstanding LTAR items and to
render the report of outstanding LTARs/ Paras.
(j) Scrutiny of orders received from Ministry of Finance/CAG etc.
regarding TA/LTC etc.
(k) To deal with the cases of sanction of Air Journey and cases of
sanction/clarification of TA/LTC claim.
(l) Scrutiny of Monthly Reports of Central Test Audit of each
Section of Controller of Defence Account’s office received
from the Command offices.
(m) Scrutiny, consolidation and submission of Activity Report to
CAG of India.

45 O/o DGADS
 (n) Correspondence regarding AG’s Conference and follow-up
action on the decision taken by C&AG office.
(o) Correspondence regarding convening of Adhoc Committee
Meeting by Army Authorities.
(p) Brief notes on C&AG’s visit to field offices of IA&AD.
(q) Audit Plan/quarterly Audit Plan (Report). Implementation of
Audit Plan
(r) Minutes of Meeting with DG and arrangement of COs
conference.
(s) Audit of Defence Pension paid in Nepal.
(t) Ranking and performance of IA&AD office.
(u) Work relating to Data Base on autonomous bodies.
(v) To co-ordinate other works in Headquarters office as and when
directed which are numerous.

EDP Cell
40. This section deals with the following:
(i) Capacity building:
(a) To familiarise itself with standard software and packages
obtained from C&AG office/sister organisations within
IA&AD or from open market.
(b) To develop in-house application softwares /packages relevant
to this office.
(c) To conduct in-house training for staff members of this office as
and when required.
(d) To assess the knowledge and skills gained by staff sponsored
for various EDP trainings in different training institutes for
utilization.
(ii) To undertake all functions so as to act as nodal office for
computerization as per Headquarters office DO No. 102-EDP/43-97
dated 13/2/97 & letter No. 2199-EDP/41-2001 dated 23/12/2002.
(iii) Constant updation of Data and application Software;
(iv) Development of expertise in IT Audit;
(v) Setting up and maintenance of LAN and to ensure data security;
(vi) Assistance to Establishment/Budget section and Report Section;
a) in procurement and maintenance of hardware.
b) formulation of budget proposals regarding purchase of IT
products.
c) Word Processing and formatting of Audit Reports.
(vii) Any other related tasks which may be entrusted to cell by
DG/Directors.

46 O/o DGADS
Audit of Sanctions, Requisitioning of papers, Files to be submitted to Director
General for orders and Scrutiny of orders introducing new allowances or new
forms of recurring expenditure or modifications to orders in force dealing with
these subjects
41.(i)(a) Sanctions of the Ministries of Defence and Defence (Finance) except
those relating to Ordnance and Ordnance Equipment Factories and
relating to Air Force & Navy are audited in Headquarters Office.
Regulations, Codes and Manuals and Services Instructions are also
scrutinised in Headquarters Office.
Sanctions pertaining to Ordnance and Ordnance Equipment Factories
are audited by the Principal Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories)
Kolkata and sanctions pertaining to the Air Force and the Navy are
audited by the Principal Director of Audit (Air Force/Navy) New
Delhi.
(b) The audit of provisioning of stores centrally provisioned in the
various branches of the Defence Services (except of DGOF & of Air
Force/Navy) is carried out by the Headquarters Office.
(c) Schemes/projects are also scrutinised to see how far the targets set up
and benefits anticipated from these schemes/projects at the time of
sanction have actually been achieved vis-a-vis the cost incurred.

Requisitioning of papers
(ii) (a) Copies of all Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Defence (Finance)
letters conveying sanctions of the Government of India as well as all
important circular letters of general interest issued by CGDA are sent
to the office of the Director General of Audit, Defence Services. On
receipt of the circulars, if it is felt that the matter needs to be
scrutinised in audit, a request for papers should be addressed to the
concerned section of Ministry of Defence/authority concerned on
requisition to be signed by Gazetted Officer of the section dealing
with such papers. Before calling for the papers, brief reasons based
on which the files are proposed to be requisitioned should be noted.
(b) Files dealing with policy matter may be called for only where it is
considered absolutely necessary. Orders of Director General of Audit
Defence Services /Director/ Deputy Director of Audit should be
taken to requisition such files for scrutiny. Similarly, files containing
matters of such secrecy as may not be in public or national interest to
disclose in the Audit Report should be obtained and examined at the
level of Director General. Instructions contained in CAG's office
secret No.1115- TAI (RGL)/110-76 dated 21.11.78 circulated under
D.A.D.S. office secret No.4593/A.Admn/21/ dated 21.12.78 should
be followed.
(c) Papers leading to the conclusion of secret contract agreements
concluded by the Ministry of Defence may be called for by the
respective Audit Sections (as and when a copy of the agreement is
received in the Section) for examination.

47 O/o DGADS
 (d) The files on receipt will be examined in the Section concerned and
submitted to the Gazetted Officers for orders, with a factual
statement of case as revealed from the files received. It is open to the
Gazetted Officers concerned to submit at their discretion any case to
the Director / Deputy Director of Audit who at his discretion may
either send up the papers to the Director General for approval or
orders or send up to him cases involving points of principle for
information after issue. If any points are raised as a result of the
examination of the relevant file, the Ministry of Defence or the
Ministry of Defence (Finance) should be addressed in the matter.
Normally all queries relating to the internal audit or accounting
procedure and interpretation of orders having a financial bearing are
to be referred to the Ministry of Defence (Finance). Further facts
which come to notice subsequently through correspondence etc.
should be added to the statement of case referred to above together
with the source of information so that a perusal of the statement of
case at any time will give up-to-date factual information.
(DADS office order Part I No.6 dated 18.6.58)
(e) Audit sections will maintain a register indicating particulars of
Government sanction authorising relaxation of rules in respect of
individual Government servants or their dependents for examination.
(DADS O.O. Part I No.1 dated 11.4.1961)

Files to be submitted to Director General for orders

(iii) (a) Files called for with reference to Director General’s orders should
be submitted to him for orders in dak stage:
(b) All files from the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General
would generally be submitted to the Director General for orders. If
any enquiry has to be made or any information has to be obtained
from the Ministry of Defence, Services HQs. and Command
Officers etc. for purposes of disposal of files, it should be done by
the Branch Officer-in-charge of the section concerned.
(c) Final orders of the Director General will be obtained on cases
relating to the Report of the Comptroller & Auditor General of
India, Union Government (Defence Services) after necessary
preliminary information has been collected.
(d) All important cases where the propriety of the orders issued by the
Government of India with the concurrence of Finance is being
challenged should be put up to the Director General for orders.
(DAD.S.O.O.Pt.1 No.4 dated 24th May 1952)
(e) Files after having been seen by the Director General should be
returned to the Sections concerned through the Director/Deputy
Director and Audit Officers.
(DAD.S.O.O. No.33 dated 26th July 1937, File - A/39/37).
(iv) Apart from seeing that the orders are as agreed to by the Ministry of
Defence (Finance) and that sanction is sufficient, the most important side of this work

48 O/o DGADS
would be to see, through the agency of Statutory Audit, that such orders have been
correctly applied. The Audit Section should direct the attention of Command Officers
to seeing that items of expenditure arising from such orders or modifications of
orders, receive special examination.

(v) Scrutiny of cases of frauds, losses and write off

The objects to be kept in view in this scrutiny are:
(a) To trace to its source the cause of the loss.
(b) To insist on individual responsibility being fixed wherever
possible.
(c) To obviate recurrence by suggesting remedial action, or deterrent
disciplinary action, when such a suggestion is called for.
The following questions must be put in applying this scrutiny:
1) Is it indicative of a system fault?
2) What is the fault?
3) Has it since been remedied?
4) Is it likely to be prevalent in other offices also?
5) If the system itself is sound, in what respect was it not
followed, thus facilitating the loss, fraud etc.?
6) Has there been failure of audit?
7) When should audit have discovered the fault?
8) When did audit discover the fault?
9) What action should have been taken by Audit on discovering
the fault?
10) What action was actually taken?
Note: Enquiries regarding disciplinary action in cases on which a Government order
has already been passed, should be addressed to the Defence Ministry or to the
Ministry of Defence (Finance) as the case may be and not to the concerned Branch of
Service Headquarters
(vi) Scrutiny of Codes, Regulations etc
The scrutiny of all Regulations, Codes and Standing Orders and amendments
thereto issued by the Government of India, Ministry of Defence or other authorities
subordinate to them devolves on the Director General. The scrutiny should be
exercised in terms of Para 2.2.14 MSO (Audit). The scrutiny should be conducted as
far as possible before the final issue of the Code or Regulation, on the basis of a
resume of changes furnished by the Secretary, Ministry of Defence (Finance) and
should be supplemented by a test check of the entire Code or Regulation so as to
ensure that no important rule or change in rule has escaped audit scrutiny. The
important items of work that should be done in this connection are:
(a) Scrutiny of codes, regulations and standing orders and amendments
thereto,
(b) Scrutiny of Army Instructions, Army Orders, and amendments thereto.

49 O/o DGADS
 (c) Examination of all un-official cases and orders relating to amendments
and interpretation of rules and audit and accounting procedure.

(vii) For the purpose of scrutiny of Codes, Regulations and Standing Orders
and amendments thereto, the Auditor dealing with the indents for books etc. in the
Estt Section will on receipt of new Regulations, Codes etc. or amendments thereto
give to the Audit Section concerned one copy thereof for examination and comments
if any.
(O.O. Pt. I. No.6 dated 17-5-1962)
(viii) All Army Instructions and corrections thereto should be examined as
they are issued. During such examination, special attention must be paid to the
adequacy of the sanction and also to the necessity for issuing special warnings for
conducting Test Audit, either to see the manner in which effect is given to a particular
order or the practical results of the issue of a particular order as shown in expenditure
audit.
(ix) Army Orders, which have direct financial effect must be scrutinised in the
same way as Army Instructions, it being remembered that while the Service
Instructions etc. are orders by the Defence Ministry of the Government of India;
Army Orders are Orders by the Service Chief. Where any Army Order is based on an
Army Instruction, care should be taken to see that it is in accordance with the Army
Instructions.
(x) For this purpose, Establishment Section will maintain a Register of
Receipts to watch that they are received regularly. One copy of the
Instructions/Orders will be circulated to all audit sections through a transit book in
batches after they have been seen by GOs, for examination/scrutiny by the audit
section concerned. Audit sections will maintain a Register of Service
Instructions/Orders received for circulation and record therein every month a
certificate to the effect that the Instructions etc. have been examined and action taken
where necessary.
(xi) List of important AIs/AOs is mentioned in Appendix II Vol. I Part ‘C’ to
this Manual.
(O.O Pt I.No.3 dated 16-9-60 as amended and as .Pt I. No.19 dated -12-68)
(xii) Scale Audit
A report on the scale audit is received annually by the Director General from
the CO Pune in respect of Army. Orders of Government issued to regularise excesses
in the authorised strengths of the fighting services should be examined to see whether
any large excess requires investigation in audit.
(xiii) Audit of the disposal of surplus and obsolete stores
The quarterly statements of surplus and obsolete stores received from the
Deputy Financial Adviser (B) should be scrutinised to ensure that there are no rash
purchases and hasty discards. This scrutiny is conducted in the Services Headquarters
by the Audit Groups Section in respect of stores provisioned by them, at Depots by
the COs in respect of Depot provisioned items. The scrutiny should be conducted on
the more important items, selection being made with reference to the amount
involved, and any point noticed should be taken up with the Ministry of Defence
(Finance). Any important case which may come to light should be reported to the

50 O/o DGADS
Comptroller and Auditor General of India. A brief summary of the important items
should be submitted to the C & A.G. of India annually i.e. after all the four quarterly
statements have been scrutinised.
(xiv) Audit of Defence Pension in Nepal
Audit of Defence Pension paid in Nepal will be audited by Headquarters
office by adopting following drills:-

(a) Periodicity-Biennial.
(b) 80 mandays/20 working days each for 2 LTA Parties to conduct the
audit.
(c) Quantum of Audit-
Cash Account
(i) General check for the entire period to be covered under audit.
(ii) Details check of one months account for each year.
(d) Pension Cards - 5% of total pension cards for each year.
Speed- 50 cards per manday
(e) LTARs will be sent to DDA, DS, CC, Allahabad for pursuing the
reports.
(Authority- C&AG of India approval dated 27.2.2001 received under DGADS
endorsement No.28/A-Coord/154/manual/2002-03 dated 29.10.2003) for
LTAR Authority- C&AG’s Order dated 27.2.2001.

42. Blank.

51 O/o DGADS
 ANNEXURE – ‘A’
[Referred to in Para 35]

Distribution of Audit Entities

Wing Audit Group Directorate Branch

ISO I CMO
AHQ I DDG PPO MGO
AHQ I MGO MGO
AHQ I DDG EM(A) MGO
AHQ I DDG EM(B) MGO
AHQ I HQ Tech Gp EME MGO
AHQ I DGOS MGO
AHQ I DG EME MGO
ISO I DGQA
AHQ II AGI AG
AHQ II Addl DG C&W AG
AHQ II Addl DGPS AG
AHQ II Addl DG D&V AG
AHQ II Addl DG Mov QMG
AHQ II Addl DG Rtg AG
AHQ II DGST QMG
ISO II IS, S&AB
AHQ II MS MS
AHQ II Addl DGDS AG
AHQ II DDG Canteen services QMG
AHQ II DG(D&CW) AG
AHQ II Addl DGMP AG
AHQ II JAG AG
ISO II DGR
AHQ II DDG Mil Farms QMG
AHQ II Addl DG APS QMG
AHQ II DDG Pioneer QMG
AHQ II Central Org. ECHS AG
AHQ II Addl DG RV QMG
AHQ II AWHO AG
AHQ II AG AG
AHQ II DG(MP&PS) AG
AHQ II Addl DGMNS AG
AHQ II DGDS AG
AHQ II TRI-Pay service & staff AG
AHQ II QMG QMG
AHQ II Addl DG OL QMG
AHQ II Provost Marshal AG
AHQ II DGMS(Army) AG
AHQ III Addl DG WE GS
AHQ III IFA GS
AHQ III DCOAS(Plg&Sys) GS

52 O/o DGADS
 Wing Audit Group Directorate Branch
AHQ III DG Inf GS
AHQ III DG Rashtriya Rifles GS
AHQ III Addl DG Army Aviation GS
AHQ III Addl DG FP GS
AHQ III President ASEC GS
AHQ III DCOAS(Trg & Cord) GS
AHQ III DGMT GS
AHQ III HQ 41 ARTY. DIV GS
AHQ III Project Rhino & Panther GS
AHQ III DDG Mgt Studies GS
AHQ III Project Prithvi/Pinaka GS
AHQ III Addl DG TAC-C31 GS
AHQ III DDG DSC GS
ISO III CDA(R&D)
AHQ III PMO BSS GS
AHQ III Liaision Team ARTRAC GS
ISO III SFC
ISO III IDS
ISO III CIN CAN
AHQ III DDG PMO Plan Aren GS
AHQ III DG Arty GS
ISO III DS Liaison Cell
AHQ III Army Adventure Wing GS
AHQ III PMO ACCCS GS
AHQ III DG Mech Forces GS
AHQ III Addl DG TA GS
AHQ III Project Arjun (MBT Cell) GS
ISO III Joint Cipher Bureau
ISO III DG SFF
ISO III DRDO Dte DRDO
AHQ III WARDEC GS
ISO III PMO DIPAC
ISO III Cabinet Sectt (Int Wing)
AHQ III Addl DG IS GS
AHQ III Addl DG PP GS
ISO III JCEC
AHQ III Addl DG SD GS
AHQ III Addl DG Adm & Cord GS
AHQ III HQ 40 ARTY. DIV GS
AHQ III Addl DG CAB GS
AHQ III PAMS Cell GS
ISO III DGAFMS
ISO III Cabinet Sectt (Mil Wing)
ISO III DG DPS COSC
AHQ III DDG Mil Survey GS
AHQ III Project Nag GS
AHQ III Project Akash/Trishul GS

53 O/o DGADS
 Wing Audit Group Directorate Branch
AHQ III PMO CIDSS GS
AHQ III DGMI GS
AHQ III PMO DCM GS
AHQ III Addl DG SI GS
AHQ III DGMO GS
AHQ III SO-in-C GS
AHQ III ADC & RS GS
ISO IV DG Works (AF&N) E-in-C
ISO IV ADG Pers E-in-C
ISO IV DGNCC
ISO IV CDA(BR)
ISO IV DGDE
ISO IV Addl DG ESP E-in-C
ISO IV NDC
ISO IV DG MAP QMG
AHQ IV Addl DG LWE QMG
AHQ IV Addl DG TE QMG
ISO IV E-in-C E-in-C
ISO IV Addl DG ES E-in-C
ISO IV Addl DG Engr (Pers) E-in-C
ISO IV DG Works E-in-C
ISO IV DGBR
MOD V MOD(DDO)
ISO V AO DAD(PAO)
ISO V CGDA
ISO V PCDA New Delhi

54 O/o DGADS
 CHAPTER- 4
GENERAL DUTIES OF COMMAND OFFICERS AND SENIOR AUDIT
OFFICERS/ AUDIT OFFICERS WHO ARE HEADS OF OFFICES

General Duties
43. The Command Officers and Senior Audit Officers/Audit Officers who are
Heads of offices are responsible for the smooth functioning of their offices and the
efficient conduct of Audit. Their duties include the following:
(i) They should examine carefully the principles, methods and procedures
followed in the maintenance of the Accounts by the Executive and
Defence Accounts Department and bring to the notice of the Director
General those points which merit his special attention.
(ii) The Command Officers should personally supervise the local test
audits of the accounts of important depots, units and formations in their
audit areas at least once, during the currency of audit
(DADS No.2684/A-Admn/22/KW/Vol.II/54 dated 28.9.54).
(iii) They and their Subordinate Officers, during their visits to Defence
Units and formations should, after contacting the military authorities
concerned, make it a point of seeing those organisations, projects and
depots personally, so as to gain first hand knowledge about their
practical working.
(DADS Confidential DO No. 226/C dated 1st June 1944)
(iv) They should control and supervise effectively the work of the various
test audit parties under them by drawing up suitable detailed
programme of work and seeing that they are adhered to, or departed
from only with prior permission for sufficiently valid reasons.
(v) They should ensure that the work done by the audit parties is
adequately and sufficiently supervised by them and their Audit
Officers so as to conform to the percentage of supervision prescribed
from time to time.
(vi) They should personally go through all test audit reports and
consolidate all general types of irregularities to be looked for in all
formations of a similar nature and take up such questions of a general
nature with the Command Headquarters through the Controller of
Defence Accounts suggesting remedial measures.
(vii) Command Officers should regularly and periodically meet the Defence
authorities at Command/Area/Sub Area Headquarters to discuss
important audit objections direct with them after intimating sufficiently
in advance the points that they would like to discuss. Discussions may
also cover important objections raised in internal audit.
(DO No.2777/AC - 29/65/KW dated 31.7.65)
(viii) They should take an active interest in the standard of central audit
work and should apply as much time as available to an actual review of
this work. They should also personally inspect the central audit groups

55 O/o DGADS
 periodically to ensure that audit is being carried out on correct lines
and progress is satisfactory.
(ix) They should personally scrutinise the Registers of Financial
Irregularities as well as the Reports on the Major Financial and
Accounting Irregularities. They should ensure that sanctions issued by
authorities subordinate to the Government of India are received
regularly and scrutinised at suitable intervals.
(x) Besides guiding the staff in local audit parties, the Supervising Officers
should do important items of original audit work as per orders and
examine personally, with reference to the initial documents, all
important points raised by the staff. Performance - cum - efficiency
audits of schemes or projects and reviews of schemes or programme
selected for inclusion in the Report of the Comptroller & Auditor
General of India, Union Government (DS) should be supervised at the
level of Command Officers.
(DADS Confidential NO.465/Rep/11177-78 dated 10.11.78, CAG's office NO.792-
Rep1294-78 dated 23/24.8.78)
(xi) They should examine all cases of serious irregularities reported in the
Annual Audit Certificate of the Controllers of Defence Accounts and
furnish full details thereof including disciplinary aspect of the cases to
the Director General of Audit, Defence Services while forwarding the
certificate. Cases reported which figure in the Local Test Audit Report
should be linked and action proposed for preparation of draft paragraph
with specific reasons should be intimated to the Headquarters Office.
(xii) The CO will send his tour programme to HQ office so as to reach in
HQ positively by 20th of the preceding month for Director General’s
approval in advance. He will not leave the station without the prior
approval of Director General of Audit. In no case expost facto sanction
will be granted.
(xiii) Simultaneous supervision of CO and AO/Sr.AO in the same unit and
during same period should be avoided as far as possible. However,
where simultaneous supervision is essential, supervision of CO should
not exceed a period of two days.
(DGADS No.42/A.Coord/22/prog-General/95-96 dated 11.4.96 & DGADS
No.2046/A.Coord/ 220/Gen-Prog/95-2002)
(xiv) No TA (Tour) claim of Command Officer may be entertained without
the approval of the tour programme by the DGADS.
(Authority: DGADS letter No.497/A.Coord/22/Prog-General/95-96 dated 13.6.96)
(xv) All important communication, reports and returns meant for HQ office
should be sent under the signature of Command Officer i.e.
Director/Deputy Director.
(DGADS No.1101/A-Coord/22/Gen/97-98 dated 13.8.97)
(xvi) Command Officer should devise a control mechanism with the aim of
providing prescribed full SGO supervision to important
units/formations and draft their programme with full sense of
responsibility and ensure its execution.

56 O/o DGADS
 (Para 5 of DGADS No.2578/A.coord/22/2002-03/Gen-Prog dated 18.11.2002)

(xvii) The Group Officers should supervise field parties for at least 7(seven)
days in a month. If not necessary programme should not exceed 7
(seven) days in a month except in the case of CO having dual charge.
As far as possible tour programme should not include half working
day. If convenient, Saturday/Sunday should be utilized for transit. To
avoid ex-post facto sanction by the DGADS, tour programme of the
officer should be submitted well in advance so as to reach Headquarter
Office before 20th of the preceding month in which journey is to be
undertaken. He should inspect as many parties as possible. Whenever,
a ‘Review’ is in operation, at least 50 per cent supervision time should
be for the Review Party. CO must supervise review parties in number
of spells i.e. both during feasibility studies and also during actual
execution of reviews. Keeping in view the list of units worth to
supervise, the visit to the units already supervised in preceding year
may be avoided. As far as possible CO should supervise the unit on
close of audit so that the results of audit can be seen and contribution
to audit efforts can be given. COs should not restrict their supervision
to contract and purchases of Rs.1 crore and above. In the absence of 1
crore and above contracts and purchases, they should examine other
materially important contracts and purchases which may be of lesser
money value.
The Group Officer is also required to make his own contribution to the
Audit Report.
(C&AG letter no. 79-Audit (Aud. Plg)/9-96 dated 1 February 1996, DGADS No.
1999/A.Coord/108/GO’s-Super/Guard file dated 7 October 2003, DGADS
No.6931/A.Coord/81/GO’s Supervision/99-2000 dated 30.9.2004 and
No.9453/A.Coord/22/ Gen.)
(xviii) Each CO should exploit the system of Ad-hoc Committees extensively
for expeditious clearance of outstanding Audit objections with greater
emphasis on clearance of oldest objections on priority. Frequency and
effectiveness of such meetings has been marked as one of the
parameters for evaluation/ranking of Command Offices by
Headquarters Office (para 72 also refers).
(DGA DS No.8564/A. Coord/81/96-97/Vol.IV dated 4/2/05)

Responsibility for correctness of payment and Accounting

44. The responsibility for correct payment and accounting rests with the
Defence Accounts Department and the Command Officer is chiefly entrusted with the
task of scrutinising the transactions, to see if the payment and the accounting have
been correct. His objections, if any, should, therefore, be addressed to the Defence
Accounts Department for necessary action. In the course of the local test audit of the
accounts of units and formations, if the Command Officer or one of his officers, gets
a direct opportunity of tendering help and advice to the Executive, it should be freely
but carefully tendered in purely 'personal' capacity in all matters regarding which
there can be no possible difference of opinion between the Test Audit and Defence
Accounts Department. In other cases, it should be tendered through the Defence

57 O/o DGADS
Accounts Department and not direct to the Executive. It is to be remembered that the
responsibility of the Defence Accounts Department remains undivided and they are,
therefore, the authorities chiefly to be addressed.

References outside the Department

45. Command Officers should not make references outside the Department in
cases involving interpretation of rules of audit and accounts procedure without
obtaining the prior approval of the Director General/Principal Directors concerned.
This should not, however, be taken to mean that no reference can be made to
Controller of Defence Accounts and Officers Commanding Units in connection with
the objections taken in test audit.
(DADS No. 1899/D/402/27 dated 14.10.1929 and No.570/A.66/35 dated 13.6.1936).

Cases referred to the Headquarters Office

46. When cases are referred by Command Officers to the Director General
of Audit, Defence Services, the letter should be self-contained and should mention all
the points at issue. Although copies of correspondence might be forwarded, these
should be merely to support the statements made in the covering letter or to furnish
fuller details than those given in the letter.
(DADS No. 2478/A-Admn/9/49 dated 1st September 1949)

Cases for inclusion in the Director General’s Monthly DO letter to Comptroller

and Auditor General
47. (i) To enable the Director General of Audit, Defence Services to have a
proper appreciation of the financial administration in the different Commands and the
quality of work done by Test Audit Staff, a DO letter giving details of important
irregularities noticed during test audit, which are considered fit for the Report of the
Comptroller & Auditor General of India, Union Government (DS) or for Director
General’s monthly DO to Comptroller and Auditor General should be sent bimonthly
i.e. once in two months by each Command Officer to the Director General for his
personal information so as to reach him by the 10th of that month. Important
irregularities detected by internal audit authorities which come to the notice of test
audit either through the quarterly report of the Controllers regarding the Major
Financial and Accounting Irregularities or through the Registers of Financial
Irregularities maintained in different sections of the Controller's Office or from any
other source, should also be included in the DO. The source from which the
Information about the Irregularity has been obtained, year or the years to which it
relates and the money value thereof should be indicated in each case. Any important
development in the accounting or administrative set up of the Defence Services which
deserves to be brought to the notice of the C&AG should also be included.
(ii) The DO should mention about points referred to Controllers of Defence
Accounts for being reported to higher administrative authorities, whether any
administrative authorities were there at the places of tours undertaken by Command
Officers and whether any cases were discussed with them and also about the welfare
activities.
(iii) If there is no case for mention in the DO letter, a 'NIL' Report should be
addressed to the Director (Reports) by name.

58 O/o DGADS
 iv) Cases requiring further action in Headquarters Office should be reported
officially irrespective of the fact whether such cases have already been included in
the bimonthly DO or not.
v) Progress of cases reported through earlier bimonthly DO letters should in
addition be intimated in duplicate in the proforma prescribed in Form DGADS-104;
the case being arranged under categories 'MES', 'Pension', 'Pay', 'Stores', and 'other
than MES'.
vi) Cases included in the DO letter which are fit for the Report of the C&AG
of India, Union Government (Defence Services) should be processed expeditiously
and draft paras should be sent to the appropriate authorities for comment so that they
may not age through protracted correspondence. Progress made in the clearance of
outstanding audit objections should also be indicated in the bimonthly DO letter.
(DADS Confidential DO No. 226/C dated 1.6.44, No.1750/AAdmn/160/!55 dated
15.7.55,No.1514/A-Admn/160157 dated 24.7.57, No.2606/A-Admn/160/66 dated 27.8.66,
No.6107/ A-Admn /160/67/Gen dated 25.3.67, No.4477/A-A~mn/ 103178-iv dated 12.12.78).

Preparation of Central Test Audit Programmes

48. The Central Test Audit will be divided into two parts:
(a) The certification audit of all CDAs is to be conducted during 1st
July to 30th September by CTA Section. The scope of certification
audit as outlined in above letter includes:
i) Scrutiny of financial statements like Review of Balances
(ROB), Statement of Central Transactions (SCT), Annual
review of MES expenditure, Financial review on the accounts
of Military Farms and Annual accounts of CSD etc.
ii) Scrutiny of MFAI statements and Half-yearly Internal Audit
Reports and Annual Audit Certificate.
iii) General review of CDA sections including system of internal
control and monitoring. This would involve scrutiny of
inspection reports issued by CGDA and various control
registers maintained in each CDA section and various
report and returns rendered by each CDA section.
iv) Scrutiny of codes, manuals and standard operating procedure
(SOP) issued by HQ Command and lower formations.
v) Scrutiny of sanctions issued by Command HQ and lower
formations.
(b) Concurrent Audit will be carried out by four different LTA Parties
on quarterly basis as per following schedule:
Period of payment/accounts Schedule for concurrent audit
(50 mandays per quarter)
April to June September
July to September December
October to December March
January to March June

59 O/o DGADS
 Henceforth, all Central Test Audit will be conducted on the basis of
risk analysis and statistical sampling of vouchers/transactions under various areas of
accounts (Class of transactions or Sections e.g. “M” Section, “E” Section etc.). For
the purpose, each Command Office will have a CTA Section headed by an EDP
trained SO/AAO. This Section will draw up an annual CTA plan for each CDA,
whereby suitable sample of vouchers to be audited under each Area/Head of accounts
will be determined based on the risk involved and volume of transactions and provide
the audit plan (sampling plan) and follow up support to the LTA parties for the
conduct of Concurrent Audit. The sampling will be done using the IDEA package.
The annual sampling plan for each CDA will be approved by the Headquarters (CTA
Wing) along with the audit programme which is required to be sent to the Director
General of Audit for his approval well in advance but not later than the 5th of June
each year.
Note: 1. The audit of Functional CsDA i.e. CDA (Fund) Meerut, CDA(O) Pune, CDA (CSD)
Mumbai and CDA (P) Allahabad will be done in accordance with the instructions
issued by DGADS in respect of these Functional CsDA from time to time.
(DGADS letters No.6910/A.Coord/42/ATP/2004-05 dated 29.9.04, No.9020/A.Co-
ord/A-2/Norms/2002-04 dated 04.03.2005, ‘Minutes of Command Officers’
Conference 2005 circulated under DGA DS letter no.9896-A/A.Coord/142/COC/2003-
04 dated 29 Apr 2005, No.10353/ A.Coord/ 42/ ATP /2005-06 dated -7.06.2005 and
DGA DS letter no.11956/A.Coord/A-2 Norms/2002-03/Vol-III dated 25th October
2005)

Detailed Programme of work

49. (i) After the time programmes have been approved by the Director
General, the detailed programme of work for the guidance of the Central Test Audit
staff should be prepared in the Commands. The programmes should, as far as
possible, be treated as confidential until the test audit is actually commenced.
(ii) The detailed programme should indicate:
(a) Name of the Section
(b) Dates of audit as per approved time programme
(c) Dates of commencement and completion of audit, if there is any
deviation from the approved programme.
(d) Mandays allotted for the audit of the Section as a whole.
(e) Period of account selected for audit.
(f) Total number of vouchers etc. included in the account at (e) above.
(g) Total amount booked in the sectional compilation for the period
selected for audit.
(h) Prescribed quantum of audit as per approved time programme.
(i) Reduced quantum of audit proposed, if any, with reasons.
(j) Number of vouchers etc. to be test audited on the basis of (h) and
(i) above.
(k) A brief summary giving the general information of the work done
in the section, rules, regulations, Government and Controller
General of Defence Accounts' Orders, Army Instructions etc. to be

60 O/o DGADS
 studied, the audit checks to be applied and special enquiries to be
carried out.
Note: The Summary may be maintained as 'Standing Introduction' and duly
amended from time to time with reference to Government Orders, letters of the
C&AG of India and Controller General of Defence Accounts etc.
(l) Distribution of work among the staff

Progress of Audit
50. The Assistant Audit Officer / Section Officer (Audit)/ Supervisor in charge
of Central Test Audit should record in brief the actual work in each section together
with the mandays put on each type of work done which should be submitted to the
Command Officer every month. Audit personnel at different levels are to be involved
in clearly defined areas of work so that accountability and identification of their
contribution in terms of quality and quantity can be ensured. Clear-cut targets have to
be fixed annually. Important documents maintained in various sections of the offices
of different Controllers of Defence Accounts which are taken up in Central Test Audit
and method of distribution of original work / review among Reviewing Senior
AO/AO, AAO / SO (A) / Supervisor and Senior Auditor and Auditors comprising the
audit team have been laid down in detail for adherence. The paid vouchers and
documents are subject to Central Audit / Review work with reference to speed and
quantum prescribed by C&AG / DGADS. On completion of the audit, each member
of the Central Test Audit team would record a certificate that duties assigned to
him/her have actually been completed. A suitable record of review of work done at
the level of Senior AO/AO/AAO in charge / SO (A) in charge / Supervisor in charge
CTA should also be maintained in the form of a register.
(DADS No. 345/A.Admn/32/60 dated 25.4.80, No.607/A.Admn/103/63 dated 28.4.63 &
No.3968/A.Admn/18/83 dated 22.12.86).

Progress Report
51.(i) The Progress Report of the work done from the 11th of a month to the
10th of the following month should be submitted by the Assistant Audit Officer /
Section Officer (Audit) /Supervisor-in-charge of the Central Test Audit Group to the
Command Officer by the 15th of each month in the form prescribed by him. The
AAO/SO (A) / Supervisor is personally responsible to see that no arrears in his group
are omitted to be shown therein.
(ii) A Progress Report of work done should be sent to the Director General of
Audit soon after the completion of the test audit of each section of the Controller's
office in Form DGADS-105.
(DADS No.200/A-125/37 dated 29th April 1938 and Office Order Part I No.5 dated 11th
January 1949, endorsed under No.4424/A- Admn/20/49 dated 11th January 1949).

52. Blank

Special Enquiries
53. All Special enquiries or special work ordered by the Director General
or by the Command Officers to be carried out in test audit will be noted in a register
(to be maintained in two parts for 'permanent' and 'temporary' enquiries) and its
execution as well as the results achieved, watched and reported.

61 O/o DGADS
Observation Lists, Objection Statements, Pursuit of Objections and Settlement.
54. (i) Objections raised by the test audit staff are in the first instance
embodied in informal Observation lists which are sent to the Assistant Accounts
Officer / Section Officer / Officer-in-Charge of each section under test audit and
these are replied to in writing by him. Observation lists should be sent at such short
intervals as considered fit with reference to the progress of the work. As far as
possible they should not either be unwieldy or numerous. In making out observation
lists it should be ensured that facts of the case have been clearly and exactly stated.
Care should be taken to ensure that the observations are specific and to the point,
and not made merely to elicit volumes of information without any clear purpose.
When the reply is received, it should be verified whether the reply meets the
objection adequately. The observation lists should be ordinarily received back with
replies on the fifth day after they have been received by the staff of the Controller of
Defence Accounts. AAO/ SO (A) /Supervisor test audit should bring to the notice of
the AAO/ SO / Officer-in-Charge of CDA's Office, delays in replying to observation
lists. If such delays persist, they must at once report the matter to the Command
Officer.
(ii) AAO / SO(A) /Supervisor of the Central audit should as far as possible
arrange with the AAO / SO of section in the Office of the CDA for discussions at
convenient intervals of the points noticed by him, with a view to settling quickly the
less important observations and to obtain all relevant particulars regarding the more
important ones.

Preparation of Objection Statements

55. (i) Within 15 days of completion of audit, formal objection statements
should be drawn up. Separate objection statements should be prepared for each
section of the office of the CDA. The objection statements should be drawn up
in two parts:
(a) the objection statement proper, and
(b) a test audit note.
(ii) Cases of such mistakes only as involve some important principle or
procedure, actual loss or overpayment or risk of future loss or overpayment and
deviation from financial rules and standards of financial propriety, should be included
in the objection statement. Every objection raised in test audit having a monetary
value not exceeding Rs.2500/- should be specifically brought to the notice of the
Command Officer who may retain it at his discretion. Care should be taken that no
objection with petty monetary value is raised unless:
(a) a general principle or rule is involved, the continued violation of
which will lead to large cumulative losses to the Government
(b) the amount represents an overpayment to or short recovery from a
Government servant who is still in service and
(c) the amount, though small, raises a suspicion of fraud or
embezzlement.
(DADS No.2683/A-Admn/21/55 dated 16th September 1955)

62 O/o DGADS
 (iii) Mistakes of a trifling or casual nature, which do not involve irregularities
of the nature mentioned above, should be separately communicated to the PCDA/
CDA in the form of a test audit note, the final disposal of which need not be watched.
Instructions contained in para 69 apply to objection statements also.
(iv) Audit objections of an administrative nature raising policy issues which
have to be decided only by the Defence Ministry / Services Headquarters / Border
Roads Development Board should not be included in Central Test Audit Objection
Statements. Such cases should be referred to Headquarters Office for being taken up
with the Defence Ministry / Services Headquarters /BRDB if found necessary.
(DADS No.4057/A~1A52 dated 22.11.52 8IId DADS No. 2459/AC-
BR/11J89JKW.1 dated 24.7.88)

Objection Statements - Issue and Pursuit thereof

56. (i) The AAO/SO(A)/ Supervisor in charge of Central Test Audit should
draw up the draft Central Test Audit Objection Statements for finalisation by the
Senior AO/AO in charge and submission to the Command Officer for approval.
Objections which are considered suitable for being processed for the Report of the
C&AG of India, Union Government (Defence Services) should be clearly indicated
therein by the symbol “Audit Report”. The language used should invariably be polite
and inoffensive. The bonafides of the officers concerned should not be questioned
even by implication. Where an objection is of sufficient importance or is likely to
develop into one or where the personal conduct of any senior officer is likely to be
subsequently impugned, the draft should be approved by the Command Officer or by
a Senior Audit Officer.
(C&AG's DO letter No. Nil dated 23rd October 1956 and DADS Endorsement. No.
4487/Rep/18/54 dated 7th November 1956 and 3968/A-Admn/ 218/83 dated 22.12.84).

(ii) After the draft of the Central Test Audit Objection statement in respect of
a section has been approved, fair copies duly signed by the Gazetted Officer are sent
to the PCDA/CDA. Replies should be received within one month from the date of
issue of the statement except those for ‘E’ (works) section for which replies should be
furnished within two months from the date of receipt. As soon as the Central Test
Audit Objection Statement is issued, it should be noted in a Register for watching
disposal of objection statements as prescribed in Form DGADS-107 - maintained by
each AAO/SO (A) / Supervisor for his group. Information regarding items marked
'Audit Report' should also be briefly recorded in this register to ensure special
attention being paid to the disposal of such items. After receipt of replies from the
PCDA/CDA, the Central Audit AAO/SO (A)/Supervisor should submit draft
rejoinders to the Gazetted Officer concerned for his approval.
Note: The name of the Sr. Audit Officer/Audit Officer who supervised an audit and of the
AAO / SO (A) / Supervisor and Senior Auditor / Auditor who carried out the audit
should be noted in the office copies of the objection statements.

(iii) Central Test Audit Objection Statements should ordinarily be issued

within 15 days of the completion of audit. When the audit of a section extends over
more than a month and a half, the objection statement may, at the discretion of the
Command Officer, be issued in parts, each part embodying the results of audit for a
month or part thereof.
(iv) As far as possible the Central Test Audit Objection Statement should be

63 O/o DGADS
settled within six months from the date of issue. The Command Officer should have
periodical (at least once a month) meeting with the Controllers with a view to
analysing the outstanding test audit objections and ensuring their early settlement. The
Command Officers should also draw special attention of the Controllers concerned,
half yearly, to objections outstanding for over six months in order to ensure vigorous
pursuit of the objections. A record/note of the cases reviewed and discussed at the
meeting should be kept. Central Test Audit Objection Statements remaining unsettled
for one year or more from the date of their issue together with copy of the relevant
record/notes should be submitted to the Director General during his inspection. Heavy
arrears in the settlement of objection statements should be reported to Headquarters
Office in State of Work Report.
(DADS No.2424/D/Store/57/48-11 dated 28.8.51).

(v) Whenever objections are raised regarding overpayments or under-

recoveries in a number of cases and included in one item, a complete statement
showing the number of cases involved and the amount, if known, should be attached
to the objection statement. In the office copy of the objection statement, a note
regarding the number of cases examined in audit, and the number of cases where the
irregularity was noticed should be kept for future reference.
(DADS No.1300/A-Admn/21/49 dated the 24th June 1949).

Objection referred to Higher Administrative Authorities to be reported to

Headquarters
57. When any objection, which is important enough to deserve mention in the
Report of the C&AG of India, Union Government (DS) is referred by the local
authorities (including PCDA/CDA) to the authorities at the Army Headquarters
(including CGDA), brief particulars thereof including the number and date of the
reference to the Army Headquarters etc. should be intimated to the Director General
of Audit as early as possible. If the objection is not important enough, the procedure
laid down in the next para should be followed:
(DADS No.2395/A-Admn/30/42, dated the 16th August 1944)
(i) When a test audit objection has not been accepted or explained
satisfactorily within three months from the date of its issue and the
Command Officer has reason to be dissatisfied with the handling of the
objection in the Office of CDA, he should bring the matter to the
personal notice of the CDA and obtain his remarks. If the remarks of the
Controller are not considered satisfactory by the Command Officer, he
should refer the case to the Director General of Audit Defence Services
together with the remarks of the Controller. The Director General will
then consider the desirability of referring the matter to the CGDA for
suitable action for its speedy settlement.
(ii) More important test audit objections for which replies are delayed by the
administrative authorities or the replies furnished by them are not
satisfactory, should be suggested for inclusion by the CDA in his
quarterly report on the Major Financial and Accounting Irregularities.
(CGDA'S No.10472/AT-V dated 5th December 1952. DADS No.4631/Rep/34/51/KW dated
24th December 1952).

64 O/o DGADS
Settlement of Objections
58. After Test Audit is satisfied that the CDA has accepted an Objection
relating to an irregular disbursement and is taking proper action, the objection should
be treated as settled so far as the Audit Department is concerned. The results of the
action need not be watched by the Test Audit unless either:
(a) The case is considered to be one which may require mention in the
Report of the C&AG of India, Union Government (Defence Services)
in which case it will be dealt with as in para 59 below or
(b) Recovery or regularisation of an appreciable amount is involved.
Note: This para relates only to Irregular disbursements and the intention is to treat only the
unimportant objections as settled when the CDA has given a reply that the objection has
been accepted and is being pursued in Internal Audit. So far as important objections are
concerned the objections should not be treated as closed unless the officer is satisfied that
adequate and suitable action has been taken on the objection for recovery / regularisation.

Objections which provide potential material for comment in the Report of the
C&AG of India, Union Government (DS)
59. (i) When an objection is considered to be potential material for the
Report of the C&AG of India, Union Government (DS) the Command Officer
should prepare a draft paragraph and forward it to the Controller concerned for
verification of facts and intimation of the remedial / preventive measures and the
disciplinary action taken, if any. An advance copy of the draft paragraph together
with a factual statement of the case, copies of all marginal references, other relevant
papers and list of important questions/ issues arising out of the draft paragraph,
which might be taken up by the PAC with the Ministry/Department concerned
should also be sent to the Headquarters office in duplicate. Audit comments should
be summed up in the concluding para of the draft paragraph. (Appendix- I also
refers). After the receipt of the Controller's reply, the draft paragraph should be
amended, if necessary, and the amendments together with a copy of the Controller's
remarks should be sent to the Director General of Audit, Defence Services. One
copy of the draft paragraph should also be sent to the unit/formation concerned and
Command Headquarters direct to facilitate speedy verification of facts stated in the
draft paragraph. While forwarding the draft paragraph to the CDA, it should be
specifically mentioned that a copy of the draft paragraph has been sent direct to the
Command Headquarters.
(DADS No.497/Rep/58 dated 5.5.58, 1059/REP/28/61 dated 15.6.60 and
Confidential No.83/Rep/4/76-77 dated 28.6.78).
(ii) When commenting on the adequacy or otherwise of the disciplinary action
taken, Command Officers should bear in mind the provisions of paragraph 2.2.26 and
2.2.27 of CAG'S MSO (Audit) Edn.2002 In connection with the preparations of draft
paras and their transmission to the Director General of Audit Defence Services
instructions contained in Appendix I should be followed.
(iii) Irregularities relating to misappropriation of cash and stores, detected in
internal audit need not be considered for preparation of draft paragraphs unless they
present very important and interesting features that they may attract attention of the
PAC.
(DADS Confidential No.987/DP/85/72-73 dated 10.12.73).

65 O/o DGADS
Quarterly List of Important Points
60. (i) To enable the Director General to have a proper appreciation of the
financial administration in the different offices and the quality of the work done by
the Test Audit Staff and to have an up-to-date information as to the important points
raised in test audit, either from the point of view of audit report or for purposes of
investigation in other offices, quarterly lists (in duplicate) of such points raised during
the quarters ending March, June, September and December should be sent to the
Director General of Audit, Defence Services by the 5th of the month following the
quarter. These quarterly reports should be drawn up in two parts, separately for points
relating to:
(a) Pay and allowances, pension and quasi-commercial concerns (farms
and bakeries) and
(b) Stores (other than quasi- commercial concerns) and MES
(ii) The quarterly lists should also be accompanied by statements in duplicate
showing progress of points included in previous reports. Nil reports are also to be
sent.
(DADS No. 1069/A-Admn/21 /50 dated 7th June 1950).
Note: In regard to objections which are passed on by Originating CO to Co-coordinating COs
for pursuit the former will furnish extract of points included in the Quarterly Reports to
the latter who will be responsible for intimating future progress in respect thereof to the
Director General in the normal manner.
(DADS No.5348/A-Admn/25/51 dated 28th February 1951).

61 Blank

Duties of Local Test Audit Party

62. (i) General

The Party is entrusted with the audit locally of cash and stores accounts and
other documents maintained by Units and Formations, the audit of which cannot be
conducted by the Central Test Audit Section. This work is carried out through Local
Test Audit Parties each consisting of either two AAOs / Section Officers (Audit) /
Supervisors and one Auditor or two AAOs / SO (A) /Supervisors or one AAO /SO
(A) Supervisor and two auditors depending on the nature of audit to be undertaken
and availability of staff. Where the audit involves considerable time, the strength of
the auditors may be increased to three in respect of parties headed by one AAO /SO /
Supervisor.
(ii) The audit conducted by the LTA Parties is supervised by a Branch Officer.
In the cases of parties undertaking audit of Border Roads, concurrent gazetted
supervision is done by a Senior Audit Officer /Audit Officer. The supervising officer
should invariably discuss with the Officer Commanding and other executive heads all
cases of irregularities noticed in the course of audit of the unit / formation and should
make every effort to settle as many objections as possible on the spot. He should take
particular care to clinch all the issues involved and in the case of important objections
likely to find a place in the Audit Report, he should collect all relevant information
and take attested copies of the documents likely to be useful for the Audit Report and
for pursuing the matter with higher authorities.

66 O/o DGADS
 (iii) The supervising officer should also investigate and discuss with the
officer commanding the unit/formation and other executive heads the objections
outstanding in the previous Local Test Audit Reports as well as any point brought to
the notice of the Local Test Audit Parties by the Central Test Audit Sections in the
main office with a view to expediting their settlement.
(C&AG's letter No.1307/Admn/1/383-85 dated 24th June 55 - File Rep.18/54/111 and
2585/Admn/l/1955 dated 19th December 1955 File Rep. 15/54/111 and DADS
No.4979/Rep.15/54-111 dated 2nd March 1956 and No.3999/Rep/18/54 dated 22nd December
1955)
Note: 1 When a supervising officer is not available, the objection should be discussed with
the officer commanding by the AAO/SO(A)/Supervisor in charge of the Audit Party.
This should happen only in the case of relatively unimportant units/formations.
(DADS No.4979/15/54-111 dated 2nd Match 1956)
Note: 2 A register should be kept to record cases wherein supervising officers could not
discuss the results of audit, with the executive authorities during their visits to units
and formations together with brief reasons therefor. Cases where supervision was not
provided at all need not be entered in the Register. The Register should be submitted
for DG’s perusal during his inspection visits.
(DADS No.1208/A-Adm/21 /61 dated 6.6.61).
(iv) Responsibility of Inspection Officer
The Inspecting Officer will remain responsible for the efficiency of the
inspection as a whole. He must guide the members of the party in their work and
determine the extent of independent action to be allowed to each of its members with
reference to their experience, qualities and capacity to act independently. Based on
such judgement, the inspecting officer may permit individual members of the party to
issue audit memos themselves and see them in due course after issue. The Inspecting
Officer should always keep himself posted with the progress of audit and the
observations that have been communicated to the office inspected.
(v) Duties of SAOs/AOs/AAOs/SOs(A)/Senior Auditors & Auditors on tour in
respect of transaction audit are listed in Annexure ‘A’ to this chapter. Whereas general
supervision of the work done by a subordinate is part of normal work of supervising
officers, this does not absolve a supervising officer from doing original audit work as
per prescribed scales. Where no scale is prescribed, it is the duty of all levels of
Auditors (including SAO/AO) to devise a method of check in consultation with their
Headquarters, which will give assurance to the auditee regarding proper maintenance
of its accounts. All this audit work must be documented. Paras 95 and 96 regarding
Supervision and Review may also be referred for further guidance.

Local Test Audit Programmes

63. (i) The local audit year would be from the 1st July to 30th June of each
year. Half yearly programmes of local test audit should be prepared in Form DGADS-
109 and forwarded for the approval of the DGADS by 25th May/Novermber for
periods covering 1st July to 31st December and 1st January to 30th June respectively.
(DADS Secret NO.6789/A-Admn/32/65 dated 19.2.64 para IV of ‘Minutes’
circulated under DGA DS letter No.9896/A/A/Coord/142/COC/2003-04 dated 29-04-
2005 and DGADS letter no. 10487/A-Coord/142/CO Conf/2003-2004 dated
16/06/2005)
(ii) The local test audit programmes for each half year should be accompanied

67 O/o DGADS
by a skeleton programme for the next half year. A statistical chart in Form DGADS-
110 should be forwarded and the total estimated cost of the programme for the
financial year separately for Gazetted officers and establishment intimated. To watch
the progress of local audit according to the approved programme and disposal of the
reports thereon a register should be kept in Form DGADS-107.
(DADS part I office order No.4 dated the 1st December 1948 endorsement. No. 3887/A-
Admn/21/48 dated 4th December 1948, DADS No.4602/A- Admn/21/47 dated 20th March
1947 and No.5019/A-Admn/21/49 dated 2nd March 1949).

Points to be borne in mind in preparation of Programme

64. The following points should be specially borne in mind:
(i) The programme should be drawn up with due regard to the categorization
of auditee units based on risk assessment (i.e. ‘High Risk’, ‘Medium Risk’ and ‘Low
Risk’) and instructions on ‘Performance Audit’. Fifty(50) per cent of the available
working days are to be used for “Performance Audit’ in a period of two/three years
and balance working days may be utilized for transaction and certification audit. The
remaining Mandays available will be distributed among high risk, medium risk and
low risk auditee units in the ratio 70:20:10.
(‘Minutes of Command Officers’ Conference 2005 circulated under DGA DS letter no.9896-
A/A/Coord/142/COC/2003-04 dated 29 Apr 2005 and DGA DS letters no.10487 and
10488/A.Coord/142/COC-Conf/2003-04 dated 16 June 2005 )
(ii) In working out the cost of the tours it should be ensured that it is within
the allotment sanctioned. If any excess is anticipated this should be specially and
prominently brought to the notice of the Director General while forwarding the
programme.
(iii) Petty Units and formations located in the remote localities are not,
however, worth a visit by the regular party but can be inspected cursorily by an officer
if touring in the vicinity, and some of them may not be worth even that much
attention.
(iv) The programme should be drawn in such a manner that all probable audits
are combined ensuring at the same time that parties are not retained at one station for
unduly long periods. In addition, stations selected for inspection should be so grouped
and so timed that expenditure on travelling allowances is minimised. Further the visits
of different parties to the same station should be synchronised as to minimise the
number of visits by the supervising officer to that station in connection with the
supervision of audit. Attempts should also be made to frame programme in a manner
that transit is taken on holiday so that the maximum time is available for actual audit.
(v) The party which audits the administrative offices (such as CEs/ CWEs in
case of MES Audits) should also carry out the audit of units / formations subordinate
to them (i.e. GEs/BSOs etc.) to pick up threads, coordinate data and develop cases
more effectively to improve the content and quality of reports. Expertise should be
developed in case of GOs supervision also and similar type of units/formations should
as far as possible be given for supervision to same officer so that experience gained in
one unit /formation can with advantage be utilised in similar type of unit / formation
elsewhere.

68 O/o DGADS
 (vi) While preparing the programmes climatic conditions of the places to be
visited should be kept in view wherever possible.
(DADS No.4672/A-Admn/21/55 dated 10th February 1955)
(vii) To enable the Command Officers to select the units for local test audit
and watch the progress of audit of stationary units, Register of auditable units should
be maintained in Form DGADS-111.
(DADS Part I Office Order No.4 dated 1.12.48 and endorsement. No.3887/A-
Admn/21/48 dated 4.12.48)
(viii) The approved programme should be closely worked out and Director
General’s prior approval taken as far as possible, if for any reason important
deviations are anticipated.
(DADS No.974/A-Admn/23/48 dated 26th May 1948)
(ix) Command Officer’s monthly tour programmes showing dates of departure
from Headquarters, dates of arrival at and departure from outstations, period of halt
and address at outstation, including postal zone number and telegraphic address, if
any should be sent to the DGADS so as to reach him by 20th of preceding month of
that to which it relates. Any unforeseen changes occurring during the month should be
intimated immediately.
(DADS No.674/Admn/21/49 dated 17th May 1949, 1982/ A-Admn/21/49 dated 4th August
1949, 1989/A-Admn/21/51 dated 31st July 1951 and 127/A-Admn!21/55 dated 11th April
1955, 1382/Bud/40/89-90 dated 27.7.90.
(x) The mandays of a local audit party with two AAOs / Section Officers
(Audit)/Supervisors and one Auditor should be determined with reference to the
posted strength of the party.
(DADS No.841/A-Admn/32/73-77/KW dated 22.5,79)
(xi) In case of important formations the Supervising Officer should pay a visit
at the closing stage of audit for inspection, supervision of audit and discussion of
important points with the executive. If the period of audit extends for a month or
more, more than one visit should normally be made in respect of important units and
the visit should be sufficiently long to allow the inspecting officer time to give
directions to staff. In the case of small formations, the result of audit may be
discussed with the executive after completion of audit, if this should become
necessary.
(DADS No.4115/A-Admn/22/VIII/47 dated 18th December 1948 and DADS No.4078/A-
Admn/21/52 dated the 24th November 1952)
(xii) Command Officers and Sr. Audit Officers/Audit Officers should spend
at least 07 days (excluding time spent in transit) and 20 days respectively (including
time spent in transit) on supervision of local test audit of units / formations undertaken
by parties as per gazetted supervision prescribed. Any Deviation in the approved
programme of the COs / Supervising Officer due to grant of leave etc. should
invariably be mentioned in the remarks column of the monthly statement of
Supervision. Shortfalls in quantum of supervision for any reason are required to be
submitted to DGA for ex-post-facto approval. The quarterly progress report of audit
should be supported by a statement showing time actually spent by COs/Supervising
Officers on supervision of various units and formations in a quarter against
supervision required to be provided as per quantum prescribed with reasons for
shortfalls as in Form DGADS-112.

69 O/o DGADS
 (DADS letter No.2839/A-Admn/32/73/79/KW dated 10.9.79 DADS No.2789/A-Bud/43/85-86
dated 19.9.85 and DGADS letter No. 1 021/A-Coord/22/90-91/Prog/Gen dated 3-7-91)
(xiii) A statement in Form DGADS-113 showing the outstations to be visited
by the Local Test Audit Parties during a month should be sent to the D.G.A.D.S.
every month so as to reach him by the 25th of the preceding month.
(DADS No. 1548/A-Admn/21 150 dated 5.7.1950 and 21/A-Admn/21J50 dated 30.10.1950)

Audit Intimations
65. Intimation of visits to units and formations should be sent in prescribed
form (Form DGADS-114) at least three weeks in advance of tours.

Period covered by Audit

66. (i) The test audit should be conducted as far as possible with reference to
the work already done by the Local Audit Officer of the Defence Accounts
Department. The accounts to be subjected to test audit should be selected on the spot
with reference to the date of accounts. In exceptional cases, the accounts not already
subjected to audit by local audit staff of the Defence Accounts Department may, if
necessary, be taken up.
(DADS No.2591/A-Admn/21/49 dated 6th September 1949)
(ii) The general scrutiny of accounts should, however, cover the period up to
the month preceding that in which the audit takes place.
(DADS No.1016/A-Admn/21 /56 dated 30th May 1956)
(iii) In addition to detailed check of one month’s accounts as prescribed,
general scrutiny of accounts should cover the period up to the month preceding that in
which the audit takes place.
(DGADS No.4231/A.Coord/106/2002-03 dated 7.3.2003)
Audit Procedure
67. (i) In order that inspection personnel in local test audit parties are involved
in clearly defined areas of work so that accountability and identification of
contribution in terms of quality and quantity is ensured, a proforma indicating in
detail the allocation of work among the various members of the party (sl no.9 of Form
DGADS – 100 regarding ‘Top Sheet’ refers) should be prepared under the signature
of the AAO/SO(A)/Supervisor in charge of the party and the supervising officers, as
prescribed for each type of formation. On completion of the audit each member of the
Inspection Party will record a certificate on the prescribed proforma (Form DGADS-
102) that duties assigned to him/her have actually been completed, which would be
countersigned by supervising officer.
(ii) Detailed process of audit work is prescribed in Part 'C' of this volume.
(DADS No.4470/A-Admn/218!83 dated 21.12.84 and DADS No.5126/A-Admn/218/83 dated 6/12/85)
(ii) A register is required to be maintained by AAO/SO (A)/Supervisor in
charge of each Local Test Audit to record details of items of work
done by Sr. Auditors/Auditors, documents test checked by them as per
quantum prescribed and these are required to be submitted to the
Reviewing GO. Reviewing GOs should while scrutinising the register
see whether the quantum of test check exercised is considered
adequate.

70 O/o DGADS
 (iii) (DADS confidential No.2513/A-Admn/21/79 dated 20.8.79)

Observation lists and local test audit reports

68. (i) As the test audit progresses, the defects and irregularities, if any
noticed, should be put down in the form of a rough observation list in half margin.
Preliminary Slips
(ii) These are issued essentially to elicit further information/ clarification
based on initial examination of records. The initial observations must, therefore, be
formulated in a language which does not imply unnecessary indication of an
adversarial position.
(DGADS New Delhi Circular letter No.3050/A-Admn/ 8/91,Misc. dated 24.12-1991)
(iii) Replies to the observations issued as and when received should be studied
and facts stated in the reply requiring verifications duly carried out so that before the
date fixed for discussion of the observation lists with the unit authorities the views of
audit is fixed up. Discussion should be held by the RGO with the CO of the unit or an
officer detailed by CO on his behalf to discuss the observations and ‘minutes of
discussion’ (duly signed by both parties) reflecting the results of discussion duly
drawn up. Over and above this, the rough observation lists should be discussed with
the Local Audit Officer of the Defence Accounts Department, if that officer happens
to be at the station at the time of test audit.
Note (1) Observations raised in local audit in connection with the Stamp Accounts of Units
and Formations should be communicated to the executive officers concerned and
settled with them direct and not through the Defence Accounts Department as these
accounts are not checked by the local Audit Officers.
(DADS No.1886/TA/6/4/34 dated 24th February 1934)
Note (2) Observations raised in local audit in connection with the audit of provisioning of
stores should be communicated to the executive officers concerned and settled with
them direct and not through the Defence Accounts Departments as the provisioning
data are not checked by the local Audit Officers.
(iv) Where important initial records, e.g. cash book, pass books and security
registers, etc, are not maintained properly, it will not be sufficient for Audit merely to
state in the observation List/Test Audit Note/ LTAR that such records were not
maintained properly. The improper maintenance or non-maintenance of important
initial records having a direct bearing on cash or other Government transactions
should be a matter for special examination. The audit officer and local audit party
should in such cases, besides mentioning the technical defects and short-comings in
keeping the documents, also make an intelligent probe to see if the defective
maintenance/non-maintenance is camouflaged to hide fraud or misappropriation.
(CAG Office DO No.2405-Admn.III/479-60 dated 5.12.60 and DADS No.9384/A-
Admn/21/60 dated 11.1.61 (file A-Admn/32/73-79/K.W) DGADS New Delhi circular
No.3050/A-Admn/8/91 dated 24.12.91)

Preparation of Local Test Audit Report

69. (i) The Local Test Audit Report should be drawn up in three parts.
Following format should be adopted while drafting the LTARs by all the parties for
the inspection to be undertaken from July 2001. The heading should be Local Test
Audit Report of the accounts of …………. for the period/year.

71 O/o DGADS
 Part I
a) Introductory
b) Outstanding objections in brief from previous reports
c) Schedule of persistent irregularities.
Part II
Section A Major irregularities that are likely to materialize into draft
paragraphs of the Audit Report and cases of system failure.
Section B Irregularities which, though not major, are required to be
brought to the notice of higher authorities and followed up and
instances of recoveries to be effected or regularized.
Part III
Test Audit Note containing minor irregularities, to which a schedule of
items settled on the spot should be attached. The procedural irregularities in
respect of which the head of the office has held out assurances about
following correct procedure in future should be noted in this Schedule.
Part I will contain the following:-

(a) Name of the Head of the organization during the period of audit
covered by Audit.
(b) Name of the Audit Officer inspecting the office.
(c) Period covered by Audit
(d) Period of Audit i.e. dates of audit.
(e) Budget and expenditure and the dates of audit of the organization for
the last 3 years.
(f) Aims and objectives of the organization should be given.
(g) Outstanding Inspection Reports and paras (year wise)
(h) Important projects or work undertaken by the organization/office
(where necessary annexure should be given).
It has also been observed by the ADAI (Def.) that in some cases half margins
(i.e. Preliminary observation slips/observation lists) are not dated by the Audit parties.
(DGADS No.633/A.Coord/106/2001-02 dated 25.6.2001 and para 6.1.20 of MSO
(Audit) Second Edition-2002)

(ii) Material for inclusion in the Local Test Audit Report based on actual
work done and observation lists raised and replies furnished duly arranged in proper
sequence would be submitted by the Head of the Audit Party to the Supervising
officer for final drafting of the Local Test Audit Report and approval of the Command
Officer.
(C&AG DO No.388-Admn/55 dated 9.12.55 DADS DO No.3999/Rep-18/54 dated 22.12.55
and DADS No.4470/A-Admn/218/83 dated21.12.84) and Para 6.1.20 of C&AG MSO (Audit)
Rev. 2002)
(iii) While drafting the LTA Reports the following instructions should be
borne in mind -
(a) (1) The items (objections) specially meant for Part II Section A of
the Report should be self contained in respect of all matters
with which they deal. The actual amount involved in the

72 O/o DGADS
 irregularity / loss covered by the item should be worked out and
clearly stated in the objection. Suggestions like the "loss or
over payment involved should be worked out and recovered"
should be strictly avoided.
(2) Quite often while attempting or editing draft paragraph for the
Report of the C&AG of India, Union Government (DS), it
becomes difficult for the Command Officers to proceed with
the draft paragraph because of missing links in the facts and
arguments in original objections of the LTAR on which the
draft paragraphs are based. The information which is required
for the draft paragraph cannot be obtained except by a reference
to the local records again by field parties which may not be at
that point of time auditing the accounts of the units/formations
concerned and the processing of the draft paragraph may have
to be postponed. Such a situation should not be allowed to arise
by the Supervising GOs. The comments in the LTAR should be
based on facts and not on inferences and the sequence of events
should be in order as to complete the chain leading to the
conclusions.
(b) Only important and worthwhile objections should be included
in the LTA Reports. Minor points and merely technical
objections should be included in the Test Audit Notes and
allowed to be pursued to finality in internal audit situated at a
station. Where, as a result of discussion, action to rectify or set
right the irregularity is promised, the objections need not be
included in the Local Test Audit Reports but may appear only
in the Local Test Audit Notes, unless it seems essential in such
cases to watch the disciplinary and remedial action taken to
avoid recurrence of similar irregularities. Except cases of
magnitude, items accepted by the internal audit before the issue
of the report need be included only in the Test Audit Note.
Similarly, individual irregularities due to clerical error etc.
should be detailed in the Test Audit Note and only the
comment of the Gazetted Officer of any defect, if any, in
procedure etc need be mentioned in the report. Objections
which call for information necessary to judge whether there is
any point involved should not be included in the report but the
information should be obtained otherwise and after
examination, if any point arises then only it may be included in
the report. The inspecting staff should make every effort to get
complete information on the spot during the course of their
audit for purpose of shaping the objection properly before
leaving a unit. Vague and indefinite objection should be
avoided. The objections should be precise, the nature of the
irregularities alleged should be clearly stated and further action
required should be indicated in definite terms. The instructions
contained in paragraphs 55 & 56 regarding the drafting of the
objection statements also apply in the case of Local Test Audit
Reports.

73 O/o DGADS
 (DADS letter No.49/A-Admn/21/53 dated 8th October 1953 and
4979/Rep/15/54-1II dated 2nd March 1956)
(c) Although a Test Audit Note does not require a reply, it should
be verified in subsequent audit that adequate notice was taken
of the matters contained in it.
(d) The procedural irregularities in respect of which the OC
Unit/Formation had held out assurances about following correct
procedure in future, and which as a result were not included in
the LTAR or LTAN should be noted conspicuously for
verification in subsequent audit. Over payments accepted and
agreed to be recovered need not be pursued through reports but
noted in a Register of points to be watched in subsequent audit.
(CAG's No.276-Audit 11/64-89 dated 25.2.91 endorsed under DGA DS No.
3822/A-Coord/81/82-86 dated 19.3.91)
(e) (1) Audit objections of an administrative nature raising policy
issues which have to be decided only by the Defence Ministry
or the Services Headquarters or BRDB etc. should not be
included in the LTA Reports. Such cases should be referred to
the Director General so that the cases may be taken up with
the Defence Ministry or Services Headquarters or BRDB as
the case may be.
(2) These orders would apply mutatis mutandis to suggestions
involving a change in rules made by the Government of India
or necessitating the issue of general orders by the Government
of India. Such suggestions should not be made by Command
Officers to the Controllers of Defence Accounts concerned but
should be referred to the Director General of Audit, Defence
Services for being taken up with the Ministry of Defence,
Ministry of Finance (Defence) if necessary.
(DADS Memo No.4875/A-Admn/21154 dated 16th January 1954). .

(f) (1) Draft inspection report should be completed before the

inspecting SAO/AO leaves the office inspected and the officer
in charge (Head of office or any other officer acting on his
behalf) should invariably be given the opportunity of reading
and discussing it. Such discussion should take place during the
period of Audit. However, in any case the inspection report
should be issued within 30 days from the date of completion of
audit even if no discussion takes place in exceptional cases.
The Inspection Report should be as brief as possible, but the
points raised in it should be pursued until finally settled. The
Test Audit Note does not require a reply in detail, but it should
be verified at a subsequent inspection that adequate notice was
taken of it.
(2) Settlement of outstanding paragraphs of earlier inspection
reports is one of the important duties of an Inspection Officer.
The discussion and settlement of such outstanding objections in

74 O/o DGADS
 respect of offices situated at a station visited by an Inspection
Party but which are not selected for inspection should as far as
possible be done by the inspecting officer during his stay at that
station.

(3) The Inspection Report forwarded by the Inspecting officer is to

be scrutinized and edited in Headquarters. After approval by
the Group Officer in HQ/CO the edited Inspection Report is to
be issued to the Head of the Office concerned with a copy to
the next higher authority.
(g) One way of reducing this delay is through the use of computers
for typing of LTARs which can be done by the party itself.
Further, while sending the report to Headquarters office, the
delayed/old cases may be shown in the monthly reports, till
issue of LTARs.
(DADS letter No.4057/A-Admn/21/52 dated 22nd November 1952 and
letter No.2452/ACBR/11/69/KW.1 dated 21.7.69)
(h) When objections are raised regarding outstanding recoveries
etc., a statement showing the particular documents on which
the objections are based and the amounts involved should be
included in the Local Test Audit Report. In the office copy of
the Report, a note regarding the number of documents checked
in audit and number of documents in which the irregularity was
noticed as also the official responsible for the irregularity
should be kept.
(j) Irregularities should be categorised and grouped together
wherever possible. It should be more helpful to indicate the
nature of the defect in the title to a para instead of the
Regimental Number and name of the individual in case of the
audit of IRLAs.
(k) Cases which are sub-judice should not be mentioned in such a
way as to prejudice the claim or defence in the court of law.
(l) When a general defect is noticed, the number of cases
examined and percentage of defective cases discovered should
be mentioned in the report.
(m) Cases taken up by internal audit should normally be excluded
from the report of the C&AG of India, Union Government
(Defence Services), unless for specific reasons it is decided to
include certain cases in the Report of the CAG. In such cases
the facts should be acknowledged in the report itself.
(n) To enable the Controller of Defence Accounts to deal
simultaneously with the various objections and to ensure
prompt replies thereto, objections in a Report should be
grouped in several parts, each part containing objections which
a particular section or agency (e.g. Local Audit Officer) has to
deal.

75 O/o DGADS
 (o) The name of the Officer who supervised an audit and that of the
AAO /SO (A)/ Supervisors and Senior Auditors / Auditors who
carried out the audit should be noted in the office copies of
Local Test Audit Reports.
(DADS No.3868/A-Admn/21/53 dated 11th November 1953)
(p) Local Test Audit Reports issued are called for at random by
Director General to test check and assess the quality of
contribution made at all levels and based on such test check,
appropriate directions are given. Command Officers should
maintain a register to record such directions. The register so
maintained should be made available to the Inspection parties
of Director General of Inspection.
(DADS No.531 /A-Coord /14/89-90 dated 17.5.89).
(iv) (a) Internal check of Railway warrants other than those issued to
Service Officers (see Sub-Clause (b) below) and Credit Notes is carried out by the
Controller of Accounts (Factories). Objections pertaining to these should be embodied
in a separate Local Test Audit Report/Note according to the importance of the
objections and the Local Test Audit Report/Note should be sent in triplicate to the
Principal Director of Audit (OF), Calcutta who will be responsible for their clearance.
(b) Internal check of Railway Warrants issued to individual Service
Officers including Officers of the Nursing Services whether for the conveyance of self
or for the conveyance of personal luggage (as distinct from warrants issued to officers
moving with bodies of troops under para 50 (d) Travel Regulations) and form 'D' is
done by the Pay Controllers as under:
Army - Controller of Defence Accounts (Officers), Pune.
Navy - Controller of Defence Accounts (Navy), Mumbai
Air Force - Controller of Defence Accounts (Air Force), New
Delhi
(c) Extracts of objections pertaining to such Railway warrants should,
therefore, be sent in triplicate to the respective Command Officers for clearance and
reporting of important cases to the Director General of Audit.
Note: Errors in counterfoils involving recoveries and not involving recoveries
should be brought to the notice of the issuing officer. If the Local Audit
Officer has already carried out a check of counterfoil in question, a copy of
the objection statement should be sent to the Controller of Defence Accounts.
(v) Consequent upon re-organisation of Other Ranks Controllers Organisation
with effect from 1.11.94, the issue of LTARs and their further pursuance in respect of
PAO (ORs) will be done by respective Command Office under whose audit
jurisdiction the particular PAO (ORs) falls. The LTA Report in respect of IRLAs of
personnel of Army Postal Services Corps is to be issued to the Director of Accounts
(Postal) Nagpur. In respect of LTARs on the accounts of the Depots formations of
Canteen Stores Department, Audit Officer, Defence Services CSD Headquarters
Mumbai will be dealing with the LTARs on such formations and their finalisation and
pursuit. Accordingly LTARs on formations of CSD are to be sent to the Sr. AO, RA
Cell, CSD Headquarters for transmission to the CDA, CSD.
(DADS No.5774/A-Admn/227/85 dated 30.1.86 and No.2547/A.Admn/227/92-98
dated 19.2.98)

76 O/o DGADS
 (vi) The LTARs on Army and MES units will be dealt with direct with the
CDA concerned by the Command Officer conducting the audits.
(vii) In cases where no irregularity worth mentioning in LTAR/LTAN is
noticed as a result of audit of units/formations, 'Nil' Reports are not to be issued to
CDA, as it might create an impression that the unit / formation inspected was entirely
free from any accounting or financial irregularity. In such cases a note should,
however, be kept in the audit progress register.
(DADS No. 3595/A-Admn/21/65111 dated 17.10.66)
(viii) The LTAR along with an informative forwarding memo for quality
control has been examined in the light of issuance of MSO (Audit)-Second Edition
2002 and Auditing Standards. Accordingly, it is ordered that each draft LTAR will
have to be accompanied by a Top Sheet in Form DGADS-100, Auditee Profile Update
in Form DGADS-101, Work Completion Certificate in Form DGADS-102 and
Defence Audit Manual amendment proposal in Form DGADS-103. It is also ordered
that Auditee Identity No. and SUS No., if applicable, should be mentioned in all
reports and returns like half yearly programme, audit progress quarterly report etc.
(Top Sheet O.O. Part No.70 dated 18.11.2004)

Issue of Local Test Audit Reports

70. (i) Three copies of the Local Test Audit Report / Local Test Audit Note
should be prepared. The original LTAR (both parts I & II part I (a) and part I (b) duly
signed by the Gazetted officer should be issued to the Officers Commanding the
Units/ Formations audited with a copy being endorsed simultaneously to the CDA. It
should be made clear to the Units / Formations that it would be their responsibility
and in their interest, in order to avoid correspondence with their higher formation, to
furnish replies to test audit reports as indicated in the LTARs with copies to the CDA
concerned. Attention of the units audited should also be drawn to those paras where
replies should be furnished with the concurrence of the CDA concerned.
(DGA DS No. 2017/A-Admn/154/90-91 dated 15.10.90)
(ii) In respect of objections included in Local Test Audit Report on MES
formations relating to sanctions issued by authorities lower than the Government of
India, extracts thereof should be endorsed to the authority who had issued the
sanction for their remarks. A copy of the objections so extracted should also be
endorsed to the command officer DGADS, Pr. DA (AF&N) or Pr. DAOF and
concerned officers under PDA (AF&N) and PDAOF as the case may be for their
information.

Period within which LTARs should be issued

71. (i) The Local Test Audit Reports and Note should be issued within 30 days
from the date of completion of audit irrespective of whether the discussion on draft
LTAR between the inspecting SAO/AO and the officer in charge (Head of office or
any other officer acting on his behalf) takes place or not. In order to ensure that the
laid down time schedule is adhered to and also to exercise proper control over receipt
and issue of LTARs a register should be maintained in prescribed form (Form
DGADS-115 refers)
(DADS No. 2291/A-Coord/34/83-86 dated 1.9.86 and No. 728/A-Coord/lnsp/84-85 dated 27.5.88)

77 O/o DGADS
 (ii) Audit files relating to preceding two audits and all outstanding LTARs
should be sent to the Local Test Audit Parties to enable examination and discussion of
outstanding items as indicated in para 62 (iii) above.
(DADS No. 5048/AC-29/65/KW dated 12.12.1968)

(iii) For achieving the desired result, the Command Officers should ensure:-
(a) That the register is maintained in the prescribed form and regularly
submitted to him, the reasons for delayed cases, if any, is suitably
analysed and remedial action taken urgently.
(b) That while sending the report to HQ office, the delayed cases, if still
persisting, be commented upon on the basis of (i) above, and
remedial measures taken be also intimated.
(c) That LTARs are not delayed due to the general reasons being
mentioned in the reports which can be avoided e.g. typing delay can
be overcome through proper control and a balanced distribution of
work between officials who are supposed to do typing work and
assigning targets to them and by checking whether they are doing the
quantum of work they are supposed to.
(d) The Command Officer should also personally get in touch with the
Heads of the auditee units through direct correspondence and
emphasize the importance of their availability for discussion on the
concluding day of inspection. Besides they should also check why
Head of the unit was not available and monitor that the reasons given
by the party for concluding audit without discussion are properly
substantiated.
(DGADS No.2865/A.Coord/34/IR/2002-03 dated 23.12.2002)

Settlement of LTARs
72. (i) Objections included in the LTARs should be expeditiously pursued and
be settled as far as practicable within six months from the date of their issue. As
regards items included in the L TAR but subsequently left for pursuit in internal audit
and items included in the Test Audit Note, it should be ensured that the same are
included in the LAO's objection statement of the unit concerned and are being
pursued to finality.
(ii) The Command Officers should also draw the special attention of the
Controllers concerned, half yearly to objection outstanding for over six months in
order to ensure vigorous pursuit of the objection.
(DADS letter No.3139/A-Admn/21 /50 dated 10.10.50).
(iii) Local Test Audit Reports outstanding for more than two years from the
date of issue should be reviewed for settlement and committees comprising the CDA
or his representative, Command Officer and if necessary the unit officers are to be
constituted for monitoring and settlement of the outstanding objections (para 43(xviii)
above also refers).
(DADS No. 1918/A-Coord/19/32-86/11 dated 26.9.89)

78 O/o DGADS
Officers Responsible for pursuit of Audit Objections
72A. The Command Officer, who issued the report to the CDA or IFA, is
responsible for pursuance of the objections and for reporting important cases to the
Director General of Audit, Defence Services. He is also responsible for submission of
the Annual Reports on the Trading Accounts and Renewal Reserve Fund Accounts of
Military Farms to the Director General.
(DADS No.93/A-Admn/46/54 dated 6th April 1954, 3174/A-Admn/46/54 dated 6.11.54 and
1107/A-Admn/46/55 dated 6.6.55 and C&AG's letter No.467/CA/281-54/Pt.1I dated 8th June 1955).

Other special duties

73. The staff should also conduct all special enquiries and investigations
required to be carried out locally. The instructions in Para 53 should be followed.

Progress Reports
74. Progress Reports of local test audit work should be sent quarterly in Form
DGADS-112 by 25th July, October, January and April indicating extent of
Supervision against prescribed quantum with reasons for shortfalls. (Para 64 (xii)
above refers)
(DADSNo.4793/A-Admn/21/49 dated 4th February 1949)

Quarterly Report to be submitted to ADAI (Defence)

75. This quarterly report covers the aspect of Audit Plan, Audit of sanctions,
supervision by CO, current position of draft paras/ ATNs, CAG inspection report, and
note pertaining to performance audit. In addition to above, two more annexures of
this report on steps on Computerisation and states of audit on purchases
recommended by Defence Procurement Board etc. is submitted to ADAI half yearly
in June &December.

Ranking the performance of Audit Offices

76. In 2004, a Ranking System has been devised and implemented by
Headquarters office for Audit Offices, which is for inter-year comparison of Audit
Offices rather than for inter-state comparison. The objective of this mechanism is to
improve the functioning of the Audit Offices and to serve as a benchmark for future
improvement.
Parameters adopted for ranking are as follows:
1) Quality of Inspection Report
2) Quality of Audit Reports
3) Quality of Implementation of Audit Plan
4) Timely issue of Inspection Reports
5) Frequency and effectiveness of Apex and Audit Committee meetings
6) Group Officers’ inspections and their impact.
7) Efforts made in vetting action taken notes.
8) Efficiency in dispatch of material for audit reports to concerned functional
wing in HQ in terms of specified milestones.

79 O/o DGADS
 9) Training of personnel, particularly.
(a) Percentage utilization of slots allotted by RTI
(b) Percentage of earmarked training (induction courses/refresher courses)
10) Timely issue of Audit Certificate
Each of the ten parameters is considered equally important and carries a
maximum of 10 points. Total score of 100 points is divided into the following
categories:
i) 75 to 100 points : Category ‘A’
ii) 50 to 75 points : Category ‘B’
iii) 25 to 50 points : Category ‘C’
iv) 0 to 25 points : Category ‘D’
The grading is an annual exercise and will coincide with the audit cycle.
(Authority: CAG letter No.207-Audit (AP)/16-2004 dated 22.11.2004)

Assurance Memos
77. The bond copies of Audit Reports will henceforth be accompanied by
Assurance Memos signed by the Principal Audit Officers, which should contain the
following declarations:-
(i) That the Audit Plan for the year has been fully implemented
(ii) That all observations pointing out lapses in the implementation of
systems and procedures and all weakness in the responsibility centers
have been discussed with the heads of administrative departments
and assurances obtained in regard to corrective measures for
arresting potential risks.
(iii) That all contested evidences have been conclusively handled with
reference to the facts at the disposal of audit.
(iv) That in respect of reviews of schemes, samples have been selected
based on risk analysis or risk perception and that the evidence of
such exercise is available on record.
Accordingly, after the completion of Audit Plan period for the year, each
Command Officer will furnish the above Assurance Memo under his signature in
respect of the Audit Plan pertaining to his office, so as to enable DGADS to append
the requisite Assurance Memo to the bond copies of the audit Report.
(C&AG’s letter no116-Audit (AP)/4-2003 dated 22.8.2003

78. Blank

79. Blank

80. Blank

81. Blank
82. Blank

80 O/o DGADS
 ANNEXURE – ‘A’
[ Referred to in Para 62(v)]

CE/CWE/GE Offices

Audit Officer Assistant Audit Officer/ Senior Auditor/Auditor

Section Officers
CE/CWE Offices CE/CWE Offices
1. Review of Cash Book 1. Cash Accounts 1. Admn Approval Register
2. Linking of vouchers
2. Review of Register of 2. Register of Contracts. 3. Progress Reports
Contracts 4. M.T. Accounts
3. Review of Register of 3. Register of approved 5. Register of Losses
Approval to works. contractors 6. Ledgers & registers maintained in all
sections.
4. Review of Register of 4. Rejected tenders/ 7. Quotations/ Supply order Register
losses Comparative Statement 8. Service Books.
of Tenders.
5. Review of Comparative 5. Contracts with case files 9. Annual Return of Electricity/ Water
Statement of Tenders/ 66.2/3% of the contracts
Rejected tenders. selected for audit.
6. Review of contracts 6. Appropriation Register 10. Contracts with case files 33/1/3% of
the contracts selected for audit.
7. Finalisation of special 7. M.E.Rs. 11. Railway Warrants & credit notes.
enquiries
8. Review of previous 8. Special Enquiries 12. Local purchases
Inspection Reports
9. Drafting of Inspection 9. Review of work done 13. Register of Railway sidings &
Reports by Auditors. Platforms.
10. Finalisation of P.C.E. 10. Disposal of previous
Reports Inspection Reports.
11. Review of MERs, 11. Review of Internal
Stock verification Audit objection
Reports, Revenue statements
Ledgers, Return of
recoveries, occupation
& vacation returns,
Rent Assessment
Ledgers, Contractors
Ledgers, Measurement
Books, MRs.
12. Review of accounts of GE Offices GE Offices
manufacturing 1. Cash books & 1. T.E. Register
operations. connected documents. 2. Linking of vouchers
13. Review of Transfer 2. Complete analysis of 3. Contractors Ledgers
entries selected works 4. Stores Ledgers – Divisional
including examination Stock/Stock Purchase Register
of planning/ works files.

81 O/o DGADS
14. Critical examination of 3. Register of Contracts. 5. U.S.Rs Baby Indents
schemes/ programmes 6. Muster rolls
and issue of guidelines
to the Audit Party.
4. Register of Approved 7. Suspense Register
contractors. 8. Consignees I.V. Register
5. Rejected Tenders/ 9. Rent Assessment Ledger
Comparative Statement 10. Register of C.P. Vouchers C.P. bills
of Tenders. & paid vouchers

6. Contracts with case 11. Measurement Book Register

files. 12. Ledgers/ registers maintained in E-
(CE/CWE’s contracts) 1/ E5 Sec., M.T. Section
7. Appropriation Register 13. M.E.S. Transfer Register
14. Ledgers/ register maintenance
8. M.E.Rs. & construction 15. Demand Register
accounts and quarterly 16. Meter Reader Book
progress reports.
9. P.C.E. Audit 17. Railway Claims Register
18. Fan & Meter Register
10. Security Deposit 19. Register of Requisitions
Register 20. Furniture Statement – Form ‘E’
11. Stock Verification 21. R.P.M.B./ R.T.M.B.
Reports 22. Consumer Ledgers
12. Losses 23. Register of Major/ Minor works
24. Muster rolls & work charged
13. Review of work done 25. Contracts with case files (G.E’s
by the auditors contracts)
26. Demolition Register
14. Disposal of previous 27. Revenue Ledgers
inspection reports 28. Road/ Metal Register
15. Review of internal 29. Rent Bills
audit objection 30. Plant Record books
statements
16. Schedule of demands 31. Return of Recoveries
32. Bulb Accounts
17. Final bills – 66 2/3% 33. Occupation/ vacation returns
of the bills selected for 34. Tools & Plant Register
audit
18. Works/ Material 35. Local purchases & Register of
passing register quotations
36. Workshop accounts
19. Work diary 37. Register of Barrack damages
20. Special Enquiries 38. Annual Return of M.E.S.
installations.
39. Final bills 33 1/3% of the bills
selected for Audit

82 O/o DGADS
 40. R.A.Rs
41. Material Registers (Projects)
42. P.S.M.
43. Services Books
44. Railway Warrants & Credit Notes
45. Register of hired bills Buildings.

Ord/Amn Depots

Audit Officer Assistant Audit Senior Auditor

Officer/Section Officers Auditor
* Review of cash book and 1. Cash Books & connected 1. Railway claims
connected documents. documents 2. Linking of vouchers
* Review of Provision review 2. Loss statements 3. Loan Register
cards and indents 4. Verification of castings, opening
& closing balances
* Review of Stock taking 3. Stock taking Reports & 5. Sample Loan Register
reports, discrepancy reports, Discrepancy Reports 6. Accounts Cards/ Store ledgers,
Loss statements, local other the those allotted to Sr.
purchases, payment Register, Auditors
Loan issues, Work orders,
adjustment vouchers, I.P. Bills
* Review of Stock account 4. Provision Reviews/ 7. Payment Registers
cards/ ledgers Indents 66-2/3% of the 8. M.T. Accounts including P.O.L.
indents selected for audit accounting
* Review of previous 5. Local purchases/ Supply 9. Railway Warrants Credit notes
Inspection Reports Orders 10. A-in-U Ledgers
* Finalisation of special 6. Depot Contingent 11. Work Orders
enquiries Register 12. Ration Accounts or Unit
equipment ledgers/ Accounts
* Drafting of Inspection 7. Review of work done by 13. Services books of Civilians
Report the Auditors 14. Index Cards – RSS and
Salvage group
8. Review of Internal Audit 15. Accounts Cards/ Store ledgers
objection statements in respect of costly and
important items.
16. Hire transactions
9. Disposal of previous 17. I.P. bills
Inspection Reports
10. Special Enquiries 18. Adjustment vouchers
19. Provision Reviews/ Indents –
33 1/3% of the indents selected
for Audit

83 O/o DGADS
 20. Expenditure Stores ledgers and
expense stores requisitions
21. Control Registers
22. Sale Accounts

EME FORMATIONS

Audit Officer Assistant Audit Senior Auditor

Officer/Section Officers Auditor

1. Review of Cash book & other 1. Cash Accounts & 1. Work orders
connected documents connected documents 2. Linking of vouchers
2. Review of Repair 2. Repair programmes 3. Job folders
programmes, work orders, Job 4. Expense Stores
folders, local purchases, Stock
taking reports, Man -hour
statistical returns, Loss
statements, disposal of stores,
cannibalization of stores.
3. Finalisation of P.C.E. reports 3. Register of Work 5. Deposit Repairs
and special enquiry reports orders, Payment & 6. A-in-U Ledgers
Experimental work
orders
4. Review of previous Inspection 4. Job folders 7. Cannibalisation of Stores
Reports 8. Ration and P.O.L. Accounts
5. Drafting of Inspection Reports 5. Local purchases 9. Disposal of Stores
10. Equipment and Clothing
Ledgers
6. Stock taking Reports 11. Payment repairs
12. M.T. Accounts
7. Monthly man hour 13. Check rolls & Tempy. Labour
statistical returns bills
14. Other ledgers/ registers.
8. Loss statement Register 15. Railway Warrants and credit
and Loss Statements, notes
Survey Boards/
Discrepancy/
Condemnation reports
9. P.C.E. Reports 16. Railway Claims
10. Review of work done 17. Monetary Grant Register
by Auditors
11. Disposal of previous 18. Service Books
Inspection Reports

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 12. Review of Internal
Audit objection
statements
13. Special Enquiries.

MILITARY HOSPITALS

Audit Officer Assistant Audit Senior Auditor

Officer/Section Auditor
Officers
* Review of Cash Book and 1. Cash Book and 1. Expense Book Medical Stores
connected documents connected 2. Linking of voucher
documents
* Review of local purchases, 2. Hospital Admission 3. Expense book – Locally purchased
hospital stoppage rolls, Stock and discharge book stores.
taking reports, admission and 4. Ration & Packing Material returns
discharge book, expense
books of drugs and
medicines, etc. Stock ledgers/
registers, loss statement.
* Review of previous 3. Local purchases 5. ‘X’ Ray Medical Equipment Ledger.
Inspection Reports 6. Hospital Clothing ledgers
* Finalisation of special 4. Hospital Stoppage 7. ‘X’ Ray Expense Book.
enquiries rolls. 8. Medical & Surgical Equipment
ledgers.
* Drafting of Inspection 5. Stock taking reports 9. Register of ‘X’ Ray Examination
Reports. 10. Expense books ASC, AOC Stores
6. Loss Statements 11. Register of work done on payment.
12. Gift Equipment less (Red Cross
Stores)
7. Special Enquiries 13. Expense Book – Laboratory
14. Anti Malaria Expense Book
8. Review of work 15. Register of Chemical &
done by Auditors Bacteriological Examinations
16. Laboratory Medical and Instrument
Ledger.
9. Review of internal 17. Railway Claim Register.
Audit objection 18. M.T.Accounts & P.O. Accounts
statement.
10. Disposal of 19. Railway Warrants & Credit Notes.
previous 20. Loan Ledger
Inspection Reports
21. Family Planning Ledgers.

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 22. Q.M. Stores Ledgers registers.
23. Service Books
24. Diet Sheets, Ward requisitions for
diet and extras.

ASC (SUPPLY DEPOTS)

Audit Officer Assistant Audit Senior Auditor

Officer/Section Officers Auditor
* Review of Cash Book & 1. Cash Book and 1. Payment issue Accounts.
connected documents connected documents 2. Linking of vouchers
* Review of Depot 2. Depot Contingent 3. Store of Officers Payment ledger.
contingent returns, Register 4. Verifications of castings, opening
Stock Verification and closing balances
reports, Loss statements,
inter-services
transactions, local
purchases, stock ledgers
* Review of contracts 3. Stock verification 5. Railway claims
Reports, Discrepancy 6. Ration Returns.
Reports
* Finalisation of special 4. Loss statements 7. Fresh Fruits Group Ledgers
enquiries 8. Unit Equipment Ledger and Clothing
Ledgers.
* Review of previous 5. Inter services issue 9. Loan ledger
inspection Reports transactions 10. E.T.G. Ledger
* Drafting of Inspection 6. Contractors. 11. Basic Group Ledger
reports 12. M.T. & P.O.L. Accounts
7. Local purchases 13. Necessary Group Ledger
14. Expendable stores ledgers
8. Special enquiries 15. Hospital Group Ledger
16. Grain Group ledger
9. Disposal of previous 17. Railway Warrants & Credit Notes.
Inspection reports. 18. Fodder Group Ledger
10. Review of internal 19. Check rolls
Audit objections 20. Fuel Group Ledger
11. Review of Work 21. Surplus, obsolete and waste stores.
done by Auditors. 22. Butchery Group Ledger.
23. Labour distribution Register
24. Salvage and P.M. Ledgers.
25. Inspection Register
26. Hygiene Chemicals Group Ledger
27. Service Books
28. Conservancy stores.

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 MILITARY FARMS

Audit Officer Assistant Audit Senior Auditor

Officer/Section Officers Auditor
1. Review of Cash Book & 1. Cash book & connected 1. Inventory of Lands & bldgs.
connected documents documents. 2. Linking of Vouchers
2. Review of Journal, Rate 2. Coupon Register 3. Inventory of Plants &
list of stores, local Machinery.
purchases, wages Books, 4. Sample Ledger
Dairy Stock Sheets,
Coupon sales, Stores
accounts, Fine Register,
issue orders Book, U.P.I.
Books, Weigh Books,
Stack & Silo Register,
Land and cultivation
Register, Team Registers,
Register of Attendance or
Work done, Ration and
forage returns, Stock taking
reports, Register of losses.
3. Finalisation of Special 3. Register of Security 5. Sales ledger/ Credit Saka
enquiries Deposit Register/ Invoice Book
6. Register of Book
4. Review of previous 4. Contingent bills. 7. Wages Books
Inspection Report 8. Office U.P.I.
5. Drafting of Inspection 5. Demand/ Advance Register 9. Railway Warrant Ledger
Reports 10. Register of Electricity &
Water
6. Review of Annual 6. Loss Statement Registers. 11. Revenue Ledger
Accounts 12. Ammunition Ledger
7. Stock Verification Reports. 13. Rent Assessment Ledger
14. U.P.I. M.T., Workshop &
Plant & Machinery
8. Contractors 15. Service Books
16. M.T. Accounts
9. Local purchases 17. Journal
Cultivation Section
18. Tractor Log Book, Engine Log
Book
10. Rate list of stores. 19. Admn. Classified ledger.
20. Maniure Register
11. Dairy Stock Sheets Cultivation Section
21. Land & Cultivation Register.
22. Seed Register
12. Fine Register 23. Team Register

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 24. U.P.I Cultivation
13. Register of Attendance or 25. Weigh Book for Green fodder
work done. 26. Ration & Fodder Statement for
bullocks
14. Review of work done by 27. Issue Register Green fodder
the Auditors 28. Lease Land Register
15. Disposal of previous 29. Expenditure Register.
Inspection Reports 30. Register of
16. Review of internal Audit 31. Classified Ledger.
objection statements Store Section
32. I.D.B./O.D.B.
17. Special enquiries Fodder & Stock Yard Section
33. Classified Ledger
34. Stock Ledger
18. P.C.E. Audit 35. U.P.I. Stock Yard
36. Veterinary Ledger
19. Annual Accounts – 37. Weigh Books
Balance sheet, Details of 38. U.P.I. Stores
fixed assets, Depreciation
fund Accounts, Profit &
Loss Account, Capital
Account, R.R. Fund
Account.
39. Expenditure Register
40. Register of Work Machinery
41. Fodder Stores Return
42. U.P.I. Stores
43. Stack and Silo Register.
44. Engine Log Book
Cattle Yard Section
45. Classified ledger
46. R/17
47. Milk Record Book
48. Weight Book Dry
49. D.H.S. Buffs.
50. Expenditure Register
51. Ration & Fodder Statements
52. Inventory & Live Stock
53. R/17.
54. L.S.R. Buffs
55. Expenditure Ledger
56. U.P.I. Cattle Yard
57. Annual Accounts

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 OTHER FORMATIONS / OFFICES

Audit Officer Assistant Audit Senior Auditor

Officer/Section Officers Auditor
* Review of Cash Book and 1. Cash books and 1. Pay & Mess Books
connected documents connected documents. 2. Linking of vouchers
* General review of loss 2. Register of Losses and 3. Railway Warrants & credit notes.
statements, Stock verify- Loss Statements. 4. Unit Equipment Ledgers.
cation/ discrepancy reports,
local purchases, contracts,
condemnation board
Proceedings, Ration
returns, M.T. a/c, Ledgers
& registers, Service Books,
etc.
* Finalisation of special 3. Stock Verification 5. Ration and forage Returns
Enquiries. Reports 6. M.T. Accounts
* Review of previous 4. Local purchases 7. Service Books
Inspection Reports 8. Clothing Accounts/ Ledgers
* Drafting of Inspection 5. Contractors. 9. Expendable Stores Ledgers
Reports 10. Amenity Stores Ledgers
6. Condemnation Board 11. Compulsory Deposit Scheme and
Proceedings. connected documents
12. Educational Training Grant
Ledgers.
7. Road moves sanction 13. Deserter Register
Register 14. Register of used & waste oil
8. Review of work done 15. Land Register and Accounts
by Auditors 16. Register of Animals
9. Disposal of previous 17. Stores for officers – Cash Payment
Inspection Reports. issue.
18. Register off Stores for conservancy
purposes.
10. Review of Internal 19. Repair Books
Audit objection 20. Medical/ Vety. Stores Ledger
statements.
11. Special Enquiries 21. Telephone &Trunk Call Register
22. Ordnance Stores Ledgers
23. Station Stores Ledgers
24. Salvage Stores Ledgers
25. Fuel for lighting, warming and
drying purposes Register.

Note: Review includes both check of work done by others as well as original test check as per scale. In
this connection para 96 regarding ‘Review’ may also be referred.

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 CHAPTER - 5
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND AUDIT METHODOLOGY

General
83. SAI India performs its audit functions in harmony with the Auditing
Standards promulgated by it, which are consistent with the INTOSAI Auditing
Standards. SAI India Auditing Standards 4.9 in Chapter 1 (corresponding INTOSAI
Auditing Standards 1.0.38) defines the scope of audit as under:
“The term ‘Audit’ includes financial audit, regularity audit and performance
audit”. It further adds that in pursuance of the constitutional responsibility, the SAI is
empowered to decide the nature, scope, extent, and quantum of audit to be conducted
by him or on his behalf (refer Sections 23 and 24 of CAG (DPC) Act, 1971).
84. According to INTOSAI Auditing Standards 1.0.39 Regularity audit
embraces:
a) attestation of financial accountability of accountable entities, involving
examination and evaluation of financial records and expression of
opinions on financial statements;
b) attestation of financial accountability of the government administration as
a whole;
c) audit of financial systems and transactions including an evaluation of
compliance with applicable statutes and regulations;
d) audit of internal control and internal audit functions;
e) audit of the probity and propriety of administrative decisions taken within
the audited entity; and
f) reporting of any other matters arising from or relating to the audit that the
SAI considers should be disclosed.
85. Further INTOSAI Auditing Standards 1.0.40 defines the Performance
audit as under:
“Performance audit is concerned with the audit of economy, efficiency and
effectiveness and embraces:
(a) audit of the economy of administrative activities in accordance with sound
administrative principles and practices, and management policies;
(b) audit of the efficiency of utilisation of human, financial and other resources,
including examination of information systems, performance measures and
monitoring arrangements, and procedures followed by audited entities for
remedying identified deficiencies; and
(c) audit of the effectiveness of performance in relation to the achievement of
the objectives of the audited entity, and audit of the actual impact of
activities compared with the intended impact.”
In other words, Performance auditing is an independent assessment or
examination of the extent to which an entity, programme or organisation operates
efficiently and effectively, with due regard to economy.
86. In practice, there can be an overlap between regularity and performance
auditing, and in such cases, classification of a particular audit will depend on the

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 primary purpose of that audit. Regularity audit embraces attestation of financial
accountability involving expression of opinion on financial statements, audit of
financial systems and transactions, including an evaluation of compliance with
applicable statutes and regulations, audit of internal control and internal audit
functions and audit of probity and propriety of administrative decisions taken within
the audited entity.
There are different ideas where the basis of performance auditing is
concerned. Performance auditing promotes public accountability and is an aid to
good governance. It also encompasses the concept of traditional regularity audit
consisting of financial, compliance and propriety audits. Compliance audits deal with
adherence to rules and laws. Propriety refers to the concept of the best practice in
management of public sector programmes/activities - public funds should not be
misused by the managers for personal benefit and expenditure on programmes should
not exceed what the occasion demands. Performance auditors should utilise these
techniques in the course of their audit, wherever applicable.

Comparison of Financial Audit and Performance Audit:

The auditor should be clear that the objectives, scope, nature of evidence and
reporting in performance audits are different from those in the financial audits. Some
of the major distinguishing features of regularity audits and performance audits are as
under:

Features Regularity Audit Performance Audit

Scope • Generally covers a financial • Covers the subject/programme over

period (annual, biennial, etc.); a period of time;
• Coverage is for the whole of the • Coverage is selective; and
entity for the period; and • Focused only on a part of the entity’s
• Time bound- audit to be activities/programme.
completed by a stipulated time.
Objectives • Attestation (opinion on) of • Audit of economy, efficiency and
financial accountability; effectiveness;
• Existence and control for • Assessment of compliance to
safeguarding of assets; applicable laws and regulations
• Evaluation of financial records; required in the context of audit
• Audit of financial systems; objectives;
• Audit of internal control for • Audit of internal controls that
safeguarding assets and ensures economy, efficiency and
completeness and accuracy of effectiveness, ensuring adherence to
accounts; management policies and timely and
• Audit of propriety of reliable financial and management
administrative decisions; information;
• Limited to financial matters; and • Extends to non-financial /
• Test for assuring compliance to governance subjects also; and
laws, regulations and rules. • Conclusions related to audit
objectives.

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Features Regularity Audit Performance Audit

Evidence • Financial statements per se, • Variety of forms of evidence;

accounting documents, etc.; • Quite often qualitative in nature;
• Transaction documents; • Persuasive rather than conclusive;
• Conclusive nature of evidence; • Evidence related to pre-determined
• Materiality by amount; and audit objectives; and
• Budgetary assumptions and • Materiality guided more by the
appropriation authorisations, etc. nature or by context rather than
amount alone, etc.
Academic Generally accounting knowledge. Always knowledge-based: of laws,
base social sciences, economics,
development studies, public affairs,
science, and technology, etc.
Approach More or less standardised: manual Varies widely from subject to subject;
and generally forms the entire basis. Manual generally serves as basis
methodology framework.
Assessment Standardised (suitable to all audits) Widely varying and subjective with
criteria with little scope for subjectivity. ample scope for interpretations;
assessment criteria support the audit
objectives, which are unique to the
subject of performance audit.
Report • Opinion on the financial • Report / conclusions on economy
statements; and efficiency with which the
• Generally opinion on financial resources are acquired and used and
statements in standardised format; the effectiveness with which the
• Opinion on compliance to laws, objectives are met;
regulations and rules; • Generally separate publications on
• Related to specific financial each subject of performance audits.
periods- there is a periodicity of • Wide-ranging in nature, open to
reporting; and interpretations and subjective
• Specific requirement and judgement.
expectations.
Overlap • Financial audits do not generally • There can be overlap in the sense
include the elements of that the performance audit may
performance audits. encompass techniques /
methodologies applied to financial
audit.

AUDIT PLANNING
Introduction
87. Adequate planning of the audit helps in ensuring that all significant
entities and programmes, which are vulnerable to risks, are covered, available
resources are optimally utilized for conducting the audits and the work is completed
expeditiously. Operational planning of the individual audits is the most critical

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process for securing a high standard of audit. A good audit planning will ensure a
focused field work by the audit team and also facilitate monitoring and review of the
progress of audit by senior audit functionaries.
While the primary objective of regularity (financial) audit is an expression of
an opinion on the financial statements involving examination of and evaluation of
financial records, regularity (compliance) audit or transaction audit is primarily
concerned with compliance with laws and regulations and with the probity and
propriety of administrative decisions taken within the audited entity. In performance
auditing, on the other hand, objectives are usually expressed in terms of questions
about performance i.e. achievement of economy, efficiency and effectiveness of an
entity/programme/activity under audit.

INTOSAI Auditing Standards

The field standards for planning enshrined in the INTOSAI Auditing
Standards (INTOSAI Auditing Standards, p.51 & 52) state:
“The Auditor should plan the audit in a manner which ensures that an audit of
high quality is carried out in an economic, efficient and effective way and in a timely
manner”.
In planning an audit, the auditor should:
• Identify important aspects of the environment in which the audited entity
operates;
• Develop an understanding of the accountability relationships;
• Consider the form, content and users of audit opinions, conclusions or reports;
• Specify the audit objectives and the tests necessary to meet them;
• Identify key management systems and controls and carry out a preliminary
assessment to identify both their strengths and weaknesses;
• Determine the materiality of matters;
• Review the internal audit of the auditee and its work programme;
• Assess the extent of reliance that might be placed on other auditors i.e. internal
auditors;
• Determine the most efficient and effective audit approach; and
• Provide for appropriate documentation of the audit plan and for the proposed
fieldwork. SAI may revise the plan during the audit when necessary”.

Audit Objectives, Scope and Methodology

In planning the audit, the most important process is defining the audit
objectives. The objectives are what the audit is intended to accomplish. The scope of
the audit is linked to the audit objectives and the SAI should design the methodology
in such a fashion as to provide sufficient, competent and relevant evidence to achieve
the objectives of the audit

Planning for Annual Financial Audit

The following steps are important in planning for financial audit:

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 • The auditor needs to be familiarized with law, form of accounts, scope of
audit, authority etc.
• The auditor should examine the latest accounts and estimates or budget and
consider their effect on audit.
• The auditor should review matters for attention from previous year’s audit &
consider the accounting & auditing problems likely to occur.
• Decisions on materiality, risk assessment (see Appendix-VI), level of
assurance required, sampling methods (see Appendix-V), scope of analytical
review & audit approach (Systems Based Approach or Direct Substantive
Testing) (see Appendix-IV) have to be taken.
• Any significant event or changes within the auditee or governing framework
occurred since previous year e.g. new account codes, new heads of account,
computerization, new legislation etc. which is likely to affect audit have to
kept in view.
• The auditor has to keep in mind the objective of gathering reasonable &
relevant evidence to support his opinion & conclusions.
• The auditor should have sufficient understanding of internal control to plan the
audit. (see Appendix-VII)
• The auditor should consider the possible reliance to be placed upon internal
audit & in that case how the work is to be supervised.
• The audits should be designed to provide assurance of detecting fraud,
material misstatements resulting from material illegal acts. (see Appendix-
VIII and IX)
• The auditor’s responsibility to consider fraud and error, susceptibility of entity
to material misstatements in the financial statements resulting from fraud,
error and the planned responses to identified risks should be discussed at the
team planning meeting.

Preparation of Annual Audit plan

The audit team should determine the appropriate materiality level, carry out
risk assessment, determine the most appropriate audit approach and prepare the
necessary planning document for the financial audit.
Electronic database of audited entity profiles
Data base and knowledge repositories on audit and audited entity are the
foundation of audit planning as this helps in assessing risk and materiality. Well-built
database and portfolio files on audited entities and all audit related information
provide proper direction and thrust to audit. SAI may ensure that the building up an
electronic database and knowledge repositories is made a special component of the
annual audit plan. The electronic database on auditee profile may contain:
• Budget profile of the auditee - growth in budget during the last five years;
• Expenditure and revenue or income profile;
• Employee profile of the audited entity;
• Profiles of projects/schemes/programmes and major objectives of the auditee;
• Profile on major contracts finalized during the last five years;

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 • Industry-specific profiles (where SAI is auditing state owned enterprises)-
organisation set-up, capital structure, main operations, financial and economic
objectives of the entity, pricing policy, marketing of the product, import of key
raw materials, international situation, pricing in the international market;
• Relevant portions of the Audit Act(s) and the Acts or legislative provisions
governing the entity, relevant excerpts from the audit manuals and policy
instructions;
• All important minutes and decisions of the entity top management;
• Latest international best practices on auditing and accounting;
• Guidance notes issued by the relevant professional bodies on
accounting/auditing matters;
• Previous audit plans;
• Results of past Audit;
• Information on follow-up action on all previous audit reports
• Cases on fraud and embezzlement with financial implications;
• Past risk indicators for financial and performance audit - absence of internal
audit, non-reconciliation, control failures; and
• Any other important information
Some of the information can be culled from internet, newspapers, magazines,
past audit files and by issuing questionnaires to the audited units, etc. Other possible
sources are: press releases about the entity or the project/scheme, key economic
indicators, industry journals, discussions with management and specialists, etc. The
database may be revised at regular intervals. A dedicated unit would be normally
required for this function.
Investigative Audit
Investigative audit focuses on risks to securing financial objectives.
Investigative audit is a security net to address those risks. Investigative audit tends to
concentrate on the standards of financial management, implementation of internal
control regimes and electronic service delivery. Investigative audit is a valuable part
of the audit toolkit, because it focuses on the risks that threaten achievement, and
whether those risks have matured.
Investigative audit that focuses on the risks of fraud and corruption may also
be referred to as forensic audit. Such audits examine how systems can be reinforced
for fraud prevention and detection. Forensic audit is appropriate where there is a risk
of fraudulent claims for expenditure, fraudulent provision of services to an
organisation or fraud and evasion of revenue payments. SAI may need to develop
necessary policy guidelines, including an appropriate risk assessment model, for
forensic audit.
Quality Assurance in planning the audit
The quality assurance of the planning of the individual audit can be achieved
through:
• Compliance to the standards, guidelines and instructions;
• Comprehensive data and information and knowledge of the subject/topic of
audit, the legal framework of audit etc.

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 • Guidelines, policies and procedures which focus on transparent assessment of
skill, knowledge and competence of audit staff and matching the skill and
knowledge required for audit;
• Review of the planning by top SAI management; and
• Independent review of the entire planning process of regularity (financial and
compliance) and performance audits.
While conducting audit quality assurance review of the planning process, it
should be seen whether the planning process was:
i. based on sound judgments;
ii. comprehensive;
iii. performed and reviewed by suitably experienced staff;
iv. timely; and
v. appropriately documented.

STAFFING FOR THE AUDIT

88. Audit work can only be done effectively when audit personnel are
competent and dedicated to their assigned tasks. A successful audit engagement
largely depends on the professionalism of the people tasked to perform the job. This
requirement has put serious attention to the process of staffing the audit functions.
Every audit engagement is a coordinated effort by a group of auditors working
together to produce the desired results.
The knowledge, abilities, and skills of auditors are significant elements in the
completion of efficient and relevant audit assignments. Equally important is the
proper development and training of the audit workforce to enable them to maximize
their talents and potentials. The audit teams should have collective knowledge of their
subject matter and auditing proficiency necessary to fulfill the requirements of the
audit.
INTOSAI Auditing Standards (INTOSAI Auditing Standards, p.37 & 38) state:
“The SAI should adopt policies and procedures to support the skills and
experience available within the SAI and identify those skills which are absent;
provide a good distribution of skills to auditing tasks and a sufficient number of
persons for the audit; and have proper planning and supervision to achieve its goals at
the required level of due care and concern.
Resources required to undertake each audit need to be assessed so that
suitably skilled staff may be assigned to the work and a control placed on staff
resources to be applied to the audit.
The extent to which academic attainments should be related specifically to
the audit task varies with the type of auditing undertaken. It is not necessary that each
auditor possesses competence in all aspects of the audit mandate. However, policies
and procedures governing the assignment of personnel to audit tasks should aim at
deploying personnel who have the auditing skills required by the nature of the audit
task so that the team involved on a particular audit collectively possesses the
necessary skills and expertise.”
Characteristics of audit team
Successful audit teams will have the following characteristics:

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 • the knowledge, skills, experience and expertise necessary to successfully
complete the audit;
• independence and objectivity
• a commitment to each other to support an environment where coaching,
information sharing, and ongoing communication are the responsibility of
every one; and
• a commitment to executing the audit plan in an efficient and effective manner.
The audit team should identify at an early stage in the planning process if
specialized or technical skills, required to complete the audits, are not available with
the audit team. The early identification will allow the necessary lead time to acquire
suitable staff from within the office or seek experts outside.
Skill & knowledge of audit personnel
In the context of both performance and financial audits, the audit team should
have:
• knowledge of performance audit concepts and techniques and the ability to
apply the knowledge; for financial audit, sound and up-to-date knowledge of
accounting, including the accounting standards and the accounting policies of
the organisations audited;
• knowledge of Information Technology (IT) and IT audit would also be
essential; auditors and the supervisors managing the audit should ensure that
they have a sufficient understanding of the IT related aspects of the audit work
performed, the results achieved and the conclusions reached. IT audit
specialists may be associated with the audit team depending on the complexity
of the entity’s IT systems and extent of knowledge of IT available with the
audit team. An Information Technology Specialist should be a member of the
audit teams for all entities with Enterprise Resource Planning or other
significant computer systems.
• experience and technical skills to effectively deal with the subject matter of
the audit;
• knowledge of the entity; and
• a sound knowledge of the functioning of the government, various programmes
and schemes launched by the government and an overall knowledge of the
government environment.
The audit team should have the benefit of drawing services of subject matter
experts and other knowledgeable groups or individuals available within the
organisation, where it may be necessary to obtain expert advice, particularly when the
audit team lacks the necessary specialized knowledge. If skills are not available
internally, SAI may take a decision to hire the services of an outside expert.
Procedures in assigning audit staff
Using the profiles of auditors and the schedule of audit engagement, the staff
should be identified based on the needed competence, knowledge and skills in the
audit work to be engaged in and the audit work assigned. The role of each member of
the audit should be clearly defined. The following factors should be taken into
consideration in making assignments of individuals:
• Staffing and timing requirements of the specific audit.

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 • Evaluations of the qualifications of personnel as to experience, position,
background, and special expertise.
• The planned supervision and involvement by supervisory personnel.
• Appropriate consideration to be given, in assigning personnel, to both
continuity and rotation to provide for efficient conduct of the audit and the
perspective of other personnel with different experience and backgrounds.
(Adapted from the Internal Standards on Auditing 220 Quality Control for
audit work, Appendix - VI. Assignment- paragraph-2)
Independence, Integrity and Due Care
Independence from the audited entity and other outside interest groups is
indispensable for auditors. Independence requires that the SAI and members of the
audit team be free of any hindrances to their independence that could impair their
impartiality in carrying out their work, making judgments, forming opinions and
conclusions or making recommendations. Auditors should strive not only to be
independent of audited entities and other interested groups, but also to be objective in
dealing with the issues and topics under review.
Auditors should not disclose information obtained in the auditing process to
third parties, either orally or in writing, except for the purpose of meeting the SAI’s
statutory or other identified responsibilities as part of the SAI’s normal procedures or
in accordance with relevant laws.
Integrity is the core value of a ‘Code of Ethics’. Auditors have a duty to
adhere to high standards of behavior (e.g. honesty and candidness) in the course of
their work and their relationships with the staff of the audited entities. An SAI should
develop and promulgate to its staff a Code of Professional Ethics that is applicable to
the institution and to its employees. This Code would help instill in the organisation a
culture of professional in audit work that is conducive to quality in the audit product.
Matters commonly discussed in an SAI Code of Ethics relate to Trust, Confidentiality,
Credibility; Integrity; Independence, Objectivity, Impartiality, Political Neutrality;
Conflicts of Interest; Professional Secrecy; Competence; and Professional
Development (reference INTOSAI Code of Ethics).
Due care requires the auditors to carry out their audit work diligently,
conscientiously and with proper rigour. It requires that the audit work be performed in
accordance with auditing standards and SAI policy instructions. Due care also
requires that those supervising and reviewing the audit work exercise similar
vigilance.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TOOLS

89. Information technology (IT) is being increasingly used within government
entities in planning, execution and monitoring of operations and is also now a key
component of government entities business strategic and core business processing
activities. IT is being increasingly used as an important audit tool for improving audit
quality.
The value of good IT systems is that they can be an efficient and effective
programme delivery mechanism, provide a range of additional services with greater
efficiency, security and control and at a cheaper cost than are available from manual
systems. However, there are an increasingly range of IT vulnerabilities and the IT
systems also have the potential to result in major systemic errors. As a consequence,

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the confidentiality, integrity, availability and reliability of computerized data and of
the systems that process, maintain and report these data are a major concern to audit.
IT auditors evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of IT controls in information
systems and related operations to ensure they are operating as intended.
The approach towards auditing in an IT environment should involve the
following inter-related processes:
• obtain an understanding of the entities’ IT systems and determine their
significance to the audit objective;
• identify the extent of IT systems auditing required to achieve the audit
objective (e.g. audit of systems development; audit of environment and
applications controls) and employ specialist IT auditors to undertake the task;
and
• develop and use appropriate Computer Assisted Audit Techniques and Tools
(CAATTs) to facilitate the audit.
Computer Assisted Audit Techniques and Tools (CAATTs)
Computer Assisted Audit Techniques and Tools are computer-based tools and
techniques which permit auditors to increase their productivity as well that of the
audit function in gathering audit evidence by exploiting the power and speed of
computer. CAATTs have the ability to improve the range and quality of audit.
CAATTs can be used for both sampling of system transaction data and for testing the
system as a whole. CAATTs tools can be developed to:
• access and extract information from auditee databases;
• total, summarise, sort, compare and select from large volumes of data in
accordance with specified criteria;
• tabulate, check and perform calculations on the data;
• perform sampling, statistical processing and analysis;
• provide reports designed to meet particular audit needs; and
• facilitate audit planning and control e.g. electronic audit working papers that
support effective indexing, review and reporting.
Types of CAATTs
CAATTs can be split into two discreet areas of operation namely to validate
programmes/systems and to analyse data files. CAATTs used to analyse data files are
primarily used on data files. Of course, results of data analysis can indirectly help the
auditor to reach conclusions regarding the quality of programmes.

CAATTs used to analyse data files:

File interrogation software involves various tests performed on a data file by
using Structured Query Language (SQL) statements, writing programmes specific to
the system being audited or by using generalized audit software. With resource
constraints, it may not often be feasible to develop specific programmes for every
system that will extract, manipulate and report data required for audit purposes. For
this reason, generalized audit software has been developed that is capable of handling
a wide variety of different systems. The generalized audit software is a powerful tool
that can add tremendously to the auditor’s efficiency with minimum IT-skill

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requirement. In addition, specialized audit software packages are available that are
oriented towards a specific industry in which an auditor works.
Information Technology has opened up new opportunities for standardizing
and upgrading audit procedures. Appendix-‘VII’ contains some of the more
important considerations to be kept in view while auditing in IT environment.

OTHER TOOLS AND GUIDANCE

90. All important guidance, tools and other specialized material relating to
both financial and performance audits may be made available through the office
Intranet site, which should be updated at regular intervals.
SAI may have a ‘Knowledge Management Group’ to help implement
knowledge-based initiatives, with the objective to make progress in the following
areas:
• Knowledge about how to do the work, including continued support of
methodology, audit tools and techniques;
• Knowledge about the SAI, including an organizational database, and expanded
knowledge of the organisation delivered through the intranet; and
• Knowledge about current developments in the areas of auditing.
Good Practice Guides
To ensure uniformity and consistently high quality, SAI may develop
elaborate good practice guides for each discipline/branch of audit. The documented
global good practices on audit methodology, tools and techniques may be used as
benchmarks for improvements in audit quality.

CONDUCTING THE AUDIT

91. This section contains the practices and procedures to be followed by the
audit team in carrying out financial and performance audits. These are dealt with
separately. Broadly, the process of audit includes entry conference, determination of
the audit approach, developing and executing the audit test programme and finally
developing audit opinions, findings and recommendations.
Annual Audit Execution - Financial Audit
SAI should have in place appropriate audit methodology, procedures and
policies to guide practical operations of audit which should result in efficient audit
approaches that produce sufficient, appropriate audit evidence at the appropriate time.
This would enable the SAI to meet its reporting responsibilities. SAI should have a
system where the significant matters are communicated through out the audit process
between audit teams and management of the audit entities.
Financial audit approach (Adapted from ‘Audit-21’ - Financial Audit Methodology
followed in NAO, UK)
The Key stages are:
• Understanding the entity its main activities, the accounting and the
management information system, including the accounting and internal
controls systems, information systems and application controls. It also

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 includes understanding the external environment and the framework of
authorities.
• Determining materiality and assessing material risk areas -ensures that
audit is concentrated on the important issues.
• Review of the Control Framework-focus on key risk areas which
management’s controls do not cover effectively.
• Perform audit procedures to maximize audit efficiency and effectiveness-
tests of control supplemented by analytical procedures and other substantive
testing procedures. The extent of substantive testing depends upon the
completeness and effectiveness of the system of internal controls.
• Evaluate results and form an audit opinion on the financial statements -to
combine results from all audit procedures on controls, analytical procedures
and other substantive procedures to form an overall conclusion about the
likely presence of material error. This involves qualitative and quantitative
assessments.
• Reporting
Risk-based approach in financial auditing
The starting point is SAI’s assessment of risk for the entity as a whole and for
individual account areas. Where risks of material misstatement have been identified,
the audit managers should look to test controls that have been identified as mitigating
the risks.
Where no risks of material misstatement have been identified, the audit team
should still look to test controls relevant to the account area to provide the majority of
audit assurance.
Beyond controls testing, the balance of reassurance will come from
substantive procedures, including analytical procedures.
Substantive assurance may be required at three different levels:
• Focused Substantive procedures are substantive procedures that the audit team
should perform if a risk has been identified that could lead to potential
material misstatement and where the audit cannot rely on mitigating controls
to address the risk.
• Standard Substantive Procedures is the level of substantive procedures the
audit team should perform if risks have not been identified that could lead to
material misstatement and where the audit does not plan to rely on controls.
• Minimum Substantive Procedures is the level of substantive procedure the
audit team should perform if it planned to take assurance from mitigating
controls (where there are risks of material misstatement) or from other
controls (where there are not risks of material misstatement).
SAI’s quality management process for financial audit should encompass the
following: (Adapted from ‘Audit-21’- Financial Audit Methodology, NAO, UK)
• More team based approach to audit, with greater involvement of all the team
members to determine and assess risks and responses, rather than the
conventional hierarchical approach; the audit approach should be more
leadership oriented than departmentally driven.

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 • As part of the audit process, the need to ensure that the SAI meets the
increasing pace of change of technology-the use of IT and latest and
appropriate audit support software.
• The emphasis on improving the service the SAI provides to the audited entity
and greater assurance to the legislature.
• The holistic focus on the entire organization, rather than merely on the
financial statements.
• The shift from a procedure-driven audit approach to process-oriented
approach.

CONSULTATION AND ADVICE

INTOSAI Standards (INTOSAI Auditing Standards, P.38 & 48) state:
92. It should be open to the SAI to acquire specialized skills from external
sources if the successful carrying out of an audit so requires in order that the audit
findings, conclusions and recommendations are perceptive and soundly based and
reflect an adequate understanding of the subject area of the audit. It is for the SAI to
judge, in its particular circumstances, to what extent its requirements are best met by
in-house expertise as against employment of outside experts.
If the SAI employs external experts as consultants it must exercise due care to
assure itself of the consultants’ competence and aptitude for the particular tasks
involved. This standard applies also where outside auditors are engaged on contract
with the SAI. In addition care must be taken to ensure that audit contracts include
adequate provision for the SAI to determine the planning, the audit scope, the
performing, and the reporting on the audit.
Should the SAI, in the performance of its functions, need to seek advice from
specialists external to the SAI, the standards for exercise of due care in such
arrangements have a bearing also on the maintenance of quality of performance.
Obtaining advice from an external expert does not relieve the SAI of responsibility for
the opinions formed or conclusions reached on the audit task.

Consultation and advice through out the audit

An important element of every audit, be it performance or financial, is the
informal and formal consultation that takes place within the audit teams and between
audit teams and office specialists. When dealing with complex, unusual or unfamiliar
issues, audit teams are expected to refer to authoritative literature and/or seek the
assistance of in-house experts and/or individuals or groups from outside the office
with appropriate competence, judgment and authority. SAI may maintain a reference
library for all technical literature for the audit teams to consult. Performance audits
are often complex exercises requiring a wide range of skills, expertise and experience
to be completed cost-effectively. These audits also require considerable judgment at
all stages of the audit. The requirement to have an Audit Forum, Quality Reviewer
and the support of specialists and subject matter experts ensures that appropriate
advice and assistance are available to the audit teams.
SAI should ensure that the staff with appropriate skills is selected for each
audit. It is up to the SAI management to judge to what extent the SAI’s requirements
would be fulfilled by in-house expertise or employment of outside experts. An audit

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organisation may need to rely on specialists and experts to help ensure that it has the
requisite knowledge, skills and experience for tasks required for an audit engagement.
Experts and specialists may have expertise in subjects such as law, statistics,
economics, accounting, budgeting issues, social and other sciences, engineering,
environmental studies, information technology, fraud investigation, specialized audit
methodologies, etc.
SAI should take the following steps before engaging the services of an outside
expert:
• document transparently the assessment of knowledge and skill required for
each audit;
• examine and document how the required skill can be fully met in-house,
without compromising the audit quality; and
• follow the due process and procedure in engaging the services of
experts/consultants.

EVIDENCE AND DOCUMENTATION

Audit Evidence
93. Audit evidence is information collected and used to support audit findings.
Audit conclusions and recommendations stand on the basis of such evidence.
Consequently, auditors must give careful thought to the nature and amount of
evidence they collect. The auditor should obtain sufficient and appropriate audit
evidence to be able to draw reasonable conclusions and audit opinion.
INTOSAI Auditing Standards (INTOSAI Auditing Standards, p.57) state:
‘Competent, relevant and reasonable evidence should be obtained to support
the auditor’s judgement and conclusions regarding the organisation, programme,
activity or function under audit.’
The standards further prescribe inter-alia that (i) data collection and sampling
techniques should be carefully chosen; (ii) the auditors should have a sound
understanding of techniques and procedures such as inspection, observation, enquiry
and confirmation, to collect audit evidence; and (iii) the evidence should be
competent, relevant and reasonable.

Quality of Audit Evidence

Competent
The evidence must be valid, reliable, accurate and complete. The reliability of
audit evidence is influenced by its source: internal or external, and by its nature:
visual, documentary or oral. While the reliability of audit evidence is dependent on
individual circumstances, the following generalizations will help in assessing the
reliability of audit evidence:
• audit evidence from external sources (for example, confirmation received from
third party) is more reliable than that generated internally;
• audit evidence generated internally is more reliable when the related
accounting and internal control systems are effective;
• audit evidence obtained directly by the auditor is more reliable than that
obtained from the entity;

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 • audit evidence in the form of documents and written representations is more
reliable than oral representations;
• oral evidence, which is corroborated in writing, is more reliable than oral
evidence alone;
• photocopies being less reliable evidence than the originals, the source of
photocopies should be obtained by noting the source and as far as possible, the
photocopies should be certified; and
• evidence, which is accepted by the entity, is always reliable.
Relevant
The evidence must have a logical, sensible and important relationship to the
issue being addressed.
Sufficiency and appropriateness are interrelated and apply to audit evidence
obtained from both tests of control and substantive procedures. Sufficiency is the
measure of quantity of audit evidence while appropriateness is the measure of quality
of audit evidence and its relevance to assertion and its reliability.
In forming the audit opinion, the auditor does not ordinarily examine all of the
information available because conclusions can be reached about an account balance,
class of transactions or control by way of using judgmental or statistical sampling
procedures.
The auditor’s judgment as to what is sufficient and appropriate audit evidence
is influenced by such factors as the:
• Auditor’s assessment of the nature and level of inherent risk at both the
financial statement level and the account balance or class of transaction level.
• Nature of the accounting and internal control systems and the assessment of
control risk.
• Materiality of the item being examined.
• Experience gained during previous audits.
• Results of audit procedures, including fraud or error which may have been
found.
• Source and reliability of information available.

Types of Audit Evidence

Physical Evidence
Physical evidence is obtained by observing: photographs, charts, maps, graphs
or other pictorial representations, etc. are some examples. Physical evidence involves
direct inspection or observation of people, property or events like observing inventory
management of stores and stock, counting cash, etc to verify the existing of a tangible
asset. It is desirable to corroborate the physical evidence by getting the acceptance of
such evidence by the entity.
Testimonial Evidence
Testimonial evidence describes the receipt of a written or oral response
obtained from witnesses through interview and questionnaires, from an independent
third party verifying the accuracy of information that was requested by the auditor.
Since the testimonial evidence comes from independent sources, it is highly regarded
and is often used.

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Documentary Evidence
Documentation is the most common form of evidence. Documentary evidence
is the auditor’s examination of letters, subject files, contracts, invoices, internal
memorandums of the entity, budgets, policy statements and legislations, management
reports and reviews, published programme performance data, internal audit reports,
accounting records and data gathered during audit. Databases maintained by the
entity, independent surveys, evaluation, research, etc. by external sources and written
evidence collected in previous audits are important sources of audit evidence.

Analytical evidence
Analytical evidence is derived from other evidence through computations and
comparisons to determine whether account balances or other data appear reasonable.
Analytical procedures involve a comparison of the value of an actual with the
expected values. The objective of this comparison is to identify and investigate the
reason for any unusual or unexpected relationship between the actual and expected
values.
Evidence may also be gathered by:
• Computer assisted audit techniques & Tools (CAATTs): Electronic evidence
includes all information which is kept in the soft copy, programs and
application. Auditors usually extract the evidence using appropriate audit
software.
• Reperformance of accounting routines: Reperformance involves checking a
sample of the computations and transfers of information made by the client
during the period under audit. Rechecking of computations consists of testing
the client’s arithmetical accuracy.
Compliance and Substantive Evidence
Evidence is sometimes classified into compliance evidence and substantive
evidence. Compliance evidence deals with the reliability of internal controls whereas
substantive evidence deals with the reliability of the financial statements.
The effectiveness of an audited entity’s internal controls is a critical factor at a
time when the auditor decides whether to follow an approach of compliance testing of
the internal controls or to rely on ‘Direct Substantive Testing’ (DST). In case the
auditor considers that the controls can be relied upon to some degree and that
compliance testing should be followed, the auditor may confirm his assessment of the
control risk through testing the operation of the controls in practice. If compliance
testing is adopted, the quantum of substantive evidence required will be reduced.
Compliance testing may not be enough to support the auditor’s opinion. In that
case, substantive testing has to be resorted to. If the audit approach is direct
substantive testing, the opinion should be based solely on substantive tests of
transactions and records.
Evidence analysis
Evidence gathered in the context of audit objectives should be analysed and
tested against the audit criteria transparently to arrive at audit observations,
conclusions and recommendations. Sound evidence analysis consists, among others,
of the following important characteristics:

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 • it should be logical and self-sustaining;
• the conclusions and interpretations should be convincing; and
• it should support the audit observations.
Sampling techniques
In most performance and financial audits, it may not be possible to examine all
units or all data, documents and records. It will, therefore, be necessary that a
representative sample be selected. The sampling techniques to be applied will depend
upon the nature of data and audit objectives. The central issue in selection of the
sample should be that:
• the sample selected is representative of the entire population and that audit
findings on the sample apply to the entire population within the defined
confidence limits;
• the sample is unbiased and each element of the population has an equal chance
of appearing in the sample within the scope of the sampling method selected;
and
• the sample size is sufficient to extrapolate the result of audit test to the entire
population within the confidence levels.
Audit managers may carry out the sampling themselves, including the
statistical sampling or the SAI may employ statistical adviser to assist the audit teams
with the selection of the sample. The sampling technique and sample selected may be
shared with the entity. However, prior selection of the sample and sharing of the
information with the entity impose no restriction on the audit team to limit the audit
tests to the sample size only. Statistical sampling and other evidence gathering
techniques are explained in more detail in Appendix-‘V’. Other evidence gathering
techniques (Adapted from the Peer Review Report on OAG Canada’s VFM practices,
2004) are explained in brief:
• Survey: A survey is a technique for gathering specific information from a
group of people or an organization. In this technique, a questionnaire is
administered to a group of people representative of the larger population. The
responses to the questionnaire are analysed and projected to the whole
population.
• Performance Benchmarking: It uses a range of measures and indicators to
compare the performance of organisations. Indicators typically cover resource
utilisation, unit costs, efficiency and where possible, quality of service.
• High level comparisons of an organisation with some other body having
similar functions, activities or programmes. Comparisons are made which
cover organizational structures, operational policies, and how each to
organisation tackles a specific problem. The emphasis in this approach is on
learning from others’ experience and ideas and putting findings in context.
• Focus groups: A focus group is a qualitative research technique. It is a
selection of some individuals brought together to discuss specific issues in an
informal setting. Selected participants are related to the issue in a certain way.
The reactions of the group are used to explore attitudes, beliefs, perceptions,
and problems or to search for causes of problems and their solution. A
facilitator is used to direct the group discussion and to focus attention on the
specific aims of the session - this might involve developing practical
recommendations.

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 • Interviews: An interview is a question-answer session to elicit specific
information. ·
• Case studies: Case study is the examination of a selection of incidents, events,
transactions or items in order to understand or examine a programme or
activity. It is an in-depth study of individual cases to explore the audit issues.
Case studies can also be used to highlight good practices.
Quality assurance in evidence gathering
Quality assurance of evidence is ensured through the following:
• Evidence gathering linked to audit criteria and audit objectives;
• Compliance to the Auditing Standards particularly with reference to the
quality of competence, relevance and reasonableness of evidence and to the
performance and financial audit guidelines documenting the procedure of
evidence gathering;
• transparent sample selection with the help of appropriate sampling technique;
and
• supervision, peer review and internal audit and inspection.
Documentation
94. The auditor should document matters which are important in providing
evidence to support the audit conclusions and findings and to confirm that the audit
was carried out in accordance with relevant SAI standards, which should be aligned to
INTOSAI standards. The documentation may be in the form of data stored on paper,
film, electronic and other media and provides the link between the audit work and its
resultant outputs. The documentation should cover the basis and extent of audit
planning, audit methodology, procedures and policies, research design, the audit
performance, and the audit results and findings. Proper documentation of evidence is
also one of the important measures of quality assurance.

The INTOSAI Auditing Standards (INTOSAI Auditing Standards p. 57 & 58.) state:
‘Auditors should adequately document the audit evidence in working papers,
including the basis and extent of the planning, work performed and the findings of the
audit.
Adequate documentation is important for several reasons. It will confirm and
support the auditor’s opinion and report;
• increase the efficiency and effectiveness of audit;
• serve as a source of information for preparing reports or answering any
enquiries from the audited entity or from any other party;
• serve as evidence of the auditor’s compliance with Auditing Standards;
• facilitate planning and supervision;
• help the auditor’s professional development;
• help to ensure that the delegated work has been satisfactorily performed; and
• provide evidence of work done for future reference.’
The auditor should bear in mind that the content and arrangement of the
working papers reflect the degree of the auditor’s proficiency, experience and
knowledge. Working papers should be sufficiently complete and detailed to enable an

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experienced auditor having no previous connection with the audit subsequently to
ascertain from them what work was performed to support the conclusions.
Usefulness of good documentation
Good working papers can contribute to the effectiveness of various
administrative tasks required for the proper management of an audit assignment like
facilitating adequate planning, adequate control over the field work and review and
reporting to superiors. The content and arrangement of the working papers reflect the
degree of proficiency, experience and knowledge. Documentation is a vital aspect of
maintaining professionally acceptable standards of auditing for the following reasons:
• It provides an adequate and defensible basis for audit opinions expressed in
the reports;
• Good working papers provide a vital link between the audit examination
procedures and the audit report;
• Audit findings can be explained better to the legislative committees;
• It provides link between successive audits;
• It provides a basis for quality assurance reviews; and
• It facilitates the process of approval of the audit report within the SAI.
Characteristics of good quality working papers
All relevant documents and information collected and generated during an
audit constitute the working papers. They include the documents recording the audit
planning including the audit objectives, determination of criteria, field audit and
evidence gathering procedures and evidence analysis, the nature, timing and the
extent of audit procedures performed and the audit findings and conclusions. The
working papers should encompass the entire process of auditing right from planning
to execution and reporting and should serve as a connecting link among them. These
should, therefore, be sufficiently complete and detailed to provide a clear trail and
understanding of the audit. There is an important necessity of maintaining
confidentiality of the working papers and safe custody of the working papers. They
should be retained for a period sufficient to meet the professional, legislative and legal
requirements.
Some of the broad characteristics of working papers are:
Completeness and Working papers should be complete and accurate to provide
accuracy: support to audit conclusions and recommendations.
Working papers should be clear and concise. Any one using them
Clarity and
should be able to understand the entire audit process without
conciseness:
need for any supplementary examination.
Working papers should be easy to prepare. This may be
Ease of achieved by using agency-produced documents and reports, pre-
preparation: printed standard audit stationery and automatically generated
standard working paper formats.
Legibility and Working papers should be neat and legible.
neatness:
Working papers should be restricted to matters, which are
Relevance:
important, pertinent and useful for the purpose.

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 The working papers should contain cross-references to the audit
memoranda, discussion papers, audit observation, field audit
Ease of review:
report etc. to enable SAI audit management to link the working
papers to audit conclusions and recommendations.
The working papers may contain an easy to follow index with
Organisation and
proper narration for all volumes in an audit summary file and an
ease of reference:
index for each of the working paper files.
SAI management may use an electronic work paper package that simplifies
and enhances the effectiveness of audit documentation process.
Quality assurance of documentation/working papers is ensured through:
• compliance with Auditing Standards;
• compliance with the audit guidelines issued by SAI on performance and
financial audits;
• report approval process - verification of the evidence by SAI top management
with reference to the audit results; and
• peer review and technical inspection of the audit process and procedures, both
financial and performance.

SUPERVISION AND REVIEW

95. A sound system of supervision and review of audits, both financial and
performance, is essential for maintaining good quality of audit. Supervision involves
directing audit staff and monitoring their work to ensure that the audit objectives are
met. Supervision involves assigning responsibilities, providing sufficient guidance to
staff members, staying informed about significant problems encountered, reviewing
the work performed, overseeing individual development, and coaching, providing
periodic feedback & effective on-the-job training.
INTOSAI Auditing Standards (INTOSAI Auditing Standards, p. 53) state:
“The work of the audit staff at each level and audit phase should be properly
supervised during the audit and documented work should be reviewed by a senior
member of the audit staff.
Supervision is essential to ensure the fulfillment of audit objectives & the
maintenance of the quality of the audit work.
Supervision involves ensuring that:
• the members of the audit team have a clear and consistent understanding of the
audit plan
• the audit is carried out in accordance with the auditing standards and practices
of the SAI
• the audit plan and action steps specified in that plan are followed unless a
variation is authorised
• working papers contain evidence adequately supporting all conclusions,
recommendations and opinions
• the auditor achieves the stated audit objectives; and
• the audit report includes the audit conclusions, recommendations and
opinions, as appropriate”.

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 Supervisors should satisfy themselves that the staff members clearly
understand the work expected of them, the reasons for accomplishing the work and
time frame within which the work is to be accomplished. With experienced staff,
supervisors may decide the scope of the audit work and leave details to the staff.
Where the staff is less experienced, supervisors may have to specify audit procedures
to be performed as well as techniques for gathering and analyzing data.
Performance audit being more open to judgement and interpretation requires
close and careful supervision. Some of the more important responsibilities of the
supervisory officers in relation to performance audit are to ensure:
• that the work, including evidence collection and documentation, is executed in
accordance with the auditing standards and the audit plan more particularly, in
tune with the audit objectives;
• all significant deviations, where necessary, are made only with prior
authorisation of the senior audit management or under intimation to him/her;
• adherence to the best practices contained in the SAI’s performance audit
guidelines;
• the audit team is provided oral and written guidance in conduct of the audit;
• that confidentiality and integrity of information obtained from the entity,
persons and other sources are maintained; and
• that the factual basis of information, descriptions, analyses and
recommendations are accurate and they are fair, balanced and well founded,
that they are correctly communicated to the entity.
Supervision checklist
The SAI may prepare a standard and detailed checklist which can form a
framework for quality assurance review with a view to substantially enhancing the
quality of supervision.
Review
96. The INTOSAI Auditing Standards state:
All audit work should be reviewed by a senior member of the audit staff
before audit opinions or reports are finalized. It should be carried out as audit
progresses. Review brings more than one level of experience and judgment to the
audit task and should ensure that:
• All evaluations and conclusions are soundly based and are supported by
competent, relevant and reasonable audit evidence as the foundation for the
final audit opinion or report;
• All errors, deficiencies and unusual matters have been properly identified,
documented and either satisfactorily resolved or brought to the attention of a
more senior SAI officer(s); and
• Changes and improvements necessary to the conduct of future audits are
identified, recorded and taken into account in later audit plans and in staff
development activities.’
A review ensures involvement of higher levels of management with the audit
process and provides an assurance that the work has been carried out as per the
standards and guidelines. Review of work should be carried out at each stage of audit
cycle as under:

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 • by the audit managers on concurrent basis when the team members conclude a
particular stage in the field work;
• by the senior audit functionaries at the time of preparation of audit
observations and draft audit reports; and
• by the SAI top management while evaluating draft audit reports and quality
checks before approval of the head of the SAI.
Documentation of review process and extent of review
Reviews of audit work should be documented. The nature & extent of review
of audit work may vary depending on a number of factors, such as the size of the audit
organization, the significance of the work, the risk level and the experience of the
staff.
In the case of financial audits, all audits (NAO, UK) should be subject to at
least two levels of review before audit certificate is signed. In cases, where there are
particular concerns of public interest or audit risk is high or accounts are qualified, a
further review may be carried out before the audit certificate is signed.
In respect of important and major performance audit assignments also, multi-
level review procedures may be applied as appropriate. However, where performance
audit is assessed as ‘no known or minimal potential risk’, the number of layers or
review and quality check should be reduced to have the audits completed in a shorter
time frame.
Quality Reviewer
A Quality Reviewer, who is an SAI official, may be named for major
financial and performance audits in order to provide an enhanced level of quality
assurance and could be an instrument for consultation and advice for audit teams.
Quality reviewers may be assigned to audits generally perceived to be: of higher risk;
complex to conduct or having complex accounting issue; significant or sensitive in
nature. Quality reviewers should have significant experience in the office and no
direct involvement in the particular audit(s) they are assigned to.
Managerial quality assurance (Australian National Audit Office)
The principal mechanisms of managerial quality assurance are the
documentation and systematic review and assessment of what is done. As a part of the
managerial quality assurance, Regional Managers (heads of SAI field units) may
prepare a report for the head of the SAI and the SAI top management at the end of the
year indicating how they discharged their responsibility ensuring the effectiveness of
the quality management processes. This report should include a description of the
means by which they satisfy themselves regarding the following quality processes:
• assigning audit staff;
• preparing and approving field plans;
• ensuring adequate direction, supervision and review of work at all levels;
• ensuring that working papers comply with SAI auditing standards;
• ensuring that significant audit issues are reported in accordance with SAI
policy;
• resolving differences of professional judgment among staff involved in audits;
• on-the-job training of audit staff to assist their development of appropriate
skills and competence;

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 • reviewing audits to ensure that the quality of each audit SAI and other
professional standards; and
• Monitoring these general procedures to ensure they are operating effectively.
The report should also provide general comments on the working and
professional environment in the SAI field office, together with details of any matters,
which significantly affect that environment.
Quality assurance for supervision and review
Review Quality assurance in supervision and review is ensured with the help
of the following:
• Adherence to auditing standards and guidelines
• Strict conformity to the prescribed supervision and review system
• Periodic reporting and monitoring during the audit process
• Peer review and technical supervision

REPORTING AND FOLLOW -UP

Audit Reporting
Introduction
97. Audit report is the written communication of the results of the audit
undertaken. The audit report is the manifestation of the quality of all audit processes
of a SAI. Thus, a SAI is ultimately judged by the quality of its audit report
The audit report should be in writing in order to-
• communicate the results consistently to officials at all levels of government;
• make the results less susceptible to misunderstanding;
• make the results available for public inspection; and
• facilitate follow-up to determine whether appropriate corrective actions have
been taken when needed.
The audit report is an important link in ensuring accountability for public
resources because it enables the stakeholders including the public to determine
whether:
• government resources are managed properly and used in compliance with laws
and regulations;
• government programmes are achieving their objectives and intended
outcomes; and
• government services are being provided efficiently, economically and
effectively.
General Reporting Standards
Audit reporting should comply with applicable laws and regulations, SAI’s
auditing standards and INTOSAI standards.
INTOSAI Auditing Standards (INTOSAI Standards, p. 61) state:
At the end of each audit, the auditor should prepare a written report, as
appropriate, setting out the findings in an appropriate form. The report should be easy
to understand and free from vagueness or ambiguity, and include only information,

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which is supported by competent and relevant audit evidence. It should be
independent, objective, fair and constructive.’
Interim reporting of significant matters may be made to appropriate officials to
alert them to matters needing immediate attention and to allow them to correct them
before the final report is completed. The audit report should be available promptly for
timely use by management, legislative officials and other interested parties.

Characteristics of a good audit report

The audit report should be complete, accurate, objective, convincing, clear
and concise as the subject permits
• Complete- should contain all information needed to satisfy the audit
objectives, promote an adequate and correct understanding of the matters
reported and meet the report content requirements
• Accurate- evidence presented is true and the findings are correctly portrayed.
• Objective- the entire report is balanced in content and tone; should be fair and
not misleading, presenting the audit results impartially and guarding against
the tendency to exaggerate or overemphasize deficient performance.
• Convincing- the information set forth should be sufficient to convince the
readers to recognize the validity of the findings, the reasonableness of the
conclusions and the benefit of implementing the recommendations.
• Clear- should be easy to read and understand; written in language as clear and
simple as the subject permits. The use of straightforward, non-technical
language makes the report simple and reader friendly.
• Concise- should not be longer than necessary to convey and support the
message.
• Timely - the report adds value to the entity, if it is timely.
• Constructive - The report should be constructive if it manifests a remedial
approach rather than a critical approach and includes appropriate
recommendations, as in the case of performance audits.
Contents of audit report
Auditors should report the audit objectives, scope and methodology and the
results of the audit which include the findings, conclusion and recommendations.
These are explained below:
• In reporting the audit’s objectives, auditors should explain why the audit was
made, and what the report is to accomplish. This involves identifying the audit
subject and the aspect of performance examined.
• To report the scope of the audit, auditors should describe the depth and
coverage of the work conducted to accomplish the objectives.
• To report methodology, auditors should clearly explain the techniques used for
evidence gathering and analysis. They should identify significant assumptions
made, comparative techniques applied, criteria used, and the sample design
and why it was chosen.
• In reporting findings, auditors should include sufficient, competent and
relevant information to promote adequate understanding of the matters
reported and to provide convincing but fair presentations in proper

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 perspective. The findings are the results of the audit- the facts established by
the evidence relating to the audit objectives.
• Conclusions- should be reported when called for by the audit objectives.
Conclusions are logical inferences about the programme based on the auditors’
findings. They should be specified and not left for the readers to infer.
• Recommendations- Auditors should report recommendations for actions to
correct problem areas and to improve operations. Constructive
recommendations can encourage improvements in the conduct of government
programmes. Recommendations are most constructive when they are directed
at resolving the cause of identified problems, are action-oriented and specific,
are addressed to parties that have the authority to act, are feasible, and to the
extent practical, are cost-effective.
In addition to the above, following matters have to be reported on and
included in the audit report:
Conformity of audit conducted with government auditing standards
The audit report should state that the audit was made in accordance with
government auditing standards. The statement should be qualified in situations where
the auditor did not follow an applicable standard.

Compliance with laws and regulations

Auditors should report all significant instances of non-compliance and all
significant instances of abuse that were found during or in connection with the audit.

Reporting for Audit of Financial Statements

For attest or certification audit, the auditor’s opinion on a set of financial
statements is generally in a concise, standardized format, which reflects the results of
a wide range of tests and other audit work. The basic principles governing reporting
for attest audit are:
• The report shall state whether the financial statements are presented in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles
• The report shall identify those circumstances in which such principles have
not been consistently observed in the current period in relation to the
preceding period
• Informative disclosures in the financial statements are to be regarded as
reasonably adequate unless otherwise stated in the report.
• The report shall either contain an expression of opinion regarding the financial
statements taken as a whole, or an assertion to the effect that an opinion
cannot be expressed. When an overall opinion cannot be expressed, the
reasons therefore should be stated.
Opinions should be appended to and published with the financial statements to
which they relate.
Audit opinions should indicate unambiguously whether it is unqualified or
qualified, and if the latter, whether it is qualified in certain respects or is adverse or
disclaimer paragraph.

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 The contents of the audit opinion are:
• Title: The opinion should be preceded by a suitable title or heading to help the
reader to distinguish it from statements and information issued by others.
• Signature and date: The opinion should be properly signed. The inclusion of
a date informs the reader that consideration has been given to the effect of
events or transactions about which the auditor became aware up to that date.
• Objectives and scope: The opinion should include reference to the objectives
and scope of the audit. This information establishes the purpose and
boundaries of the audit
• Addressee: The opinion should identify those to whom it is addressed, as
required by the circumstances of the audit engagement and local regulations or
practice. This may be unnecessary where formal procedures exist for its
delivery.
• Identification of subject matter: The opinion should identify the financial
statements to which it relates. This includes information such as the name of
the audited entity, the date and period covered by the financial statements and
the subject matter that has been audited.
• Legal basis: Audit opinions should identify the legislation or other authority
providing for the audit.
• Compliance with standards: Audit opinions should indicate the auditing
standards or practices followed in conducting the audit, thus providing the
reader with an assurance that the audit has been carried out in accordance with
generally accepted procedures.
Reporting for Audit of Financial Operations and other Regularity Audits
For regularity audits, there is a requirement to report as to the compliance of
transactions with laws and regulations and to report on the adequacy of systems of
internal control. The auditor should also report on significant irregularities, whether
perceived or potential, or inconsistency of application of regulations or on fraud and
corrupt practices.
Auditors should report the scope of their testing of compliance with laws and
regulations and of internal control and present the results of those tests. In presenting
the results of such tests, auditors should report fraud, illegal acts or other material
non-compliance.
The report on regularity audit may either be a part of the report on the
financial statements, or a separate report.
• When auditors report on compliance and internal control over financial
reporting in the report on the financial statements, they should include an
introduction summarizing key findings in the audit of the financial statements
and the related compliance and internal control work.
• When they report separately on compliance with laws and regulations and
internal control over financial reporting, the report on the financial statements
should state that they are issuing those additional reports.
Reporting for Performance Audit
Performance audit is wide-ranging in nature and is more open to judgment and
interpretation. Its coverage is more selective and may be carried out over a cycle of
several years, rather than in one financial period, and it does not normally relate to

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particular financial or other statements. For performance audits, the auditor shall
report on the economy and efficiency with which resources are acquired and used, and
the effectiveness with which objectives are met.
The performance audit report should state clearly the objectives and scope of
the audit and the audit criteria used. It may include significant criticism of how
programmes are implemented and give independent information, advice or assurance
as to whether and to what extent economy, efficiency and effectiveness are being or
have been achieved.
Auditors should recognize that their judgments are being applied to actions
resulting from past management decisions. Care should therefore be exercised in
making such judgments. The presentation of weaknesses or critical findings should be
in such a way as to encourage correction and to improve systems and guidance within
the audited entity. Performance Audit reports should not concentrate solely on
criticism of the past but should be constructive.
The auditor’s conclusions, recommendations and impact analysis are an
important aspect of the audit, and where appropriate are written as a guide for action.
Conclusions reached against each audit activity should be brought out clearly. The
auditor comments on the policies and programmes and recommends changes designed
to result in improvements. Generally, these recommendations suggest what
improvements are needed rather than how to achieve them, though circumstances
sometimes arise which warrant a specific recommendation, for example to correct a
defect in the law in order to bring about an administrative improvement.
Contents of performance audit report
In addition to those enumerated above on the contents of an audit report in
general, the following form part of the performance audit report:
• Views of responsible officials- Auditors should report the views of responsible
officials of the audited programme concerning auditors’ findings, conclusions
and recommendations, as well as corrections planned
• Their inclusion ensures that the report is fair, complete and objective.
• If the comments oppose the report’s findings, conclusions or recommendations
and are not, in the auditor’s opinion, valid, the auditors may choose to state
their reasons for rejecting them. Conversely, auditors should modify their
report if they find the comments valid
• Noteworthy accomplishments- Auditors should also report noteworthy
accomplishments. This provides a more fair presentation of the situation.
• The contents of the report should be consistent with the provisions of SAI’s
Auditing Standards and should provide assurance that audit has been carried
out in accordance with generally accepted procedures in compliance with the
standards, identify the subject matter viz. areas of performance audits and the
legal basis of audit and be complete.
• In addition, SAI may illustrate the audit findings with the use of graphs and
charts and improve the visibility of the analysis and findings. Photographs can
be used as evidence where they are able to corroborate evidence.

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Reporting of Illegal or Fraudulent Acts
SAI may be responsible for reporting illegal acts directly to parties outside the
auditee in certain circumstances. The reporting should be to the auditee first and
thereafter to the external party specified in the law or the rules. When the law requires
reporting directly to investigative bodies, SAI should ask those authorities if reporting
those illegal acts in the audit report would compromise investigative or legal
proceedings. The auditors should limit their reporting to matters that would not
compromise those proceedings such as information that are already part of public
record.
Reporting on irregularities or instances of non-compliance with laws or
regulations, the auditor should be careful to place his/her findings in the proper
perspective. The extent of non-compliance can be related to the number of cases
examined or quantified monetarily. Reports on irregularities may be prepared
irrespective of a qualification of the auditor’s opinion. By their nature, they tend to
contain significant criticisms, but in order to be constructive they should also address
future remedial actions by incorporating statements by the audited entity or by the
auditor, including conclusions or recommendations.

Reporting of Privileged or Confidential Information

In general, the SAI should include in the audit report whatever it sees fit.
However, certain information may not be freely disclosed as when the national
security or interest is involved. In this situation, the auditor may make a separate
unpublished report including such confidential or sensitive material but the same shall
only be made available to persons authorized by law or regulations. Alternatively, the
SAI may not include such information in the audit report, but, the nature of the
information omitted and the requirement that makes the omission necessary should be
stated in the report. Consultation with a legal counsel may be necessary
Quality assurance of reporting
Quality assurance of reporting process and the final output is assured by:
• adherence to the auditing standards and the guidelines;
• transparent audit and audit management process documentation of entire
reporting process;
• securing entity response at all stages of performance audit process;
• concurrent supervision and control by SAI top management;
• quality control assessment and review by SAI top management before
approval of the report; and
• technical inspection by SAI and peer review of the performance audit process
Follow up procedures on Audit Report
98. The audit reports are essentially a ‘means to the end’ of improving auditee
performance and accountability. This can be achieved through implementation of the
audit recommendations. Consistent and systemic follow-up process in the SAI may
contribute significantly to effectiveness of audit in bringing systemic improvement in
the functioning of the entity.

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 The auditee management is basically responsible for implementation of audit
recommendations. The responsibility of the auditor is to ensure the likelihood of
implementation of audit recommendation.
A quality recommendation is one that is:
• Action-oriented- properly-directed, hard-hitting, specific, convincing,
significant, positive in tone and content
• Deal with underlying causes- should correct the basic cause of the deficiency
• Feasible- the basis for implementation is workable
• Cost-effective- the benefit to be derived from implementation of the
recommendation outweighs the cost for its implementation.
Objectives of the follow-up of SAI’s recommendations
• Increasing the effectiveness of audit reports - to increase the probability that
the recommendations will be implemented.
• Assisting the legislature - follow-up reports may provide valuable information
to the legislative committees
• Achieving improvements in performance of the government programmes
• Evaluating the SAI performance - follow-up programmes and outputs may be
a good measure for assessing and evaluating SAI performance.
• Providing an input to the strategic planning of audit by the SAI
• The follow-up programme should be oriented towards compliance with the
accepted recommendations with emphasis on encouraging the implementation
rather than highlighting the lack of action.
Annual follow-up programme
SAI may prepare annual operational plan for follow-up programme in relation
to the audits conducted in the past. The annual follow-up programme should be
supported by data on major recommendations made in the past, recommendations
stated to have been implemented but not tested through follow-up audit and
recommendations not implemented by the entity.
The follow-up activity can be performed by:
• ascertaining the implementation of the recommendations;
• carrying out a desk review, which involves more detailed review of the
implementation of the recommendations, but does not involve extensive
fieldwork;
• a detailed follow-up review involving comprehensive field work in relation to
the recommendations made in the audit report;
• a generic follow-up audit of similar types of significant recommendations in
the same or various entities with a view to analysing the common reasons for
underperformance
Inventory of recommendations (Performance auditing guidelines, SAI, India)
As the starting point for follow-up procedures, SAI may maintain a
comprehensive database of recommendations. The inventory should consist of all
recommendations, with appropriate grading under ‘vital or critical’, ‘significant’ and
‘important’. The database should also contain other relevant information viz. the year
of audit report, status of acceptance viz. accepted, partially accepted, not accepted and

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not replied, nominal implementation reported by the entity and the time of such
reporting, risk associated with non-implementation or poor implementation, besides
follow-up reviews. This inventory should be maintained as a permanent database and
should be updated regularly, which may assist in audit planning in future.
Quality assurance of the follow-up programmes
Quality assurance of the follow-up programme is provided by:
• compliance to the provisions for follow-up programmes in the audit
guidelines;
• supervision by audit managers;
• monitoring by SAI top management; and
• internal quality reviews, evaluation and peer reviews.

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 CHAPTER - 6
PERFORMANCE AUDIT

Definition
99. SAI India performs its audit functions in harmony with the Auditing
Standards promulgated by it which are consistent with the INTOSAI Auditing
Standards. SAI Auditing Standards 4.9 in Chapter-I (Corresponding INTOSAI
Auditing Standard 1.0.38) defines the scope of audit as under:
“The term Audit includes financial audit, regularity audit and performance
audit”. It further adds that in pursuance of the constitutional responsibility, the SAI is
empowered to decide the nature, scope, extent and quantum of audit to be conducted
by it or on its behalf.

100. INTOSAI Auditing Standard 1.0.40 defines the performance audit as

under:-
“Performance audit is concerned with the audit of economy, efficiency and
effectiveness and embraces:
(a) Audit of the economy of administrative activities in accordance with
sound administrative principles and practices and management policies.
(b) Audit of the efficiency of utilisation of human financial and other
resources including examination of information systems, performance
measures and monitoring arrangements and procedures followed by
audited entities for remedying in Identified deficiencies and
(c) Audit of the effectiveness of performance in relation to the achievement
of the audited entity and audit of the actual impact of activities compared
with the intended impact.
Performance auditing is an independent assessment or examination of the
extent to which an entity, programme or organisation operates efficiently and
effectively with due regard to economy.
Economy is minimizing the cost of resources used for an activity, having
regard to the appropriate quality. Efficiency is the relationship between the output in
terms of goods resource or other results and the resource used to produce them.
Effectiveness is the extent to which objectives are achieved and the relationship
between the intended impact and the actual impact of an activity.

Objective of Performance Audit

101. Performance auditing has the objective of improving public sector
administration and accountability by adding value through an effective programme of
performance audit. One of the main objectives of performance auditing is to assist the
people’s representatives in exercising effective legislative control & oversight over
the policy objectives and their implementation.

Performance Audit & Regularity Audit

102. The performance auditor should be clear that the objective, scope, nature
of evidence and reporting in performance audit are different from those in regularity

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audits. Some of the major distinguishing features of regularity audits and performance
audits are as under:-

Features Regularity audit Performance Audit

Scope • Generally covers a financial • Covers the subject/programme over a
period (annual, biennial, etc.); period of time
• Coverage is for the whole of the • Focused only on a part of the entity’s
entity for the period; and activities/programme; and
• Time bound-audit to be completed • Coverage is selective
by a stipulated time
Objectives • Attestation (opinion on) of • Audit of economy, efficiency and
financial accountability; effectiveness;
• Audit of financial systems;
• Existence and control for
safeguarding of assets;
• Evaluation of financial records;
• Audit of propriety of
administrative decisions;
• Audit of internal control for • Audit of internal controls that ensures
safeguarding assets and economy, efficiency and
completeness and accuracy of effectiveness, ensuring adherence to
accounts; management policies, timely and
reliable financial and management
information;
• Limited to financial matters; • Extends to non-financial/ governance
subjects also;
• Test for assuring compliance to • Assessment of compliance to
laws, regulations and rules; and applicable laws and regulations
required in the context of audit
objectives; and
• Conclusion/opinions generally • Conclusions related to audit objectives
with reference to standardized set by auditors;
requirements
Evidence • Financial statements per se, • Variety of forms of evidence;
accounting documents, etc.; • Quite often qualitative in nature;
• Budgetary assumptions and
appropriation authorizations, etc.;
• Transaction documents;
• Conclusive nature of evidence; • Persuasive rather than conclusive;
• Evidence related to pre-determined
audit objectives
• Materiality by amount; • Materiality guided more by the nature
or by context rather than amount alone
Academic • Generally accounting knowledge • Always knowledge-base: of laws,
base social sciences, economics,
development studies, public affairs,
science and technology, etc.
Approach and • More or less standardized: manual • Varies widely from subject to subject
methodology generally forms the entire basis • Manual generally serves as basic
framework

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Assessment • Standardised (suitable to all • Widely varying and subjective with
criteria audits) with little scope for ample scope for interpretations and
subjectivity. assessment criteria support the audit
objectives, which are unique to the
subject of performance audit.
Report • Opinion on the financial • Report/conclusions on economy and
statements; efficiency with which the resources
• Opinion on compliance to laws, are acquired and used and the
regulations and rules; effectiveness with which the
objectives are met;
• Generally opinion on financial • Report containing assessment of
statements in standardized format; economy, efficiency and Effectiveness
may be presented in variety of forms;
• Wide-ranging in nature, open to
• Specific requirement and interpretations and subjective
expectations; and Judgement; and
• Generally separate publications on
• Related to specific financial each subject of performance audits as
periods-there is a periodicity of and when conducted.
reporting.
Overlap • Financial audits do not generally • There can be overlap in the sense that
include the elements of the performance audit may encompass
performance audits. techniques/ methodologies applied to
financial audit

What is a criterion?
103. (i) Audit criteria are reasonable and attainable standards of performance
against which economy, efficiency and effectiveness of programmes and activities
can be assessed. They reflect a normative (i.e., desirable) control model for the
subject matter under audit. They represent good practice- a reasonable and informed
person’s expectation of ‘what should be’.
When criteria are compared with what actually exists (what is) audit findings
are generated. Meeting or exceeding the criteria might indicate the ‘best practice’, but
failing to meet the criteria would suggest that improvements could be made. However,
in cases of the performance exceeding the criteria uniformly, Accountants General
may have to review with a view to reassuring if the criteria consist of significant
lower standards.

Characteristics of good criteria

(ii) SAI should be satisfied that suitable criteria have been identified to enable
the performance auditors to assess the activities subject to audit and to achieve the
audit objectives. Since criteria are crucial to developing audit findings and therefore,
addressing the audit objectives, they should be such as to be generally acceptable.
Some characteristics of suitable criteria include:
(a) Reliability: reliable criteria result in consistent conclusions, when used for
assessment in the same circumstances;
(b) Objectivity: Objective criteria are free from any bias of the auditor or
management;

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 (c) Usefulness: useful criteria result in findings and conclusions that meet
users’ information need;
(d) Understandability: understandable criteria are clearly stated and are not
subject to significantly different interpretations;
(e) Comparability: comparable criteria are consistent with those used in
performance audits of other similar agencies or activities and with those used in
previous performance audits;
(f) Completeness: completeness refers to the development of all significant
criteria appropriate to assessing the performance in the given circumstances; and
(g) Acceptability: acceptable criteria are those to which the audited agency,
legislature, experts in the field, media and general public are generally agreeable. The
higher the degree of acceptance of the criteria, the more effective would be the
performance audit.

Role of criteria in performance audit

(iii) Criteria can perform a series of important roles to assist the conduct of a
performance audit, as they can:
• Form a common basis for communication within the audit team and with
Accountant General concerning the nature of the audit and the audit
findings;
• Form a basis for communication with the entity management in that the
audit team will often solicit entity management understanding of and
concurrence with the criteria and eventual acceptance of audit findings in
the light of those criteria;
• Link the audit objectives to the audit test programmes carried out during
the implementation phase;
• Form a basis for the data collection phase of the audit, provide a basis on
which to build procedures for the collection of audit evidence; and
• Provide the basis for audit findings; help to add form and structure to audit
observations.
The degree to which criteria are successful in serving these uses is often
determined by their level of details and the form they take. General audit criteria are
developed during the preliminary study stage. As the preliminary study progresses,
these criteria are usually expanded and made more specific. By the end of the
preliminary study, the criteria should be sufficiently detailed to give clear guidance
for the implementation stage of the audit, particularly in the development of specific
audit programme to test the criteria.
It may be unrealistic to expect that activities, systems or levels of performance
relating to economy, efficiency and effectiveness will always fully meet the criteria. It
is important to appreciate that satisfactory performance does not mean perfect
performance but is based on what a reasonable person would expect, taking into
account entity circumstances. The general aim would, however, be to attain the
highest-level of performance.

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Contents of the report
104. (i) The contents of the report should be consistent with the provisions of
SAI’s Auditing Standards and should:
• Contain title, signature and date, objective and scope of audit,
addressee(not necessary when formal procedures exist for its delivery);
• Be complete;
• Identify the subject matter viz. areas of performance audit and the legal
basis of audit.
• Provide assurance that audit has been carried out in accordance with
generally accepted procedures in compliance with the standards; and
• Be timely.

Structure of the report

(ii) The performance audit report should be presented as per the following
structure:
• Title: the subject of the performance audit,
• Highlights: major audit findings either in the sequence of their materiality
or in the same sequence as the audit objectives and sub-objectives;
• Recommendations: while recommendations may be included at various
places in the report in different contexts, all major recommendations
should be presented together, immediately after the highlights, preferably,
in a box or highlighted print. Ideally all matters of facts/figures/evidence,
audit findings and conclusions included in the report should have been
accepted by the entity by the time the final report is prepared. Thus, in so
far as the entity and the SAI are concerned, the action would revolve
around implementation of the recommendations and follow-up
respectively. It would, therefore, be desirable to gather all
recommendations together.
• Introduction: consisting of a brief description of the subject of study,
information on programme/activity/institution, its objectives, inputs,
implementation structure, expected outputs and outcome, etc. The
introduction should be brief, yet sufficient to enable the reader understand
the context of the programme;
• Scope of audit: scope of performance audit in terms of the period of the
programme covered in audit and segments of the programme audited
should be set out precisely;
• Audit objectives: are the pivots of the performance audit, which set out the
reason for undertaking the audit. The entire exercise of performance audit
is built around the audit objectives. These should, therefore, be stated in
simple and clear terms. It is useful to set out the audit objectives and sub-
objectives within each audit objective in the form of complete
statement/question;
• Audit criteria: to arrive at the audit findings and conclusions with
reference to each audit objective and sub-objective which should be stated

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 with appropriate explanations;
• Audit methodology: used for data collection/evidence gathering and
testing may be stated in brief. This adds to the acceptability of the audit
findings and forms a statement for transparency of the audit procedure;
• Audit findings: in respect of economy, efficiency and effectiveness should
be presented in a logical manner, preferably in the same order as the
statement of the audit objectives. Conclusions, recommendations and
impact (outcome) analysis: with reference to each audit objective should
be stated, preferably immediately following the audit findings. The
completeness of the report enhances if recommendations(s) with respect to
each conclusion is/are kept together with the conclusions. Distinctiveness
between the conclusions and recommendations may be achieved through
formatting techniques;
• Lessons learnt and sensitivity to error signals: Under this caption
significant audit findings on sensitivity and effectiveness of the internal
control system to ensure that the management recognized major causes of
underperformance brought out in internal or external studies/reports,
including past audit reports and the remedial measures may be included.
Also the audit findings on the sensitivity of the management to various
error signals generated through internal inspections, evaluations, media
reports, complaints, study by interest groups, etc. and effectiveness of the
action taken may be also be included. In both cases, the audit findings that
could have been avoided with effective lessons learnt and error signal
response system may be highlighted.
• Acknowledgement: it may be useful to indicate or acknowledge in brief
the co-operation, acceptance of the criteria/findings and recommendations
by the entity. In case the co-operation or response was not forthcoming at
any stage it may be indicated if it has resulted in any limitation along with
its implication and the special efforts made by the Accountant General to
seek cooperation or response. Care should be taken to state them as a
matter of fact rather than giving an impression to convey any accusation;
• Graph, charts, diagrams, photographs, etc.: Accountants General are
encouraged t illustrate the audit findings with the use of graphs and charts
and improve the visibility of the analysis and findings. Photographs can be
used as evidence where they are able to corroborate evidence.
• Glossary of terms: explaining all technical and uncommon terms used in
the report that need to be explained.
• References for bibliography: containing reference to all published
material utilizing in developing the reports.
• Impact evaluation against the expected impact of each performance audit
and collectively for all performance audits conducted by the Accountant
General shall be carried out annually; and
• The impact evaluation will be carried out with reference to the
recommendations accepted and implemented.

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Critical technical issues in performance audits

105. Fundamental principles

• Performance audit is an assessment of efficiency and effectiveness of the
programmes, with due regard to economy;
• Addresses the issues, of inputs, processes, outputs (products) and
outcomes (impact);
• Apart from the question whether the things are being done the right way, it
also addresses the question of whether the right things are being done, in
other words. it also focuses on what is not being done rather than only on
what is being done;
• Performance audits also address the issues of equity and ethics, which
impacts one or more of the core concerns of economy, deficiency and
effectiveness and include apart from others, integrity ill preparation of
performance reports;
• Distinction between regularity and performance audit should always be
kept in mind;
• Performance audits are undertaken with the objective of improving
performance of public sector programmes and, therefore, an assessment of
the expected impact-qualitative and quantitative-on the programme must
be made before undertaking the audit;
• The subjects selected for performance audits could be a programme,
segments of a programme - including the processes, procedures and
systems, an entity itself or parts of an entity, etc.;
• The subjects of performance audits could be financial, non-financial or
public interest and governance issues;
• The subjects selected for performance audits should include cutting edge
issues that form the core of governance and sunrise issues in the light of
policy shifts;
• Prescience of the risks to programmes or public interest demonstrates the
competence of the institutions;
• Performance audits can be carried out posteriori or concurrently;
• Performance audits use many techniques used in programme evaluation;
• While the performance audit may and should assess the implementation of
the policy through one or more programmes, the scope of audit should be
limited to assessing and impact of the implementation of policy and the
policy per se should not be questioned;
• Performance audit conducted in time, when there is scope for remedial
measures is encouraged; and
• Performance audits being knowledge-based exercise, in which conclusions
emerge from interpretations, call for special skills, knowledge and
competence of the audit personnel. .

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106. Audit plan and programme - detailed guidelines for conduct of audit
• The detailed audit implementation guidelines will consist of all relevant
information and document required for complete understanding of the
entity, besides the audit objective, criteria, types and sources of evidence
to be gathered, audit test programme, delineation of duties and
responsibilities among tean1 members and supervisors, progress reports,
etc;
• The implementation guidelines should be such as to address all issues
designed in the prescribed structure; and
• Unless authorised by general or special order, the performance audit
guidelines will be approved by SAT top management.

107. Audit evidence for testing against criteria

• All data and evidence to be gathered will, as far as possible, be pre-
determined with reference to each criterion, which are intrinsically linked
to each audit objective or the sub-objective;
• The sources and location of data / audit evidence and method of gathering
them shall be determined in the audit implementation plan;
• Evidence in support of each audit finding will be transparently tested on
the standards of relevance. competence and sufficiency (reasonableness) in
the working papers;
• The secondary evidence viz.. surveys, photographs, physical inspection,
etc. should be corroborative and should not form the only basis of audit
finding, unless accepted by the entity;
• Accountants General are encouraged to identify secondary/ corroborative
sources of evidence and establish means for gathering them with the
approval of the SAI top management; and
• They may also determine approach and methodology for physical
verification in programmes in which asset verification and beneficiary
survey arc crucial inputs to establish the actual delivery or the output and
the quality of output/delivery. While nothing prevents physical verification
by audit team, the question of credibility and acceptance should also be
taken into account, since physical verification by audit team may,
sometimes, be contested later as incorrect. Some of the methods that could
be considered are joint physical inspection with attestation from both
sides, survey by reputed agencies, etc.

108. Sampling
• The audit findings should be based on objective sampling and the
sampling techniques used should be disclosed;
• As far as possible, statistical sampling techniques should be used;
• Assistance of statistical adviser in the SAI headquarters may be obtained
for statistical sampling; and

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• Adequate sample should be selected to be able to generalise the audit
findings and be able to meet the standard of sufficiency.

109. Audit findings

• Audit findings should be developed on the basis of audit tests carried out
on the sample;
• Audit findings should be in the context of the audit objectives and criteria;
• The causes of underperformance should be determined to be able to
recommend remedial measures; and
• All evidence used for audit findings should be tested transparently on the
standards of relevance, competence and sufficiency and the basis, on
which the satisfaction of fulfilling the standards is established, should be
documented in the working papers.

110. Recommendations and follow-up procedure

• All audit reports must contain recommendations arising out of audit
findings and the cause of audit findings;
• As the performance audit revolves around the audit objectives, the follow-
up procedure is built around the recommendations and the impact of
performance audit is measured on the basis of implementation of the
recommendations: and
• Follow-up procedure is conducted with reference to the nominal
information on the implementation of the recommendations and the quality
of implementation of recommendations through a more detailed follow-up
audit.

111. Publication
• Stand-alone volume for each performance audit report;
• Deviation from this only with authorization; and
• Performance audit reports prepared and presented during all legislature
round the year as per the pre-determined schedule.

112. Reporting procedures

• The reporting covers all types of reporting and includes discussion papers,
audit observations, field audit reports, draft performance audit report and
the final report;
• Same standards should be applied on all forms of reporting, except that the
discussion papers, audit observations and field audit reports will contain
more detailed, including the details of evidence used and evidence testing;
• The style guide is to he followed uniformly;
• Lower levels of reporting viz. discussion papers, audit observations, etc.
should be written keeping the objective of next level of report and the final
report in view;

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• The reporting should be strictly in accountability-centered style by
designation only, and
• The prescribed structure of performance audit reports should be followed
meticulously.

N.B. - For a complete exposition of the topic refer ‘Performance Auditing

Guidelines issued by Comptroller & Auditor General of India and

- DGA DS letter no.92/ECPA/136/2004-05 dated 24th June 2005

regarding (i) ‘Framing of audit objectives, issue analysis and
criteria’ and (ii) ‘Check list for assessment of performance audit
report’ may also be referred.

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 CHAPTER - 7
COMPUTERISED COMPILATION OF DEFENCE ACCOUNTS
AND AUDIT CHECKS

Introduction
113. Use of Computer facilities has brought about radically different methods
of processing, recording and controlling information and has resulted in many
previously separated functions being combined. Following the significant advances
in the field of information technology, Government organizations have become
increasingly dependent on computerized information system to conduct their
operations and to process, maintain and report essential information. An effective
information system leads the organization to achieve its objective and an efficient
information system uses minimum resources for this purpose.

In regards to Ministry of Defence, the CGDA is responsible for all accounting

matters and he is the Head of the Defence Accounts Department and functions on
behalf of Secretary (Defence Finance) as the Chief Authority in all matters affecting
internal audit and accounting in respect of expenditure pertaining to the Defence
Services. In discharging the duties, the DAD is responsible for:
(i) Maintenance of the Pay Accounts of Commissioned Officers and other
ranks of Army. As regards Air Force, the Pay Accounts of Officers and
Airman are maintained by the Service Organisation known as Air Force
Central Accounts Officer, New Delhi subject to post audit by DAD.
Similarly, the Pay Accounts of Officers and sailors of the Navy are
maintained by the service organization known as Naval Pay Office,
Mumbai subject to post audit by DAD.
(ii) Payment of all charges pertaining to all Armed Forces, Defence Civilians
and Ordnance and Clothing Factories, including bills for supplies and
services rendered, P&A, Misc. charges, Pensions, works etc.
(iii) The accounting for and adjustment of receipts and all expenditure
pertaining to the Defence Services and supply of compiled figures to all
Administrative and Financial Authorities for the purposes of budgeting
and control of expenditure.
(iv) Maintenance of store and manufacturing accounts of Ordnance and
Clothing Factories and Naval Dockyards.
(v) Provision of funds, receiving of monthly statement of receipts and
charges, compiling monthly accounts.
(vi) Maintenance of GPF Accounts of Defence Civilians of Army including
DAD employees.
These controls are exercised through Controllers of Defence Accounts by the
CGDA. The PCDA/CDA as an Accounts Officer collects accounts of all Receipts
and disbursements in his area. It is his duty to see that proper accounts are kept of all
those transactions and that due measures are taken for their adjustment without undue
delay.

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Compilation of Accounts

114. The Consolidated Compilation of Accounts of Receipts and Charges of

the Army, Navy, Air Force, Ordnance Factories, MOD (Civil) and the DAD are done
on the computer by the EDP Centre at CGDA office, New Delhi. The CDA (R&D)
New Delhi utilizing the computer facilities available in CGDA were compiling
consolidated accounts of Defence Services till 1994 and thereafter the CGDA office
itself has started compilation of accounts (Consolidated) at its EDP Centre. To
facilitate him, the Distributed Data Processing (DDP) Centres under the
administrative control of various Controllers of Defence Accounts process the
“Punching Medium” (PM) received by them from the offices being provided cover by
the DDP Centres (Please refer DAD OM Part-XI for details) up to Sectional
Compilation level and the Sectional Compilation is sent to the concerned offices for
verification of its accuracy. The finally processed CDA/Section/Code wise data files,
in duplicate on magnetic Tape/Floppy disc and through NIC NET (E-mail) are sent to
EDP Centre, CGDA office for further processing and production of book compilation
for all Controllers and All India Consolidated Compilation including various reports.
The various stages of compilation of accounts in Controller’s office and
further procedure followed in DDP Centres are appended below:

Procedure in Controller offices

Preparation of Punching Media

115. For the purpose of mechanical compilation of accounts, the data shown
on original documents which are necessary for preparing the various accounts and
statistical abstracts are codified in the document known as ‘Punching Medium’ which
is an extract of certain data pertaining to a voucher which is sent by Controller’s
offices/sections to the respective DDP Centres to serve as a medium. The coded
information in the Punching Medium is then transferred to Magnetic Media. The
Punching medium must contain in the form of code numbers, all the data pertaining to
every item of voucher which are essential for compilation purposes. These are:

a) Month’s account in which the item is compilable (in two digits)

b) PCDA/CDA in whose jurisdiction, the transaction occurs (in two digits)
c) Section of the PCDA/CDA’s office which deals with the classification of
the item (in four digits)
d) the kind of voucher in which the item appears (in one digit)
e) the serial distinguishing number allotted to the vouchers (in four digits)
f) the nature of transaction i.e., Receipt, minus receipt, charge or minus
charge (in one digit)
g) the classification head to which the item is compilable in seven digits. The
first two digits indicate whether transaction is compilable to a RDR Head
or (ii) a Service Head, or (iii) a pre-partition transaction, the digits 00,
01,03 represent these transactions, respectively. The next three digits
represent the minor head and the last two digits the detailed head. Strokes
are inserted between the first two digits next three digits and the last two
digits.

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 h) the amount
Of the aforesaid items, only item no. (v) voucher no. and (viii) amount are
expressed in figures and all other items are expressed in words which are translated
into Code numbers. The Code numbers allotted to the various data under these heads
are given in Annexure-I to Para-3 of DAD OM Part-XI for items (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and
(vi) whereas the code nos. for item (vii) above, are given in the ‘Classification Hand
Book of DS, Receipts and Charges’ and ‘Pamphlet of Revenue, Debt and Remittance
Heads’. New Code numbers to a Controller office are allotted by the office of the
CGDA (EDP Centre) and those to the Sections of a CDA office by the Accounts
Section of the concerned CDA. The Section code no. so allotted is intimated by the
Accounts Section of the CDA to the concerned DDP Centre who is responsible to
compile the PM of that Section code. After the PMs have been prepared, they are
checked by SO (A)/AAO and the Officer-in-charge of the Section.

Despatch of original copies of PM and filling-up of office copies

116. After due checks of PM, these are returned to the Section and on having
been allotted voucher numbers, the original and duplicate copies of the PM are
handed over to the concerned person responsible for despatching reports and returns
and the triplicate one is pasted on the voucher. On receipt back of the Daily Payment
Sheet from the Disbursement Section, it is verified that the original copies of the PM
in respect of all items included therein, and of none else, are despatched to DDP
Centre. The duplicate copies of the PM are sent to IO Group attached to the DDP
Centre concerned in convenient weekly batches. PM in respect of cash vouchers paid
between the 25th and the end of the month are forwarded on the day of payment to the
DDP Centre concerned. The last batch should contain very few items as far as
possible and must reach the DDP Centre on or before 3rd of the month following that
to which it pertains. The PM should be despatched with a forwarding memo duly
signed by the SO/AAO of the Section concerned. In case of a break in the continuity
of voucher number of one batch of PM and another, a remark explaining the missing
voucher number(s) should be made on the forwarding memo.

Amendments to PM

117. Errors discovered in the PM should be amended as stated below:

a) A transfer entry (class 2 voucher) should be put up writing back the

wrong classification and showing the correct one and despatched to
the DDP Centre in the usual manner.
b) Other errors - corrections should be intimated to the DDP Centre
by memo.
All corrections required to be carried out in the PM of the vouchers of a
particular month should be despatched to reach the DDP Centre not later than the date
on which the monthly certificate is due. After the dispatch of last batch of PM
pertaining to a particular month’s accounts, a monthly voucher certificate to the effect
that all the PMs required to be included in that month’s accounts have been forwarded
is required to be furnished so as to reach the DDP Centre not later than the 5th of the
succeeding month.

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PM for March (Supplementary) (13)

118. The accounts for March (Supplementary) should in all intents and
purposes be regarded as the final accounts for the year as there is a gap of about one
and a half month between the closing of accounts of March (Preliminary) and March
(Supplementary) and in between after closing the accounts of March (Preliminary),
the Accounts Section and all other Sections of the Controllers of Defence Accounts
should scrutinize the accounts very carefully. For the discrepancies noticed, if any,
the adjusting PM in the month of March (Supplementary) should be prepared and it is
ensured that no further adjustments are left to be made thereafter. The adjusting PM
should be sent to DDP Centre concerned on a date fixed by CGDA (Normally 3rd
week of May), to close the accounts finally in the accounts for March
(Supplementary) itself.

PM for March (Supplementary correction) (14)

119. After closing the accounts for March (Supplementary), if any error or
fictitious code head which is not operated by the Controller originating the PM is
noticed, it is essential that the PM for correction to March Supplementary accounts
should be prepared to overcome the accounting problem and dispatched to the
Accounts Section of the CDA instead of sending direct to the DDP Centre concerned.
The accounts Section is supposed to scrutinize the PM very carefully and any error, if
comes to light, should be rectified in consultation with the Section concerned. The
original copy of such PM should be sent by the Accounts Section itself to the DDP
Centre concerned before the date fixed for closure of March Supplementary
Corrections Accounts, which is generally the second/third week of June (the date
specified by CGA, Ministry of Finance, Department of Expenditure).

PM for March (Supplementary Correction Manual) (15)

120. All out efforts should be made that no PM for Manual Correction is
prepared as the accounts are finally closed in the accounts for March (Supplementary
Correction). However, only in case of inescapable and important transactions of large
magnitude (Say Re. 1 lakh and above), coming to notice after closing of accounts of
March Supplementary Correction and which are considered absolutely necessary by
the Controllers of Defence Accounts for inclusion, can be manually incorporated on
obtaining the specific sanction of Controller General of Accounts (CGA), Ministry of
Finance through CGDA. Such proposals should reach to CGDA office before the
fixed date for the purpose which is generally the end of July each year (the date
specified by CGDA) and no proposals are entertained thereafter.

Procedure in DDP Centre

121. The various stages of work in DDP Centre relating to ‘Compilation of

Accounts’ are:-
a) Registration and preliminary check of PM.
b) Keying in and verification of data.
c) Batch totalling.
d) Closing of PM Registers.
e) Printing, checking and despatch of the printed compilations.

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Registration and Preliminary Check of PM

122. On receipt of PM from each Section of a CDA’s office, these are split up
or combined into convenient batches and each batch is entered in a manuscript
register, called as ‘PM Register’ separately maintained section-wise for each CDA.
Separate batches for different classes of vouchers are prepared. The following details
will be recorded in the ‘PM Register’ at this stage in respect of each batch:-
a) No. and date of forwarding memo of PM.
b) Date of receipt in DDP Centre.
c) Batch no.
d) Class of voucher.
e) Voucher numbers (From – To).
f) No. of items (Each entry recorded in the PM is treated as a separate item)
g) Remarks
The following checks are exercised at the time of registering the PM:
a) It is checked to verify that the PM actually received agrees in all
particulars mentioned in the forwarding memo.
b) It is checked to verify the continuity of voucher numbers within each
batch and from one batch to another in order to ensure that no PM has
been left out or lost in transit.
c) Each batch of PM should not normally contain more than 200 items.
The discrepancy noticed, if any, is required to be resolved in consultation with
the CDA concerned.
After the PM batches have been registered, totalled and checked, they will be
handed over with a ‘Work order’ showing the work order No. and date, months to
which PM relate, CDA and Section Code no., Batch numbers, No. of vouchers in each
batch and total no. of items by the PM registration official to the Data-Entry (DE)
Section for keying in of data.

Keying in/verification of Data

123. With effect from 1.4.1996 the financial compilation has been switched
over to Fox Pro base from COBOL. Under the Fox Pro System the Code Master file
is maintained as per Classification Hand Book and Pamphlet of RDR Heads. Another
master file viz. Codesec containing the code heads normally used by the concerned
sections of CsDA office is also maintained. These files are updated every month with
reference to Correction Slips issued by Accounts Section of CGDA office. By
executing Fincomp program the mtrns file is created and the PMs are keyed in under
menu Data Entry of the concerned Section. The keyed in PMs are appended to mtrns
file. While doing the data entry the system checks the fictitious codes with reference
to above code master files and transfers to Suspense Heads. After completion of the
data entry the voucher-wise and batch-wise report is printed by going to menu
Reports in the Fincomp program. The report is checked with reference to PMs by I.O.
section and necessary corrections are incorporated in mtrns file through updation
menu in Fincom Program.

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Batch Totalling

124. After the data of all the PM is cleaned, a CDA-wise list of batches
indicating the batch number, amount of each batch is printed and provided to the IO
Group of DDP Centre to ensure that all the batches have been taken into account
correctly. The IO Group of DDP Centre checks the list with reference to the entries in
the PM Register in which all the batches are entered. In case, any batch is found
missing/duplicated, the corrective measures by preparing change Statement are
required to be taken. The IO Group also tallies the amount of batches with the
amount written manually on the top list of batch.

The IO Group gives clearance of having taken into account all the PM batches
correctly to programmer who takes further action for generating Sectional and
Detailed Compilation.

Closing of the Punching Media Register

125. After the batches totals are agreed and PM Register have been signed by
the In-charge of the Section in token of the fact of agreement of batch total, the PM
Registration official should then check the PM numbers under each Section in the
Register with the Monthly Voucher Certificate and discrepancies if any will be settled
with the parties concerned. If a certificate in respect of any particular section of a
Controllers office is not received by the prescribed date i.e., 3rd of following month,
the last voucher no. for each class of voucher received and included in the
Compilation will be communicated to the concerned Controller’s offices and
certificate called for. After the prescribed date (3rd of following month), no PM or
amendments thereto will be accepted for inclusion in that month’s compilation. All
such PM or amendments will be noted for incorporation in the next month’s accounts.
An endorsement ‘certificate received and checked’ will be made by the PM
Registration official under each Section in the PM Registers. A summary of the totals
of each Section will then be prepared for each Controller separately after the printing
of Sectional Compilation and a certificate will be given by the AAO in-charge below
the summary in the following terms:

a) certified that the Monthly Voucher Certificates have been checked

and reference made, where necessary;
b) the Sectional totals in the registers and the printed compilation
have been agreed.

Printing, checking and Despatch of the Printed Compilations.

126. (i) Controller’s Sectional Compilation

After the batch totals are agreed and it is ensured that all the PMs received up
to 3rd of the following month to which they pertains, have been accounted for, the
Sectional Compilation is printed and passed on to the AAO in-charge to ensure that it
contains all the pages and no page is missing and also the printing on each page is
correct. The grand totals of Receipts and Charges agree with each other. It is also
checked to verify that any corrections made manually in the course of checking have
been carried out properly. After the Sectional Compilation have been checked and

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corrected, CDA-wise code-wise compilation along with back-up of these on Magnetic
Media is also prepared by all DDP Centres.
The DDP Centres forward the original copies of their compilation to CGDA
along with the back-up on Magnetic Media (viz., floppy diskette or Magnetic tape)
and through NICNET (E-mail) so as to reach the CGDA office on or before 5th of the
following month. In the case of accounts pertaining to March (Preliminary), March
(Supplementary), March (Supplementary Corrections), these are sent to CGDA on the
dates so prescribed by the CGDA. Copies of the Sectional Compilation and Allied
reports are also furnished by DDP Centre to the Controller’s office/Section concerned
by 11th of the following month.
(ii) Detailed Compilation of Vouchers
In addition to the Sectional Compilation, a detailed compilation of PM
vouchers is printed and forwarded to the concerned Controllers along with the
Sectional Compilation. Before despatch to the Controller concerned, the Detailed
Compilation of vouchers is scrutinized with reference to the Sectional Compilation to
see that the month, classification code etc are correctly printed and that the total of
each classification code in detailed list of vouchers agrees with the amount compiled
in the Sectional Compilation.
The detailed compilation of vouchers for classification code heads printed
monthly as a matter of routine is required to be forwarded to the concerned
Controllers between 12th and 15th of the month following that to which they relate.

Procedure being followed in EDP Centre, CGDA, New Delhi

127. On receipt of data from DDP centres the controls are checked and
appended to monthly transaction file. The fictitious code heads are checked and if
found the same are transferred to following suspense heads:

Fictitious Service Heads 75/020/61

Fictitious RD&R Heads 29/020/61
The transaction file is updated with previous month’s aicprog file i.e.
summary file consisting of CDA wise, section wise, code wise, and category wise
details from April onwards.

Printing of All India Compilation of Defence Receipts and Charges and Book
Compilation of RD&R Heads

(i) Controller’s Book Compilation of Revenue, Debt and Remittance

Heads
The Revenue, Debt and Remittance Heads Compilation is a compilation
showing amounts compiled by a Controller’s office as a whole under each RD&R
Heads. In order to balance the Book-Compilation, the amounts compiled by a CDA
as a whole under Service Heads are converted to certain Heads on aicprog file i.e. the
Summary file. This compilation besides showing the amounts compiled during the
month also reflects the “Progressive” figures up to that month. After the Book
Compilation of each Controller’s office has been printed, a few checks are exercised
to ensure its correctness. Besides, all the copies of the Book Compilations should be

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compared and generally scrutinized to see that the manual corrections, where
necessary have been made in all the copies.
The Controller’s Book Compilation of RD&R Heads is printed in duplicate.
One copy is retained as the office copy and the other one is forwarded to the
Controllers of Defence Accounts concerned for further action on the 16th of the
following month.

(ii) Consolidated Compilation of All India Defence Services Receipts

and Charges
This compilation shows the amounts compiled by all the Controllers under
each Service Head during a month as well as progressive amounts up to the end of
that month. The totals of each Sub-Head, Minor Head, Sub-Major and Major Heads
are also exhibited in this compilation both under the current and progressive amounts
column. Before printing the Book Compilation and the Consolidated Compilation of
All India, Defence Services Receipts and Charges, the following statements are
printed in order to serve as a cross check on the figures appearing in the above
compilations:
a) Statement showing the total of RD&R Heads, Service Heads of Army,
Navy, Air Force, Defence Ordnance Factories, Defence Services
Research and Development (effective from B.E. 2003-04) and Capital
Outlay on Defence Services. These group totals are posted manually in
the Statement known as ‘Broad-Sheet’ which shows the totals for each
CDA and total for the month in respect of all Controllers of Defence
Accounts in each group of services.
b) Statement showing the total by Minor Head

On the basis of aforesaid statement, a statement showing totals by minor heads

in the month and the progressive total up to the end of that month is also prepared
manually. After printing the above statements, the summary tape created will be
sorted on classification Code Head (Receipts and Charges separately) and the
Consolidated Compilation of All-India Defence Receipts and Charges printed which
should agree with reference to the statements referred to above. A copy of the printed
compilation is sent to the office of the DGADS among others.

(iii) Consolidated Compilation of Revenue, Debt and Remittance Heads

The Consolidated Compilation of RD&R Heads is printed showing the total

amount compiled at the end of the month and total up to the month (Progressive) by
all Controllers of Defence Accounts under each RD&R Head. The printed
compilation should agree with the statements 2(a) & (b) above. The printed
Consolidated Compilation of RD&R Heads is forwarded to all concerned with a copy
to DGADS office.

(iv) Analysis of All India Defence Services Receipts and expenditure of

Controllers
An analysis of the Consolidated Compilation of All India Defence Services
Receipts and Charges is printed to show the current and progressive figures separately
for each Controller and under each classification Code Head.

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 The program has been developed in Foxpro for Computerized Compilation of
Accounts by various DDP Centres of Controllers of Defence Accounts and EDP
Centre, CGDA, New Delhi.`

Audit checks

128. The system provides for the safeguards against possibility of omissions
and errors both manual and mechanical. However, the following should be seen in
audit to ensure that these are actually observed in practice:

a) Punching media should be prepared by carbon process and the figures

therein should be written neatly and legibly.
b) The punching media for any class of vouchers in any audit section are
serially numbered from the first to the end of the month.
c) On receipt from each section of a Controller’s office, punching media
are split up or combined into convenient batches if necessary and the
particulars of each batch are then entered in a manuscript register
called ‘Punching Media Register’. At the time of registering the
Punching Media it is verified that those actually received agree in all
particulars with those mentioned in the forwarding memo, that the
continuity of voucher numbers within each batch and from one batch
to another is maintained and that no punching medium has been
omitted to be sent or lost in transit. If there is a break in the continuity
of voucher numbers in a batch or between one batch and another, the
omission relating to the missing voucher number or numbers should be
explained with a suitable remark in the forwarding memo. Any
discrepancies coming to notice as a result of the above checks are
settled by the EDP Centre/Section in communication with the
Controllers concerned.
d) The accuracy of each PM is verified by another operator known as
‘verifier’ by running a program designed to reveal mistakes, if any, in
punching.
e) The punched and verified PMs of each batch are passed through the
tabulating machine in EDP Section and the net total of receipts and
charges printed separately are agreed with each other. In case of
disagreement all causes of disagreement in the batches are investigated
and batches agreed with reference to the Punching media. The agreed
batch totals are then recorded in the Punching Media Register. These
checks are intended to disclose arithmetical errors in the punching
medium, punching medium not sent by Audit sections, incorrect
punching and items in the punching medium for which cards are
omitted to be punched.
f) However, in the EDP centre the procedure for location and adjustment
of discrepancies is as follows:
The PMs verified during the day are arranged CDA/Section
wise and sent to the computer room for batch totalling. These are then
run on the computer to see that:

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 i) the control total as punched in the control card for a particular
batch agrees with the control total developed by the computer
from the individual PMs.
ii) No fictitious head has been operated. (In EDP Section this is
ensured by running a program prepared with reference to the
Classification Hand Book of Defence Services Receipts and
Charges and Pamphlet of RDR Heads). The agreed batches are
programmed to be loaded on a magnetic tape and disagreed
batches are listed. All cases of disagreement are investigated and
batch agreed. The batch in which fictitious head has been
operated is also treated as disagreed one and listed. The amount
in the punching medium in which fictitious head is detected by
the computer (in EDP Section this is done by checking with
specially prepared code list) is compiled provisionally by EDP
section/EDP centre to Suspense heads. A list of all fictitious
Service/RD&R code heads and the provisional code heads
(Suspense heads) to which amounts have been transferred is
prepared in duplicate by EDP section/EDP centre and sent to the
Controller of Defence Accounts concerned, for carrying out
necessary readjustment where necessary.
g) On receipt of sectional compilations from EDP sections summary
cards are verified in respect of each item. The cards are listed on the
computer and agreed with the sectional compilation. While listing, the
computer also checks whether any fictitious code head was operated
and if so, it marks that item accordingly. If any fictitious code head is
detected in the sectional compilations received from EDP sections,
action as indicated at clause (f) above is taken.
h) When the monthly compilations are printed, the following agreements
are effected:-
i) between the grand totals of receipts and charges in each sectional
compilation and the totals recorded in the punching medium
register for that section. In EDP centre the batch number and the
total under receipts and charges are printed at the end of the
sectional compilation of a particular section. It should be verified
therefrom that no total has been omitted or included twice. It
should also be verified if the amounts printed against a particular
head is correct. Grand total of the amounts shown under receipts
and charges separately in the sectional compilation should also
agree with each other,
ii) between the Cheques and Bills total as recorded in the punching
Media Register and that shown in the sectional compilation,
iii) between the opening balances of units and formations having
cash balances in their accounts and the corresponding closing
balances of the previous months,
iv) between the section-wise totals of summary cards (punched in
respect of each item from the section compilations and verified)
and the grand total of the compilation for the section,

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v) between the total of each classification code in detailed list of
vouchers (i.e. detailed compilation of vouchers) and the amount
compiled in the sectional compilation,
vi) between the sectional totals in the punching media registers and
the printed compilation,
vii) between the total of current receipts/charges in the Controllers
Book compilation of RD&R Heads and the Summary total of
Punching Media Register,
viii) between the total of progressive receipts/charges in the book
compilation and the previous months progressive plus the current
months receipts/charges less the opening balance for the current
month/the closing balance for the last month,
ix) between the total of the amounts printed in the book compilation
in the current months column and the grand total of
receipts/charges as struck by the computer,
x) between the opening balance (i.e. amounts appearing against
code No. 0/001/00) in the book compilation and the closing
balance of the previous month,
xi) between the consolidated compilation of All India Defence
Services Receipts and Charges and the statement showing totals
by minor head,
xii) between the consolidated compilation of RD&R Heads and
the controls printed in the statement known as ‘Broad sheet’ in
which the group totals are posted manually and which shows
totals for each CDA as well as total for the month under each
group i.e. Army, Navy etc. for all Controllers of Defence
Accounts. The grand totals of receipts and charges in the Broad-
sheet should also agree with each other. After the monthly
compilations are printed, it should be seen whether agreement
between the two documents as listed in sub-para (viii) ‘a’ to
‘b’ above have been effected by the EDP Centre.

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142 O/o DGADS
 CHAPTER - 8
CERTIFICATION OF FINANCE ACCOUNTS AND
APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTS (DEFENCE SERVICES)

(A) General

Introduction

129. The Finance Accounts, covering the Accounts of the Union Government
as a whole including transactions of Defence are prepared and signed for each
financial year by the Controller General of Accounts and countersigned by the
Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Finance (Department of
Expenditure).

130. The material relating to the Finance Accounts, Defence Services are
audited by the DGADS, New Delhi and a certificate rendered to the office of the
Director General of Audit, Central Revenues. The DGACR is required to audit the
Finance Accounts of the Union Government prepared by the CGA, Ministry of
Finance before submission to the C&AG of India for certification and submission to
the President of India along with Report thereon in terms of Article 151 of the
Constitution of India for being laid before the Parliament.

131. The Appropriation Accounts of Defence Services is prepared by the

Secretary (Defence Finance) and countersigned by Secretary (Ministry of Defence).
It is audited by the Director General of Audit, Defence Services, New Delhi and a
certificate rendered to the C&AG of India, New Delhi along with the copies of the
said accounts. The C&AG of India certifies these Accounts in pursuance of the
provisions of the Article 149 and 151 of the Constitution of India and C&AG’s (DPC)
Act 1971 and submits to the President of India along with Report thereon for being
laid before the Parliament.

Audit Objectives

132. The objectives of Appropriation Audit are to:

(i) ascertain whether the money expended has been applied to the
services and purposes that the Grants and Appropriations were
intended to provide.
(ii) verify whether the expenditure against each Grant and Appropriation
is within the amounts authorised by the legislature, and
(iii) to check whether the orders of allotment of funds and re-
appropriation orders conform to the rules & regulations.

Objective of Certification

133. The main objectives of certifying the annual accounts are:-

a) to verify whether the accounts prepared are correct and complete in
all respects;

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 b) to ascertain whether the systems followed in the compilation of
accounts leading to the Finance Accounts and Appropriation
Accounts are satisfactory and fault free;
c) to examine whether acceptable Government accounting standards
for financial reporting and disclosures have been complied with;
and
d) additionally, in the case of Appropriation Accounts, Defence
Services, to verify whether moneys shown in the accounts as
having been disbursed were legally available for and applicable to
the service or purpose to which they have been charged or applied.
(B) Finance Accounts

134. The Finance Accounts of the Union Government comprises Accounts of

the Central Government as a whole. These Accounts present the accounts of the
receipts and outgoings of the Government for the year, together with the financial
results disclosed by the Revenue and Capital accounts, the accounts of the public debt
and the liabilities and assets of the Government concerned as worked out from the
balances recorded in the accounts. The Finance accounts are prepared in two parts:

Part I - Summarised Statements

135. The Statements in this part are intended to give in a summarised form
information in regard to:

(a) Transactions of the year relating to the Consolidated Fund, Contingency

Fund and the Public Account.
(b) Capital Outlay.
(c) Financial results of irrigation schemes.
(d) Debt position of the Government including expenditure incurred on
the Service of debt.
(e) Loans and advances by Government including recoveries in arrears.
(f) Guarantees given by Government.
(g) Cash balances and investment of cash balances.
(h) The balances outstanding in Government accounts at the end of the
year grouped under the main broad headings.

Part II - Detailed Accounts and Other Statements

136. The detailed Statements in this part contain:

a) The Statements of Revenue and Expenditure under different heads

expressed as a percentage of total Revenue/Expenditure.
b) Statement showing the distribution between the Charged and Voted
expenditure.
c) Detailed accounts of revenue by minor heads of accounts.
d) Detailed accounts of expenditure by minor heads.

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 e) Particulars of capital expenditure during and to end of the year.
f) Particulars of investments of the Government in the shares of
Statutory Corporations, Government Companies, other Joint Stock
Companies, Co-operative banks and Societies etc. to the end of the
year.
g) Statement showing Capital and other expenditure to the end of the
year and the principal sources from which the funds were provided
for the expenditure.
h) Statement of receipts, disbursements and balances under heads of
account relating to debt, deposits, remittances and Contingency Fund
and Public Account.
i) Detailed Statement of debt and other interest bearing obligations of
Government.
j) Detailed Statement of loans and advances made by Government.
k) Particulars of earmarked balances relating to Reserve Funds etc.

Scrutiny and Certification of Finance Accounts

137. The material in the form of various statements for the Finance Accounts
relating to Defence Services and Ministry of Defence Civil Grants are prepared by the
various Controllers of Defence Accounts and are locally audited/checked by the
respective Command Officers. During the scrutiny of Statement Nos. 3,4,5,11 & 13
of Finance Accounts prepared by the Controllers of Defence Account, the following
points are generally required to be seen by the Command Offices:

a) While scrutinising the Statement No. 3 relating to the Loans and

Advances by the Union Government to State Governments, Statutory
Corporations Government Companies, and Non-Government Institutions
etc., the subsidiary registers and the broad sheets maintained in the
Accounts Section of the concerned Controller of Defence Accounts
office, it should be reviewed to verify whether –
(i) payment, on the due dates of the instalments of principal and
interest by the loanees is properly monitored;
(ii) penal interest has been levied on overdue instalments;
(iii) loans paid and repaid and the interest remitted have been properly
accounted for;
(iv) conditions, if any, prescribed by the sanctioning authority have
been fulfilled;
(v) any amount paid has been erroneously treated and credited as
repayment of the principal when any sum is due on account of
unpaid interest;
(vi) acknowledgements have been obtained periodically from the
debtors in respect of outstanding balances; and
(vii) the details reflected in the Statement, tallies with the registers and
broad-sheets.
b) While scrutinising the Statement No. 4 relating to Guarantees given by
the Union Government to others, it may be ensured that:

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 i) since the guarantees constitute contingent liabilities of
Government, the ceilings of such guarantees as fixed by the
Government are not exceeded;
ii) any general or special orders of the Government prescribing the
levy of Guarantee Fee/Commission for giving guarantees are duly
observed; and
iii) a sound system is in place to maintain proper records of the
guarantees given along with their terms and conditions.
c) The details of Statement Nos. 5 & 13 relating to Summary of Balances
and details of Receipts, Disbursements and Balances under heads of
Debt, Deposits, Remittances and Contingency Fund should be reviewed
to verify whether –
i) the figures of all interest bearing advances tally with the
respective details of Debt, Deposit and Remittance Head
Registers and detailed ledgers/accounts maintained in respect of
remittances/suspense heads by the Accounts Section in CDA’s
office since Statement Nos. 5 & 13 form part of Annual Review
of Balances;
ii) the opening balance of the year in respect of DDR Heads agree
with the closing balance of the respective heads in the preceding
year;
iii) there are adverse balances. If so, the same may be commented
upon;
iv) the year-wise and gross break-up of net closing balances under
various Suspense Minor Heads tally with the Suspense head
registers. The amount lying outstanding under various suspense
heads should be commented upon for their early clearance;
v) any amount is lying outstanding under the Major Head- Cheques
and Bills. If so, the same may be commented for its expeditious
clearance;
vi) any un-reconciled differences between ledgers and broad-sheets
exist. If yes, whether the same have been mentioned in the
Explanatory Notes to Statement No. 5;
vii) the reasons for the minus transactions are explained;
viii) information as to whether the person or persons from whom the
balance is owned or due on account of Loans and advances,
admits its correctness. If not, where the difference lies, may be
called for.
d) During the scrutiny of the Statement No. 11 relating to Investment of the
Union Government in the Statutory Corporation, Government
Companies, Other Joint Stock Companies, Co-operative Banks and
Societies etc, it may be ensured that:
i) the investment details should agree with the details so maintained
by the Accounts Section in the subsidiary register and
investments so made during the year are duly supported with the
Sanction Orders;

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 ii) whether the amounts of the investment tally and carried forward
correctly in the Capital account;
iii) whether the figures of investments tally with the figures shown in
the Statement of Central Transactions;
iv) whether the dividend/interest received from the concern
organisation on account of investments have been shown as
correctly booked as Government receipt in the accounts.

In addition to the above the Command Offices may also refer to the
guidelines for preparation of these accounts prescribed by the DAD in their
books - the Defence Account Code and DAD OM Part-II (Vol. I) issued by the
CGDA.

138. After due checks, the Command Offices should send a copy each of the
Statements duly audited to the CGDA and to the office of the DGADS with remarks
or otherwise. The CGDA is required to compile and send a consolidated copy each of
the various statements relating to Defence Services and Ministry of Defence Civil
duly certified.

139. While checking the summarised as well as detailed statements of the

Finance Accounts relating to Defence by the Appropriation Audit Section in DGADS,
the following points should be kept in view:

Statement No. 1 Summary of Transactions

140. It should be ensured that:

a) The ‘actuals’ of receipts and disbursement for the year under report
should be compared with the ‘actuals’ for the previous years to see
that there are no major variations between the figures. In case of
such variations it should be ensured that these are not due to
misclassification. These should also be checked with the budget
provision under the relevant major heads.
b) The figures in the statement are shown in thousands of Rupees and
by Major Heads of Accounts.
c) The receipts and disbursements are shown side by side. The left side
of the Statement should contain the figures of revenue receipts
whereas in the right side the figures of revenue expenditure should be
given.
d) The ‘actuals’ for the previous years should be compared with the
Finance Accounts of that year whereas the ‘actuals’ for the year
under review should be checked with the detailed statement No. 13.
e) The totals of each Sector/Sub-Sector should be agreed with the totals
of that particular Sector/Sub-Sector shown in the Statement No. 13.
f) The grand totals of receipts and disbursements after taking into
account the figures of opening and closing cash balance should
agree.

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 g) The figures of Statement No. 1 should tally with the relevant figures
of statement Nos. 10, 13 and 15.

Statement No. 3 - Loans and Advances by the Union Government

141. The Statement should show the position of loans and Advances at the
close of the year paid by the Union Government to (i) State (ii) Union Territory
Governments, (iii) Foreign Government (iv) Government Corporation Non-
Government Institutions etc. and (v) Government Servants. The figures in para 1 of
the Statement should be checked with the detailed statement No. 15. Para 4 and Para
5 should agree with the materials furnished by the CGDA.

Statement No. 4 - Guarantees given by the Union Government

142. The statement should be checked with the material furnished by the
Ministry of Defence. It should be seen that the sums guaranteed outstanding at the
end of the year are not more than the maximum amount of guarantee, for which
Government have entered into agreement. Where it is not so, the difference should be
explained by a foot note. It should also be ensured that the total amount of guarantees
as well as the amount involved in guarantees, if any, invoked during the year is
reported to the office of the Director General of Audit, Central Revenues for a
mention in the Audit Report on the accounts of Union Government.

Statement No. 5 - Summary of Balances

143. Cash Balances of these statements should be checked with the detailed
statement No. 13.

Statement No. 11 - Investment of the Union Government in the Statutory

Corporation, Government Companies, Other Joint Stock Companies, Co-
operative Banks and Societies etc.

144. This statement deals with the Investments of the Union Government in
Statutory Corporations, Government Companies, other Joint Stock Companies, Co-
operative Banks and Societies etc. up to end of the year. During scrutiny it should be
seen that:
a) The material for this statement is furnished by the CGDA and Ministry
of Defence. This should be compared with earlier years’ details and
financial results of Defence PSUs.
b) The figures of investment during the year should agree with the figures
shown in the respective detailed Appropriation Accounts.
c) The amount of dividend received and credited to the Government
Account during the year should agree with the receipts booked under
Major Head “0050-Dividends and Profits”.
d) It should be ensured that the Investments are categorized correctly under
the heading Statutory Corporations, Joint Stock Companies etc.
e) The number of Shares/Debentures and their face value is given in all the
cases. The figures of total investment shown against each organisation
should agree with the total number of shares/debentures multiplied by

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 their face value and if it does not agree, reasons therefor must be
ascertained and explained.
f) The latest position of the concern organisation regarding declaration of
dividend during the year as well as cumulative loss, if any, is shown in
the remarks column of the statement. All other important features
regarding the concern organisation should also be explained in the
remarks column.

Statement No. 13 - Receipts, Disbursements and Balances under heads of

account relating to Debt, Deposits, Remittances and Contingency Fund

145. It should be ensured that:

a) The material obtained separately from CGDA in the form of RD&R

heads compilation should be compared with the figures compiled in the
Statement to ensure that the two sets of figures are the same.
b) The opening balances of the statement should be checked with the
closing balances of the previous Finance Account and the difference, if
any, is duly explained incorporating auditable foot note and it should
be ensured that there is no difference between the closing balance of
previous year’s Finance Accounts and the opening balance of this
year’s Finance Accounts.
c) The total worked out at each stage is correct.
d) Any proforma correction affecting the closing balance is explained by
incorporating a suitable foot note.
e) There are no adverse balances in the accounts and if there are any, the
reasons therefor are explained by giving suitable footnotes.
f) It should be seen that there is no unauthorized head.
g) The major heads as well as Minor Heads under each Major Head are
arranged in the same chronological order as in the list of Major and
Minor Heads of Accounts.
h) The figures of prior period adjustments should be shown separately
under the concerned column of Receipts or Disbursement as the case
may be against the relevant Minor Head just below the current
transaction figures and their (i.e. prior period) adjustment should be
struck separately at all the levels of Major/Sub-Major/Sector/Fund
wise etc. in the statement up to the end i.e. up to grand total.

Statement No. 14 - Debt and other Interest bearing obligations of Government

146. It should be ensured that:

a) The total of each Major Head under all columns agree with the Major
Head wise figures shown in Statement No. 13.
b) The figures of minus balance are explained by giving suitable foot
notes.
c) There are no unauthorised heads.

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Statement No. 15 - Loans and Advances showing the amounts advanced and
repaid, interest received during the year and the Balances of such Loans and
Advances at the commencement and close of the year

147. It should be seen that:-

a) The total of Major Head figures in this statement should agree with
the Major Head figures of the Statement No. 13 agrees with the total
of Sector “F-Loans in the Statement No. 5.
b) The figures of opening balance in the statement agree with closing
figures of the previous. The difference, if any, is explained with a
suitable note.
c) The details of Minor Head under Major Head 7601 ‘Loans and
Advances to State Government’ should agree with the details in the
Statement No. 13.
d) There is no unauthorised head, and
e) The minus balances are explained by giving foot notes.

Statement No. 16 Details of Earmarked Balances

148. (i) It should be seen that in respect of composite Major Head like
“Depreciation Reserve Funds of Government, the details are shown in this statement.
The Major Head wise total of this statement should agree with the Major Head wise
total shown in Statement No. 13 where all the Minor Heads relating to one Major
Head of statement No. 13 are shown in toto in statement No. 16 by giving therein
break up as detailed heads/sub-heads or by exhibiting the Minor Head itself in the
shape of earmarked balances.

(ii) In addition to the various checks indicated above, it should be examined

whether:
a) the heads of account shown in the Accounts are authorised ones and
the nomenclature thereof conform to the classification contained in the
List of Major and Minor Heads of Accounts;
b) there are any anomalies or obvious mistakes of classification;
c) wide variations between the revised estimates and the actual
expenditure have been properly examined to ensure that there has been
no serious misclassification of expenditure;
d) per contra adjustments have been carried out correctly in all cases;
e) abnormal transactions of receipts, disbursements or balances have been
investigated and rectified or properly explained by foot notes.
f) the opening balances agree with the closing balances shown in
previous year’s accounts;
g) the adverse balances have been adequately explained and the action
taken for liquidating these is sufficient;
h) the figures tally with those contained in the Appropriation Accounts;
i) the figures exhibited in the summarised statements agree with those in
the detailed statements; and
j) totals shown in the statements are correct;

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 (iii) Further, advances drawn from the Contingency Fund and their subsequent
recoupment should be carefully watched so as to ensure that they are properly
accounted for and there is no omission. Any discrepancy between Statements 13 and
14 should also be checked and corrected.
(iv) Further, the detailed guidelines for the submission of material for the
Compilation of Union Government Finance Accounts, issued to all Financial
Advisers, Controllers, Accountant Generals and Pay and Accounts Officers etc. by the
CGA, Ministry of Finance, Department of Expenditure every year should also be
taken into account while exercising the checks on the Finance Accounts and points
worth commenting should be reported through audit paragraphs in the Audit Report.
After vetting the entire material relating to Union Government, Finance Accounts in
respect of Ministry of Defence (Civil) and Defence Services received from the CGDA
in batches with the approval of DGADS, an Audit Certificate of DGADS as referred
to in Annexure-4 to Paragraph 3.16.7 of C&AG’s M.S.O. (Audit) (Second Edition
2002) is furnished to the office of the DGACR who is the authority responsible for
auditing and getting the Union Government Finance Accounts certified in the
following form:-

AUDIT CERTIFICATE

“I certify that the accounts relating to the Defence Services compiled by the
various Controllers of Defence Accounts and Controller General of Defence Accounts
for incorporation in the Finance Accounts of the Union Government for the year
……… have been examined and audited under my direction in accordance with the
requirements of Articles 149 and 151 of the Constitution of India and Comptroller and
Auditor General’s (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971.
As a result of test audit carried out under my direction and on consideration of
explanations given to me, I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the
accounts and the review of balances have been correctly prepared”.

(C) Appropriation Accounts of the Defence Services

149. The Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services, present the accounts of

sums expended during the year, compared with the several sums specified in the
Schedules appended to the Appropriation Acts passed under Articles 114 & 115 of the
‘Constitution of India’. Appropriation Accounts of the Defence Services consists of
the details of following six Demands for Grants/Charged Appropriation:-

1. Major Head – 2076 Defence Services – Army

2. Major Head – 2077 Defence Services – Navy
3. Major Head – 2078 Defence Services – Air Force
4. Major Head – 2079 Defence Ordnance Factories
5. Major Head – 2080 Defence Services-Research & Development
(Introduced w.e.f. Budget Estimates 2003-04)
6. Major Head – 4076 Capital Outlay on Defence Services

150. These accounts exhibit the total sanctioned grant/appropriation, actual

expenditure and savings/excesses in respect of above mentioned six grants of the
Defence Services. Apart from other observations, savings exceeding Rs. 100 crore

151 O/o DGADS

and above and excess in a grant/appropriation are also commented upon for which a
detailed explanatory note is furnished by the MOD to PAC duly vetted/certified by
the Test Audit. Further, in view of circumstances leading to the excesses as mentioned
by the MOD in their explanatory note to the excesses, PAC submits its report and
initiate regularisation action by the Parliament under Article 115 of the Constitution.

151. Appropriation Accounts of the Defence Services contains following six

Sections as under:-

a) Section-I Summary of Appropriation Accounts

b) Section-II Detailed (Grant-wise) Appropriation Accounts
c) Section- III Certificate of the Controller General of Defence
Accounts
d) Section-IV Review of Military Engineer Services
Expenditure
e) Section-V Appendices
Appendix ‘A’ Losses of cash
Appendix ‘B’ Losses of Stores
Appendix ‘C’ Statement of infructuous expenditure
Appendix ‘D’ Cases of gifts and transfer of property to Non-
Government Organisation
f) Section-VI Military Farm Accounts etc.

Scrutiny and Certification of Appropriation Accounts of the Defence Services

152. While conducting the Appropriation Audit of the Accounts in respect of

all the six demands for grants of Head-wise Appropriation Accounts: Section-I & II, it
is to be seen that:
a) the number and/or nomenclature of the Grant/Appropriation have been
mentioned correctly;
b) the heads of account mentioned in the Accounts are authorised ones;
c) the sub-heads have been grouped separately in the ‘Revenue’ and
‘Capital’ Sections and ‘Charged’ and ‘Voted’ figures have been shown
distinctly;
d) the original provisions, supplementary provisions and amounts re-
appropriated or surrendered have been exhibited correctly;
e) gross figures of expenditure have been adopted in cases where
recoveries by debit to heads of account under a different
Grant/Appropriation are adjusted in reduction of expenditure;
f) excesses and savings have been explained in all cases according to the
monetary limits prescribed and wanting information, if any, has been
called for;
g) the facts and figures mentioned in various “Notes” are correct;
h) the grant-wise details of estimates and actual recoveries adjusted in
reduction of expenditure have been prepared correctly;

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 i) the amounts exhibited in the accounts tally with those shown in the
Finance Accounts; and
j) the amounts shown in the Grant Summary of Appropriation Accounts
agree with grant-wise details of recoveries, and reconciliation of the
expenditure in the Appropriation Accounts with that reflected in the
Finance Accounts has been worked out correctly in the Grant
Summary;
k) Whether all-important variations under the units of appropriation have
been explained;
l) Whether any explanation requires modification or comment as a result
of audit;
m) Whether the re-appropriation of money from one head to another is as
per rules in vogue;
n) Funds should not be appropriated or re-appropriated to meet the
expenditure on New Services/New instrument of Services etc;
o) Whether there is any rush of expenditure in the March, i.e; the closing
month of the financial year;
p) Surrenders have been made in time wherever foreseen without waiting
till the end of the financial year to meet the requirements of possible
future excesses;
q) All re-appropriations exceeding the limit of 25 per cent of Budget
Estimates or Re. 1 crore or more under a sub head, had the prior
approval of Secretary (Expenditure)/Additional Secretary
(Expenditure), Ministry of Finance;
r) Whether all such re-appropriations had been reported to the Parliament
along with the last batch of Supplementary Demands for grants for
their reflection in the Annexure to the last batch of Supplementary
Grants;

153. The object of the Appropriation Accounts is to present the audited

accounts of expenditure from the Appropriations for the year with full explanations of
all important variations between the final appropriations and the actual expenditure.
All major variations where the expenditure is unusually high or low with reference to
the allotment in a year is noticed, such specific areas of expenditure should be
reported by the Appropriation Audit Section to the respective Audit Groups of
DGADS as well as to the Command Offices to be used by them for detailed
examination for a possible comment.
The Section I to VI of the Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services contains
the information of the following nature:

Section-I : Summary of Appropriation Accounts

154. The Section-I of the Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services contains

the Summary of Head-wise Appropriation Accounts in respect of the six grants of the
Defence Services viz; grant relating to Defence Services Army, Navy, Air Force,
Defence Ordnance Factories, Defence Services-Research and Development and
Capital Outlay on Defence Services. It reflects the overall picture of Accounts in

153 O/o DGADS

respect of each grant i.e. the amount of Grant/Appropriation; expenditure
incurred/booked their against, savings or excesses w.r.t. the Appropriation.

155. The savings of Rs 100 crore and above, noticed in any grant whether in
charged or voted segment is commented upon through an audit paragraph, which
requires furnishing of the Explanatory Notes by the Ministry to the PAC duly vetted
by audit inter-alia bringing out the specific reasons which attributed the huge amount
of savings in a grant, besides ATN on the paragraph. Similarly, if any excess is
finally noticed in any grant irrespective of the consideration of amount (Whether it
may be Re. 1 to any amount), a paragraph is prepared calling for submission of the
Explanatory Notes duly vetted by audit to the PAC for further taking up regularisation
action by them through laying of Excess Demands for Grants in the Parliament.

Section-II : Detailed (Grant-wise) Appropriation Accounts

156. This Section contains the detailed (Grant-wise) Appropriation Accounts

in respect of each grant inter-alia bringing out the minor head-wise details of
expenditure booked both in Charged and Voted segment w.r.t. the allocation and
excess/savings noticed.

157. Besides this, it also contain the explanation for variations between (i)
Budget Estimates & Revised Estimates and (ii) Revised Estimates & Modified
Appropriation (Final grant) and (iii) Modified Appropriation & Actual expenditure,
which are also vetted by the Appropriation Audit Section w.r.t. the supporting
documents of the concerned Directorates/Service Headquarters furnished by the
Ministry of Defence. In the Accounts, only variation for savings of Rs. 50 lakhs and
above and excess of any amount occurred under the minor heads are explained after
the summary of each grant. The variations of the lower amount of (less than 50 lakhs
in each minor head) the savings are not required to be annotated/explained as per
instructions in vogue issued by the Ministry of Finance in this regard. The figure
portion is checked w.r.t. the All India Compilation Defence Receipts & Charges
March (Final), prepared by the CGDA. The recoveries in the Accounts, which are
treated as reduction of expenditure in a particular head, is added back besides the
amount incurred by the other departments on behalf of MOD (viz. expenditure
incurred by DAVP etc.) since the All India Compilation of Receipts and Charges
reflects the net expenditure figures, whereas the Appropriation Accounts, Defence
Services reflects the gross expenditure figures as also the Demands for Grants
authorises the sum for gross expenditure.

158. While scrutinising the Head-wise Approriation Accounts, Defence

Services, the aforesaid audit checks are generally required to be taken into account by
the Appropriation Audit Section in DGADS and during the scrutiny of Book
Compilation in respect of Receipts and Charges by the Command Offices while
certifying the correctness of bookings under Major Heads 0076 to 0080 (Receipts)
and expenditure under Major Heads 2076 to 2080 (Revenue) and 4076 (Capital),
made by the Accounts Section of Controllers of Defence Account, it is generally to be
seen that:
a) the expenditure shown as compiled in the book compilation of
Controllers of Defence Account in various Major/Minor Heads of

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 expenditure, tally with the booked expenditure of figures in the
Subsidiary registers maintained by the Accounts Section;
b) the heads of accounts where the expenditure is unusually high or low
with reference to the allocations, if noticed, may be commented upon;
c) the heads of accounts, where the Excess or Savings of high magnitude
registered should be critically examined. The specific areas in which
the excess/savings of unusual nature is noticed, the details thereof may
be used as a feed back for further examination by the Local Audit;
d) whether the pace of expenditure under various heads during the month
of the year shows a uniform trend. If not, the specific reasons therefor
may be ascertained. If the rush of expenditure in the month of March
is noticed, the same may be commented;
e) the heads where the expenditure exceeded the allotment, it is to be
ensured that such excess is covered by specific re-appropriation
order/additional allotment of funds etc;
f) there should not be expenditure against any heads of accounts, where
there exists no allotment of funds;
g) the locally controlled heads where the money have been re-
appropriated, it may be ensured that the amount has been re-
appropriated with the prior approval of CFA and also the rules for such
re-appropriation have been taken care of properly.

For more details, the books viz., Defence Account Code, Delegation of
Financial Powers Rules, FR Part-I may be referred to by the Command Offices.

Section-III: Certificate of Controller General of Defence Accounts

159. Section-III of the Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services deals with

the certificate of the CGDA, prepared by the CGDA after consolidating the category-
wise statement details of all the Annual Audit Certificates of CsDA received duly
audited from our Command Offices (CTA Section). During the scrutiny of the
Annual Audit Certificate (AAC) prepared by the Financial Advice Section (FA
Section) of Controller of Defence Accounts office by the Command Offices, the
following points are generally required to be seen by the Central Audit:
a) The records forming basis of preparation of AAC have been
maintained properly by the FA Section showing position of each
individual items upto 31st March with its corresponding position as on
30th June of the succeeding year.
b) The narration of each case mentioned in the AAC, in which the
expenditure was incurred in the absence of necessary sanction, should
be self contained giving full particulars of the expenditure by clearly
indicating the circumstances leading to expenditure. The details of old
items where the necessary sanction is still awaited, should be given in
separate Annexure to the AAC.
c) Statement showing outstanding on account of payment issue of stores
supplied/services rendered and rent and allied charges, should give an
analysis of the outstanding, party-wise and year-wise, indicating the

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 brief reasons for outstanding under each category and steps taken to
liquidate the same.
d) The AAC should contain the complete details of each of the cases of
Major Financial and Accounting Irregularities in a separate annexure
attached to the certificate. The cases worth commenting should be
critically examined and details kept for further examination by the
LTA Party, if necessary.
e) The results of Stock Verification in Defence unit/formations revealing
surpluses/deficiencies shown in the AAC should be further examined
to see whether the steps for taking on charge the surpluses and
regularisation of deficiencies have been proposed by the CDA.
f) The number of audit objections raised up to 31st March showing
position of outstanding as on 30th June of the succeeding year in the
AAC with year-wise break-up should be commented for expeditious
settlement of older cases particularly.
g) The number of cases of losses which are awaiting regularization for
more than one year and where the amounts involved are substantial
enough to require the sanction of Government of India or Ministry of
Defence under delegated powers should be pursued for their early
regularisation.
Besides above, the CO may also refer to the DAD OM Part-II, Vol. I and
Defence Audit Code Vol. II for further details/audit checks.

160. The cases mentioned in the CGDA certificate are those which came to
notice by the Controllers of Defence Accounts in the course of internal audit during
the year. This section contains the position of items upto 31 March, but outstanding
as on 30 June are included in the CGDA’s Certificate such as:
a) Cases of incomplete maintenance/non-maintenance/non-production of
Stores Accounts;
b) Results of Stock Verification in Defence Installations i.e;
Surpluses/deficiencies;
c) Cases of non-verification of credit of stores including imported stores;
d) Outstanding dues on account of stores Supplied and Services rendered
from Central Civil Departments, State Governments., Ordnance
Factories, Railways and outside bodies etc;
e) Details of outstanding dues on account of Special Flights/Air-lifts
provided by the Air Force;
f) Dues on account of Licence Fee and allied charges;
g) Losses awaiting regularisations;
h) Cases of claim against the Railways/Shipping Corporation/Airways
etc;
i) Outstanding audit objections raised by Internal Audit and Test Audit;
and
j) Details of important cases of financial and procedural irregularities etc.

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 161. This certificate prepared by the CGDA is countersigned by the Secretary
(Defence Finance). In the certificate, the CGDA should, however, continue to cite the
reservation and specific instance in regard to the items considered important enough
to be brought to the notice of the Public Accounts Committee viz; severe irregularities
in respect Store Accounts, stock verification, use of transport etc. irrespective of
whether the authority competent to regularize them in Government is not.
During the scrutiny of the CGDA certificate it should be generally seen in
DGADS office that:
a) The figures mentioned in the certificate tallies strictly with the
consolidated figures of corresponding figures in the Annual Audit
Certificates in respect of all items received duly vetted from the
command offices;
b) The certificate depicts as a whole, the correct result of internal audit
conducted by the DAD vis-à-vis the entire field of defence expenditure;
c) Whether the cases in which ex-post-facto sanction of the Government. of
India is awaited where the expenditure had already been incurred, have
been disclosed in the body of the certificate with complete details thereof
in the separate Appendix;
d) The cases of reservations or qualification made in the certificate should
be supported with few specific and glaring instance with complete
details furnished in the Appendix;
e) The relative position (i.e. extant of improvement or deterioration
noticed) as compared with that to immediate preceding year in regard to
certain important feature of accounting such as, state of accounts,
position of stock verification, outstanding on account of payment issue,
arrears in linking of invoices with accounts etc, should be brought out
properly duly supported by necessary details;
f) In cases of non-maintenance/improper maintains/Non-production of
accounts, the statements enclosed with the certificate should contain full
details of the irregularity such as the name of the unit, nature of
accounts, the period involved, the brief of the irregularity etc;
g) Outstanding on accounts of payment issues of stores and License fee
should indicate in separate statements the party-wise and year-wise
break-up, brief reasons for the outstanding under each category and the
step taken to liquidate the same;
h) The cases of Major Financial and Accounting irregularities should be
mentioned in separate annexures to the certificate inter-alia bringing out
the specific details of the cases. The points worth commenting should be
suggested for detailed examination for a possible comment in the Audit
Report;
i) It should be seen in the CGDA certificate that the position of the various
outstandings as on 31st March relating to the particular financial year be
reflected giving position of outstanding as on 30th June of the following
year.

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 162. The materials contained in the certificate is checked in the Office of the
Director General of Audit, Defence Services with reference to the audited copy of
Annual Audit Certificates in respect of various Controllers of Defence Accounts
received from COs and after its check, the same is sent to the Ministry of Defence
(Finance/Budget) with remarks, if any. After the finalisation of Audit remarks
referred to Min. of Defence, the certificate is incorporated in the Appropriation
Accounts. Simultaneously, the important cases of Major Financial Accounting
Irregularity (MFAI) included in the Certificate should be reported to the respective
Audit Groups in the DGADS office by the Appropriation Audit apart from conveying
the same to the Command Offices concerned for detailed examination.

Section-IV : Review of Military Engineer Services Expenditure

163. This Section deals with the Review of MES Expenditure, which is also a
consolidation of facts and figures of all the ‘Review of MES Expenditure’ prepared
by each CsDA in respect of MES formations under their jurisdiction received duly
test checked from Command Offices by the CGDA. The annual Review of MES
expenditure prepared by the ‘Engineer Section’ (‘E’ Section) of Controllers office
should generally be examined by the Command Offices to see that:
a) The information given in the review is duly supported by all the eight
Statements ‘A’ to ‘H’ as prescribed by the DAD OM Part-VIII.
b) The list of all major works carried out during the year costing Rs 25
lakh and above showing variations over 50% between the year’s
original allotment and expenditure, is duly supported by the main
reasons for such huge variations. The details of works worth
commenting should be collected and furnished to the local audit for
further scrutiny.
c) Similarly, all the works costing Rs 25 lakh and above carried out, listed
in the Statement showing variations beyond tolerance limit i.e;
variations in expenditure over 10% of the original estimates, the
reasons given therefor should be critically examined for a possible
comment.
d) The reasons for the ‘Non-Budgeted’ works costing Rs 10 lakh and
above carried out during the year under Para 11 or Para 12 of ‘Defence
Works Procedure – 1986’ should be examined. It should also be
ensured to see whether they had been administratively approved by the
competent authority subsequently.
e) The following types of cases given in the Statement showing
irregularities in connection with contracts, the acceptance of tenders
etc., should be critically examined:
i) Cases in which tenders other than the lowest have been accepted.
ii) Cases showing defective drafting of contracts.
iii) Cases in which work was started or carried out without
concluding any contract.
iv) Cases in which contract Rates/Amounts were enhanced without
increasing the scope of work(s) to be carried out by the
Contractor(s).

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 v) Cases in which long term contracts are not considered to be
financially sound.
vi) Cases in which extension of time were granted.
vii) Cases in which Deviations Orders were issued late and where
Deviation Orders were issued after the completion of work.
viii) Miscellaneous cases where the irregularities are due to individual
errors or due to any general tendency.
The details of such cases/contracts which are considered worth, should be
collected for further examination by the LTA Parties.
a) The cases of remission/reduction of departmental charges on deposit
works undertaken by MES during the year under review, the specific
reasons for such remissions etc., should be critically examined.
b) All the outstanding cases of works awaiting formal sanction of the
competent financial authorities at the end of the year, executed under
Para 10, 11 and 12 of ‘Defence Works Procedure – 1986’ should be
taken up for their immediate regularisation.

For further checks and guidelines for preparation of review, the

Command Offices may also refer to the Defence Audit Code Vol. II and DAD
OM Part-VIII.

164. Every year the Secretary (Defence Finance), Ministry of Defence

(Finance) publishes in the Appropriation Accounts a review of the expenditure
incurred by the Military Engineer Services. This review deals, inter-alia, with
variations as a whole between the original grant and actual expenditure as well as
variations in respect of individual works, rush of expenditure in the closing months of
the financial year, irregularities connected with contracts and in the actual execution
of works, cases of the deviation from “Works Procedure”, outstanding on account of
rent, water, electricity etc. This review, like that on the main accounts is required to
be examined carefully.

165. A statement showing the amount of departmental charges on deposit

works undertaken by MES remitted/reduced is also published in the Appropriation
Accounts.

166. The Secretary (Defence Finance) also comments on variations in

expenditure in respect of major works. The comments are made with reference to
statements of important variations between original allotments and actual expenditure
during the year and between original estimates and total expenditure in respect of
works completed during the year published as annexure to the Appropriation
Accounts. These statements are based on those prepared by Controllers of Defence
Accounts and checked by the Chief Engineer and the Command Officers are required
to Check these statements during the scrutiny.

167. Statement showing variations between original appropriation for works

and actual expenditure during the year and variation between original estimates and
actual expenditure in respect of works completed during the year - based on the
proforma statements rendered by the Controllers of Defence Accounts to the Deputy
Financial Adviser (Works).

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 168. To enable the Director General of Audit, Defence Services to satisfy
himself that no case requiring inclusion in these statements is omitted and that the
explanations for variations furnished are correct, Command Officers are required to
check the statements and forward the same to the Director General of Audit Defence
Services. The statements should be checked inter-alia, to see:-
a) That the statements are checked by the Chief Engineer before they
are transmitted to the Deputy Financial Adviser (works);
b) Whether the variations are due to neglect to follow prescribed rules
or to a defect in procedure which required to be remedied;
c) Whether the variations are due to defective estimating; and
d) Whether prompt action is taken to revise estimates when necessary
as required by the regulations.

169. If the statements prepared by the Controllers of Defence Accounts are not
ready before the commencement of the audit of the MES formation concerned, the
necessary particulars should be collected by the COs from the Register of Grants,
allotment orders, monthly expenditure returns etc., and the statements when received
should be checked with reference to the data thus available.

Section –V : Appendices

170. This section deals exclusively with the details of losses of

Cash/Stores/infructuous expenditure written off by the Government of India and other
competent financial authorities and claim abandoned as irrecoverable and finally dealt
with during the year and details of gifts/transfer of Government. property and these
cases are reflected separately in Appendices as detailed below:

a) Appendix ‘A’ Deals with the Cash losses of various categories

regularised during the year and losses of Rs 25,000 and above due to
theft, fraud or gross neglect and Rs 50,000 and above due to other
causes, are annotated.
b) Appendix ‘B’ This shows the total amount of Store losses under
various categories written off/regularised during the year and losses of
Rs 75,000 & above due to theft, fraud or gross neglect and Rs 2 lakhs
and above due to other causes, are annotated.
c) Appendix ‘C’ Contains details of infructuous expenditure regularised
during the year with annotations of individual cases exceeding Rs 1
lakh in each case.
d) Appendix ‘D’ Details of gifts and cases of transfer of Government.
property of the value of Rs 1 lakh each and above issued free or at
concessional rate to Non-Government.Organisation (NGO) are
mentioned in this appendix.

These statements are to be checked with a view to see that all cases requiring
individual mention are so mentioned and the figures included in these statements are
correct. The statements published in the Appropriation Accounts are based on the
statements prepared by the CGDA/CsDA.

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 171. The statements prepared by CsDA are checked by Command Officers.
The Financial Advice (FA) Section of Controller’s office, on receipt of details of all
losses of Cash, Stores, Infructuous expenditure and details of gifts and cases of
transfer of Government property free or at concessional rates to Non-Government
Organisations, from LAOs/RAOs and various Sections in Controller’s office, prepares
quarterly and annually, the Statements of losses finally dealt with during the year for
consideration and submission to the CGDA through the Director of Audit, Defence
Services. On receipt of the statements of losses, the Command Offices are generally
required to see that:
a) all the losses regularised/written off during the year have been taken
into account by the FA Section while preparing the Consolidated
Statement of losses based on the report so received by them from
LAOs/RAOs and various section of Controller’s office.
b) losses written off in respect of stores short landed at parts by shipping
agents, should be classified as losses of Cash instead of Store loss.
c) cases involving provision of Government or Hired transport to non-
entitled personnel regularised by the competent financial authority
should be treated as Cash losses.
d) details of losses etc., to which no precise monetary value can be
assigned should also be included at the bottom of the statement.
e) losses pertaining to issue of stores in which cash recoveries are
required to be made i.e; loss due to irrecoverable payment issues
should be treated and regularised as Cash loss.
f) losses pertaining to Cantonment Funds should not be included in the
Statements as these are not required to be incorporated in the
Appropriation Accounts.
g) all irregular issues or over issues of stores should be treated as stores
losses.
h) each item figuring in the Statement of losses should contain a reference
to the particular heading and category in which it has to be included in
the main Statement.

The Command Offices may also refer to the Financial Regulations - Part-
I and DAD OM Part-II, Vol. I in this regard.

172. The statements prepared by the CGDA are checked in the Headquarters
office with reference to the statement prepared by CsDA received duly checked by
Command Officers with a view to ensuring that all cases requiring mention have in
fact been included therein.

173. However, while scrutinising the Appendix to the losses and annotations
of individual cases with the prescribed limits, it is to be seen that:
a) Appendix ‘A’ dealing with the cases of various categories of cash
losses pertaining to Defence Services finally dealt with during the year
have been prepared strictly in accordance with the details received duly
audited from COs in respect of each CsDA in their jurisdiction and it
tallies with the consolidated figures of all CsDA concerned;

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 b) Similarly, Appendix ‘B’ dealing with the cases of various categories
of Store losses have been prepared properly and the consolidated
figures tallies with the audited figures so received through COs;
c) Whether the loss of imported stores in transit whenever occurs, have
been treated as loss of public money and accounted for as Cash loss
instead of Store loss;
d) Whether all the individual cases of Cash/Store loss regularised during
the year and require to be annotated with reference to the prescribed
financial limits for the purpose, have been annotated;
e) Whether the annotations of Cash/Store losses have been prepared
strictly in accordance with the statement of cases, sanctions etc.
received from the Ministry along with each of the annotation;
f) Whether all the annotations of Cash losses have been segregated and
kept at a place under the respective categories of cash losses in the
Appropriation Accounts;
g) Similarly, the annotations relating to store losses may be checked to
see that all of them have found reflected at a place under the respective
categories of Store loss.

Section-VI : Review on the Accounts of Military Farms

174. The Consolidated Account of Military Farm, published in this Section of

the Appropriation Accounts of the Defence Services is test audited by the Command
Officers. The Bakery accounts are not included in the Appropriation Accounts.

175. In the case of Farms, the accounts published in this Section of the
Appropriation Accounts are based on the accounts furnished by the Deputy/Assistant
Directors of Military Farms to the Deputy Director General of Military Farms
(DDGMF) and are checked by the Controller General of Defence Accounts. A copy
of the consolidated account of each Command is also furnished by the
Deputy/Assistant Director of Military Farms to the Controller of Defence Accounts
concerned.

176. The consolidated accounts of each command after scrutiny by the CsDA
concerned are test audited by the Command Offices concerned on the lines indicated
below to see that:-
a) no item of expenditure pertaining to the working of the Farms is
omitted from the cash book and annual Trading and Profit and Loss
accounts;
b) prompt measures have been taken to charge all liabilities of the Farm
against the assignment of the year to which they relate;
c) the sale proceeds of all Farm produce sold have been realized promptly
and credited in the cash book;
d) issues of fodder on payment are made by the Farms to those authorised
under regulations. Care should be taken to see that free issues of
fodder are not made to officers direct from Farm stocks;

162 O/o DGADS

 e) the value of rations and clothing issued under due authority to Farm’s
personnel has been adjusted in the cash book at “payment issue rates”;
f) stores are purchased by the Farm’s from the Government Supplying
Departments;
g) products and by-products of the Farms which are not required for
government use, are to be sold to the best advantage of the State under
the orders of the CFA;
h) all books have been properly linked and inter-linked;
i) examine the reasons for the variation as compared with previous years;
j) reconcile the figures in the Trading Account with the monthly cash
accounts and cash compilation;
k) important items of expenditure should be carefully analysed;
l) all losses are mentioned in the Trading account.

The Command Offices, for further details may also refer to Army Local
Audit Manual, Part-I.

177. A test audited copy of the annual accounts of Military Farms in respect of
each Command is required to be sent to the DGADS along with audit certificate
thereon by the respective Command Offices for further necessary action.

178. On receipt of the consolidated copy of the Military Farm accounts from
DDGMF, the CGDA after due checks counter signs these accounts and prepares a
‘CGDA Note’ for making a part of these accounts and send it to Ministry of Defence
(Finance/Q). The Ministry in turn prepares a Financial review on the accounts of
Military Farms for inclusion in the Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services and
sends a copy of the entire accounts to the O/o the Director General of Audit, Defence
Services for certification. The entire accounts including ‘Financial Review’ and
‘CGDA Note’ are audited in the DGADS office with reference to the audited copies
of command wise accounts so received from the Command Offices.

179. The consolidated accounts to be published in the Section VI of the

Appropriation Accounts are checked by the office of the Director General of Audit
Defence Services. The Review of the Secretary (Defence Finance) will also be
carefully examined. Draft paragraphs if considered necessary, will be prepared in the
usual manner.

180. After ensuring the correctness of these accounts, a certificate, based on

the certificate furnished by the Command Officers concerned with the Review of the
Trading account of the Military Farms, is given by the DGADS in the form as shown
below:-
”I have examined the Accounts and Balance Sheet of Military Farms and
obtained all the information and explanations that I have required. I certify, as a
result of test audit, that in my opinion these Accounts and Balance Sheet are properly
drawn up so as to exhibit a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Military
Farms according to the best of my information and explanations given to me and as
shown by the books of the Military Farms”.

163 O/o DGADS

 181. The Chapter-I on Financial Aspects for inclusion in the Audit Report
Defence Services is prepared mainly on the basis of Sections I and II of the
Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services, whereas discrepancies, noticed during the
course of audit of Section-IV: Review of MES Expenditure and Section-VI: Financial
Review on the accounts of Military Farms are pointed out to the Ministry/CGDA for
their reconciliation. Consequent upon the audit scrutiny of the Appropriation
Accounts Defence Services, an audit certificate of the DGADS as referred to in
Annexure-3 to Paragraph 3.16.11 of C&AG’s MSO (Audit) (Second Edition-2002) is
forwarded to the office of the C&AG of India in the following form:

Audit Certificate
“The Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services for the year…….have been
examined by me. On the basis of the information and explanations that my officers
required and have obtained, and according to the best of my information as a result of
test audit of the Accounts, I certify, in pursuance of the provisions of Article 149 and
151 of the Constitution of India and Comptroller and Auditor General’s (Duties,
Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971 that these accounts are correct, subject
to observations in the Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India for the
year ended March………...: Union Government-Accounts of the Union Government
(Report No. 1 of ……..)”.

Based on the certificate of the DGADS, Audit Certificate on the

Appropriation Accounts of the Defence Services is endorsed by the C&AG of India
subject to audit observations thereon reflected in the Civil Report No. 1 prepared by
the office of the Director General of Audit, Central Revenues. Both the
certification of the Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services and signing of
Audit Report Defence Services is done simultaneously by the C&AG of India for
their laying in the Parliament through President of India.

164 O/o DGADS

 CHAPTER - 9
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Introduction
182. Till a few years ago, most of the data processing needs of organizations
were done completely manually. This has undergone, or is undergoing, a significant
change. In many of the organizations audited by the Supreme Audit Institutions (SAI),
manual operations are being speedily replaced by computerized processing systems.
As a result, the auditor is faced with the challenge of auditing in an IT environment
quite different from the manual working environment that he was much comfortable
with.
Computers themselves have moved from being just electronic data processing
(EDP) systems to the realm of information technology (IT) systems since they not
only process data but store, utilize and communicate a wide variety of information
that influences decision making at various levels of an organization. In fact, with the
advent and growth of computer networks systems, computer systems are fast evolving
into information systems (IS) from their original function of electronic data
processing. As a reflection of this evolution, the term “EDP auditing” has largely been
replaced by such terms as “IT audit” and “IS audit”.

IT Plan :
183. C&AG formulated IT Plan of the Department at the XXIInd Accountant
Generals’ Conference. IT empowers to review and implement new methods, practical
goals and develop improved products and services it is imperative while
implementing any IT Project to look at the relevant area of work in a new light and
treat it as an opportunity for significant Business Process reengineering leading to
increased productivity. This opportunity should not be lost sight of and the objective
of computerization should therefore, be none than conversing a manual activity in to a
electronic activity of registering and record keeping. Keeping this in view Strategic
IT Audit Plan (2003-08) was formulated by Office of the Comptroller and Auditor
General of India in March 2003. The main goals are:

• To establish and enhance IT Audit functions in Indian Audit & Accounts

Department
• To develop IT knowledge and infuse relevant skills among IT auditors
• To acquire appropriate IT infrastructure for supporting and enabling IT audit
process in the audit department.
• To evolve best practices in IT Audit, and to adopt and refine results of
research in the leading edge technologies for IT Audit.
• To prepare and disseminate fully researched and integrated audit
documentation, to establish structures and processes for quality assurances,
and to improve qualitatively and quantitatively international representation.

(Authority: Booklet on IT Plan Published by C&AG dated 03/03/2003 and circulated

vide C&AG No.110-IT Audit-1/197 dated 24/04/2003)

165 O/o DGADS

 IT Audit Plan :
184. In view of the widespread use of Information Technology in the auditee
organizations under the audit control of Comptroller and Auditor General of India, it
becomes imperative to consolidate the IT Audit efforts in the Indian Audit &
Accounts Department and put in place a structure and mechanism to further
strengthen the functions. The focus areas would remain mainly on Attestation and
Certification of financial statements, Performance Audit of IT Systems (i.e. system
designs, procurement, achievement of intended objectives) and Management of the
systems and Assessment of systems under Development.
The main mission of the C&AG is to create an enabling environment in the
Indian Audit and Accounts Department. The objectives are (i) to conduct IT Audits
efficiently, effectively and economically within the C&AG’s mandate, (ii) to raise the
level of competence of the staff and officers of the Indian Audit & Accounts
Department so that they can undertake audit in computerized environment in the most
professional manner and (iii) to adopt and evolve such standards and guidelines for
auditing in a computerized environment.

(Authority :Booklet on IT Plan Published by C&AG dated 03/03/2003 and circulated

vide C&AG No.110-IT Audit-1/197 dated 24/04/2003)

IT Audit Guidelines
185. C&AG has circulated IT Audit Guidelines issued by ASOSAI giving the
definition of IT Audit and covering all the major points on need of IT Audit, impact
of computer on Audit, impact of different IT Controls, roles and responsibilities of IT
Operation, use of different types of Computer Aided Audit Techniques (CAATs).
Need for the audit of System Development Life Cycle involving different stages
where audit issues are identified and Audit of IT Securities. The various aspects are
explained in the IT Audit Guidelines.

SDLC – Involvement of Audit

186. In November 2003, all the Chief Secretaries and Expenditure Secretary in
the Central Government were requested to involve audit in various phases of System
Development. Consequent to that, several State Governments have requested the
local Accountant General to be involved in the development of specific systems.
These guidelines are issued in order to assist field offices to effectively and
constructively audit the process of system development in the auditee units.
The guidelines and checklists are comprehensive and relate to all the phases of
the system development life cycle and are more useful when applied in context of
development of large systems of capital intensive nature. In case of all systems, all of
these may not be applicable. The field offices and particularly the officer who is
associated with the audit of the system development process should decide which
ones would be applicable.
System development has become critical to government departments and
organizations hoping to improve governance and the delivery of services to its
citizens and clients by investing in large software applications. Yet, often expensive
applications development projects fail to deliver on the promises. Government
departments and organizations can reduce the risk of such failures by adopting a

166 O/o DGADS

structured approach such as System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Methodology to
guide themselves and the developers.
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is defined as a structured approach
that divides an information systems development project into distinct stages which
follow sequentially and contain key decision points and sign-offs. This permits an
ordered evaluation of the problem to be solved, an ordered design and development
process, and an ordered implementation of the solution. A final stage allows for
management feedback and control through a post-installation evaluation.
Audit Check List Brochure has been designed by C&AG and issued to all the
IA&AD offices titled ‘Checklist for involvement of audit in the system Development
Phases of Information Technology Systems’. The main steps where audit checks are
necessary are as follows:
• Project Initiation Phase (PI)
• Feasibility Stage (FS)
• System Design Stage (SD)
• Detailed Design Stage (DD)
• Implementation Stage (IM)
• Post - Installation Stage (PO)

C&AG has also issued checklist on Audit of Computerized Inventory systems,

checklist for gathering preliminary information about an application while initiating
IT Audit which may be taken into account while any major systems.

(Authority : Booklet on Checklist for Involvement of Audit in the System Development

Phases of Information Technology Systems published by C&AG and
circulated vide iCISA letter No.780/ 129-ITA-11/System Under
Dev/Checklist dated 08/12/2005)

IT Audit –Headquarters Office’s responsibilities

187. Headquarters Office will be responsible for:

a) conducting IT Audit efficiently, effectively and economically in
Defence Services with in the C&AG’s mandate
b) raising the level of competence of the staff and officers of Defence
Audit by developing IT knowledge and infusing relevant skills
among IT auditors so that they may undertake audit in computerized
environment in the most professional manner
c) adopting and evolving standards and guidelines for auditing in a
computerized environment.
d) acquiring appropriate IT infrastructure for supporting and enabling
IT audit process in the audit department.
e) ensuring implementation of Strategic IT Audit Plan (2003-08).
f) to get latest IT plan and orders/instructions regarding
computerization in the auditee (Army, DRDO, DAD) and keep them
updated all the time. These orders/instructions may be readily kept
in a Guard file.

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IT Audit – CO’s responsibilities
188. A copy of “New Survey Questionnaire for IT Applications in Auditee
units designed by the IT Audit Wing of Headquarters office for each CO for gathering
the basic information in respect of each auditee unit falling under his audit
jurisdiction, has been circulated to all COs. vide DGADS circular letter no. 7873/ED
Cell/3113 dated 10.12.04.
(DGADS circular letter no. 7873/ED Cell/3113 dated 10.12.04.)

It is the responsibility of the CO:

a) To ensure that the new proforma titled DGADS-125 is added as regular
part of the essential information to be collected at the time of each audit
by LTA Parties and forms part of the inspection report
b) To compile and update the information so collected in MS Excel /MS
Access regularly so that consolidated and comprehensive information
about the status of IT Application with each auditee could be assessed at
any point of time by the head of the office and also at Headquarters
level.
c) To collect this information through liaison with the nodal officers
responsible for computerization in the auditee units
d) To collect this information through regular correspondence where
necessary
e) To send proposal to DGADS Office for IT Audit for inclusion in the
Defence Audit Report in the light of Data Base being maintained and
instructions issued by iCISA. in this regard.
f) To undertake routine IT Audits at their initiative and incorporate their
findings in the LTAR. Such IT Audit does not require approval of
DGADS.
g) To get slots for his staff in computer training programmes (including
relevant software) through official and personal liaison with concerned
RTC,IFA, CDA and local Defence training organization to enhance the
capability of audit staff.
(Auth : a to g stated above have been Circulated vide DGADS letter no. 8539/
EDP Cell/IT Audit/3113 dated 02/02/2005.)
h) To get soft copies of Sectional Compilation and other database files like
GPF, Pension etc. from the EDP & System manager, EDP Centre of
concerned CDAs.
(Auth : Dy.CGDA(EDPs) of CGDA letter no. EDP/ Mech/ 305/ CDA Corr. Dated
18/08/2004 circulated by DGADS vide letter no.6323/EDP/3037 dated
18/08/2004.)
i) To get latest IT plan and orders/instructions regarding computerization in
the auditee (Army, DRDO, DAD) and keep them updated all the time.
These orders/instructions may be readily kept in a Guard file.
j) To maintain and update Auditee Profile database.

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Information Technology (IT) in Indian Army

189. Army Headquarters formulates at periodical intervals IT Roadmap for

various years, the latest such Roadmap being IT Roadmap 2008 formulated in the
year 1998. The aim of IT Roadmap was to leverage the advantages offered by the
emerging information technologies by progressively moving from the existing system
of functioning to Office Automation (OA), networking, integrate systems and
Management Information Systems (MIS) using high speed communication backbone
complemented by IT literate manpower.

The IT Roadmap 2008 laid down the objectives and action plan for
implementation of Operational Information Systems (OIS), MIS, communication
infrastructure, Information Warfare (IW) and Human Resource Development (HRD)
aspects. In order to give the right impetus to planning and execution of IT action plan,
a separate IT Budget Head was set up in 1998 to provide required financial support by
delegating adequate financial powers down to Division Headquarters to ensure timely
implementation of projects. The responsibility of OIS has been given to CIDSS
and that of IW to MO Directorate, along with restructuring of ADG IT as DDG
IT. The progress in various IT related projects is being review by DDG IT. IT - Mid
Term Review is being carried now and then by DDG IT.
As per para 2 of ADG IS, GS Branch, Letter No. Info sys/Policy/ IT/ 04 dated
11/12/2003, the focus of IT activities over the years, which has crystallized after a
series of interaction and brainstorming with the environment to address the lacunae in
the present system, is:
a) Hardware: Over the next two years the endeavor would be to equip
formation with 8-10 computers and units with 5-7 computers.
b) Access Network: The Access network to reach the brigades by the
2004-05 and to units by 2005-06
c) System Automation :
i) All line directorates and branches whose system studies are already
over, would be automated in the next two years. The system,
study for the other directorates would be completed over the next
two years.
ii) Automation of Command Headquarters would be completed.
iii) Pilot Project for automation of Beds and units would be completed.
d) Army Intranet: The reach of the Army Intranet would be made
available down to unit level. Suitable cyber security in terms of
firewalls, access rights and so on will be installed. Dynamic pages
with portals will be designed to host enhanced utilities.
e) Security : Cyber security would be given greater weightage. IT
Audit would be carried out. CERT teams are being formed for dealing
with cyber crisis. Digital signatures and PKI would be incorporated in
system operation.
f) Database Centres: Three central database centres would be set up in
the next two years.

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g) MISO : MISO will be revamped completely to provide data flow
upwards from the units in a seamless manner.
h) All the Units level software packages would be completed and fielded.
Policies :
190. To streamline and improve the efficiency in IT development the
following policy letter are formulated and issued to the environment by
DDG IT:
a) Policy on Accounting and Disposal of IT Equipment: ADG IS,
Army Headquarters vide his letter no. Info/sys/Policy/IT/05 dated
16/12/2003 has issued “Policy on Accounting and Disposal of IT
Equipment”. The aim of this policy letter is to lay down
comprehensive guidelines for accounting and disposal of the IT
equipment issued and held by various directorates/ formations/ units/
establishment/ organization of the Army.
• Procedure for Receipt and Issue Vouchers has been formulated.
• Equipment Ledger for maintaining the IT equipment.
• Log Book containing all configuration details, software details
and details of warranty, supply order, up-gradation/replacement
of parts etc will be maintained.
• For easy identification and accounting, the firms/units/
establishments /organisations holding IT Equipment will mark
the course, IT detailed head, cost, month and year of the issue
on the equipment.
• Transfer of IT equipment from one unit to another will not be
allowed without CFA permission.
• Stock Verification: Annual Stock Taking Board will be held
each year and correctness certificate by the annual stock taking
board will be required to be submitted by the unit to the issuing
authority by 31st April of ever year positively.
• Security management of stand alone computers and peer to
peer networks will be the responsibility of Officers/JCOs
/NCOs/ORs. The onus of ensuring the security of information
rests with the originator/custodian.
• Proper procedure for Handing/Taking over of Computer
Hardware and IT Peripherals on relief/Movement of units has
been issued.
• Proper procedure has been made for disposal of IT Equipment/
Obsolete IT equipment.
b) Policy on creation and maintenance of Army WEB and operation
of web servers on army intranet: ADG IS, Army Headquarters vide
his letter no. Info/Sys/Policy/IT 05 dated 09/12/2003 has issued
“POLICY ON CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ARMY WEB
AND OPERATION OF WEB SERVERS ON ARMY INTRANET”.
The aim of this policy letter is to lay down comprehensive guidelines
for Establishment, System Administration and Maintenance of Web/

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 Portal Servers and responsibilities for creating, updating and deleting
information on Army Web.
Web technology has proven its potential to enhance information dissemination
capability, if implemented judiciously. The main purpose of setting up a web/portal is
to bring the vast information and service resources available from many sources to
many users in an effective manner.
General purpose Web Servers and associated Database Servers will be
geographically located in such a way that the clients will be able to access the web
with reasonable speed.
Domain Name Servers (DNS) will be configured for IP address and web site
name mapping. The databases and web contents will be replicated on all web servers
and the replication will be carried out automatically on daily basis. System
administration and Maintenance of Web Server, Database Server and DNS Server will
be done by Army Headquarters Computer Centre, General Staff (Sys) and other
locations.
General Policies are issued for guiding the web site hosting organization in
developing and maintaining the web sites, Hardware ad Software Policy for
Web/Portal Servers and Web contents and Presentations by ADG (IS).
Security of information is an important factor while planning and hosting a
web site on the Army web. Though Army Intranet is engineered on a secure network,
a fool proof security infrastructure is not yet in place. Hence many steps have been
taken as per the above policy.
c) Policy on Standard operating procedure for empanelment and
selection of vendors for information technology projects: ADG IS,
Army Headquarters vide his letter No. B/04225/Vendor/DDG IT
(Project)Info/Sys/Policy/IT 05 dated 09/12/2003 has issued
“STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR EMPANELMENT
AND SELECTION OF VENDORS FOR INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY PROJECTS” as a guideline for empanelment of IT
vendors by a board of officers. A list of empanelled vendors with ADG
IS will be published on army intranet at ADG IS.
Aim is to lay down the procedure for empanelment of vendors for the purpose
of acquisition of IT products from the IT industry and selection of vendors from the
empanelled vendors for specific IT projects, at the DDG IT, Army Headquarters. The
following points have been laid in this policy to be coordinated under the
Commandant Army Systems Advisory Group (ASAG).:
• 10 categories of IT Project have been made
• Procedure to be followed for empanelment
• Expression of Interest
• Initial Interaction at the Army Systems Advisory Group (ASAG)
• Detailed Presentation and Interaction.
• Evaluation of Products
• Evaluation Report by the ASAG
• Qualitative Requirement for consideration for empanelment.

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 • Hardware
• System Integration and Access Network
• Software
• Turnkey Projects
• System Study and Consultancy
• Application software
• Special Projects
• Training
• Facility Management
• Computer Peripherals
• Misc. projects
• Procedure for selection of vendors for a Particular Project
• Guidelines for Termination of Empanelment of a Vendor
The SOP is intended to ensure that all procurement of IT project are made
from reputed vendors, who are capable of providing the requisite follow up support
and the products procured to meet the quality expectation of the Army.
The SOP is a guideline to be used with intelligent interpretation of provisions
with the approval of respective CFA’s with the overall aim to ensure quality of
service in respect of the procured products.
d) Policy on Procurement of/Utilization of Laptops: ADG IS, Army
Headquarters vide his letter No. B/04001/Policy/Laptop/DDG IT(T&P) dated 18th
march 2005 has issued “POLICY ON PROCUREMENT OF/UTILISATION OF
LAPTOPS” In this policy they have mentioned that in order to ensure the optimum
utilization of IT resources at all levels it is essential to lay down the scaling for
procurement of basic items of IT Hardware like laptops. It needs to appreciate that
the prime determinant for the procurement of laptops for a particular appointment
would be specific functional justification which would need to be established by
CFAs at all levels on a ‘case to case` basis. A need based approach, coupled with the
cost-effectiveness aspect, needs to be adopted for procurement of laptops.
The aim of this policy is to lay down scale for referential use while assessing
the need towards procurement of laptops for various officers in the Army based on
functional necessity and issue guidelines for their use.
Guidelines for procurement have been issued in this policy; it has been
mentioned that all procurement at Army HQ will be sanctioned by the CFA with the
approval of the PSO concerned and by respective FOsC-in-C Comd for all others.
Scaling of laptops has been mentioned according to Formations. They have stressed
that functional necessity will have to be established by the CFA even if it is in the
rank of Maj. Gen. Procurement of Laptops for Training purposes and for IT Intensive
Institutions can be done on the category of establishment and number of instructors
Security instruction issued for use of PCs by MI Dte., SI Dte and DG Sigs
from time to time shall be strictly implemented for laptops also. In addition, the
following will be ensured:-
• CI data will not be stored on Laptop

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 • Laptops will not be left unattended. Their physical security as well as
the security of the data stored in these devices will be that of the officers
to whom these are issued.
Accounting of Laptops will not be a personal issue. These will be issued,
held and accounted for by HQ, Unit and Establishment as per laid down procedure.
The officers issued laptop will handover them to their respective HQ, Unit or
Establishment before moving out on posting or on superannuation and will not carry
the laptop from his previous appointment to the new one. The equipment will be
handed over to the new incumbent on posting and the transactions will be duly
recorded in the various books/ledger. The accounting and disposal of the laptops will
be governed by the policy issued vide ADG IS letter no. Info Sys/Policy/IT/05 dated
16/12/2003.
To conclude, it is reiterated that operational and functional necessity remains
the sole determinant for procurement of laptops and therefore this would need to be
amplified by the respective establishment while initiating proposals for procurement
of these equipment on a case to case basis.
While conducting IT Audit of the Army formations, target fixed and the
review of the progress conducted thereon, should be critically examined with
reference to the Road Map.

IT in Defence Accounts Department

History of IT in Defence Accounts Department

191. The Defence Accounts Department has always been in the forefront to
use the technology to enhance the efficacy and efficiency of the Department. The
Compilation of Defence Receipts and Expenditure was mechanized using Hollerith
Machines way back in 1930s. The I.T. as we understand now was introduced in the
Department in 1969 with installation of IBM 1401 at Meerut. The maintenance of
IRLAs of Army JCOs and Jawans of 4 PAOs was computerized using ‘Auto Coder’.
The ‘microprocessors’ based computers were introduced in the Department in early
1980s. Since then the D.A.D. has come a long way in the field of computerization.
The major applications developed and implemented by the Department can be broadly
categorized as off-line batch processing systems in COBOL, off-line batch processing
systems in Foxpro/ Visual FoxPro, on-line LAN based systems in Visual FoxPro and
websites.

192. Applications in Use

• Off-line batch processing systems in COBOL ;
• Maintenance of Pay and Fund Accounts of Officers of Indian Army
• Maintenance of Pay and Fund Accounts of PBORs of Indian Army
• Maintenance of Pay and Fund Accounts of GREF personnel of Borders
Road Organisation
• Maintenance of GROUP Accounts of defence civilians including
D.A.D. personnel
• Sanction of Pension to Service personnel and civilians of MOD
including D.A.D.

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 • Pension Disbursement System through D.P.D.Os.
• Off-line batch processing systems in FoxPro/Visual FoxPro
• Compilation of Defence Receipts and Expenditure
• Wage Roll, Inventory and Cost Accounting Systems for Accounts
Offices in OF.
• On-line LAN based systems in Visual FoxPro
• Office Automation System
Office Automation System is one of the latest applications that has been
developed and implemented in many CsDA Offices. It is on-line LAN based system
where bill payment and related functions such as issue of cheques have been
computerized.

Salient Features of Computerization in D.A.D.

193. The D.A.D. has computerized major functions and operations involving
voluminous data and large number of transactions such as Pay, Fund, Pension,
Compilation of receipts and expenditure The applications developed are in batch
processing mode except Office Automation and Websites. These applications are run
through 21 EDP Centers located all over country. The Factory Accounting Packages
are in operation in each of 39 Factory Accounts Offices of the Ordnance Factories.
All major applications are in COBOL and FoxPro/Visual FoxPro. These applications
have been developed with in-house efforts.
All major EDP Centers and Controllers Offices, RTCs are on Wide Area
Network using NICNET through V-SAT and RF Connectivity. The EDP Centers and
Controllers Offices have been provided with PCs, servers, printers and other hardware
that have been procured over a period of several years.
The D.A.D. has a pool of trained manpower in the field of I.T. They have
trained UNIX/Windows System Administrators and COBOL, FoxPro/Visual FoxPro
programmers. The IDAS Batches 1995 onwards are trained in latest technologies like
Linux, Java and MySQL.

194. The Defence Accounts Department has launched an ambitious

automation project 'Mission EXCEL IT'. The aim of Mission Excel IT, which was
started in December 2002, is total online integrated automation of all functions of
the Department including providing network connectivity to all its offices. As a first
step, it was decided to undertake a comprehensive study of all functional areas of the
Department. For this purpose in-house Study Groups (21 numbers) were formed
which were mandated to identify areas for automation, databases to be created and to
suggest areas for BPR (Business Process Re-engineering). A separate group on
Information Technology was also formed to give recommendations on software
technologies to be used. The software technologies that are proposed to be used in
the automation projects under Mission Excel IT are:
• Operating System: Red Hat Linux Advanced and Enterprise for Servers
and MS Windows for desktops.
• Application Development: on J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition), with
Jboss as Application Server and Tomcat as Web Container.
• RDBMS: Red Hat Database and MySQL

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 Even though, the computerization in the Defence Accounts Department has
been achieved through in-house efforts, considering the magnitude of Mission Excel
IT, it has been decided to outsource the development of software.
Under Mission Excel IT, eleven Software Development Projects have been
identified. These projects are a combination of Main System (core functional area of
an office) and a Plug-in system (System or Modules covering a support function
which will be plugged into the main system). It will be the responsibility of software
developers to develop the interfaces between main systems and Plug-in Systems, so
as to achieve seamless integration.
For each of the eleven Software Development Projects, a Project
Coordination Team has been set up (PCT) – comprising of a project manager (a
Senior IDAS officer), domain experts and IT experts. The PCTs would be the point of
contact for the software developer. The PCTs would be closely associated with each
and every stage of development and implementation of the eleven software projects.
The PCTs would prepare an exhaustive URS (User Requirement
Specifications) which would form part of the Tender Documents for RFP.
A roadmap of the entire project has been conceived which comprises activities
such as URS writing, network decisions, budget estimation of the project, selection of
vendor, software development, testing, implementation and training of system
administrator and users. The Project End Date of Mission EXCEL IT is March
2007.
• Software Development Projects under MISSION EXCEL IT:
• Pension Project: Development Center of this Project is Allahabad/Meerut.
• DA(O) Project : Development Center of this Project is Pune.
• FA (Integrated Financial Advisor)/ ATC (Audit through Computers) Project:
Development Center for this project is Delhi.
• Regional CDA Project: Development site of this Project is Delhi.
• Principal Controller of Defence Accounts (New Delhi) Project: Development
site of this project is Delhi.
• Controller of Defence Accounts (Navy) Project: The development center for
this Project is Mumbai.
• Controller of Defence Accounts (Air Force): The development center for this
Project is Delhi.
• Controller of Defence Accounts(Border Roads) Project : Development site of
this Project is New Delhi and Pune
• Other Ranks Project: Development site of this project is New Delhi.
• Financial Information System/ Ministry of Defence Project: The development
centre of this project is Delhi.
• Pay Project : The development center of this project is Delhi
• (Authority : Project Mission EXCEL IT sanction by Govt. of India vide No. GOI,
MOD(Finance), DAD (Cord) No.F.10(29)/C/2003(27) dated 07/07/2004 and Jt.CGDA letter
No.EDP/148/OA/DGADS dated 31/12/2003)

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 Books/ circulars/orders recommended for reference:

• GOI, MOF (Dept. of Economic Affairs) Office Memo. No. F.10 (20)-B/73 dated
11/06/1973. on Introduction of Computer based accounting system in government
department.
• IT Audit Guide circulated by C&AG issued by ASSOSAI.
• Information System Security Handbook for IAAD
• Checklist for Involvement of Audit in the system Development Phases of Information
Technology Systems issued by C&AG.
• Strategic IT Audit Plan (2003-08) issued by C&AG.
• IT MID Term Review, issued by DDG IT
• Audit of Computerized Inventory Systems – A Check List , issued by C&AG
• SOP for implementation of IT Projects and Procurement of IT stores under DFP
issued by Jt. Dir (Bud & Plg.) vide case file No. B/05010/IT/SOP/ADG Sys (Budget).
• GOI, MOD (Finance), DAD (Coord) No. F.10(29)/C/2003(27) dated 07/07/2004 on
Mission Excel IT – a computerization Drive in DAD
• Letter No.EDP/Mech /305/CDA Corr. Issued by O/o. CGDA, computer Centre
regarding Soft Copy of Sectional Compilation and other Database files like GPF,
Pension etc
• Ministry of Defence , Directorate of Standardisation Joint Services Policy Statement
for Computer Hardware and Software JSPS No. 7010-001(2000)

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• MANUAL OF THE AUDIT DEPARTMENT, DEFENCE SERVICES VOL-I, PART ‘A’

APPENDICES

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178 O/o DGADS
 APPENDIX- I
(See Paragraphs 38)
REPORT OF THE COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA,
UNION GOVERNMENT (DEFENCE SERVICES)

Report of the C&AG of India, Union Government (Defence Services)

1. Chapter 3 under Section VII of Comptroller and Auditor General's Manual
of Standing Orders (Audit) Second Edn.-2002 lays down in detail the form, contents
and procedure for preparation of Audit Reports, and their submission to the President
who shall cause them to be laid before each House of Parliament. The instructions
contained in this Appendix are supplementary to those contained in C&AG's MSO
(Audit) referred to above.
2. The Report of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India, Union
Government (Defence Services) is the report on the results of test audit conducted by
the Director General of Audit, Defence Services and his Staff as also the results of
internal audit conducted by the Defence Accounts Department, where he so thinks
necessary, are included by the DGADS in an Annual Audit Report entitled “Report of
the Comptroller and Auditor General of India for the year ended March…...Union
Government (Defence Services) Army and Ordnance Factories”.
This report contains such comments on the regularity and propriety of
expenditure as are deemed necessary and proper to make as a result of audit
investigations, including the examination of audit of accounts of receipts and of
stores and stocks maintained by Units & Formations of Defence Services. The report
contains, in additions, general remarks regarding financial administration topics of
special interest, important or typical financial irregularities, losses etc, and general
defect in administration of discipline, of which the cases of irregularity seem to offer
substantial evidence, any neglect of recommendations of the Public Accounts
Committee, which have been accepted by the Government and any new remedy,
general or particular, which the DGADS considers it desirable to suggest. Besides
highlighting financial irregularities, the report also includes the financial aspects
based on the Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services.
Objective of Audit Reports
The report of the C&AG of India is designed to serve double purpose.
3 (i) To the Government of India :- The report will show the extent to
which the Defence Services are complying with its rules and orders, and will offer
suggestion/ directions in which these rules and orders can with advantage be
amplified or modified or improved.
(ii) To the Parliament through its Public Accounts Committee:- It will
reveal in general how far the Government has complied with its expressed views in
matters of importance, and in particular how far money placed at the disposal of
Government were regularly and properly spent. In order to adequately fulfill the
latter function, the report, in addition to the points arising out of audit against
provision of funds, brings to the notice of the Parliament (i) important financial
irregularities, such as deficiencies of sanction, failure to enforce or respect
prescribed rules and procedures, offences against universally accepted standards of

179 O/o DGADS

official conduct or financial administration, or any other class of irregularity and (ii)
cases of losses written off or nugatory expenditure.
4. The Reports of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India, Union
Government (Defence Services) is intended to include not only cases of
irregularities discovered by the Audit Department, Defence Services, but also those
brought to light by other agencies.
6. Copies of the Government sanctions received are normally examined in
Headquarters Office. Sanctions relating to Factories are generally examined by the
Principal Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories) Kalkata. Draft paragraphs are
proposed in respect of cases considered suitable for inclusion in the Report of the
Comptroller & Auditor General of India, Union Government (Defence Services)
(Army and Ordnance Factories). Government Sanctions pertaining to Army are
examined in Headquarters office. Government sanctions relating to Air Force & Navy
are examined by PDA (AF&N) New Delhi and those relating to Ordnance Factories
by PDA (OF) Kolkata. Draft Paragraphs in respect of (Army and Ordnance Factories)
which are considered suitable for inclusion in the Report of C&AG of India, Union
Government Defence Services (Army and Ordnance Factories) are included in one
Report submitted by the Director General of Audit Defence Services. Draft
Paragraphs pertaining to Air Force & Navy are submitted by the PDA (AF&N) New
Delhi. The material for inclusion in the Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services
prepared by Secretary (Defence Finance), is also checked in Command Offices and
Headquarters Office and cases calling for special mention are included in the Report
of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India, Union Government – Accounts of the
Union Government
7. Cases noticed during central/local test audit and considered fit for inclusion
in the Reports of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India, Union Government
(Defence Services) should as far as possible be commented upon when they are fresh,
as otherwise the very object of including the case in the Report of the Comptroller &
Auditor General of India, Union Government (Defence Services) is defeated.
Command Officers should, therefore, collect complete and accurate facts and true
copies of relevant correspondence during audit. Draft paras should as far as possible
be prepared simultaneously and issued to Controllers' of Defence Accounts concerned
along with issue of Inspection Reports/Objection Statements for verification of facts
mentioned in the draft paragraphs and obtaining the remarks of the administrative
authorities.
(D.A.D.S. No. 1059/Rep-28/61. dated 15.6.60, DADS No. 814 and 833/Rep/28 Orders/
68dated 10.5.68)
8. The Local Test Audit Reports/Central Test Audit Objection Statements,
may contain items, which may be unimportant in themselves, but which are likely to
be useful in preparing paragraphs illustrating types of irregularities. Notes of such
cases should be kept by Command Officers who should prepare draft paragraphs if
and when the number of such items justifies such action.
9. To facilitate preparation of draft paras, Command and Branch Officers
should maintain a register of potential cases of draft paragraphs to note important
financial irregularities and such cases should be progressed expeditiously so that
comments on the case can be finalised without delay. Similar registers should be
maintained by each Audit Section in Headquarters office.

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 10. Copies of Quarterly reports on the major financial and accounting
irregularities rendered by the CsDA/PCsDA to the administrative authorities to bring
to their notice cases of important irregularities, are sent to COs The Controllers also
maintain registers of important financial irregularities. These Quarterly reports as well
as the registers of financial irregularities should be scrutinised by Command Officers
and draft paras on cases worth commenting upon in the Reports of the Comptroller
and Auditor General of India, Union Government (Defence Services) should be
prepared.
Procedure for preparation and progressing draft paragraphs
11. Draft paras should be approved by COs personally and issued to CDA for
verification of facts. The issue of draft paragraphs to Controllers of Defence Accounts
is not obligatory but is only prescribed as a convenient working arrangement and as a
method to ensure that only correct facts are mentioned in the Report. One copy of the
draft paragraph should also be sent by the Command Officers to the concerned unit/
formation and Command Headquarters direct to facilitate speedy verification of facts.
While forwarding copies of draft paragraphs to the Controllers of Defence Accounts,
it should be specifically mentioned that a copy of the draft para has been/is being sent
direct to the concerned unit/formation and Command Headquarters
(DADS Confidential No.364/Rep-11 /76-77 dated26.7.77)
The preparation and issue of draft paras is a continuous process and efforts
should be made to space out the issue of the paragraphs throughout the year in a
phased manner in order to avoid “bunching up” at any particular period of time.
Copies of all paragraphs proposed for inclusion in a particular year's Report should be
sent to reach the Director General of Audit by 31st August of the preceding calendar
year positively. The need for an exchange of views with the heads of departments
before issue of draft paragraphs cannot be overstressed. In so far as the draft
paragraphs issued by COs are concerned, the cases mentioned in the draft paragraphs
would have already figured in Local Test Audit Reports and views of the local
administrative heads (at Command Headquarters level) would be available. In cases
where the views are not available, COs may take special steps to obtain them before
floating the draft para, care being taken to ensure that cases are not allowed to age.
The views of the administrative heads at Command level should be clearly brought
out in the draft paragraphs and relevant copies forwarded to Headquarters office.
In regard to cases floated by the Headquarters office as a result of scrutiny of
government sanctions/files or provisioning audit, there would have, in most cases,
been exchange of views with the Ministry/Administrative Heads of Department
through correspondence before the draft paragraphs are finalised. In cases, where such
an exchange of views has not been made, the fact may be specially brought out by the
initiating section.
(DADS No. 114/Rep/10/71 dated 26.5.72)
12. Command Officers should bear in mind the following points in connection
with the preparation of draft paragraphs/performance audits:
(i) The emphasis should be on quality rather than on quantity and analysis
rather than mere narration. .
(ii) The thrust of the paragraphs and performance audits should come out
clearly. Long and complex paragraphs/ performance audits should end
with a summing up bringing in sharp focus on the major points.

181 O/o DGADS

 (iii) No abbreviations are used in the body of the paragraphs, as well as in the
marginal keys.
(iv) The financial effect should be brought out and mentioned in whole rupees
only.
(v) When opinions are embodied in the draft paragraphs, it should be made
clear as to whose opinion it is intended to mention. Relevant copies of
correspondence on which this is based should be forwarded to Director
General.
(vi) Paragraphs should be fully annotated in the marginal key. All statements
of facts in draft paragraph should be duly supported by references to
rules, correspondence etc. and normally occasions should not arise when
the facts are disputed by the administrative authorities after the paras are
issued.
(vii) Keys to the draft paragraphs should be sufficiently informative so that
Executive authorities/Controllers of Defence Accounts do not experience
difficulty in linking up their papers. In case the Executive
authorities/Controllers of Defence Accounts find any difficulty in this
regard additional information that might be required by them may be
furnished.
(DADS No. 2Q4/Rep-11/77-78 dated 17.8.79)
(viii) Draft paragraphs should be written in lucid and impersonal language and
free from technical expressions. The facts should be presented precisely
and all references to matters extraneous to the main point at issue should
be excluded. The names and location of units and formations will
generally be mentioned unless considered inadvisable for reasons of
security.
(ix) The date (month and year, if the exact date is not known) or the period of
an irregularity, when it came to notice and when action was taken to
investigate and remedy it should be stated.
(x) it should be made clear in the paragraph whether responsibility for the
irregularity in question has been fixed or is being fixed and disciplinary
action taken or proposed to be taken against individuals found
responsible for the irregularity. Remedial measures taken or proposed to
be taken to prevent recurrence of similar irregularities should also be
indicated (See para 59(ii) Part A Vol.1)
[DADS No. 4467/Rep-28/48, dated 15.5.49 and confidential No. 465/Rep-11/77-78 dated 10.11.78].
(xi) Style Guide for Audit Reports published by C&AG of India, New Delhi
will be consulted before drafting “Audit Reports”.
(Authority: C&AG’s letter No. 113/Audit(AP)/6-2003 dated 27.8.2003)
13. The Controller of Defence Accounts should be requested to communicate
the result of his verification of facts within six weeks from the date of issue of the
draft paragraphs to him.
(DADS No. 3343/Rep/28/45 dated 25.10.45)
14. (i) As reports of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India, Union
Government (Defence Services) are treated as "confidential documents" till they are
presented to the Parliament, the draft paragraphs should also be graded not lower than

182 O/o DGADS

"Confidential" to maintain secrecy.
(DADS No. 179/Rep-28/65 dated 9.9.68)
(ii) The Audit Report materials are secured against use by outsiders till they
are presented to the legislature. It is accessible to the Press Public or any outside
agencies.
(Authority: CAG No.155-Audit (AP)/8-2003 dated 30.10.2003 & DGADS No.1349/Rep-
2/2001-2002/Order dated 3.12.2003)
15. Simultaneously with the issue of draft paragraph to CsDA one advance
copy of the draft paragraph will also be sent to Headquarters office, together with a
factual statement of case containing all relevant details about the case, for
examination and issue of the draft paragraph to the Ministry of Defence. Complete
copies of all relevant correspondence and documents should accompany the draft
paragraph. The result of verification of facts by the CDA/Administrative authorities
and further development in the case will be communicated to Headquarters office as
soon as they are available.
(DADS No. 1059/Rep-28/61 dated 115.8.60)
While forwarding draft paragraphs to Headquarters office, the Command
Officer should send, in duplicate, a list of important questions/issues arising out of the
draft paragraph which would be required to be taken up by the Public Accounts
Committee with the Ministry/Department.
The statement of case is intended to bring out clearly the full details of the
case to enable the Director General of Audit, Defence Services to have an
appreciation of the Irregularity in the proper perspective. In drafting the statement of
case, all the facts should be marshaled and arranged in their proper sequence.
Comments should be given separately at the end.
16. The following points should also be kept in mind so that the responsibility
of the Department concerned for the irregularity can be clearly brought out in the
statement of case:- .
(i) Did the matter come to the notice of the Finance Ministry/CGDA/CDA at
any stage? (If the matter should have come to their notice but did not so
come because they were not sufficiently vigilant, this fact should be
mentioned).
(ii) What action was suggested by them?
(iii) Did the Administration follow this advice? If so, did the irregularity or
loss take place in spite of following the advice?
(iv) Did Finance Ministry/CGDA/CDA take or suggest any action after the
Irregularity had taken place
(CAG's No.547-Rep-.58-61 dated 24.2.61 - File No. Rep-28/61)
(v) If any case which has already figured in the Appropriation Accounts is
made the subject matter of a draft paragraph, this fact should be brought
out in the statement of case sent to the Director General of Audit,
Defence Services explaining inter alia, why the case again requires to be
included in the Report of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India,
Union Government (Defence Services) (Army and Ordnance Factories).
17. All Draft Paragraphs sent to Headquarters office should contain the

183 O/o DGADS

following information in a separate sheet:
a) The name and location of the unit/formation involved.
b) The period of accounts last checked in test audit.
c) The dates on which last test audit was completed.
d) The period to which the Irregularity relates.
e) (i) The agency (i.e. whether test audit or internal audit or administrative/
executive authority) which detected the irregularity.
(ii) Name of the person who was responsible for the detection of the
case in respect of cases detected by test audit
f) How was the irregularity detected?
g) The reasons for the delay, if any, in detecting the Irregularity in test audit.
h) If the report to Headquarters office is not made within six months of the
detection of the irregularity in audit, the reasons for the delay in
reporting.
(DADS No. 1059/Rep-28/61 dated 15.6.60 & 2328/Rep-28/65-66 orders dated 12.8.86)
(j) Report Certificate :- A certificate, based on the certificate furnished by
the Command Officer concerned after audit of Trading profit & loss
Account of CSD, is given by the HQ office in the form as shown below:-

Audit Certificate
I have examined the Accounts and Balance sheet for the year …….. of the
Canteen Stores Department and obtained all information and explanations that I have
required subject to audit observations, contained in the Annexure to this certificate. I
certify, as a result of Test Audit, that in my opinion Accounts and Balance Sheet are
properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and fair view of the State of Affairs of the
Canteen Stores Department, according to the best of my information and explanations
given to me and as shown by the books of the Canteen Stores Department.

D.G.A.D.S.

18. No mention regarding relation of Audit and Administration need

ordinarily be made in the Audit Report unless there is some adverse comment to be
made or some important points to be brought to notice. When any such comment is to
be made, Director General of Audit, Defence Services will decide whether it is to be
included in the Audit Report or whether it would be sufficient to bring it to the notice
of Comptroller and Auditor General and through him to Government. If Director
General desires that the point be included in Comptroller and Auditor General's letter
to Government, he may furnish full information and the necessary suggestions in the
letter forwarding the Audit Report to the Comptroller and Auditor General.
On receipt of the draft paragraphs from the Command Officers, these will be
examined at the Headquarters office to see if a prima facie case exists for comment
and if so, draft paragraphs after approval of the Directors General of Audit are issued
to the Ministry of Defence, six copies each of the draft paragraphs are sent to the
Ministry of Defence (Def/Bud) with copies endorsed to Defence (Fin/Bud), CGDA
and the Service Headquarters concerned. Simultaneously one copy of the draft
paragraph is sent to the Defence Secretary. Replies of the Ministry of Defence to the

184 O/o DGADS

Draft paragraphs are to be furnished within six weeks of receipt of Draft Paragraphs.
(DADS UO No.461/Rep/10/71 dated13.9.72 and CAG's office UO No.1697/Rep/83/72-11
dated 19.9.72 and DA's order dated21.7.79 on page 24/N of file No. Rep-11/77-78)
Copies of the draft paragraphs as finalised by the Headquarters office are also
sent to the Command Officers who should send them to the Controller of Defence
Accounts concerned for their information. Any additional information or details
called for by the Headquarters office should be sent by the Command Officers
promptly.
In the case of Ordnance Factories, draft paragraphs are issued by the Principal
Director of Audit (Ordnance Factories) to the Ministry of Defence Department of
Defence Production - D (Prod/Admn) with copies endorsed to Ministry of Defence
(Fin/Bud), CGDA, Ordnance Factories Board etc.
All draft paragraphs approved by the Director General of Audit Defence
Services/Pr. Director of Audit (OF) and Pr. Director of Audit (Air Force & Navy) are
sent in duplicate to the CAG's Office for vetting and offering any preliminary
remarks,
After receipt of the Ministry's replies and completion of discussion with the
Ministry's officials the draft Audit Report is finalised by the Director General of
Audit Defence Services and Pr. Director of Audit (OF) and Pr. Director of Audit (Air
Force & Navy) after taking into account the comments of the Comptroller & Auditor
General on the draft paragraphs.
19. When Defence purchases are made abroad by DG ISM the related
contracts and payments are audited by Pr. Director of Audit, Indian Accounts 'in
UK/USA, Draft paragraphs proposed by them as a result of such audit are issued
direct to the Administrative authorities and copies thereof are also sent to Comptroller
& Auditor General and Director General of Audit, Defence Services. Pr. Accountants
General also conduct audit of accounts of Defence works executed by Public Works
Department on behalf of Military Engineer Services. Draft paragraphs in respect of
Important Irregularities proposed by them are sent to the CAG for approva1 and to
Director General of Audit, Defence Services for inclusion in his report,
20. The Director General is authorised to edit the draft paragraph proposed
by the Principal Director of Audit, Indian Accounts" in the United Kingdom/USA
before including it in the Audit Report and if considered desirable to omit any
portion of it or drop the paragraph. When any paragraph is omitted or substantially
modified the Principal Director of Audit, Indian Accounts in the United
Kingdom/USA should be informed (under intimation to Comptroller &Auditor
General of India) giving reasons in brief for omission or modification. When a para
has been substantially modified, copy of the paragraph in its final form should be
forwarded for the information of the Principal Director of Audit, Indian Accounts in
the United Kingdom/USA. The responsibility for the correctness of the facts and
pursuit of draft paragraphs with the Administrative Ministry is that of the Principal
Director of Audit, Indian Accounts in the UK/USA. But where a need for
coordination arises, the Case will be taken up with the Ministry concerned by the
Principal Director of Audit Defence Services (from Headquarters office).
(Comptroller & Auditor General No. 616-Rep/95-52 dated 5th August 1952 - File Rep-
38/52)
21. (i) The paragraphs in the Audit Report are grouped in various chapters,

185 O/o DGADS

arranged according to the types of irregularities. The Report of the C&AG of India,
Union Government (Defence Services) are printed both in Hindi and English.
(ii) Instruction for finalisation of Audit Report: - The following instructions
are to be followed in respect of Audit Reports to be finalised in future.
(a) In case where a Ministry or Department of the Government of India
proposes to withhold any documents relating to any matter included in a
draft para proposed to be included in the Audit Report from any of the
Parliamentary Committees, the Ministry/Department concerned will bring
this fact to the notice of the ADAI/DAI demi-officially at the time of
furnishing comments to the draft para.
(b) The request of the Ministry/Department will be considered by the
concerned ADAI/DAI at Headquarters while finalizing the Audit Reports
and while dealing with the follow up action during the deliberations of
the matter by PAC/COPU. In case the Parliamentary Committees request
submission by Audit, of copies of these supporting documents in respect
of which privilege is proposed to be claimed, Audit will inform the
Committee concerned of the Government’s intention to claim privilege
from production of the said documents and that Government may,
therefore, be approached for the production of the documents in question
without the intervention of Audit.
(Authority CAG’s letter No.40-Audit Procedure/209-99(KN) dated 18.6.2002)
22. The final complete draft reports are required to be submitted to the
Comptroller & Auditor General for approval by 1st December or any other date
prescribed by Comptroller & Auditor General from time to time and the printed
copies for signature of the Comptroller and Auditor General by 15th February of each
year. The bond copies of Audit Reports will henceforth be accompanied by Assurance
Memos sighed by the Principal Audit Officers (para 77 refers).
(CAG Confidential No.926-Rep/134/67 dated 2.6.67 File Rep- 28/67KW and CAG DO
letter no. 1116 - Rep (c)/77-78 dated 4.9.78 File Rep-11/77-78)
23. Before forwarding the printed copies of the Reports of the Comptroller
and Auditor General of India, Union Government (Defence Services), duly signed by
the Director General of Audit Defence Services/Pr.DA (Air Force & Navy) to C&AG
of' India, for his countersignature, all printing mistakes should be corrected.
[CAG No.69-Rep/10-49 dated 24.2.49 File - Rep/28/49].
24. Six printed copies of the Audit Report should be interleaved with plain white
paper for being fully referenced and annotated for use during the meeting of the
Public Accounts Committee.
25. After the Audit Reports are placed in Parliament, copies are distributed to
various departments and offices directly by Headquarters Copies are also sent to the
Press Information Bureau. Please also see para 22 above.
26. The report of the C&AG of India, Union Government (Defence Services) is
priced publication and is available for sale to the public through Publication
Department.

186 O/o DGADS

 Discussion of Audit Report by the P.A. C.
27. To acquaint members of the PAC on the cases included in the Audit
Report and the Appropriation Accounts, Memos of important points in respect of each
of the paragraph included in the Audit Report, are prepared by Headquarters office
and sent to the Comptroller & Auditor General along with briefs containing extracts
of the paragraphs, referenced by copies/extracts of relevant correspondence, the
Ministry's replies, and further developments. These and four annotated copies of the
Audit Reports are sent to the Comptroller & Auditor General sufficiently in advance
of the dates of the meeting of the PAC.
28. To facilitate the preparation of briefs and MIPs, Command Officers should
send to the Headquarters office by 1st week of each month (commencing from the
month following the presentation of the Audit Report to the Parliament) reports in
duplicate detailing the further developments in respect of each paragraph included in
the Audit Report and pertaining to their audit jurisdiction. These reports may be
discontinued after the PAC has considered the year's Audit Report on receipt of
intimation to this effect from the Headquarters office.
29. The draft notes of the Ministry showing action taken or proposed to be
taken on the recommendations of the Public Accounts Committee should be examined
to see whether any action taken by the Ministry is in accordance with the
recommendations of the Public Accounts Committee.
30. The proceedings and Report of the Public Accounts Committee when
received should be examined carefully to find out which paragraphs require further
action. During discussion of the Appropriation Accounts and the Audit Report, the
Public Accounts Committee sometimes suggest certain matters for examination by
audit or prefer to watch progress through future Audit Reports. There are also cases
where officers giving evidence make certain statements which audit would like to
verify by an examination of the records or during future inspections. Suitable notes
of such cases should be kept and further, action taken expeditiously without waiting
for the printed Report of the Public Accounts Committee.
The results of such verification/examination should be available for
consideration when the next Audit Report is prepared.
(Authority: CAG's Nos. (i) 325-Rep/17-62 dated 17.2.62 and (ii) 756-Rep/17-62 dated
18.4.62 File Rep-34/52)
31. Apart from vetting the draft notes etc., proposed by the Ministry for
submission to the Public Accounts Committee, the action taken or proposed to be
taken by the Ministry in important cases should be followed up, so that it may be
possible to offer critical comments on the Ministry's remarks and also inform the
Public Accounts Committee of the latest position when the notes are taken up for
consideration by the Committee.
32. Where the result of the follow up action is considered important enough
for inclusion in the Audit Report, Draft paragraphs/Comments should be prepared
irrespective of whether the relevant Notes of the Ministry have been considered by
the Public Accounts Committee or not. If on the other hand, the follow up action
indicates that the position is satisfactory, a simple report to that effect should be
made to the Comptroller and Auditor General at the time the concerned
Memoranda/Notes are taken up- for consideration by the Public Accounts
Committee. Comments which may not call for inclusion in the Audit Report' but

187 O/o DGADS

which are at the same time important enough to be brought to the notice of the
Committee should also be intimated to the Comptroller and Auditor General from
time to time.
(Authority: CAG's letter No. 1836-Rep-298-62 dated 7.9.62)

188 O/o DGADS

 APPENDIX -II
(See Paragraph 37 (b)
REPORT TO BE FURNISHED TO THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF AUDIT,
CENTRAL REVENUES, DIRECTOR GENERAL OF AUDIT, ECONOMIC
AND SERVICE MINISTRIES IN RESPECT OF CENTRAL (CIVIL)
EXPENDITURE

1. The Defence Accounts Officers are concerned with the following items of
Central (Civil) expenditure:
(a) expenditure on Civil Works, which is audited by Controllers of Defence
Accounts as Sub-Audit Officer of the Director General of Audit,
Economic and Service Ministries.
(b) expenditure on J&K Militia.
(c) expenditure relating to Family Welfare Programme in the Armed Forces.
(d) expenditure relating to Border Roads Development Board.
(e) expenditure on Debt and other obligation.
(f) expenditure relating to Ministry of Defence and Defence Pension.
2. Any important irregularities arising out of the above expenditure detected
daring the course of test audit should be communicated to the Director General of
Audit Defence Services, in the same manner as in the case of draft paragraphs. Draft
paragraph which cannot be verified by Controllers of Defence Accounts in time to
reach the Director General of Audit, Defence Services by the 20th August may be sent
unverified and any corrections arising from the remarks of the Controllers of Defence
Accounts as also draft paragraph (2nd batch) should be sent by the 7th November at
the latest.
3. Paragraphs relating to accounting aspects which are approved by the
Director General of Audit, Defence Services are sent to Controller General of Defence
Accounts for acceptance with regard to the correctness of facts. Paragraphs, if any,
relating to accounting aspect should be sent to the Director General of Audit, Central
Revenues, in duplicate by 22nd September. The second and final list of corrections if
any should be sent in duplicate so as to reach that office on or before 1st December.
(A.G.C.R. No.R.II/9-9/61-62/414 dated 19.3.61 File. AC 5/60)

4. Draft paras on financial and other irregularities relating to the Border

Roads Development Board under the Ministry of Transport which are issued direct
to the Ministry of Transport/BRDB among others are to be sent to the C&AG for his
approval in the first instance. These are finally included in the Central Civil Audit
Report.
5. Material relating to Store/Cash losses, outstanding audit objections etc.
relating to Border Roads Development Board are furnished to the Director General of
Audit Economic and Service Ministries in the form and manner required by him on
dates specified from title to time.
(CAG No.1706/Rep/238-63 dated 13.9-63 as amended. File. Rep- 28/65/66/orders)
6. As regards expenditure mentioned in para 1 (f) above, "the Secretary
(Defence Finance) prepares the Appropriation Accounts. The original copies of the
Appropriation Accounts are forwarded by the Secretary (Defence Finance) to the
DGACR and copies thereof are endorsed to the Director General of Audit, Defence

189 O/o DGADS

Services.
7. In November each year, the Secretary (Defence Finance), forwards his
certificates on the correctness of these accounts to the DGACR through the DGADS.
The Director General of Audit, Defence Services has also to certify the accuracy of
these accounts in the following form:
“I have examined the above accounts and according to the best of my
information, as a result of test audit of the books and consideration of explanations
given to me, I certify that the account is correct”.
8. The Secretary (Defence Finance) certificates should be forwarded to the
DGACR by November together with the certificates of the DGADS and duplicate
copies of the Accounts referred to in para 6 above.
9. The certificate of the Director General of Audit, Defence Services is based
on:
(i) the certificates rendered by the Command Officers (who should scrutinise
the correctness of the rates applied in commutation, broad sheets, progress
and clearance of recoverable payment and their accounting) on the
accuracy of accounts qualified, if need be, which are due to reach
Headquarters Office by 25th September each year,
(ii) a check of the accounts in question with reference to the Statement of
Central Transactions, Defence Services conducted by the Headquarters
Office.

190 O/o DGADS

 APPENDIX -III
(See paragraph 37(e))
Sl. No. 1

Combined Finance and Revenue Accounts

The Controller General of Defence Accounts (CGDA) prepares the Defence
Services portion of Combined Finance and Revenue Accounts for incorporation in the
Combined Finance and Revenue Accounts (CF&RA) of the Central and State
Government in India and forwards a copy to the office of the Comptroller & Auditor
General of India (C&AG) by September 20 and endorses another copy to the office of
the Director General of Audit, Defence Services (DGADS), New Delhi through
Ministry of Defence (Fin/Bud-I). The DGADS checks these accounts with reference
to the Consolidated Compilation of Defence Receipts and Charges for March (Final)
furnished by the Computer Centre, CGDA, New Delhi. The DGADS, after satisfying
himself about the correctness of the accounts, forwards three sets of these accounts to
the office of the C&AG of India along with a certificate of DGADS regarding
correctness of the accounts.
The Command Officers also send a report on the check of the accounts under
Major heads 0076 to 0080 (Receipts), 2076 to 2080 (Expenditure) (the new Major
Heads 0080 and 2080 pertaining to R&D Organisation have been introduced with
effect from the year 2003-04) and 4076 Capital Outlay on Defence Services in respect
of Controllers of Defence Accounts under their audit jurisdiction by 1st week of
September to enable the office of the DGADS to append the certificate on CF&RA
after due checks. However, pursuant to the decision taken vide paras 9&11 of the
Report of the Committee constituted in 1998 for prescribing a format for CF&RA
accounts, the inclusion of the Defence Services portion in CF&RA along with that of
P&T and Railways have been discontinued with effect from 1996-97 and onwards.
Accordingly, while intimating the decision, C&AG office had advised DGADS to
intimate Ministry of Defence to bring out a separate Compilation of Defence Services
portion of Finance & Revenue Accounts, if required by them (C&AG office letter
NO. 101-AC-III/CFR-ROB/405-99 dated 5 April 2000 refers). Subsequently, the
requirement of furnishing Defence Services portion of CF&RA in terms of Para-181
of this Manual (Item-31 of Annexure-B (Annual) ) to C&AG office had been
dispensed with.
Defence Services portion of Finance and Revenue Accounts are prepared
dividing into the following two broad categories:

Receipts
The receipts realized during the year under the Major heads are depicted
Minor head-wise in the accounts.

Expenditure
The Minor head-wise details of expenditure under the Major heads are
depicted in these accounts. The total expenditure under each Major head is shown
separately both for Voted and Charged segments in the accounts.
Besides this, the account contains the general summary of Receipts and
Charges under Revenue & Capital heads of account along with certain explanations.

191 O/o DGADS

 During the scrutiny of these accounts, the following audit checks may be
exercised:
(i) The figures of expenditure shown in the accounts under various Minor
heads of a Major Head should be strictly in accordance with the figures
shown under respective Minor heads/Major head in the Consolidated
Compilation of Defence Receipts and Charges, March (Final).
(ii) The recoveries which are adjusted in the accounts as reduction of
expenditure under a particular head should not be added back with the
expenditure figures of that head of expenditure as Finance Accounts
disclose the net expenditure figures only.
(iii) It should be seen that the expenditure incurred by the departments viz;
DAVP (Ministry of Information & Broadcasting) etc. as an agent
department on behalf of Ministry of Defence under a particular head, in
no cases be added back to the concerned head of expenditure as this
amount will be found reflected separately in the Statement of Central
Transactions (SCT) of agent department i.e. DAVP (Ministry of
Information & Broadcasting) etc. in order to arrive at the gross
expenditure figure of that head of account which will be subsequently
shown in the Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services.
(iv) The total expenditure figure under each Major Head of account should be
shown separately for Voted and Charged segments of expenditure in the
accounts.
(v) It may be ensured that the charged expenditure recorded under each of
the Major heads of these accounts should tally with the corresponding
figures shown in the Consolidated Charged expenditure Report, furnished
separately by the office of the CGDA to this office.
(vi) It should be seen to ensure that the Revenue Receipts/expenditure and
Capital expenditure figures shown separately in the accounts, have been
brought forward correctly in the General Summary of Defence Services
portion of CF&RA.
After necessary checks and rectification of discrepancies pointed out, if any, a
copy of these accounts is returned to Ministry of Defence duly vetted for further
action by them.

192 O/o DGADS

 APPENDIX -III (Contd.)
(See Paragraph 37(f))
Sl. No. 2

Statement of Central Transactions

The Consolidated Balanced Accounts, Defence Services prepared by the
Controller General of Defence Accounts (CGDA) has been discontinued and
substituted by the Annual Statement of Central Transactions (SCT) from the year
2002-03 as per the requirement of Controller General of Accounts, Ministry of
Finance being the authority responsible for the preparation of Union Government
Finance Accounts, with the approval of DGADS as these accounts form part of Union
Government Finance Accounts.
Three copies of the printed Statement of Central Transactions relating to
Ministry of Defence prepared by the CGDA are forwarded to the DGADS by 15th
September with a copy each to all Principal Controllers/Controllers of Defence
Accounts and concerned Command Officers of this office.
The Principal Controllers/Controllers of Defence Accounts after checks of
figures in the SCT, bring promptly to the notice of the CGDA the variations/mistakes,
if any under intimation to the concerned Command Officer of this office. The
Command Officer, on the basis of mistakes if any, pointed out to them by the
concerned CDA and after due checks, send a report to DGADS. They also forward a
certificate each of checks of compilation of the Revenue, Debt and Remittance
(RD&R) heads and compilation of Defence Services Receipts and Charges in respect
of Controllers of Defence Accounts under their audit jurisdiction.
The SCT prepared by the CGDA on the basis of March (Corrections)
Accounts (Initial Stage) and March (Final) Accounts (Final Stage) are checked by the
O/o the DGADS with the Consolidated Compilation of Revenue, Debt and
Remittance heads and Consolidated Compilation of Defence, Receipts and Charges
for the month of March (Corrections) and March (Final) respectively received from
Computer Centre, CGDA, New Delhi.
The SCT is mainly prepared in the following two parts showing the figures of
Consolidated Fund of India, Contingency Fund of India and Public Accounts of India
separately:

I Receipts:
The receipt part is further sub-divided into the following two statements/
proformae:-
(i) A detailed proforma prepared Sector-wise showing all receipts heads both
for Revenue Accounts and Capital Accounts separately.
(ii) Another proforma consisting abstract of receipt head prepared on the basis
of detailed proforma (i) above showing the figures of Receipt Heads
(Revenue Account) and Receipt Heads (Capital Accounts).

II Disbursements:
The disbursement part is further divided into the following two
statements/proformae:

193 O/o DGADS

 (i) A detailed proforma showing Sector-wise details both in the Voted and
Charged segments separately of Revenue and Capital
expenditure/disbursements in the respective minor heads of accounts.
(ii) Another proforma consisting abstract of expenditure heads prepared on
the basis of proforma (i) above showing the figures of expenditure heads
(Revenue Accounts) and expenditure heads (Capital accounts) both under
Voted and Charged segments.
Apart from above, these accounts contain the following three
statements/proformae prepared on the basis of aforesaid Statements/proforma:
b) Proforma showing all the receipts/disbursement items together, which
were shown separately in the proforma I (i) & II (i) above.
c) Abstract of all receipts/disbursements together in a proforma shown
separately in the proforma I (ii) and II (ii) above.
d) Proforma showing the Summary of all receipts/disbursement against the
various Sectors.
While scrutinizing the SCT, it is to be seen that:
(i) Whether the certificate of check in respect of heads relating to the RD&R
Heads Compilation and the Compilation of Defence, Receipts and
Charges have been received from Command Offices (COs) in respect of
Principal Controllers/Controllers of Defence Accounts under their audit
jurisdiction.
(ii) Whether any corrections/mistakes have been pointed out by the Command
Offices, intimated to them by the respective Controllers in respect of SCT.
(iii) Whether the mistakes, if any, had been taken into account by the CGDA
in the final stage of SCT properly.
(iv) Whether these accounts have been prepared strictly in accordance with the
functional heads i.e. sectorial arrangements of accounting heads
prescribed in the List of Major and Minor Heads (LMMH).
(v) Whether the figures disclosed in the accounts agree with the figures of
Consolidated Compilation of RD&R Heads and Consolidated
Compilation of Defence, Receipt and Charges for the month of March
(Final).
On the basis of necessary certificates of checks received from Command
Officers and after audit checks carried out by this office, this office forwards a copy
each of SCT to the Office of the Director General of Audit, Central Revenue
(DGACR), being the authority responsible for carrying out the audit of Union
Government Finance Accounts and to the Office of the Controller General of
Accounts (CGA), Ministry of Finance, authority responsible for preparation of Union
Government Finance Accounts.

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 APPENDIX- IV
[Refer to para 87]

Audit Approach

The Systems Based Approach (SBA)

Entities subject to Supreme Audit Institutions (SAI) audits will typically establish
systems of control designed to assure the accuracy and completeness of financial
statements, the legality and regularity of underlying transactions and the economy,
efficiency and effectiveness of operations. Generally speaking, if the auditor can
satisfy himself as to the adequacy of these controls, substantive checking of financial
statements, transactions or the performance of the organisation can be reduced
accordingly.
The approach whereby the auditor relies upon the entity's system of internal control is
known as the Systems Based Approach (SBA). It has the following distinct stages:
(a) the identification and in-depth evaluation of relevant key controls, and
assessment of the extent to which (if any) the auditor can rely upon these
controls provided that they are found to be operating effectively;
(b) the testing of the operation of those key controls to establish whether they
have operated effectively throughout the period under examination;
(c) the evaluation of the results of the tests of control to establish whether the
degree of reliance foreseen can be taken from the examination of the
controls;
(d) substantive testing of a number of transactions, account balances, etc. to
determine (as relevant to the audit objectives) whether, irrespective of the
entity's system of controls, the financial statements of the entity are accurate
and complete, the underlying transactions were legal and regular and/or the
economy/efficiency/effectiveness criteria have been achieved.

The Direct Substantive Testing (DST) approach

When the auditor has no specific requirement to assess the operation of organisations
systems of control, it may be that the audit objectives can be achieved without relying
on these systems, and thus without undertaking tests of control. This is known as the
Direct Substantive Testing approach (DST). It is to be noted that, as no assurance can
be taken under the DST approach from the operation of controls (as under this
approach they are not being tested and, thus, no evidence is being obtained as to their
effectiveness), the amount of substantive testing necessary will be greater than under
the SBA approach. It is for the auditor to judge in such circumstances which will be
the most cost-effective method of obtaining the evidence necessary to achieve the
audit objectives.
Paragraph 141 of the INTOSAI Auditing Standard States that:
"The auditor, in determining the extent and scope of the audit should study and
evaluate the reliability of internal control".

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Thus, even when a DST approach is adopted, the auditor must carry out some
examination of the major systems, even if this study is preliminary in nature. Thus the
DST approach is, in effect, a form of SBA, whereby examination of systems is
minimised.

Considerations in deciding which approach to adopt

When the auditor is not specifically required to adopt an SBA approach, the choice of
SBA or DST will usually be based upon an assessment of the audit resources, and
thus the cost of obtaining competent and reliable evidence. The following factors will
be significant in making that judgement:
(a) where controls are geographically dispersed or when it is otherwise difficult
to test their operation, SBA may not be feasible given the resources
available. Similarly, where the results of a preliminary evaluation of the
reliability of internal controls suggest these are weak, the auditor may not be
able to rely upon them. Thus a DST approach might be adopted regardless
of the relative costs.
(b) whilst it is possible to adopt a DST approach for the examination of legality
and regularity, this type of audit lends itself particularly well to an SBA
approach.
(c) the SBA approach has the particular advantage that it often allows the
auditor to establish a direct link between individual errors and weaknesses in
the system of control and thus focus on these weaknesses. By indicating
such weaknesses to the entity's management, the auditor can help the entity
to achieve improvements in control for the future.

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 APPENDIX- V
[Refer to para 87]

Statistical Sampling

Introduction to Statistical sampling

Sampling means testing less than 100% of the cases in the population for some
characteristic and then drawing a conclusion about that characteristic for the entire
population. Traditionally, auditors use ‘test check’ (or judgmental sampling, non-
statistical sampling) approach. This means checking a pre-determined proportion of
the cases on the basis of the auditor’s judgment. This sampling technique can be
effective if properly designed. However, it does not have the ability to measure
sampling risk and thus audit conclusions reached becomes rather difficult to defend.
For statistical sampling techniques, there is a measurable relationship between the size
of the sample and the degree of risk. Statistical sampling procedure uses the laws of
probability and provides a measurable degree of sampling risk. Accepting this level of
risk, (or conversely at a definite assurance level) the auditor can state his conclusions
for the entire population. In sum, statistical sampling provides greater objectivity in
the sample selection and in the audit conclusion.

Attributes and Variable sampling

Statistical sampling may be used in different auditing situations. The auditor may
wish to estimate how many departures have occurred from the prescribed procedures;
or estimate a parameter in the population. Based on whether the audit objective is to
determine a qualitative characteristic or a quantitative estimate of the population, the
sampling is called an attribute or variable sampling.
Attributes sampling estimates the proportion of items in a population having a certain
attribute or characteristic. In an audit situation, attribute sampling could estimate the
existence or otherwise of a error. Attribute sampling could be used when drawing
assurance that prescribed procedures are being followed properly. For example,
attribute sampling may be used to derive assurance that procedures for classification
of vouchers have been followed properly. Here, the auditor estimates through attribute
sampling the percentage of error (vouchers that have been mis-classified) and sets an
upper limit of error that he is willing to accept and still be assured that the systems are
in place. Variables sampling would estimate a quantity, e.g., the underassessment in a
tax circle.

Sampling methods

There are different ways in which a statistical sample can be selected. The most
frequently used method is random selection where each item in the population has a
equal chance of selection. Simple random sampling ensures that every member of the
population has an equal chance of selection. Though simple to administer, the
underlying assumption is that the population is homogeneous. In cases where the
population is non-homogeneous, a stratified sampling would be a better option. Here
the population is sub-divided into homogeneous groups and then a random sampling
is done on the groups, ensuring a better representative sample. Each sampling method
has its practical use and limitation. The auditor uses his judgment in determining

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which kind of sampling is best suited to his audit job. It is advisable to take expert
advice in judging the most suitable method.
Some random sampling methods that are commonly used are
• Simple random sampling where each member of the population has an equal
chance of selection. This is useful when the population is uniform.
• Stratified random sampling where the population is divided into strata and random
sample is drawn from each strata. This is useful when there exists stratification in
the data and the method will ensure that members from each strata are
represented.
• Systematic sampling where population members at equal intervals get selected.
Often it might be easier to draw systematic sample than random sample. This
would be particularly useful when cases are ordered by size, type or region. Then
by selecting systematically one can ensure that cases having different attributes
have been adequately represented.
• Cluster sampling where the population is divided into clusters and members form
each cluster are selected randomly. This is useful when the population can be
easily divided into clusters.
• Probability proportional to size sampling which is a special case of cluster
sampling where clusters are of different sizes; larger clusters have a higher chance
of selection. Here larger cases or clusters have a higher chance of selection. It
would be useful if we wish to weight the sample towards larger items.
• Multi-stage sampling, which is sampling through a series of stages. This may
combine the various single-stage sampling methods, e.g., simple, stratified,
systematic, cluster sampling, at different stages. With large populations it is often
useful to carry out sampling in two or more stages. For example, an audit question
could be related to the satisfaction of the beneficiaries in a social intervention
program. The program could be a nation-wide program. A multi-stage sampling
method could be employed to draw a sample of the beneficiaries:
• sample states
• sample districts within selected states
• sample blocks within selected districts
• sample villages within selected blocks
• sample beneficiaries within selected villages
At each stage of sampling a suitable method of selecting the sample could be used.
Once the method of sampling is decided, it is essential to design the actual sample.
For simple random sampling, the following process can be followed. For other types
of sampling it is advisable to consult experts.

Simple random sampling (Attribute sampling)

This is used when audit desires to estimate an attribute in a population. It is useful for
testing internal controls. For example, the auditor may decide that if there are errors
above a certain threshold the control systems are inefficient. The attribute, which the
auditor is interested here are errors/ aberrations from processes. The basic stages that
are involved here are mentioned below:
• Determining the sample size

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• Selecting the sample and performing substantive audit tests on the sample
• Projecting the results
(a) Determining the sample size:
• After defining the target population and the attribute that audit wishes to test, the
size of the sample required to be tested need to be determined. This can be done
with through an understanding of the following parameters:
• Precision (E): Audit test on the sample will throw up an estimate of the attribute
for the population. The true population value of the attribute could be more/ less
than this estimate. The gap between the sample estimate and the actual population
is the precision. The auditor has to decide the precision he desires to provide in his
estimates.
• The confidence level or the level of assurance that audit needs to provide is to be
defined. Confidence level states how certain the auditor is, that the actual
population measure is within the sample estimate and its associated precision
level. In case of performance audit, this level can be taken at 95 percent.
• The occurrence rate (p) or population proportion which is the proportion of items
in the population having the attribute that audit wishes to test. This is based on the
judgment of the auditor.
The required sample size can be calculated using the formula in annexure IA. The
sample size would be larger, higher the confidence level and precision required. Also
if the occurrence rate in the population becomes larger the size of the sample would
increase. In case of variables sampling, where the estimate of a quantity is required,
sample size becomes a function of the standard deviation in the population rather than
the occurrence rate.
(b) Selecting the sample and performing substantive audit tests on the sample
The sample could be selected using random number tables or through computers.
Auditing software, e.g., IDEA is an efficient tool for sample selection. Once the
sample is selected, identified audit tests are to be applied on the sample. The
proportion of the sample having the attribute that is under test is determined through
audit.
(c) Projecting the results
The test results are to be projected to the population. Using the same formula at
annexure IA, the precision can be calculated at the desired confidence level and
sample size. Loading the precision on the sample value the upper estimate for the
population can be made.
In the example of testing internal controls, this estimate is the maximum error/
aberration that is expected at the given confidence level. In case this estimate is less
than the threshold of error/ aberration that the auditor can tolerate, the auditor can
place assurance on the controls. When the estimate is higher than the tolerable error/
aberration, the auditor cannot derive assurance from the controls. The auditor may, in
such situations reduce the assurance he derives from the controls and increase the
assurance required from substantive tests.
To calculate sample size for attribute sampling (simple random sampling)

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 Sample size (n) = Z 2 p(1-p) ,
E2

Where, Z = score associated with confidence level

E = precision
And p = proportion (occurrence rate in the population)

Z score values:

Confidence level Z score values

80 % 1.28
85 % 1.44
90 % 1.65
95 % 1.96
99 % 2.58

Books recommended for further reference:

1) Using Statistical Sampling published by GAO.

2) An Introduction to Statistical Sampling in Auditing by Guy D.M., New
York John Wiley & Sons, 1981.

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 APPENDIX- VI
(Refer to para 87)

Risk Assessment

Risk-Based Audit

Audit should be risk-based or focused on areas of greatest risk to the achievement of

the audited entity’s objectives. Risk-based audit (RBA) is an approach to audit that
analyzes audit risks, sets materiality thresholds based on audit risk analysis and
develops audit programmes that allocate a larger portion of audit resources to high-
risk areas
The auditor does not normally need to perform specific audit procedures on all areas
of audit. He/She only needs to design audit programmes and procedures on areas
earlier identified as major risks that could result in the financial statements being
materially misstated. RBA is an essential element of financial audit- both in the attest
audit of the financial statements and in the audit of financial systems and transactions
including evaluation of internal controls. It focuses primarily on the identification and
assessment of the financial statement misstatement risks and provides a framework to
reduce the impact to the financial statement of these identified risks to an acceptable
level before rendering an opinion on the financial statements. It also provides
indicators of risks as a basis of opportunity for improvement of auditee risk
management and control processes. This affords an opportunity to the auditee to
improve its operations from recommendations on risks that do not have a current
impact on the financial statements but impact the audited entity’s operational
strategies and performance over the longer term.
In the context of performance audit, it is the risk to delivery of an activity or scheme
or programme of the entity with economy, efficiency and effectiveness. Awareness of
areas that puts the programme or resources at risk from the point of view of economy,
efficiency and effectiveness helps focus audit attention on them. The risk analysis
provides a framework for assurance in performance auditing.

Audit risk analysis

The auditor should perform an analysis of the audit risks that impact on the auditee
before undertaking specific audit procedures. Risk assessment is a subjective process.
It is part of the professional judgment of the auditor and of the particular
circumstances. Audit risk is the risk that the auditor may unknowingly fail to
appropriately modify his opinion on financial statements that are materially misstated
Audit risks are brought about by error and fraud:
• Error is an unintentional mistake resulting from omission, as when legitimate
transactions and/or balances are excluded from the financial statements; or by
commission, as when erroneous transactions and/or balances are included in
the financial statements
• Fraud is an intentional misstatement in the accounting records or supporting
documents from which the financial statements are prepared. It is intended to
deceive financial statement users or to conceal misappropriations

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The auditor has the responsibility to plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable
assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatements,
whether caused by error or fraud.
An error risk may arise from an error in principle, estimate, critical information
processing, financial reporting process or disclosure
Fraud risk involves manipulation, falsification of accounting records, or
misrepresentation in the financial statements of events, transactions or other
significant information, or misapplication of accounting principles or
misappropriation of funds.

Risk Model
The risk model is an analytical tool for planning and execution. This approach detects
high-risk areas where audit effort can be concentrated. Audit can thus focus on areas
which are likely to generate better assurance instead of sampling and testing of larger
but low risk areas. It structures the audit procedures and re-organizes the audit work
in terms of risk perception.
Inherent Risk is the susceptibility of an account balance or class of transactions to
misstatements that could be material individually or when aggregated with the
misstatements in other balances or classes, assuming that there were no related
internal controls. Inherent risk is assessed during the preliminary stage of the planning
process
Control risk is the risk that a misstatement that could occur in an account balance or
class of transactions that could be material, individually or when aggregated with
misstatements in other balances or classes will not be prevented or detected and
corrected by the accounting and internal control systems. Control risk is assessed
during the evaluation of audited entity’s strategies and control.
Detection risk is the risk that an auditor’s substantive procedures will not detect a
misstatement that exists in an account balance or class of transaction that could be
material individually or when aggregated with misstatements in other balances or
classes. The detection risks are assessed during the execution phase of the audit in the
substantive tests of details

General Steps in the Conduct of RBA

RBA consists of four main phases starting with the identification and prioritization of
risks, to the determination of residual risk, reduction of residual risk to acceptable
level and the reporting to auditee of audit results. These are achieved through the
following:
• Understand auditee operations to identify and prioritize risks
• Assess auditee management strategies and controls to determine residual audit
risk
• Manage residual risk to reduce it to acceptable level
• Inform auditee of audit results through appropriate report
Understanding auditee operations involves processes for reviewing and understanding
the audited organisation’s risk management processes for its strategies, framework of
operations, operational performance and information process framework, in order to
identify and prioritize the error and fraud risks that impact the audit of financial

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statements. The environment in which the auditee operates, the information required
to monitor changes in the environment, and the process or activities integral to the
audited entity’s success in meeting its objectives are the key factors to an
understanding of agency risks. Likewise, a performance audit of the audited entity’s
delivery of service by comparing expectations against actual results may also aid in
understanding agency operations.
Assessment of management risk strategies and controls is the determination as to how
controls within the auditee are designed. The role of internal audit in promoting a
sound accounting system and internal control is recognized, thus the SAI should
evaluate the effectiveness of internal audit to determine the extent to which reliance
can be placed upon it in the conduct of substantive tests.
Management of residual risk requires the design and execution of a risk reduction
approach that is efficient and effective to bring down residual audit risk to an
acceptable level. This includes the design and execution of necessary audit procedures
and substantive testing to obtain evidence in support of transactions and balances.
More resources should be allocated to areas of high audit risks, which were earlier
known through the analytical procedures undertaken.
The results of audit shall be communicated by the auditor to the audited entity. The
auditor must immediately communicate to the auditee reportable conditions that have
been observed even before completion of the audit, such as weaknesses in the internal
control system, deficiencies in the design and operation of internal controls that affect
the organization’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data.

Materiality

Materiality is often considered in terms of value but the inherent nature or

characteristics of an item or group of items may also render a matter material, as when
the law or regulation requires it to be disclosed separately regardless of the amount
involved. In addition to materiality by value and by nature, a matter may be material
because of the context in which it occurs. For example, considering an item may be
material in relation to:
• the overall view given to the financial information;
• the total of which it forms a part;
• associated terms; and
• the corresponding amount in previous years
In designing the audit plan, the auditor shall establish an acceptable materiality level
so as to detect quantitatively material misstatements. This is the materiality threshold
which is classified into individual item materiality and aggregate materiality.
Individual item materiality concerns the impact of a single misstatement on the
financial statements, while aggregate materiality considers the total effect of two or
more misstatements, each of which is not material by itself
The auditor must consider materiality while planning the audit, conducting the audit
and reporting the results of the audit although materiality thresholds may change
between the three phases
The auditor must use his professional judgment in determining materiality since it is
always relative. It is not possible to lay down specific rules or absolute numerical
measurements that will be valid in every case. If, based on analytical procedures and

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fraud assessment, there are indications of fraud, individual item materiality thresholds
should be decreased and the auditor should place more emphasis on external evidence

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 APPENDIX -VII
[Refer to para 87]

Internal Control and Internal Audit

(A) Internal Control

Internal Control is an internal process that is affected by an entity’s management &
personnel and is designed to provide reasonable assurance that the following
objectives are being achieved:-
(a) fulfilling accountability obligations;
(b) Complying with applicable laws and regulations;
(c) Executing orderly, ethical, economical, efficient & effective operation;
(d) Safeguarding resources against loss.

Limitations on Internal Control effectiveness

Internal Control cannot by itself ensure the achievement of the general objectives
Internal Control cannot change an inherently poor manager into a good one. Moreover
shifts in Government policy or programme, demographic or economic conditions are
typically beyond management’s control.
An effective system of Internal Control reduces the probability of not achieving the
objectives. However, there will always be the risk that internal control will be poorly
designed or fail to operate as intended.
Because internal control depends upon human factor, it is subject to flaws in design,
errors of judgement or interpretation, misunderstanding, carelessness, fatigue,
distraction, collusion, abuse or override. Another limiting factor in that the design of
an internal control system faces resources constraints. The benefits of controls must
consequently be considered is relation to their costs.

Components of Internal Control

Internal control consists of five interrelated components:
1. Control environment
2. Risk assessment
3. Control Activities
4. Information & communication
5. Monitoring

Relationships of objective & components

There is a direct relationship between the objectives, which represent what an entity
strives to achieve, and the internal control components, which represent what is
needed to achieve them. The relationship is depicted in a three-dimensional matrix, in
the shape of a cube.
The four objectives- accountability (and reporting), compliance (with laws and

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regulations), (orderly, ethical, economical, efficient and effective) operations and
safeguarding resources- are represented by the vertical columns, the five components
are represented by horizontal rows, and the organisation or entity and its departments
are depicted by the third dimension of the matrix.
Each component row “cuts across” and applies to all four objectives. For example,
financial and non-financial data generated from internal and external sources, which
belong to the information and communication components, are needed to manage
operations, to report and fulfill accountability purposes, and to comply with
applicable laws.
Similarly, looking at the general objectives, all five components are relevant to each
objective. Taking one objective, such as effectiveness and efficiency of operations, it
is clear that all five components are applicable and important to its achievement.
Internal control is not only relevant to an entire organisation but also to an individual
department. This relationship is depicted by the third dimension, which represents
entire organisations, entities and departments. Thus, one can focus on any of the
matrix’s cells.
While the internal control framework is relevant and applicable to all organisations,
the manner in which management applies it will vary widely with the nature of the
entity and depends on a number of entity-specific factors. These factors include the
organizational structure, risk profile, operating environment, size, complexity,
activities and degree of regulation, among others. As it considers the entity’s specific
situation, management will make a series of choices regarding the complexity of
processes and methodologies deployed to apply the internal control framework
components.

1. Control Environment- The control environment sets the tone of an organisation in

influencing the control consciousness of its staff. It is the foundation for all other
components of internal control, providing discipline and structure. Elements of the
control environment are:-
(i) The personnel & professional integrity and ethical value of the
management and staff including a supportive attitude toward internal
control at all times throughout the organisation.
(ii) Commitment to Competence.
(iii) The tone at the top (i.e. the management’s philosophy & operating style)
(iv) Organisational structure
(v) Human resource policies & practices.

2. Risk Assessment- Risk assessment is the process of identifying & analysing

relevant risks to the achievement of the entity’s objectives and determining the
appropriate response.
It implies:
(a) Risk Identification
• Related to the objective of the entity.
• Comprehensive
• Includes risks due to external & internal factors at both the entity and
the activity levels.

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 (b) Risk evaluation
• Estimating the significance of a risk,
• Assessing the likelihood of the risk occurrence.
(c) Assessment of the risk appetite of the organisation.
(d) Development of responses:-
• Firm types of responses to risk must be considered; transfer,
tolerance, treatment or termination; of these risk treatment is most
relevant to these guidelines because effective internal controls all the
major mechanism to treat risk;
• The appropriate controls involved can be either detective or
preventive
As Government economic, industry, regulatory and operating conditions are in
constant change, risk assessment should be an ongoing iterative process. It implies
identifying and analysing altered conditions and opportunities & risks (risk
assessment cycle) and modifying internal controls to address changing risk.

3. Control Activities– Control activities are the policies and procedures established to
address risks and to achieve the entity’s objectives. To be effective, control activities
must be appropriate, function consistently according to plan throughout the period and
be cost effective, comprehensive, reasonable, and directly relate to the control
objectives. Control activities occur throughout the organisation, at all levels and in all
functions. They include a range of detective and preventive control activities as
diverse, for example, as:
(a) Authorisation and approval procedures
(b) Segregation of duties (authorising, processing recording, reviewing)
(c) Control over access to resources and records.
(d) Verifications
(e) Reconciliations
(f) Reviews of operating performance
(g) Reviews of operations, processes and activities
(h) Supervision (assigning, reviewing and approving, guidance and training)
The abovementioned list is not exhaustive but enumerates the most common
preventive and detective control activities. Control activities a to c are preventive, d to
f are more detective while g to h are both preventive & detective. Entity should reach
an adequate balance between detective and preventive control activities.

4. Information Technology Control Activities

Information system implies specific types of control activities. Therefore information
technology controls consist of two broad groupings-
(a) General controls
General controls are the structures, policies and procedures that apply to all or
a large segment of an entity’s information systems and help ensure their
proper operation. They create the environments in which application systems
and controls operate. The major categories of general controls are:

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 (1) entity-wide security program planning and management
(2) access controls
(3) controls on the development, maintenance and change of
application software.
(4) system software controls
(5) segregation of duties
(6) service continuity
(b) Application Controls
Application controls are the structure policies and procedures that apply to
separate, individual application system and are directly related to the
individual computerized applications. These controls are generally designed to
present, detect and correct errors and irregularities as information flows
though information systems.
General and applications controls are interrelated and both are needed to
ensure complete and accurate information processing. Because information
technology changes rapidly, associated controls must evolve constantly to
remain effective.
Information and Communication
Information and communication are essential to realising all internal control
activities. A precondition for reliable and relevant information is the prompt
recording and proper classification of transactions and events. Pertinent
information should be identified, captured and communicated in a form and
timeframe that enables staff to carry out their internal control and other
responsibilities (timely communication to the right people). Therefore, the
internal control system as such and all transactions and significant events
should be fully documented.
Information systems produce reports that contain operational, financial and
non-financial and compliance-related information and that make it possible to
run and control the operation. They deal not only with internally generated
data, but also information about external events, activities and condition
necessary to enable decision making and reporting.
Management’s ability to make appropriate decision is affected by the quality
of information which implies that the information should be appropriate,
timely, current, accurate and accessible.
Communication
Effective communication should flow down, across, and up the organisation,
throughout all components and entire structure.
All personnel should receive a clear message from top management that
control responsibilities should be taken seriously. They should understand
their own role in the internal control system as well as how their individual
activities relate to the work of others.
There also needs to be effective communication with external parties.

5. Monitoring
Internal control system should be monitored to assess the quality of the system’s

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 performance over time. Monitoring is accomplished through routine activities,
separate evaluation or a combination of both.
(a) Ongoing monitoring of internal control is built into the normal, recurring operating
activities of an entity. It includes regular management and supervisory activities, and
other actions personnel take in performing their duties.
(b) Separate Evaluation
The scope and frequency of separate evaluations will depend primarily on the
assessment of risks and the effectiveness of ongoing monitoring procedures.
Specific separate evaluations cover the evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal
control system and ensure that internal control achieves the desired results based on
predefined methods and procedures. Internal control deficiencies should be reported
to the appropriate level of management.
Monitoring should ensure that audit findings and recommendations are adequately
and promptly resolved.

Examples

Fulfilling accountability obligations example (1): A department that is responsible

for the management of sate transport by water and sea has been organised by different
service departments responsible for piloting, buoyage, inspection of the quality of the
water, promotion of the use of waterways, investments in and maintenance of
infrastructure (bridges, dikes, canals and locks).

Control Risk Control Information & Monitoring

Environment Assessment Activities Communication
For each of the Possible risks Control activities The information and A follow-up of the
service departments are collisions that can be communication, number of
an operational of ships, organised are the related to this collisions,
manager is appointed draining off pilotage of ships situation can be the environmental
who has to report to toxic waste or by competent - reporting of violations, results
the general manager fuel, and pilots, placing collisions to warn of the samples and
of the department. bursting of buoys, beacons other-ships; a comparison with
The operational dikes. In case and markers; informing ships of other countries and
managers have the this is related visual inspection weather conditions, with historical data,
appropriate skills to negligence by air; and taking and publishing the can help to monitor
and have the of the water samples. . names of polluters the
authority to make government and the sanctions effectiveness and
certain decisions. All department, it they are facing, and efficiency of the
of them also sign a could face a the remedial actions pilotage of ships,
code of proper huge liability. undertaken. the placing of the
conduct. beacons and
markers, the
inspections, and the
water samples.

Fulfilling accountability obligations example (2): The manager of the department of

sports stipulated last year the objective that the practice of sports would increase by
15% in the coming years.

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 Control Risk Assessment Control Information & Monitoring
Environment Activities Communication
Because of By not specifying the objectives, This risk can This report should The
the manager's the risk arises of not achieving be decreased be delivered in verification
good them. Also the danger exists that by installing time and according of whether
reputation, the reporting will not be timely as the appropriate to the specified or not the
executive manager wants to wait with this lines of reporting model. It report is
committee report until he can say he realised reporting and should specify the satisfactory
trusted the the objective of 15% growth. a reporting growth objectives, and what
manager and Moreover, how to measure the 15% model which how they are information
did not carry growth was not revealed so he can defines the measured and why is given and
out the usual say the number of people doing information they are measured what
status sports has increased or the number that should be this way. All the information
meetings to of hours people do sports, or even given. back up is still
check on the the number of sports centres or information should missing can
manager's sports clubs has increased by 15%. be available. be a form of
progress This way the quality of the reported monitoring
information decreases substantially.

Compliance with applicable laws and regulations example: The ministry of

defence wants to buy new fighters planes via a public contract and publishes all
stipulations and procedures for this government tender. All tenders received are left
unopened until the end of the tender period. At that moment all tenders are opened in
the presence of the responsible managers and some officials. Only these tenders will
be investigated and compared to decide which tender is the best

Control Risk Assessment Control Information & Monitoring

Environment Activities Communication
The team that One of the risks related to In order to The procedures relating Internal
will execute this government tenders and public mitigate to the publication of all audit can do
transaction is contract is insider dealing. One risks, stipulations for this file-reviews
composed of of the tenderers may have prior procedures government tender, the and follow-
competent knowledge of the bids of the should be assessment of the ups on
people who other tenderers and could make developed received tenders and claims
signed a a winning tender with this and applied the announcement of
document that information resulting in what in the selected tenderer,
they have no may not be the best choice of all accordance should be documented
financial or tenders. Another risk consists of with all in writing and detail all
relational bond choosing the wrong tender relevant actions to be taken.
with any of the which may result in a new laws and When assessing the
tenderers; The public contract because the regulations tenders, all reasons
responsible other one did not meet the concerning why a tender was or
managers and expectations. Also other public was not chosen should
officials also tenderers who feel they were contracts. be documented.
signed this unfairly treated may make
document. claims.

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 Orderly, ethical, economical, efficient and effective operations example (1): The
department of culture wants to increase museum visits by the public. In order to
accomplish this, it proposes to build new museums, give every citizen a cultural
cheque and decrease ticket prices. To be economical, effective and efficient,
management has to consider and evaluate whether or not the objectives as formulated
can be achieved by its proposals and how much each of these proposals will cost.

Control Risk Assessment Control Information & Monitoring

Environment Activities Communication
The department The fact that the number of The control The information and The analysis
of culture needs museum visits does not increase activities related communica-tion of the
to make sure is one of the possible risks. Also to the before related to this justifications
that its organi- the risk that some of the mentioned risks example can consist for
zation structure proposals will backfire and can be a of the exceeding
is suited to exceed their budget is possible. budgetary documentation of budget and
support over For instance decreasing ticket control that meetings with related
seeing design prices without having a positive compares actual architects, fire interest
and construction effect on museum visits to budget, department (for costs due to
of the proposed decreases the government observations of safety regulations), delayed
additions, as receipts, and building new the progress of artists and others. It work or
well as planning museums without proper the construction, can also contain payments
and operations planning and consideration of and demanding different reports are a part of
of the new requirements of light, justifications for concerning monitoring.
museums; temperature and security can overspending following up on the
cause a number of expensive the budget. budget and the
adjustments that have to be progress of the
made afterwards. construction work.

Orderly, ethical, economical, efficient and effective operations example (2): The
government wants to develop agriculture and increase the quality of life at the
countryside. They provide funds to subsidize the construction of irrigation and the
drilling of wells.

Control Risk Control Activities Information & Monitoring

Environment Assessment Communication
The government The risks Control activities can be: - Progress reports Monitoring can
must ensure that it involved - Checking the qualifications detailing the consist of a
has the appropri- are that of the associations applying for costs and the follow-up of the
ate department in unscrupulo a grant. number of wells drilling of wells
place to us - Checking on site the progress that were drilled and the construc-
implement and associations of and reviewing progress and the number tion of irrigation,
conduct the qualify for reports on the construction of acres that were and a compare-
subsidy operation, a grant but works. irrigated. son with other
and create the do not use - Checking the expenditures of - (Copies of) similar projects.
appropriate tone the money the associations by reviewing invoices are Also a follow-up
for the timely and for what it their invoices, and delaying requested as on the proceeds
efficient was payment of (or part of) the justifications for of the irrigated
completion of this intended. subsidy until this review is the subsidised land can be
project. completed. expenses. considered

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 Safeguarding resources example (1): The ministry of defence has some warehouses,
military stores and fuel depots. The army command has the policy that these supplies
are only for professional military use and not for personal use.
Control Risk Control Activities Information & Monitoring
Environment Assessment Communication
Good human The risk exists Control activities that deal Reports of Monitoring
capital policies that people will with these risks can be damaged fences can be an
would be want to try to putting fences and walls and differences inspection of
effective in steal weapons around the warehouses and noticed during the fence,
recruiting and to use them depots. You can also put stock takes. unannounced
maintaining the inappropriately armed guards with dogs at Supply stock takes
appropriate or sell them. the entrances. Regularly approvals and follow-up of
personnel to Also other checking the; stock records procedures also stock move-
staff and supplies like and a procedure which states provide ments or even
operate such fuel can be that supplies can only be information and a secret test
warehouses. vulnerable to given with approval of a communication of security.
theft. superior officer will also help related to this
to safeguard the assets objective.

Safeguarding resources example (2): Large amounts of sensitive information are

stored on computer media in an agency or the ministry of justice. However the
importance of IT controls is neglected and consequently the IT control has numerous
deficiencies.

Control Risk Assessment Control Activities Information & Monitoring

Environment Communication
Management At the general controls The agency can : Procedures on IT Performing
must dedicate level, the agency has - implement logical (e.g. control should be an IT audit,
its commit- not: passwords) and physical available and doing a
ment to - limited user access access controls (e.g. software changes disaster
competence to only that needed by locks, ID badges, alarms). should be simulation
and proper users to perform their - deny the ability to log in documented exercise,
behaviour duties; to the operating system before the monitor the
involving IT, - developed adequate for application users. software is placed web server
and provide system software - limit access to the in operation. activity, can
proper training controls to protect production environment Policies and job be part of
in this area. programs and sensitive for the application descriptions the
Human capital data; development staff. supporting the monitoring
policies also - documented software - use audit logs to register principles of of the IT
playa key role changes; all access (attempts) and segregation of environment
in establishing - segregated commands to detect duties should be
a positive incompatible duties; security violations. developed.
control - addressed service - have a contingency and
environment continuity; disaster recovery plan to Audit logs on
for IT issues. - protected its network ensure the availability of access (attempts)
from unauthorized critical resources and and
traffic. facilitate the continuity of (unauthorized)
At the application operations. commands should
controls level, the - have firewalls and be periodically

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 agency has not monitor the web server reported and
maintained access activity to secure the reviewed.
authorisations. network traffic.

(B) Internal Audit

Role of Internal Audit

Modern organizations view internal audit as an element of the overall infrastructure of

Internal Control. Internal auditors review the organization’s operations, report their
findings and recommend improvements. By so doing, they help senior managers
discharge their responsibilities more effectively. In most countries, internal audit has
evolved into a distinct profession. As defined by the Institute of Internal Auditors
(IIA), “Internal auditing is an independent, objective, assurance and consulting
activity designed to add value and improve an organization's operations. It helps an
organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach
to evaluate and improve effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance
processes”.(1999)

Internal Audit Standards

The adoption of and adherence to internal audit professional standards, such as that
issued by the IIA, can enhance the effectiveness of internal audit. The mandates of
many modern internal audit organizations in fact require compliance with such
standards. The new IIA standards (http://www.theiia.org) will be effective January 1,
2002 but earlier adoption is encouraged. While there is one set of Attribute and
Performance Standards, there may be multiple sets of Implementation Standards: a
set for each of the major types of internal audit activity. The IIA Standards specify
that:

Attribute Standards

"The internal audit activity should be independent, and internal auditors

should be objective in performing their work"
"Engagements should be performed with proficiency and due professional
care"
"The chief audit executive should develop and maintain a quality assurance
and improvement program that covers all aspects of the internal audit activity
and continuously monitors its effectiveness. The program should be designed
to help the internal auditing activity add value and improve the organization’s
operations and to provide assurance that the internal audit activity is in
conformity with the Standards and the Code of Ethics"

Performance Standards

"The chief audit executive should effectively manage the internal audit activity
to ensure it adds value to the organization"

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 "The internal audit activity evaluates and contributes to the improvement of
risk management, control and governance systems"
"Internal auditors should develop and record a plan for each engagement"
"Internal auditors should identify, analyze, evaluate, and record sufficient
information to achieve the engagement's objectives"
"Internal auditors should communicate the engagement results promptly"
"The chief audit executive should establish and maintain a system to monitor
the disposition of results communicated to management"

Scope and Effectiveness of the Internal Audit

Internal auditors were traditionally concerned with the reliability of accounting and
management information systems; compliance with policies, laws, regulations, rules
and procedures; and the safeguarding of organizational assets and resources.
However, they now increasingly cover organizational performance, including the
economy in using resources, efficiency of operations and effectiveness in achieving
organizational objectives, with extended-scope audits such as ‘value-for-money’,
‘operational’, and ‘management’ audits. In other words, their work extends beyond
the financial accountability area. In addition, the evolving practice of internal auditing
in government is gradually adopting the best practices from the private sector:

Becoming more customer orientated and being proactive to the needs of the
organization and the manager
More future orientated by focusing more on risk management
Becoming involved early in the design, development and implementation
stages of systems and programs and
Improving the methodology through increased use of new techniques such as
statistical sampling, customer surveys, computer assisted audit techniques

As government organizations continue to restructure by becoming less bureaucratic

through delegation of authority and decentralization, internal auditors play a greater
role in improving public accountability and efficiency of government operations.
However, this depends to a large measure on how the government and managers
support internal auditors, particularly in providing them with operational
independence and adequate resources, and taking appropriate actions further to their
reports.

Organization of Internal Audit

In some countries, there may be a central internal audit service under the Ministry of
Finance or other such entities. The central service personnel may be posted to
individual ministries and be directly responsible to the chief manager of the entity
concerned. On the other hand, individual ministries may also be authorized to hire
their own internal auditors, with the central entity retaining responsibility for setting
internal audit policies as part of the internal control structure and for coordinating all
internal auditors. Regardless of how the internal audit function is organized and given
that internal audit units typically tend to be small, a degree of central coordination

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enhances opportunities for consistency in applying policies, sharing experiences and
training personnel.

Coordination with Supreme Audit Institutions

Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs), as external auditors of governments, play an

important role in strengthening the internal audit function by:

Regularly reviewing the work of internal auditors and helping improve the
overall quality of the oversight function
Cooperating with internal auditors in planning audit coverage and using the
work of the internal auditor, wherever feasible, to reduce duplication and
Impressing upon governments the criticality of the internal control function,
including the role of internal audit therein

CHECKLIST FOR INTERNAL CONTROL AND INTERNAL AUDITING

OBJECTIVE

To determine if the government has established and implemented an enabling

infrastructure for promoting an Internal Control system in all government
operations and
To identify opportunities for strengthening the infrastructure and systems of
internal control

NOTES

This questionnaire is designed to evaluate the state of Internal Control

across all government agencies. The evaluation of Internal Control in a
specific entity would require a different design
INTOSAI’s Standards of internal control, for use of government managers
or any other such internal control standards that are applicable to the public
sector may be used as a criteria for this evaluation

INTERNAL CONTROL – POLICIES, LAWS, REGULATIONS AND

ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUANCE FOR GOVERNMENT-WIDE
APPLICATION

1. Is there any legislation promulgating internal control

structures/standards/systems that is applicable to all government operations? If
so, identify the significant policies and the specific entities assigned
responsibility to oversee its implementation.
2. Has the government (executive) promulgated any regulations on internal
control structures/standard/systems that is applicable to all government
operations? (Note: such regulations may be general or specific in covering
such areas as - finance/accounting, project/program, property, human

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 resources, travel and procurement management) If so, identify the significant
policies and the specific entities assigned responsibility for their
implementation.
3. Taking the policies and regulations as a whole, can it be stated that an
adequate framework has been established for an adequate Internal Control
system to flourish?
4. If there are no legislation or regulations, are there any other means by which
the government can ensure that appropriate internal controls are indeed
established in each government entity?
5. If such regulatory framework does not exist, has the Supreme Audit Institution
brought to the attention of the government the existence of internal control
standards recommended for government organizations by INTOSAI and if not,
why not?

ORGANIZATION – ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

CENTRAL AGENCY/ENTITY

6. Has the legislature or the government assigned responsibility for government-

wide internal control policies and procedures to a central entity/agency (CA),
such as the Ministry of Finance? If so:
6.1. Is the responsibility and roles of the CA clearly documented and
communicated to all government entities?
6.2. Has the CA developed a strategic plan for the continuous review of
internal control policies, regulations and procedures, and for establishing
an effective Internal Control system across all government operations?
6.3. Has the government or the CA adopted any internal control standards? If
so, do these comprehensively cover all the INTOSAI standards?
6.4. If a set of internal control standards have not been adopted or formulated,
is the CA aware of the INTOSAI or other standards and should the
government adopt one?
6.5. Does the CA coordinate its activities with other specialized agencies such
as budget and program management, personnel management etc?
6.6. Has the CA issued any regulations, instructions or guidelines on internal
control structures? If so, are these comprehensive and do they address all
the issues covered under the INTOSAI’s general and detailed standards?
6.7. Has the CA or any other government entity established policies,
regulations or instructions with respect to the following vis-à-vis internal
control regimes:
Communicating internal control policies and procedures to all
personnel across the government
Assigning responsibilities and delegating authorities to make decisions
Laws, regulations, rules and procedures to be observed

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 Competency of staff, including recruitment and retrenchment, training,
performance assessment etc
A code of conduct for public service employees
Information management, including policies related to information
systems and
Reporting on performance
6.8. Does the CA or any other institution train managers on Internal Control? If
such training programs exist, are they comprehensive and of practical
value?
6.9. Does the CA require government managers to review risk, which may be
specific to their respective entities and develop control procedures
accordingly?
6.10. Does the CA require government managers to map and document their
entire internal control policies and infrastructures?
6.11. Does the CA itself undertake any review of specific government
operations/agencies/entities to determine if the regulations and instructions
relating to Internal Control have been applied properly?
6.12. Does the CA require managers to conduct any form of self-assessment in
their respective areas of operation to review the effectiveness of Internal
Control? And if so, are they required to submit any report on the outcome
of such evaluation?
6.13. Does the CA conduct an annual review of the state of controls, submit any
report to the legislature and/or formulate future year plans/programs?
7. If such responsibility has not been assigned to any CA, are there other
mechanisms to coordinate internal control policies? And, if there are such
mechanisms, how do they function and can they be said to be effective
(questions in paragraph 6 can be used for the evaluation?

SPECIALIZED AGENCIES

8. Do specialized entities, such as those responsible for financial management,

human resources management etc participate in establishing internal control
policies and procedures for government-wide application? If so, how does
each of these agencies obtain assurance that those policies and procedures are
applied properly?

LACK OF ASSIGNED RESPONSIBILITY TO A CENTRAL AGENCY

9. Some countries may not have legislated any laws in respect of internal control
regimes and others may not have assigned responsibility to oversee the
establishment of internal control systems. In such cases, the key agencies
responsible for budget management, financial management and revenue
management should be approached to determine the state of controls in each
of these agencies and how they obtain assurance from other government
agencies as to their performance. The INTOSAI general and detailed standards
may be used as the basis for the evaluation.

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INTERNAL AUDIT (IA)

10. How are Internal Audit (IA) Units established in the various government
entities – under the auspices of a central agency or directly by each entity?
11. How many government agencies have an IA and how many do not?
12. Has a common policy been established to govern the following?
Operational independence
Professional competence and training
Resources
Scope of work to be undertaken
Conduct of audits
Involvement in risk management and developing internal control policies
and procedures
Reporting and
Quality review
13. Are the IAs required to adopt or have they adopted any standards such as those
issued by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)?
14. Has a comprehensive review of the IA effectiveness in government agencies
been recently conducted and if so what was the result?
15. Where IA is established by individual government agencies, then three
agencies (one large, one medium, and one small) may be selected and
evaluated against the IIA standards to determine their effectiveness.

SUPREME AUDIT INSTITUTIONS (SAI)

16. Does the Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) routinely evaluate the effectiveness
of internal control systems in every audit it undertakes? If not, why not?
17. Does the SAI review the effectiveness of internal audits and if so what criteria
does it use for the evaluation?
18. Has the SAI conducted any major review of the effectiveness of Internal
Control systems across the board covering all major government agencies?
19. Do the reports of the SAI to the legislature cover internal control issues?
20. What were the recent major findings and recommendations of the SAI
regarding the effectiveness of Internal Control systems in government agencies?

Reference Books

1. INTOSAI guidelines for Internal Control Standards for the Public

Sector (2004)
2. Standards for Internal Control by Govt. Accountability Office
(GAO) USA

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 APPENDIX- VIII
[Refer to para 87]

Audit of Fraud
Definitions of Fraud
XVI INCOSAI URUGUAY 1998 viewed fraud as a legal concept, which involves
acts of deceit, trickery, concealment, or breach of confidence that are used to gain
some unfair or dishonest advantage; an unlawful interaction between two entities,
where one party intentionally deceives the other through the means of false
representation in order to gain illicit and unjust advantage.
According to SPASAI Fraud Guide, “fraud is a generic term which embraces all the
means that human ingenuity can devise, which are resorted to by one individual, to
get an advantage over another by false representations. There is no finite rule to
define fraud as it includes surprise, trick, cunning and unfair ways by which another is
cheated.
Fraud, as it is commonly understood today, means dishonesty in the form of an
intentional deception or a willful misrepresentation of a material fact. Lying, the
willful telling of an untruth, and cheating, the gaining of an unfair or unjust advantage
over another, could also be used to further define the word fraud because both that
and dishonesty denote intention or willingness to deceive.”
The Canadian Audit Guide 21 on Fraud Awareness refers to fraud as an action where
there is a loss of a valuable resource resulting from a false representation made
knowingly, without belief in its truth. Such actions could result in charges being laid
under various applicable Canadian laws.
According to the National Audit Office of UK, fraud involves the use of deception to
obtain an unjust or illegal financial advantage as well as intentional misstatements in,
or omissions of amounts or disclosures from, an entity's accounting records or
financial statements. It also includes theft, whether or not accompanied by
misstatements of accounting records or financial statements.
The Fraud Examiners Manual views fraud as any intentional or deliberate act to
deprive another of property or money by guile, deception or other unfair means.
Similarly International Standard of Auditing (240) also treats fraud as an intentional
act by one or more individuals among management, those charged with governance,
employees, or third parties, involving the use of deception to obtain an unjust or
illegal advantage.
Essentially, fraud refers to intentional misrepresentation of financial information by
one or more individual among the management, employees or third parties. It involves
the use of deception to obtain an illegal financial advantage.
Fraud may involve:
• manipulation, falsification or alteration of records or documents.
• misappropriation/ misapplication of assets.
• suppression or omission of the effects of transactions from records or
documents.
• recording of transaction without substances.

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 • misapplication of accounting policies.

Elements of Fraud
The basic elements of fraud can be summarized as follows:
• There must be at least two parties to the fraud, namely the perpetrator and the
party who was or could have been harmed by the fraud, otherwise known as
the victim;
• A material omission or false representation must be made knowingly by the
perpetrator;
• There must be intent by the perpetrator that the false representation be acted
upon by the victim;
• The victim must have the legal right to reply on the representation;
• There must be either actual injury or a risk of injury to the victim as a result of
the reliance;
• There generally is an attempt to camouflage; and
• Fraud involves betrayal of trust.

Definitions of Corruption
Corruption is a complex issue. While its roots are grounded in a country’s particular
social and cultural history, political and economic development, bureaucratic
traditions and policies, one can generalize to state that corruption tends to flourish
when institutions are weak and economic policies distort the marketplace.
The following definition of corruption is provided by the Asian Development Bank in
the Anti-corruption Policy: “Corruption involves behaviour on the part of officials in
the public and private sectors, in which they improperly and unlawfully enrich
themselves and/or those close to them, or induce others to do so, by misusing the
position in which they are placed.”
The Anti-Corruption Act of the Republic of Korea defines the term “act of
corruption” as the act of any public official’s abusing his position or authority or
violating laws and regulations in connection with his duties to seek gains for himself
or any third party.
The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy of UK defines corruption
as the offering, giving, soliciting or accepting of an inducement or reward, which may
influence the action of any person. That is, an individual receives a bribe as a reward
or incentive for action or inaction contrary to the proper conduct of his or her duties,
for the direct benefit of a third party.
The World Bank defines corruption as the abuse of public power for personal gain or
for the benefit of a group to which one owes allegiance.

Elements of Corruption
An act of corruption would comprise one or more of the following elements:
• There must be at least two parties to an act of corruption, namely the person
who offers the reward or inducement and the party accepting it;
• There must be misuse of office or position of authority for private gain;
• There is either an offer and/or acceptance of inducements;

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 • An attempt to solicit an offer of inducement or reward as benefit for
performance of an official act;
• Any act through which public or entity property is dishonestly
misappropriated;
• There may be an attempt to camouflage; and
• Corruption involves breach of trust.

Factors that Influence Fraud and Corruption

It is useful for auditors to understand the motivational and organizational/
environmental factors of fraud and corruption. The presence of these factors does not
necessarily mean that fraud and corruption have occurred. Rather, awareness of their
presence should increase the auditor's sensitivity to that possibility. The key factors
generally associated with fraud and corruption are as follows:

Motivational Factors
Motivation and opportunity are the elements that generally underlie the commission
of fraud and corruption. These could take the form of:
• Economic motivation - financial need or gain is the most common motivation
for fraud and corruption. Often, persons convicted on fraud and corruption
complain that they had unbearable financial problems for which there was no
legitimate recourse.
• Greed – persons with power and authority often commit fraud and corruption
because they are motivated by greed.
• Prestige or recognition – persons may feel they deserve more prestige or more
recognition. These persons are often motivated by jealousy, revenge, anger, or
pride. They often believe that they are superior to others, that they are shrewd
enough to confound and confuse others and can commit fraud and corruption
without being discovered or detected.
• Moral Superiority – persons may also be motivated by a cause or values that
they feel are morally superior to those of the victim, or the government in this
case.

Organisational/Environmental Factors
The organisational atmosphere and its perception play a major causative role in
perpetration of fraud and corruption.
Where management is perceived as insensitive, insecure, impulsive or too strict, ill-
treats employees and judges performance either on short term results or without
considering operational constraints, the disgruntlement in the employee is likely to
result in instances of fraud and corruption.
Systems and procedures adopted in organisations and organisational policies are
particularly important. An organisation in which the corporate policies are unclear,
there is inadequate internal control, excessive regulations, red-tapism, inadequate
accountability or history of programme abuse is likely to have more instances of fraud
and corruption.
An understanding of the organisational atmosphere will enable an auditor to assess
whether there is a higher risk of fraud and corruption in the entity and planning of the

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audit could be suitably modified. Poor management structure and policies are
indicated by a high turn over of employees, absenteeism, poor documentation, low
awareness of regulatory requirements and lack of transparency in reward systems.
It is important for the auditor to also understand that very often the perpetrator of
fraud and corruption rationalises his actions with some kind of justification. For
instance an employee accused of fraud and corruption is likely to rationalise his action
by saying or believing that his low pay justifies the action or since everybody is doing
that he is also well within his right to do it; while a contractor could justify his acts of
fraud and corruption as a cost of doing business or problems of securing contract from
a government entity.

Types of Fraud and Corruption

Some of the most typical fraud and corruption are as follows:
• Bribery is the giving, receiving, offering or soliciting of any “thing of value”
in order to influence a person in the performance of, or failure to perform, his /
her duties.
• False Statements and False Claims occur whenever a person knowingly and
willfully falsifies a material fact or makes a false or fictitious representation or
files a false or fictitious claim that results in economic or financial loss to the
person to whom the false representation has been made.
• Embezzlement is the fraudulent conversion of personal property by a person in
possession of that property where the possession was obtained pursuant to a
trust relationship. Examples of means to conceal embezzlement are the use of
kiting or lapping scheme.
o Kiting occurs when a person withdraws cash from a bank on checks
deposited by a person for which the cash has not yet been collected by
the bank. To conceal the fraud, the person continuously writes checks
against non-existent account balances (“kites” checks from bank to
bank).
o Lapping occurs when a person steals cash from payment of accounts
receivable, and continuously uses cash from other payments of
accounts receivables to conceal the initial theft (“laps” two consecutive
accounts).
• Conflict of Interest occurs when a person has an undisclosed economic or
personal interest in a transaction that adversely affects that person’s employer.
• Phantom Contractor is a non-existent company whose invoice is submitted for
payment by a person involved in the purchase process.
• Purchases for personal use. A person may purchase items intended for
personal use or may make excess purchases of items needed, some of which
are then diverted to personal use.
• Split Purchases. Contracts are split into two or more segments to circumvent
the procurement authority limitations, and thus to avoid competitive bidding.
This may involve bribery from the contractor to a person of the other party.
• Collusive Bidding, Price Fixing or Bid Rigging. Groups of prospective
contractors for a contract form an agreement or arrangement, to eliminate or
limit competition. This agreement may also involve bribery.

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 • Progress Payment Fraud. The contractor requests progress payments based on
falsified information submitted to the other party.
• Over or under invoicing. Occurs when there is deliberate misstatement of the
invoice value as compared with goods or services received or supplied.
• Extortion is the use of authority to secure unlawful pecuniary gain or
advantage.
• Nepotism and Favoritism unlawful use of public office to favor relatives and
friends.
• Loss of Revenue on account of tax or duty evasion can include different
situations where revenue due to the government is not received or paid.
• Unfair Recruitment favoritism exercised in the process of recruitment for
unlawful gain.
• Computer Fraud is any fraudulent behavior connected with computerization
by which a person intends to gain a dishonest advantage. For instance, salami-
slicing is a computer fraud where fractions of interest calculations are
transferred to a personal account.

Identification of High Risk Areas

An understanding of the audited entity should enable the auditor to identify potential
high-risk areas and suitably modify audit procedures and techniques. Some of the
commonly perceived high risk areas are:
• contracts of service/procurement;
• inventory management;
• sanctions/clearances;
• program management;
• revenue receipt;
• cash management;
• general expenditure; and
• other areas with public interface.
SAIs would have to, based on experience and perceptions, identify such risk areas
while planning audits.

Contract Fraud and Corruption

Procurement of goods and services is a major activity in the government sector and is
traditionally prone to fraud and corruption. Understanding fraud and corruption in
contracts may therefore be beneficial to the auditor. An illustrative list of the forms
fraud and corruption can take in the area of contracts is given at Appendix 1 to
enhance the Auditor’s understanding.
The audit of Contracts in most SAIs, therefore becomes an area of focus for the
Auditor who has to be particularly sensitive to the possibility of Fraud in this area.
Appendix 2 lists out the warning signs that an auditor needs look out for. These would
alert him to the necessity of further scrutiny or intensive examination. The size of the
sample or the techniques adopted could also be suitably adjusted.

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Computer Fraud
With the increased use of information technology in the function of entities and
increased introduction of IT systems the auditors needs to understand that the
perpetration of fraud and corruption and consequently detection of such instances
become more complicated.
Computer fraud could involve the manipulation of a computer or computer data by
whatever method in order to dishonestly obtain money, property or some other
advantage of value or to cause loss
The Auditor has to be particularly aware of the audit trail, of the checks and balances
of IT systems, of the levels of control and needs to also have a fair idea of how
processing controls can be circumvented by the perpetrator of fraud and how data can
be accessed and manipulated. It is particularly important for the auditor of the IT
system to assess in his audit the level of security controls built in and if these are in
tune with the sensitivity of data.
Audit evidencing in an IT environment is often more complex than traditional manual
audit. In an IT environment not only it is necessary to understand the techniques of
assessing system and data soundness but also necessary to establish means of
collecting evidence. The standards of audit evidence collection have to be set by the
SAIs in consonance with the legal framework and regulations in which the audit is
carried out.
Since this is an emerging field of audit and is also undergoing rapid changes the SAIs
may consider the pooling of information on the IT audits conducted and techniques
adopted.

Types of Fraud and Corruption in Contracts

The following types of fraud and corruption have been reported in contracting for
goods and services:
• Bribery and Kickbacks - Money or any other form of reward or favour is
exchanged between a public functionary and a provider of goods and services
in order to obtain some benefit e.g. acceptance of substandard goods or
obtaining unauthorized information.
• Changes in Original Contracts - Changes are made in the original contract
requiring flow of additional funds from the government to the contractor,
which may affect the basis on which the contract was awarded to the
contractor in the first instance. This may also involve front-loading of contract
in the hope of increasing the price of the original contract through change
orders or subsequent modifications to the contract.
• Duplicate Payments - The contractor claims and receives payment for the
same service or work done or goods supplied under the same or different
contracts.
• Collusive or Cartel Bidding - Contractors form cartels to fix artificially high
prices for goods and services supplied by them.
• Conflict of Interest - Contracts are awarded on the basis of vested interests of
the decision makers.
• Defective Pricing - The contractor submits inflated invoices.

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 • False Invoices - The contractor submits invoices for goods that have not been
delivered or do not properly represent the quantity or quality of goods and
services supplied or work done as per contracted specifications.
• False Representations - The contractor falsifies the goods specifications or his
ability to provide certain services.
• Splitting of Purchases - The purchases of goods and services are split either to
avoid open competition or having to seek the approval of higher authority.
• Phantom Contractor - Purchases are made from a fake supplier or contractor.
• Pilferage of Public Assets - Public funds are used to acquire goods for
personal use or public assets pilfered by officials.
Tailored specifications - Specifications and time limits are manipulated to favor a
certain contractor or supplier.

Warning Signs of Possible Fraud and Corruption in Contracts

Procurement and contracting of goods and services present different opportunities for
fraud and corruption at different stages of the procurement and contracting processes.
The auditor would be well advised to look out for warning signs corresponding to
each stage. These warning signs indicate the increased risk factor in contracts and
serve as red flags for the auditor.
• Requirements defining stage
• Inadequate needs analysis
• Inadequate information about potential suppliers
• Inadequate review of existing and required inventory
• Unduly short supply period
• Needs analysis is product oriented rather than needs oriented
• Someone other than the user defines the user requirements
• Unwarranted involvement of senior officials
• Bidding and selection stage
• The specifications are not clearly defined
• A very limited number of offers is received
• Documentation indicates unusual involvement of an official
• Suspicion about conflict of interest
• Evidence of early receipt of information by some contractors
• Request for proposal is not properly advertised
• Unusual handling of the bidding process
• Evaluation criteria is not consistent for different offerers
• Exceptions to the tender deadlines
• Changes in the bids made after their formal receipt
• Lowest responsive bidder is not selected
• Contractor submits unrealistic bid indicating collusion or bid rotation
• Unusual withdrawal of bids
• Re-bid results identical to original bids
• Successful contractors use competitors as sub-contractors

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 • Justification for single source procurement is inadequate
• Contract performance and evaluation stage
• Changes in a contract result in the large increase in the cost of goods and
services
• Changes made without adequate explanations
• Unwarranted contract extension
• Complaints about the quality of goods and services received
• Inadequate inspections and quality assurance of goods and services received
• Evidence of over charging and duplicate billings
• Dubious invoices
• Insufficient pre-audit of contractor payments
• Contracts repeatedly awarded to one contractor
• Unduly high labor payments

Audit Evidence

In searching for the evidence of fraud and corruption the auditor must:
• Always search for the strongest possible evidence;
• Investigate without delay, as evidence can be destroyed, lost or forgotten;
• Not ignore small clues or leads;
• Look for facts that confirm or refute suspicions;
• Concentrate on the weakest point in the fraud and corruption.
• Identify and summarize the evidence indicating that fraud and corruption may
have been committed;
• Identify the possible scenario of fraud and/or corruption;
• Summarize and explain the accounting and control systems involved, the
paper trail involved in the transaction, and the deviations from the systems;
• Explain patterns used in covering up the fraud and corruption;
• Identify the possible extent of the fraud and corruption; and
• Consider the possibility of collusion.
• Sources of Evidence
• Documents from the auditee: During the course of examination of books of
accounts, auditors investigate various documents that serve as evidence for the
audit. These documents may be originals or photocopies depending upon their
importance.
• Report of Internal Auditor: The internal auditor may have identified instances
of deviation from normal procedure.
• Interviews: Auditors can obtain important information from various
government employees. Since they may have noticed internal control failure
made by managers and fraudulent activities perpetrated by other employees,
interviews may be useful in detecting material misstatements caused by fraud
and corruption.
• Inspection/Observation: Auditors can notice possibility of fraud and
corruption through the examination of inspection/observation/physical

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 verification reports (e.g. forged document, inventory not in existence or
inferior quality). Where any auditor relies on physical observation for an audit
conclusion this would needs to be supported with properly documented
evidence.
• Questionnaires: Auditors may gather important and helpful information by
using questionnaires.
• Confirmation with other related parties: Auditors sometimes obtain
information directly from other related parties (e.g. bank balance confirmation
from the bank, Debtor's balance confirmation from individual debtors etc). If
the figures provided by these agencies do not tally with the books of account,
they should check in detail to find out the reason for discrepancy.
• Results of Analytical Review: Auditors analyze both financial and non-
financial information, which can indicate abnormal trends. In that case,
auditors need to concentrate on particular areas.
Expert Opinion: Auditors may seek expert opinion about a suspicious case. The
expert’s opinion becomes evidence if auditors can rely on that opinion in assessing
fraud and corruption.

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 APPENDIX -IX
[Refer to para 87]

COMMON IRREGULARITIES /LAPSES OBSERVED IN

STORES/PURCHASE CONTRACTS AND GUIDELINES FOR
IMPROVEMENT IN THE PROCUREMENT SYSTEM

Purchase Manual
The cardinal principle of any public buying is to procure the materials /services of the
‘specified’ quality, at the most competitive prices and, in a fair, just and transparent
manner. To achieve this end, it is essential to have uniform and well documented
policy guidelines in the organization so that this vital activity is executed in a well-
coordinated manner with least time and cost overruns. In some of the organizations,
the purchase manual is either not at all there or has not been updated for years
together. Thus the system of procurement is quite adhoc and arbitrary.
• A codified purchase manual containing the detailed purchase procedures,
guidelines and also proper delegation of powers, wherever required needs to be
made by all the organizations so that there is systematic and uniform approach in
the decision-making. Such an integrated approach is likely to put a cap on the
corruption and would also ensure smoother and faster decision-making.

Filing System
The filing system adopted in most of the organizations is not satisfactory. Even the
files are not being paginated. The part files are opened as and when new action is
initiated and these part files are not merged with the main file, which inter-alia results
in break in continuity and arbitrariness in decision making. The decisions /
deliberations of the individuals or the Tender Committees are not properly
documented or recorded which dilutes the accountability of the officers and may
result in the ‘interested’ officers going scot free, even if serious lapses are established
against them.
• The procurement files are very important and sensitive documents and thus there
is a need to have a single file system with proper page numbering. In case of
urgency, if opening of the part files is unavoidable, the same should thereafter be
merged with the main file. The decisions and deliberations of the individuals or
the Tender Committees also need to be properly recorded and well documented.

Provisioning
It has been noticed that in certain cases excessive, fraudulent and infructuous
purchases were made without taking into consideration the important aspects like
available stocks, outstanding dues / supplies, past consumption pattern and average
life of the equipments / items etc. These excessive /infructuous purchases were at
times made in collusion with the firms. This resulted in not only the material lying
unutilized for years together with no residual life but also a lot of extra expenditure
was incurred on the inventory carrying cost. One of the organizations took double
procurement action for purchase of tyres against the same liability. Even the factors
like shelf life of 5 years and the past consumption pattern were ignored while placing

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the orders. As no action was taken to dispose off the surplus tyres, the department is
incurring inventory carrying cost of about 20-25% per year for the last 10 years and
the salvage value of the quantity held in stocks is likely to be ‘Nil’ due to expiry of
the shelf life. In few cases, it was noticed that though the demand for the stores was
simultaneously received from different wings / field units but, they were not clubbed
together and were rather processed individually against the established principle of
bulk buying.
• The provisioning of the stores needs to be done with utmost care taking into
account the available stock, outstanding dues / supplies, the past consumption
pattern, average life of the equipment / spares. The requirements also need to be
properly clubbed so as to get the most competitive and best prices. The
requirements should not be intentionally bifurcated / split so as to avoid approval
from higher authorities.
In a case for purchase of 1,000 KVA D.G. sets, the tender enquiry was originally
issued by the Organization for supply of D.G sets with four stroke engine. However,
on the request of one of the bidders, the type of the engine was later changed from
four-stroke to two-stroke and contract was awarded. During investigation, it was
found that the engine manufacturer had given a release that the two stroke engine
shall be phased out in two years. Surprisingly the existing DG Sets were with four-
stroke engine.
In yet another case instead of buying DG sets for their energy needs, a
shipyard hired DG sets from a firm in an ad hoc manner, without following
competitive bidding. On investigation, it was revealed that the energy cost/ unit
worked, in excess of Rs.40/-.
• One time purchase for projects or capital equipments / spares should be properly
justified depending on the actual requirement usage, rate of return etc. Further, the
obsolescence factor should also be taken into account i.e. the equipment to be
purchased should conform to the latest specifications and technology available in
the market.

Appointment of Consultants
Some of the organizations appoint consultants due to lack of in-house expertise in
technical matters. It has invariably been noticed that the appointment of consultants is
not being done in a transparent manner and their working is also not properly
supervised.
i. The appointment of consultants is often made in an arbitrary manner without
inviting tenders and without collecting adequate data about their performance,
capability and experience. In some of the cases, the consultants were appointed
after holding direct discussions with only one firm without establishing the
reasonableness of consultation fee payable to them. In some cases the terms
were modified to the financial advantage of the consultant, even after award of
the contract. In one of the cases, the organization continued with a consultant for
about 30 years and for all types of contracts. In yet another case, the
Organization invited offers from 8 enlisted consultants but, awarded the contract
to the highest bidder on the plea that they are Padam Shree awardees. Extra
amount on account of travel expenses was also sanctioned after award of the
contract.

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ii. The payment terms to the consultants are allowed quite liberally. In one of the
cases, the consultant fee was paid on quarterly basis without linking the same
with the progress of the project. Even full payments had been authorized before
the completion of the project.
iii. Quite a few organizations especially in the Banking Sector seem to abdicate
their responsibility completely and do not oversee the working of the consultants
resulting in the latter exploiting the circumstances and at times in collusion with
the suppliers, give biased recommendations in favour of a particular supplier. It
has also been noticed that the consultants recommend acceptance of inferior
items / equipments and also give undue benefit to the suppliers like non recovery
of penalties, for the delayed supplies and corresponding reduction in the excise
duty / custom duty, if announced after award of the contract.
• The consultants need to be appointed only when it is felt absolutely essential. The
appointment of consultants needs to be done in a transparent manner and after
following the competitive tendering system. The consultant’s role should be well-
defined. The consultant is meant to assist the departmental officers because of lack
of expertise and, it should not mean that they takeover all the functions. The
responsibilities relating to award of contract and execution of contract after
appointment of consultant should not be abdicated completely by the
organizations. Rather appropriate checks should be exercised at all stages of the
execution of the contract. Penal clauses for deficiency in service should invariably
be stipulated in the contracts/MOUs with the consultants.

Estimated Rates
It was observed that the estimated rates are being worked out in an unprofessional and
perfunctory manner, at times by extrapolating the price of the lowest capacity
equipment or by applying a uniform yearly compounded escalation over the prices of
similar equipment purchased few years ago. Consequently, the inflated estimated rates
prepared by the Organizations resulted in acceptance and payment of higher prices to
the firms.
• As the estimated rate is a vital element in establishing the reasonableness of
prices, it is important that the same is worked out in a realistic and objective
manner on the basis of prevailing market rates, last purchase prices, economic
indices for the raw material/labour, other input costs, IEEMA formula, wherever
applicable and assessment based on intrinsic value etc.

Notice Inviting Tender

Against the most preferred and transparent mode of Global tender enquiry/Advertised
tender enquiry, some of the Organizations are generally issuing limited tender inquiry
to select venders, irrespective of the value of purchase. Further, the credentials of the
firms and the criteria adopted for selection of such venders, in most of the cases, are
not put on record. This not only results in lack of competition but also favoritism to
the select vendors. It has been noticed that even in cases where Advertised/Global
tender inquiries were issued, the same were published in the local dailies and not in
any National Newspaper and particularly in Indian Trade Journal, Calcutta, which is a
Government publication and is regarded as the standard medium for advertising
tender notices in India. The main purpose of issuing Advertised/Global tender inquiry
is to give wide publicity. It has been noticed that the Organizations do not forward the

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copies of the tender notices to the registered/past/likely suppliers and while in case of
imported stores, the copies of the tender notices are not being forwarded to Indian
Missions/Embassies of major trading countries.
• In order to give wide publicity, generate enough competition and to avoid
favoritism, as far as possible, issue of Advertised/Global tender inquiries should
be resorted to and published in ITJ and select National Newspapers. The copies of
the tender notices should be sent to all the registered/past/likely suppliers by UPC
and also to the Indian Missions /Embassies of major trading countries in case of
imported stores.
It has also been noticed that for Advertised/Global tenders, against a normal time of
four - six weeks, there are instances wherein time for tender opening of only 12 - 15
days was given. Similarly, in case of limited tenders, against a normal time of 21 - 30
days, there are cases where tenders were opened in a short period of only 7 days. The
tender opening in such a short duration is normally resorted to in case of recorded
emergencies, where in the purchaser sends the tender inquiries by faster means like
fax/speed post. However, in most of such cases, neither urgency nor the proof of
having sent the inquiries by fax/speed post could be established. In few cases, it was
also noticed that though short term tenders were invited, expressing urgency of the
requirement, however, the cases were processed in a very routine and casual manner
without any consideration for urgency. On the other hand, in some cases, it was
noticed that with the short time available, only 2 - 3 vendors who probably knew
about the system, submitted their bids and, thereby forming a cartel and
circumventing the system. In some of the cases of Global tenders, it was observed that
though the Organizations had given a time of 6 - 8 weeks for tender opening but the
tender sale was closed 2 - 4 weeks in advance of tender opening, thereby effectively
giving only one month time to bidders for purchase of tender documents. The very
purpose of floating Global tender which is to give wide publicity and sufficient time
to bidders to get the bidding documents and submit their offers, in such cases seems to
have been defeated.
• With a view to have wider, fair and adequate competition, it is important that
sufficient time of say 4 - 6 weeks in case of Advertised/Global tenders and 3 - 4
weeks in case of limited tenders is allowed, except, in cases of recorded
emergencies, wherein also, a reasonable time should be permitted and tenders
should be sent by faster means like speed post /fax. The tenders should preferably
be kept open for sale till the date of tender opening or just one day prior to the
date of tender opening. With the widespread use of Information Technology, the
tender notices should also be put on the website and e-mail address of the
organization should be indicated in the tender notice.
In case of proprietary purchases, the detailed justification for purchase from a single
vendor is not being placed on record. As by issuing single tender, the competition is
totally eliminated and the possibility of paying higher prices cannot be ruled out.
• It is imperative that the purchase on Single tender basis be made with the detailed
justification in its support and with the approval of Competent Authority,
including associated finance.

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Tender/ Bid Document
The terms and conditions being stipulated in the bid documents by some of the
Organizations are quite insufficient and sketchy. Sometimes, the bid document
contain obsolete, unwanted matter and conflicting and vague provisions, resulting in
wrong interpretation, disputes and time & cost overruns. Even the time/date for
receipt and opening of tenders is not being incorporated in the documents. The
important clauses relating to Earnest money, Delivery Schedule, Payment terms,
Performance/Warrantee Bank Guarantee, Pre-despatch inspection, Arbitration,
Liquidated Damages/Penalty for the delayed supplies and Risk- purchase etc. are not
being incorporated in the bid documents. All these clauses are important for
safeguarding the interest of the purchaser and also have indirect financial implications
in the evaluation of offers and execution of the contracts.
• All the important clauses as brought out above need to be incorporated in the
bidding documents so as to fully safeguard the interest of the Government and,
for evaluation of bids on equitable and fair basis and in a transparent manner.
In some cases, it was noticed that the amount of Earnest Money Deposit stipulated in
the tender document was grossly insufficient to protect the Government interest in
case of breach committed by the bidder. Some of the organizations instead of ignoring
the bids not accompanied with earnest money deposit along with the tenders as per
bids requirements, asked the bidders to submit EMD, after tender opening.
• The primary objective of submission of Earnest Money Deposit is to establish the
earnestness of the bidder so that he does not withdraw, impair or modify the offer
within the validity of the bid. It also helps in restricting if not eliminating
‘speculative’, ‘frivolous’ or ‘wait and see’ bids. Since any relaxation regarding
submission of Earnest Money Deposit has financial implications besides giving
encouragement to the bidders to submit frivolous bids as indicated above; the
terms & conditions should clearly stipulate that the offers without Earnest Money
Deposit would be considered as unresponsive and rejected.
In case of tenders invited in Two-bid system, some of the Organizations stipulate
Earnest Money Deposit as percentage of the tender cost instead of fixed amount. In
the Two-bid system, if EMD is taken on the basis of some stated percentage of tender
value and with the announcement of the amount of EMD submitted by the bidders at
the time of tender opening, the same will give every bidder a good indication of the
prices quoted by the competitors by making back calculations. A bidder can use this
information to the disadvantage of his competitor, if prices are subsequently modified.
• The Earnest Money Deposit in case of Two-bid system needs to be incorporated as
a fixed and reasonable amount on the basis of estimated value of the purchase.
Some of the organizations incorporate a specific delivery schedule inter- alia
mentioning that bids offering delivery beyond stipulated date will be treated as non -
responsive and will be summarily rejected. However, after opening of the tenders, the
bid by one of the organizations with slightly longer delivery period was not rejected
as per the bid guidelines, rather that offer was also considered and evaluation was
made after loading the offer by applying some unilateral loading criteria. The same
resulted in inter se change of ranking position.
• In order to meet the project requirement, it would be prudent to incorporate an
acceptable range of delivery period with the stipulation that no credit will be given
for earlier deliveries and offers with delivery beyond the acceptable range will be

232 O/o DGADS

 treated as unresponsive. Within this acceptable range, for the purpose of
evaluation, an adjustment per month say @ 2% could be added to the quoted
prices of bidders offering deliveries later than the earliest delivery period specified
in the bid documents.
The Evaluation/Loading criteria on account of acceptable range of deviations in the
commercial terms and conditions viz. Payment Terms, Delivery period, Performance
Bank Guarantee etc. is not being incorporated in the bidding documents. The
evaluation of the offers is being made simply on the price quoted which is not in
order. The comparative assessment of offers in true sense would be complete only if it
is made on equal footing taking into account the financial implications for the
deviations in terms and conditions, in line with unequivocal evaluation criteria
specified in the bidding documents. In one of the cases, it was noticed that due to non-
stipulation of payment terms in the tender documents, the bidders quoted prices based
on varying advance payment. The offers were evaluated by the Organization simply
on the quoted prices, even though L-1 bidder had asked for much higher advance
payment in comparison to the L-2 bidder. As such, the evaluation done by the
Organization was not on equitable basis as the payment of higher advance, evidently
had, financial implications.
• The Evaluation / Loading criteria with respect to the important terms. Like
Payment terms, Delivery period, Performance Bank Guarantee etc. having
financial implications need to be specified in unambiguous terms in the bid
documents so that the evaluation of bids after tender opening could be made in a
transparent manner without any subjectivity.
Some of the Organizations incorporate only broad technical details instead of generic
specifications with complete details of performance parameters and the technical
evaluation criteria. At times the technical evaluation matrix is decided after opening
of tenders and is kept confidential. In absence of the detailed specifications/technical
evaluation criteria, the evaluation of offers on equitable basis and in a transparent
manner would not be possible and would rather be prone to subjectivity in the
decision-making. In one of the cases of hiring of coolers, the requirement was
bifurcated into two categories viz. ‘new cooler’ and ‘as good as new coolers’. Neither
the quantitative requirement of each category of coolers nor the specifications had
been indicated for the category of ‘as good as new coolers’. Thus the description
given was quite vague and susceptible to manipulation as it gave full leverage to the
bidders to supply coolers of any vintage.
• The detailed generic technical specifications including performance parameters
and the technical evaluation criteria, if any need to be specified in the bidding
documents in unequivocal terms.
The exemptions/reservation of a particular item which normally apply to SSI units are
not being specified in the tender notice / bid documents. The applicable purchase
preference to public sector enterprises as per the guidelines circulated by Department
of Public Enterprises is also not being incorporated in the bid documents leading to lot
of complaints from SSI/PS Units.
• The Government instructions on reservation of items and price preference to SSI
Units and purchase preference to PSUs need to be incorporated in bid documents.

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It has been noticed that some tenderers offer conditional discounts for coverage within
a shorter period, for early inspection/ payment etc. and, such discounts are being
considered, at the time of evaluation of tenders by the organizations.
• It needs to be ensured that the evaluation of tenders should not be based on such
conditional discounts and suitable clause should be included in the bidding
documents.

Receipt of Tenders
Some of the organizations do not have proper arrangement for receipt of tenders.
There is no tender box for receipt of tenders at scheduled date and time fixed for
tender opening. Instead the trade representatives leave the tenders with the
receptionist or the concerned Purchase Officer(s). This procedure is highly
objectionable as the possibility of tampering and interpolation of offers cannot be
ruled out.
• A proper arrangement for receipt of tenders at scheduled date and time through
tender box needs to be adopted.

Postponement of Tender Opening

Wherever extension in the tender opening is done due to reasons like change in the
specifications or on the basis of request of the vendors, it has been noticed that firstly,
sufficient time to submit the bids as per the revised specifications and secondly, the
intimation of tender opening extension is not
being sent to all the bidders who had purchased the bidding’ documents. Also such
notice of extension is also not being published in newspapers / ITJ.
• In order to give equal opportunity to all the bidders and to maintain sanctity of
tendering system, it is of paramount importance that any change in the tender
terms & conditions, specifications and tender opening date etc. be notified to all
the bidders, sufficiently in advance of the revised tender opening date.

Opening of Tenders
Some of the organizations are not opening the tenders in public i.e. in presence of the
trade representatives. The system of not opening the tenders in public is against the
sanctity of tender system, and is a non-transparent method of handling tenders. There
could be a possibility of tampering and interpolation of offers in such cases. The rates
at times are not quoted in figures and words, cuttings / over-writings are not attested
by bidders. Some of the organizations justify such opaqueness in tendering system by
making a reference to their manuals. This is not acceptable.
• The opening of tenders in presence of trade representatives needs to be
scrupulously followed. While, opening the tenders by the tender opening officer /
committee, each tender should be numbered serially, initialed and dated on the
first page. Each page of the tender should also be initialed with date and
particularly, the prices, important terms & conditions etc. should be encircled and
initialed in red ink by the tender opening officer / committee. Alterations in
tenders, if any, made by the firms, should be initialed legibly to make it perfectly
clear that such alterations were present on the tenders at the time of opening.
Wherever any erasing or cutting is observed, the substituted words should be
encircled and initialed and the fact that such erasing / cutting of the original entry

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 was present on the tender at the time of opening be also recorded. The tender
opening officer / committee should also prepare ‘on the spot statement’ giving
details of the quotations received and other particulars like the prices, taxes,
duties and EMD etc. as read out during the opening of the tenders.
Further, in case of ‘Two bid’ system, it has been noticed that after opening of the
technical bids, the price bids, which are to be opened subsequently, are kept as loose
envelopes. In such cases, the possibility of change of bids prior to tender opening
cannot be ruled out. In order to make the system fool proof, it needs to be ensured that
not only the tender opening officer / committee should sign on the envelopes but the
signatures of two trade representatives should also be obtained on all the envelopes
containing the price bids. Thereafter, all the envelopes should be put in a bigger
envelope / box and the same should be properly sealed duly signed by the tender
opening officer committee and trade representatives.

Post Tender Negotiations

As per CVC guidelines circulated vide letter No. 8 (1) (h) / 98 (1) dated 18.11.98, it
has been brought out that “the tenders are generally a major source of corruption. In
order to avoid corruption, a more transparent and effective system must be introduced.
As post tender negotiations are the main source of corruption, post tender negotiations
are banned with immediate effect except in the case of negotiations with L-1 (i.e.
lowest tenderer)”. In continuation to these instructions, following further clarifications
were issued vide letter No. 98 / Ord. / 1 dated 15.03.99 : -
(i) The Government of India has a purchase preference policy so far as the public
sector enterprises are concerned. It is clarified that the ban on the post tender
negotiations does not mean that the policy of the Government of India for
purchase preference for public sector should not be implemented.
(ii) Incidentally, some organizations have been using the public sector as a shield or a
conduit for getting costly inputs or for improper purchases. This also should be
avoided.
(iii) Another issue that has been raised is that many a time the quantity to be ordered
is much more than L- I alone can supply. In such cases, the quantity order may be
distributed in such a manner that the purchase is done in a fair, transparent and
equitable manner.
• Despite the above instructions, it has been noticed that still repeated negotiations
with the selected/all the vendors are being carried out by some of the
organizations in gross violation of the above instructions. The instructions/
guidelines circulated by CVC on post-tender negotiations only with L-1 need to
be strictly followed.

Technical Evaluation of Tenders

Apart from the deficiencies already brought out in para 7.9, it has been noticed that
though the offers of some firms fully conform to the specifications laid down in the
bid documents, however, based on certain additional features which were never part
of the specifications, the offers were graded as ‘good’, ‘better’ and ‘best’ for award of
contract.
• Once it has been established that the offers meet the laid down specifications, the
question of ‘grading’ as well as any ‘pick and choose’ should not arise. The

235 O/o DGADS

 contract needs to be awarded to the lowest bidder meeting the laid down
specifications.

Purchase Preference to Public Sector Enterprises

The Department of Public enterprises, Ministry of Industry vide OM No. DPE/ 13
(19) / 91-Fin. Dated13.01.92, 15.03.95, 31.10.97, 10.02.98 and 14.09.2000 have
circulated the policy of granting purchase preference to Central Government Public
Sector Enterprises when they compete with Private large scale units. It has been laid
down that where the quoted prices of Public Sector Enterprises or Joint Ventures with
PSEs with a minimum value added content of over 20% by the latter, subject to
purchase in excess of Rs. 1 crore, is within 10% of the lowest price, other things being
equal, purchase preference will be granted to the Public Sector Enterprises or Joint
Venture concerned at the lowest acceptable price. It has been noticed that some of the
organizations are not following these instructions and accordingly, undue favour is
being given to the Private firms.
• The instructions / guidelines circulated by Department of Public Enterprises for
granting purchase preference to the Central Government, Public Sector
Enterprises / Joint Ventures need to be scrupulously followed as also brought out
by CVC in the instructions circulated vide letter No. 98 / Ord. / 1 dated 15.03.99.

Consideration of Indian Agents

It has been noticed that some of the organizations entertained the offers of Indian
Agents and also place the contracts on them without bothering to examine the
following aspects:-
i. Foreign Principal’s proforma invoice indicating the Commission payable to the
Indian Agent, nature of after sales service to be rendered by the Indian Agent.
ii. Copy of the agency agreement with the foreign principal and the precise
relationship between them and their mutual interest in the business.
iii. The enlistment of the Indian Agent with Director General of Supplies &
Disposals under the Compulsory Registration Scheme of Ministry of Finance.
• The above aspects are important one to examine the genuineness of the prices
quoted by the Indian Agent, the nature of services which would be available from
Indian Agent and compliance of Tax Laws by the Indian Agent and, to prevent
leakage of foreign exchange.

Reasonableness of Prices
It has been noticed that the purchases are being made by some of the organizations in
an adhoc and arbitrary manner without satisfying the prime requirement of
establishing the reasonableness of rates in relation to the estimated rates, last purchase
prices or the prevailing market rates. Some of the instances are as under: -
i. An organization placed an order for spares on a trader at an abnormally high price
of about 40 times the OEM’s price. In yet another case, in a span of 10 days, the
order was placed on the same firm for the same item at rates almost 10 times of
the previous order.
ii. In another case for procurement of an ore crusher, out of 6 offers received by the
organization, 5 offers were rejected mainly on the basis of unspecified technical

236 O/o DGADS

 requirement, presumptions and conjectures. Therefore, the competition was
killed. The prices of single left out offer were justified by extrapolating the prices
of a lower capacity crusher (which were worked out by taking 5% compounded
annual escalation over 10 years old prices) in proportion to the crushing force.
iii. In yet another case for hiring of coolers, orders were placed for ambiguous
categories of items like ‘new’ and ‘as good as new’ coolers. An order was placed
on a firm for the category for which the firm had not quoted in their original offer
but had subsequently quoted, after they were invited for negotiations. Despite the
firm lacking in technical and financial capability and there being cartel formation,
still the order was placed at exorbitant prices in comparison to earlier prices for a
period of 3 years. Knowing well the cartel of firms and exorbitant prices, the
department did not consider placement of order only for one year as for next two
years, fresh tenders could have been invited to break the cartel and get better
prices.
• It is very important to establish the reasonableness of prices on the basis of
estimated rates, prevailing market rates, last purchase prices, economic indices of
the raw material / labour, other input costs and intrinsic value etc., before award
of the contract.

Advance Payment & Bank Guarantees

(i) As per CVC guidelines circulated vide Office Memorandum No. NU/ POL/19
dated 08.12.97, it has been brought out that payment of mobilization advance
should be made only in cases of select works and that the advance should be
interest bearing so that the contractor does not draw undue benefit. However, it
has been noticed that some of the organizations are quite liberal in allowing the
advance payments even to the extent of 30-40% and that too, totally interest free.
In some organizations the payment of advance is being stipulated in the bid
document itself. The payment of interest free advance is in contravention of the
guidelines issued by CVC.
(ii) It has been observed that in some cases, despite provision in the contracts for
releasing advance payment against Bank Guarantee, the advance payments were
released without taking any Bank Guarantee. Unfortunately, in some of the cases,
the suppliers failed to discharge their contractual obligations and huge advances
are still outstanding for the last several years. It would be suicidal, if the advance
payment is released without the Bank Guarantee for an equivalent amount.
(iii) In some cases, it has been observed that though the prospects of supply were
bleak, still timely action for revalidation / encashment of the Bank Guarantee for
the advance payment was not taken and the Bank Guarantees were allowed to
lapse, jeopardizing the Government interest. In one of the cases, though the
initial advance payment of 20% was released against the Bank Guarantee,
however, further 65% progressive payments were also made simply against
certification of Internal Auditors that the amount claimed does not exceed the
progressive expenditure. The payments were made in a span of hardly 2 months
much before the bulk production clearance and without safeguards like Bank
Guarantee etc. The Bank Guarantee for 20% initial advance payment was also
allowed to lapse. Thereafter, the firm did not make any supplies and was declared

237 O/o DGADS

 sick and huge Government claim towards the advances made without protecting
the Government interest remain un-recovered.
(iv) The Bank Guarantees accepted were at times defective/conditional and did not
safeguard the interest of the purchaser. Normally, the BGs permitting
encashment without any demur - merely on a demand from the purchaser are
accepted. However, in some cases, though the Bank Guarantees submitted by the
suppliers were conditional, stipulating “the encashment only if it is established
the supplier had failed to comply with his contractual obligations,” but, the same
were accepted. In one of the cases for procurement of high value equipment, it
was observed that though for release of initial advance payment of 30%,
submission of a Bank Guarantee was stipulated but, surprisingly for further
progressive payments up to 50%, which were also in the form of advances
(without receipt of the equipment), the reimbursement of payment simply on the
basis of a ‘Certificate of Assignment’ and without any BG was authorized. After
release of first 30% progressive payment, BG taken for 30% advance payment
had automatically expired as per terms of the BG. Evidently in this case, the BG
was not examined properly before acceptance and the defective BG having
conditions deterrent to the Government interest was accepted.
(v) In some cases, it was noticed that the effective date of contract was linked with
the date of receipt of Bank Guarantee for advance payment. This is detrimental to
the purchaser’s interest as in the absence of a specific date for submission of
Bank Guarantee, it would not be possible to establish specific date of breach to
enforce the contractual remedies. In such cases, the supplier will get full
opportunity to wriggle out of the contract, if he so desires without fulfilling
contractual obligations.
• The advance payments need to be generally discouraged except in specific cases.
Wherever payment of advance is considered unavoidable, the same should be
interest bearing as per CVC guidelines and be allowed after getting an acceptable
Bank Guarantee for an equivalent amount with sufficient validity so as to fully
protect the Government interest. Some reasonable time should be stipulated for
submission of Bank Guarantee so that contractual remedies could be enforced, if
required. The Bank Guarantees need to be properly examined with respect to the
acceptable format and any conditions deterrent to the Government interest should
be got withdrawn before acceptance besides verifying the genuineness of the
Bank Guarantees from the bankers. Timely action for revalidation / encashment
of the Bank Guarantees also needs to be taken so as to protect the Government
interest.

Performance Bank Guarantee

Most of the organizations are not stipulating the requirement of Performance Bank
Guarantee while others are stipulating different amount of Security deposit /
Performance Bond. In some cases, it has been noted that the amount of PBG is too
low in comparison to the contract value. The validity of Bank Guarantees is also not
being scrupulously monitored and the extension in the Bank Guarantees
commensurate with the delivery period extensions is not being sought resulting in loss
to the Government in the event of nonperformance of the contract.
• In order to safeguard the Government interest, it would be appropriate to take
reasonable amount of Performance Bank Guarantee valid up to warranty period

238 O/o DGADS

 for due performance of the contract. The validity of the Bank Guarantees needs to
be carefully monitored and whenever extension in the delivery period is granted,
the validity of Bank Guarantee should also be appropriately extended so as to
protect the Government interest. The genuineness of the BGs should be checked
from the issuing bank.

Stipulation of delivery period in the contract

Delivery period is the essence of any contract. It has been observed that in some of
the cases, specific delivery period with reference to the terms of delivery is not being
incorporated as mentioned below: -

i. Only the date of offering the equipment for Pre-despatch inspection is stipulated
as the delivery period, though the terms of delivery are on CIF basis/ FOR
destination basis.

ii. Only the date of completion of supply of the equipment is stipulated as the
delivery period even though the installation & commissioning of the equipment is
also to be carried out by the supplier. For installation & commissioning, no
specific date is stipulated. In absence of any contractual binding in this regard, the
suppliers claim the full payment for supplies of equipments and then tend to
behave in an irresponsible manner and do not bother to take up timely installation
/ commissioning resulting in the equipment remaining uninstalled for months /
years together.

• The specific delivery period for supply as per the terms of delivery such as FOR
station of despatch / destination and for completion of installation with the
necessary provision for Liquidated damages / Penalty clause in the event of delay
in supplies/ installation needs to be incorporated in the contract.

Guarantee / Warranty Terms

The guarantee / warranty clause incorporated by some of the organizations is quite
sketchy. The modalities for enforcing the warranty obligations are not being
incorporated. Due to incomplete guarantee / warranty terms, the suppliers take full
leverage and do not bother to honour the guarantee / warranty obligations resulting in
the equipment remaining defective and unutilized and thereby causing loss to the
Government It has been observed that in cases where the installation of the equipment
is also included in the scope of contracts but the standard guarantee / warranty clause
of 15 months from the date of shipment / despatch or 12 months from the date of
delivery, whichever is earlier is being incorporated. With the result due to delay in
installation of the equipment, the guarantee / warranty expires even before the
installation of the equipment or sometimes a very short period of guarantee / warranty
is available.

• Detailed guarantee/warranty clause embodying all the safeguards be incorporated

in the tender enquiry and the resultant contract. It also needs to be ensured that in
installation/commissioning contracts, the guarantee/ warranty should reckon only
from the date of installation/ commissioning.

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Post-contract Management

Modification of contract terms / specifications

After award of the contract, amendments/modifications having financial implications

are authorized in the contract terms/specifications giving undue benefit to the
suppliers. Some of these are enumerated below:-
i. The specifications are diluted e.g. though specific makes/models of an equipment
are specified in the contract as per firm’s tender, however, subsequently supply of
some more alternative makes/models of the equipment are authorized without
taking into account the financial implications thereof. It has been observed that
generally lower priced alternative makes/models are being included subsequently
in the contract giving undue benefit to the supplier.
ii. The payment terms are amended favourable to the supplier e.g. advance payments
are authorized even when there was no provision in the contract for making
advance payments. At times higher advance payments than stipulated in the
contract are authorized.
iii. The Pre-despatch inspection though was incorporated in the contracts but, the
same was subsequently waived without any reasons, thus jeopardizing the quality
aspects as per contractual requirement.
iv. The submission of Performance Bank Guarantee was waived.
v. Even though the contracts were placed on FOR destination, the locations of the
consignees were changed nearer to the supplier’s premises without taking into
account the benefit of freight charges.
• After conclusion of the contract, any relaxation in the contract terms / specifications
should be severely discouraged. However, in exceptional cases where the
modifications/amendments are considered to be absolutely essential, the same should
be allowed after taking into account the financial implications for the same.

Post-contract Monitoring
i. The post contract monitoring is being handled in a very casual and lackadaisical
manner. It has been noticed that due to lack of coordination and diversified
approach followed by various agencies in the implementation of the projects the
same resulted in time and cost over-runs.
ii. It has been noticed that in some cases even after expiry of delivery schedule
stipulated in the contract and without extension of time granted by the purchaser,
the consignees keep on exchanging correspondence with the suppliers and
thereby keep the contract alive. This may result in serious legal complications if
it is intended to cancel the contract. It has also been noticed that even the
materials are being accepted and payments are released as and when the supplier
makes the supplies. There is utter disregard to the contracting norms relating to
delivery period, which is the essence of the contract.
iii. Generally, the purchaser extends the delivery period of the contracts. However,
in some cases it was recorded that the ‘Supplier’ has extended the delivery
period of the contract.

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iv. Some of the organizations do not incorporate Liquidated damages / Penalty
clause for imposing the penalty in case of failure of the suppliers to deliver the
equipment within the stipulated schedule. The suppliers quote short delivery
period and in absence of deterrent conditions in the contract, manage repeated
extensions. In some of the cases, it has been observed that Liquidated damages
for delay in supplies are not being levied and recovered from the suppliers.
v. It has also been noticed that although there had been delay attributable on the
part of the supplier in making the timely supplies, however, the organizations are
extending the letter of credit with the proviso that the L/C extension charges
shall be borne by the organization, thereby giving undue benefit to the suppliers.
• It is essential to accord priority to the post contract follow up. The delivery period
should be extended on bonafide request and not in a routine and casual manner.
After expiry of delivery period, the consignees should be refrained from
exchanging correspondence with the supplier. In case of delay in supplies by the
supplier, the liquidated damages to the extent possible need to be recovered. Also
in case of delay attributable on the part of the supplier, the L/ C extension charges
should be to supplier’s account. In nutshell, there is a need to discipline the
suppliers so that the non-performers could be weeded out and the suppliers which
can be relied upon with consistent performance, in terms of quality and delivery
schedule are encouraged.

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 APPENDIX -X

Important orders/instructions issued by various authorities

(1) Copy of Government of India, Ministry of Defence, South Block, New Delhi
letter no.3(3)/2000-PO(Def) dated 22 September, 2000

Subject: Evolution of a Standard Procedure for a mandatory and time bound

scrutiny of all major Defence purchase decisions by the C&AG and
CVC.

The undersigned is directed to refer to D.O. letter no. Rep(C)/69-2000 dated

st
21 July 2000 from Shri S Lakshminarayanan, ADAI (Def) and the Ministry of
Defence, JS (P&C)’s D.O. letter of even number dated 21st September 2000 on the
above mentioned subject and to inform that in accordance with the suggestions
received from the C&AG and the CVC, the Government has since issued the revised
procedure for mandatory and time bound scrutiny of all major Defence related
purchase decisions issued by Ministry of Defence in this regard is enclosed. Further in
pursuance of the observations of ADAI (Def) in his D.O. letter under reference,
instructions have been issued by Ministry of Defence for expeditious liquidation of
Audit objections. Copies of the instructions issued in this regard are also enclosed.

(K.L. SHARMA)
Deputy Secretary (Def. Plg.)

To
C&AG
(Kind Attn: Shri S. Lakshminarayanan, ADAI (Def)

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 Ministry of Defence

Sub: Evolution of a Standard Procedure for a mandatory and time bound

scrutiny of all major Defence related purchase decisions by the
Comptroller and Auditor General of India and the Central Vigilance
Commission

In view of the fact that allegations, direct or indirect of irregularities and

corruption in procurements for meeting the requirements of the Armed Forces, both in
respect of the equipment already procured and even in cases where final decisions are
yet to be taken, continue to figure from time to time in the debates in the Parliament,
the media, the communications received from the Honorable Members of Parliament
and other quarters, the Raksha Mantri had on 4th February' 2000 inter-alia directed
that a standard procedure be evolved for a mandatory and time bound scrutiny by the
C&AG/CVC of all major defence related purchase decisions to be taken in future.

2. In compliance of the above directions of the Raksha Mantri and after

consultation with the C&AG and the CVC, it has since been decided that all decisions
taken by the Ministry of Defence/Service Headquarter / ISOs etc. relating to major
defence procurement /purchases/award of works etc. of a value of Rs 75 crores and
above would be subjected to a time-bound scrutiny/audit by the C&AG in accordance
with the following procedure.
(a) The Ministry of Defence will furnish details of all purchase/procurement
decisions/ award of works of a value exceeding Rs.75 crores taken by the
Government/ Ministry of Defence/Service Headquarters to the C&AG along with
relevant files normally within a month but not later than three months after
conclusion of the contract for scrutiny/special audit by the C&AG. Cases of delay
in submission of the relevant details/ files beyond three months will be brought to
the notice of the concerned Joint Secretary. In addition, all cases of delay in
submission of such details along with relevant files in respect of procurements/
purchases/ award of works etc. made under the delegated powers by the Service
Headquarters would also be brought to the notice of the concerned Service Chief
by the PSO concerned.
(b) In supercession of all existing orders, practices, details/cases files of such cases
will not be withheld from audit on the ground of the sensitiveness of the case
except with the prior approval of the Secretary concerned.
(c) The C&AG will have all such decisions referred to them scrutinised in a time
bound manner by their officers and render a Report thereon to the Government as
expeditiously as possible. Considering the nature of the transaction and the
complexities involved, the Audit authorities may require such further
clarifications as considered expedient by them which shall be promptly replied to
by the Ministry of Defence. In all cases, such clarifications/replies would be
furnished to Audit within a period of four to six weeks positively after approval
by the Joint Secretary concerned and concurrence by the Finance Division. In
cases, where in view of the sensitivity of the Audit observations/findings and
where the concerned Joint Secretary deems it necessary, these observations and
replies thereof may also be submitted to other concerned senior officers at the
level of Additional Secretary/ Secretary in the Ministry of Defence.

243 O/o DGADS

(d) Besides examination by the concerned wings, all reports rendered by the C&AG
on these cases will be scrutinised by the Chief Vigilance Officer, Ministry of
Defence to ascertain if there is any case for initiating further
disciplinary/vigilance/legal action in the matter. Within one month of the receipt
of the report from the C&AG, the CVC shall submit the highlights of cases in
which further inquiries need to be conducted from vigilance/legal/disciplinary
angle for perusal by the Secretary concerned and the Minister.
(e) In cases, where the C&AG recommends further scrutiny of any particular
decision from the vigilance/legal angle or where the Government considers it
necessary to do so, the Chief Vigilance Officer, Ministry of Defence shall make a
formal reference to the CVC in the prescribed format for initiating necessary
disciplinary/vigilance/legal inquiries/action by the CVC, CBI or other agencies as
deemed appropriate by the CVC. Such references to the CVC shall be forwarded
within a period of three months from the date the C&AG's Report becomes
available to the Government for making references to the CVC, the CVO shall
obtain further details, if any required from the concerned wing of Ministry of
Defence or the Service Headquarters, as the case may be. Cases of delay in
references being made to the CVC would be required to be brought to the notice
of the Secretary by the concerned CVO.
(f) The Ministry of Defence shall thereafter initiate expeditious legal/disciplinary
action in accordance with the existing procedure in all such cases where the CVC
after perusal of the cases recommends such action. The Central Vigilance
Commission shall also be apprised of the action taken by the Government on the
advice rendered by the Commission in the individual cases in a time bound
manner.

3 The above procedure is in addition to the existing provisions/instructions

relating to scrutiny by Audit or pursuance of cases by the CVC and in no manner
supercedes the same. Further, the C&AG may at their discretion decide to incorporate
their findings on these major transactions in the Audit Report.

(T.R. Prasad)
Defence Secretary

M of D I.D. No.3 (3)/2000-P.O.(Def) dated 21st September 2000

244 O/o DGADS

 Ministry of Defence

Sub: Expeditious resolution of pending Audit objections

The Comptroller & Auditor General of India has drawn my attention to the
fact that 8979 statutory Audit (C&AG Audit) objections are still pending at various
lower formations of the Armed forces and some of these are pending from 1977-78
onwards. The details of these pending objections are available in the CGDA's
certificates printed in the Appropriation Accounts, Defence Services for the year
1998-99. The C&AG has pointed out that these objections have not been resolved for
a considerable period of time notwithstanding the provisions of Army Order 481/73,
which inter alia stipulate that irregularities detected and reported to units/ formations
by statutory Audit (i.e. Audit by C&AG) should be dealt with immediately and where
these cannot be settled even through discussions, these should be reported to the next
higher formation. It further stipulates that at the Command Headquarters level, no
case should be retained for more than three months.

2. The number of pending audit objections and the considerably long period of
time for which they have been pending is a matter of serious concern necessitating
urgent time bound action.

3. In view of the above may I request that the matter be reviewed at your level in
the first instance and thereafter a senior officer at the Service Headquarters be
nominated for coordinating the expeditious liquidation of all pending Audit objections
in a time bound manner not exceeding three months? Further, based on the directions,
issued after review at your level, I would be grateful if you could have a report
regarding progress made in liquidating pending objections sent to the FADS on a
monthly basis with a copy endorsed to Ministry of Defence [JS (P&C)] and the
CGDA, Since the database on these statutory Audit objections is managed by CGDA,
all queries relating thereto by the concerned officers may please be addressed to
CGDA. I further, propose to review the progress achieved in this regard at my level
shortly.

(T.R. PRASAD)
Defence Secretary
COAS CAS CNS
M of D I.D. Note No. 3(3)/2000-PO (Def) dated the 21st September 2000.

245 O/o DGADS

 (2) Copy of the CGDA, New Delhi letter no. EDP/Mech/305/CDA Corr dated
18.08.2004 to the EDP and System Manager, EDP Centres, Chandigarh, Pune,
Kolkatta, Jammu, Chennai, Merrut, Allahabad, and Patna.

Sub:- Soft copy of Sectional Compilation

Ref:- Deputy Director of Audit Defence Services D.O. No.EDP/3037/ITAudit/2003-

04 dated 23-06-04 and 11-08-04

It has been requested by DADS vide letter under reference that the soft copies
of Sectional compilation and other database files like GPF, pension etc may be made
available to Defence Audit offices for facilitation of Audit Planning. It is requested
that soft copies of Sectional Compilation and other requisite data base files may
please be provided to Defence Audit offices as per details given in enclosed annexure.

(P.K. Singh)
Deputy CGDA (EDPs)

246 O/o DGADS

(3) Copy of the Government of India. Ministry of Finance, (Department of
Economic Affairs), New Delhi OM no. No. F. 10(20)-B/73 dated the 11th
June, 1973

Sub: Introduction of computer–based accounting system in Government

Department.

The undersigned is directed to state that the Comptroller and Auditor General
of India has pointed out that the Ministries /Department etc. are not following a
uniform procedure in regard to the manner and the stage at which reference seeking
his concurrence to the introduction of Computer based accounting system by them
should be made. It has been suggested by the Comptroller and Auditor General of
India that proposals regarding introduction of the computer based system should be
referred to Audit at the following two stages:
(a) After the work of system design is completed but before the computer
programmes are written up; and
(b) After the computer programmes are written up and tested but before the
now system is introduced.
The above suggestions have been made with a view to avoid the need for
costly system modification and re-programming as a result of audit observation. In
this connection a copy of letter No. 624/74-O&M/72 dated 12th December, 1972
together with its enclosures from the Comptroller and Auditor General of India
addressed to this Ministry is forwarded herewith.

2. The Ministry of Agriculture etc. are requested to note the contents of the
enclosed letter carefully and process proposals regarding introduction of computer
based accounting systems etc. in the manner desired by the Comptroller and Auditor
General of India. The information listed in the annexure to the enclosed letter must
invariably be supplied at the relevant stage, to the Comptroller and Auditor General of
India along with the other papers containing the proposals.

Sd/- M.S. Mathur,

Under Secretary to the Government of India

To
All Ministries/Department of the Government of India
Copy forwarded for information to the C&AG of India

247 O/o DGADS

 Annexure to the letter dated 11.6.1973

Audit at first stage of reference

Detailed analysis of the existing system, bringing out:-

(i) scope and functions of the system,

(ii) volume, type and periodicity of transactions;
(iii) records maintained in the system, with specimen copies of forms used;
(iv) flow of information through the system;
(v) significant weak points in the system and bottlenecks experienced in the actual
operation of the system;
Detailed description of the proposed system indicating clearly:
(i) the functions which will be transferred to the computer;
(ii) the functions which will continue to be performed manually and the extent to
which and manner in which these are proposed to be modified in the ……or
introduction of computer;
(iii) the records to be maintained manually with specimen copies of forms in which
they are proposed to be maintained ;
(iv) an overall narrative description and accompanying flow chart of the general
flow of information through the system;
The design specifications, which describe the logic of the proposed system, including:
(i) flow charts showing the significant operations to be performed by each
proposed computer run;
(ii) for each computer programme, a brief description of the functions to be
performed, types of input and the resulting products;
(iii) input and output forms and file lay-out, including the descriptions of physical
characteristics of the data elements to be contained in the transaction records
and data files and the media (punched cards magnetic tapes etc.) to be used;
(iv) the system of codification and the compatibility envisaged between different
types of codes;
(v) the time-schedule of operations, with specific target dates prescribed for each
operation;
(vi) description of controls to be provided over data.
(a) inputs, including the types and purpose of edit and other purification and
validation routines;
(b) processing, including the plan for back-up operations;
(c) storage, including plans for reconstruction of data files;
(d) outputs.
(vii) deviations from the provisions of the relevant rules, codes or manuals.

Any changes in procedures or rules considered necessary or desirable in the

context of computerizations or otherwise.

248 O/o DGADS

 After the programmes have been written-up and debugged, and the system as a
whole has been tested, the design specification as finally firmed up should be sent to
audit at the second stage of reference. The other information required to be supplied to
audit at this stage would be as under:-
(1) the test data used for programme testing and system testing and corresponding
printed outputs;
(2) the results of experimental operation, which should clearly indicate, on the basis
of the live data processed through the system, the following viz.
(i) the extent to which the system fulfilled the planned objectives;
(ii) the extent to which the programmes worked and were able to cater to the
data;
(iii) based up to (i) and (ii) above, the extent to which the system could be
relied upon for timely and accurate processing data.
(3) the plan of switch-over to the new system, including –
(i) the phased programme of conversion;
(ii) any special difficulties anticipated in conversion, and the measures
proposed to be taken to overcome them with particular reference to the
special action, if any necessary for cleaning up or purification of manual
records before transfer to computer;
(4) copies of Procedure Officer Orders, Procedure Manuals etc. prepared in
connection with the new system.

249 O/o DGADS

(4) Copy of the Government of India, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi, letter no.
No9/2004-D(Q&C) dated ……May,2005 addressed to Director General of
Audit, Defence Services, L-II Block, Brassey Avenue, New Delhi- 110001.

Sir,

Whereas according to the provisions contained in section 14(2) of the

Comptroller and Auditor General’s (DPC) Act, 1971 as amended in March, 1984, the
Audit of Autonomous Bodies can be taken up with the prior approval of the President
of India if the assistance received by the Body from the Government is not less than
Rupee one crore.

2 I am directed to convey the sanction of the President for entrusting the audit of
62 Cantonment Boards across the country to the Director General of Audit permitting
them to carry out the audit of Cantonment Boards as and when they attract the
aforementioned provisions.

3 This issues with the approval of Finance Division vide ID No. 782/QB/05
dated 28.04.05.

(A.K.Upadhyay)
Joint Secretary to Government of India

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(5) Copy of AO 481/73

Disposal of audit objections and draft audit paras

General
1. The Public Accounts Committee has several times stressed the necessity for
the prompt disposal of audit objections and provision of complete information on
draft audit paras prepared by the audit authorities for inclusion in the Audit Report of
the Defence Services. The delay in the disposal of audit objections renders it difficult
to take appropriate disciplinary and other actions connected with these objections. It is
therefore, necessary that audit objections should be given priority consideration as
soon as they are received by the units and formations who will also ensure their
expeditious disposal. Audit objections will not be treated as mere routine enquiries.
The procedure to be followed for the disposal of audit objections, draft audit paras, is
given in the succeeding paragraphs.

Procedure for the disposal of audit objections

2. The following procedure will be observed for prompt disposal of

audit objections:
(a) Lengthy, prolonged and inconclusive correspondence on audit objections
will be avoided. As far as possible, audit objections, as and when they are
raised, will be settled locally by discussion with the audit officers. Where
settlement of objections is possible either by discussion or by exercising the
financial powers vested in the local Competent Financial Authority, they
will be finally settled within two months from the date of receipt of the
objections. Where such a settlement is not possible, the case will be reported
with full details, immediately to the higher formation.
(b) Audit objections which cannot be settled by discussion locally for example
those relating to lack of sanction of the higher Competent Financial
Authority, or those based on a difference of opinion in the interpretation of
rules, will be referred to the next higher formation promptly. Units and
formation will watch and note down the progress of such cases referred to
the next higher authority in a register. Formation Headquarters will also
maintain a corresponding register and serious cases will be referred
promptly to Army HQ. In no case will any audit objection be kept pending
for more than one month in a lower formation and for more than three
months in a Command HQ after its receipt from the lower formation.
(c) While referring cases of serious irregularities or those objections on which
no settlement has been possible at lower levels, complete statements of cases
be submitted to Army HQ in accordance with AO 315/73.
(d) Irregularities deducted and reported to units and formations by statutory
audit authorities will be dealt with immediately.
3. The powers given to the various officers will be exercised discreetly so as
not to give any cause for suspicion that the powers delegated have been misused. All
audit objections will be examined with reference to the powers delegated and
disposed of. Copies of sanctions issued for the settlement of audit objections will be
endorsed to the statutory audit officers concerned.

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 4. A list of typical cases of technical and non-financial objections which can be
regularised by the officers concerned under the powers vested in them is given in
Appendix ‘A’ to this Army Order.
5. Government of India, Ministry of Finance (Defence) letter No. 13074/AT
Coord dated 18 Nov. 59 vesting the Controllers of Defence Accounts with powers to
waive procedural or non-financial objections is reproduced as Appendix ‘B’ to this
Army Order.
6. Government of India, Ministry of Defence Letter No. F 13(3)/66/D(Budget)
dated 5.10.1966 regarding delegation of powers to dispose of audit objections/
regularised losses or other irregularities is reproduced as appendix ‘C’ to this Army
Order.

Waiving of audit objections

7. Generally traders issue cash memos in token of having received the amount
for the articles sold and that they do not issue receipts of money from the person
named therein. Stamped receipts are also not issued/obtained where the amount
exceeds Rs. 20/-. The rule position in this regard is indicated below:
(a) Rule 47(ii) F.R. II provides that cash memoranda will not be regarded as
sub-vouchers in audit unless it contains an acknowledgement of the receipts
of money from the persons name therein (with a stamp affixed) when the
amount exceeds Rs. 20/-.
(b) The provisions of Note below CTR 207 have been reproduced in Rule 47(ii)
of FR Part II. This ‘Note’ derives authority from Section 2(23) of the Indian
Stamp Act, 1899 read with item of the Schedule I thereof. While under
Section 30 of the Act, a trader is required by law to furnish a proper receipt
on demand by the purchasers, Section 29 provides that the expense of duty
may be borne by either party as per mutual agreement. The Law, however,
does not make it obligatory to issue a receipt, unless demanded. Not to grant
a receipt when demanded is however, a punishable offence.
8. In certain cases, however, if due to certain genuine reasons, it is not
possible to obtain a stamped receipt if the amount exceeds Rs 20/- this will
tantamount to an irregularity and will have to be condoned/regularised by the
competent financial authorities.

Disposal of draft audit paras

9. The Director of Audit, Defence Services, sends draft audit paragraphs for
verification to the Ministry of Defence and also an advance copy thereof to the Army
Headquarters. The audit paras are based on the notes of local audit officers, copies of
which are forwarded to formations and units direct. To enable the Army Headquarters
take necessary action expeditiously, all formations and units are required to forward
to Army Headquarters, through the Command Headquarters all draft audit notes and
paragraphs received by them from the Defence Audit Department or the Defence
Accounts Department in their final form, along with properly edited briefs or lucid
summaries of the cases clearly demarcating the extent of responsibility and other
connected matters. This is intended to give advance information to Army
Headquarters of draft paras which the Director of Audit, Defence Services may
subsequently transmit and to enable them to forward their comments to the Ministry

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of Defence not later than 15 days from the date of receipt of the advance copy from
the Director of Audit, Defence Services.
10. Formations and units will therefore, accord high priority for the
expeditious disposal of audit notes and audit paras received by them and forward the
same along with a proper brief giving factual position of the case to the Branches or
Directorates concerned in Army Headquarters through Command Headquarters, so as
to enable them to take immediate action on the draft paras received from the Director
of Audit, Defence Services.
11. All draft audit paras for Audit Report will be classified
“CONFIDENTIAL”.
12. It is imperative that the following information is included in the
explanatory notes or briefs or statements of cases on draft audit paragraphs or on audit
objections:-
(a) Information will be given under the proper heading with full supporting
data, statistical or otherwise.
(b) As the Public Accounts Committee do not restrict themselves to discussing
the audit comments only but also want details in regard to other facts, the
briefs will be comprehensive in regard to various facts (Illustrative examples
of types of information required in the explanatory notes on audit paras are
given in Appendix ‘D’ to this Army Order).
(c) Remedial measures adopted and improvements effected, if any, will be
mentioned.
(d) Action taken to fix responsibility for the lapses and irregularities and
disciplinary action taken against persons held responsible, will be indicated.
In cases, where no disciplinary action has been taken, the views or decisions
of the Administrative Authorities will be included in the notes, briefs or
statements of cases.

Documents and files to be made available to audit authorities

13. It had been reported that in a few cases, documents required by Audit were
not made available to them by lower formations while conducting audit. The grounds
for not providing the documents were that-
(a) they related to draft Audit Paras or Paras included in the Audit Report and
therefore they should be obtained from the Ministry of Defence, or
(b) the question of supply of the documents had been referred to higher
Headquarters
14. Documents having financial implications required by the audit authorities
should be made available to them.
15. It has been clarified that audit authorities will not be interested in seeing
documents as have no financial implications or in which a particular audit reference
or Audit Para is being discussed between the lower formations and higher
Headquarters
16. Difficulties are at times reported to be experienced by the Controllers of
the Defence Accounts in obtaining information from Units and Formations on audit
paras relating to matters within their jurisdiction. All units and formations will ensure

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that the information required by the Controllers of Defence Accounts for dealing with
the Audit paras is promptly furnished to them.
17. AOs 82/64, 312/64, 500/64, 352/65, 541/64, 192/68 and 288/ are HEREBY
CANCELLED.

80231/AG(Bud)

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(6) Extracts from Air Force Order 22/2002

STATUTORY (TEST) AUDIT AND DRAFT AUDIT PARAS

Nature, Scope and Functions of Test Audit

50. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India is required under Article
151 (i) of the Constitution, to place an audit report on the Annual Accounts of the
Defence Services before the Parliament. This report is known as Audit Report
(Defence Services).

51. The Audit Report (Defence Services) confines itself to the following: -.
(a) Objections raised by the Director of Audit (Air Force and Navy) who
carries out the Test Audit of Accounts of the Air Force through his
officers at different places which remain unsettled and are of significant
interest or importance.
(b) The observations of the Audit on Appropriation Accounts of Defence
Services.

52. Generally Test Audit of a Unit/Station is taken up once a year. The visit
of the Test Audit to a unit will be intimated well in advance by the DA (AF & N) to
enable the unit to keep all auditable documents/records ready for audit. Station /Unit
Commanders are to ensure that every facility is given to the Director of Audit, his
officers and Staff. To fully appreciate the duties and powers of the Comptroller and
Auditor General on whose behalf, the test audit staff carries out the audit an extract
of Section 18 of the Act No. 56 of 1971 is reproduced below:

“(18) Powers of Comptroller & Auditor General in connection with Audit of

Accounts
(1) The Comptroller and Auditor General shall in connection with the
performance of his duties under the Act have authority:
(a) To inspect any office of accounts under the control of the Union or of
a State including treasuries and such offices responsible for the
keeping of initial or subsidiary accounts and submit accounts to him;
(b) To require that any accounts, books, papers, and other documents
which deal with or form the basis of or are otherwise relevant to the
transactions to which his duties in respect of audit extend shall be sent
to such place as he may appoint for his inspection;
(c) To put such questions or make such observations as he may consider
necessary, to the person in charge of the office and to call for such
information as he may require for the preparation of any account or
report which it is his duty to prepare.
(2) The person in charge of any office or department, the accounts of which
have to be inspected and audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General
shall afford all facilities for such inspection and comply with requests for
information in as complete a form as possible and with all reasonable
expedition”

53. However, in so far as productions of performance data to Test Audit is

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concerned normally the units/ stations / repair depots would not be in full possession
of facts as to various policies and priorities allotted to various tasks in these fields, the
overall position is known to higher formations only. Therefore, it is only appropriate
that before any such data is made available to the Test Audit, it is fully examined by
Command / Air Headquarters. Accordingly, working arrangements have been arrived
at with Test Audit Authority whereby the demands for such information, wherever
required, would be placed on Air Headquarters by Test Audit. Such information
would be obtained by Air Headquarters through the concerned Command and would
be furnished to Test Audit after necessary processing under intimation to Command
Headquarters

Procedure for Conducting Test Audit

54. As audit progresses, verbal explanation on doubtful points and
discrepancies will be obtained by the Test Audit Staff from the Section concerned.
Where the replies are not satisfactory "Preliminary Observations" will be issued (in
duplicate) to the Accounts Officer, who will retain one copy and forward the other to
the respective section/flight commanders for their remarks. On receipt of remarks
from the sections, the Accounts Officer is to furnish replies to the Preliminary
Observations, to the Test Audit Staff through LAO or Group Superintendent within
three working days. Where there is no local Audit Staff at the station the replies to
preliminary observation are to be countersigned by the Commanding Officer. A copy
of the same, together with a copy of the observation is to be sent for information to
the LAO / Group Superintendent concerned simultaneously.

55. As the observations, not settled on the basis of the above replies will be
included in the Test Audit Objection statement issued by the Test Audit authorities
every effort should be made to ensure that all observations capable of settlement at the
Unit level are so settled. Cases which, in the opinion of the Unit have not been fully
appreciated by the Test Audit Staff are to be discussed by the Station/Unit
Commander with the Officer-in-Charge of the party on his arrival at the Station after
consultation with the LAO / Group Superintendent concerned wherever possible.

Local Test Audit Report

56. Test Audit objection statement raised on the Accounts of a Station/Unit is
normally sent to CDA (AF)/JCDA (AF) Nagpur, who is responsible for furnishing
replies to the objections contained therein to the DA (AF & N) in consultation unit
authorities concerned, where necessary.

57. However, in the case of important financial irregularities which should be

set right immediately, or warrant immediate remedial measures, or where any delay
may prove detrimental to the financial interests of the State, an advance copy of such
important objections is issued by the Test Audit Authorities direct to the
Commanding Officer of the Station/Unit. A copy of such important audit objections
will also be endorsed by the Test Audit authorities to the controlling Command/Air
Headquarters who will take appropriate action and issue such remedial instructions as
may be necessary.

58. Every important and serious irregularity included in the Test Audit report
which in the opinion of the CDA (AF)/ JCDA(AF) Nagpur calls for immediate

256 O/o DGADS

attention on the part of Air Headquarter, will be communicated by him to Air
Headquarters (Directorate of Accounts) for issuing instructions as may be deemed
necessary. All concerned are to ensure that Test Audit Objections are accorded the
highest priority and the irregularities brought to their notice are stopped forthwith. In
case it is felt that discontinuance would adversely affect the Unit/Formation a detailed
case is to be forwarded to Air Headquarters with the recommendations of the
Command Headquarters

59. In respect of objections which could not be settled, the following action is
to be taken:
(a) Where the objections are not capable of settlement at unit level statement of
cases are to be raised and submitted to the concerned Command
Headquarters' without any undue delay.
(b) Where objections are pending beyond one year at unit level statement of
cases are to be prepared and progressed as similar to that given in para 99.
NOTE: Audit report required to be attached along with statement of cases pertaining to
LTARs as applicable for stores audit objections.
(c) Where the Command Headquarters is not in a position to satisfy the audit or
where the objection is beyond their competency to settle, refer the same to
Air Headquarters (Directorate of Accounts) for processing that case as appli-
cable in other cases.
(d) Air Headquarters (Directorate of Accts) would forward the statement of case
to concerned Directorate for necessary action to progress the cases till its
finality.

Draft Audit Notes

60. Draft Audit Notes are raised by Defence Audit Department and forwarded
to the Air Force Formations/Units/CDA (AF). All Units/ Formations are to forward
these notes to Air Headquarters through their respective contro1ling Command
Headquarters, along with a properly edited explanatory note. This action is required in
order to provide advance information to Air Headquarters in respect of the likely
Draft Audit Paras and also enable them to prepare a detailed reply thereto.

Draft Audit Paras

61. Before any unsettled test audit objection is actually included in the Audit
Report (Defence Services) it is raised as a draft audit para. This is done with the
object of obtaining and also to give the Ministry a chance to settle the objection so
that it does not have to appear in the Audit Report.

62. Since the appearance of any observation in the audit reports is an adverse
reflection on the efficiency of the service, it is of utmost importance that draft audit
paras are processed very carefully and expeditiously.

63. A draft audit para received in the Ministry of Defence is to be disposed off
within six weeks of its receipt. Out of these six weeks the time allowed to Air
Headquarters for comments is only 15 days. However, in the case of draft paras
received from the CDA (AF), a reply is required to be sent to the CDA (AF) within 30
days. The necessity for handling these paras on immediate basis is, therefore, self
evident.

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 64. All draft audit paras are to be treated as Confidential unless higher security
classification is warranted in any particular case.

Receipt and Disposal of Draft Audit Paras

65. Draft audit paras are received through Ministry of Defence or in certain
cases from the CDA (AF). These will be centrally received in the Directorate of
Financial Planning which will pass the same to the Directorate concerned for
necessary action, simultaneously, giving a copy to the PSO concerned for his
information and if necessary, for apprising the CAS about it during one of the regular
meetings. Draft audit paras may involve more than one Directorate and the
Directorate primarily responsible for the para may need inputs/information/replies
from other Directorates for a comprehensive reply. To this extent Directorate of
Financial Planning is also to act as the coordinating Directorate. While forwarding the
Para, Directorate of Financial Planning is to endorse the copies / extracts the para to
other concerned Directorates also to save time. Every effort has to be made by the
Coordinating Directorate to liaise with other Directorates.

66. If the Dte to whom a para has been assigned bas any difficulty in
answering it or coordinating its reply, the matter is to be discussed personally with
Directorate of Financial Planning immediately and in case of no accord the Director
concerned is to refer the matter to his PSO. In no case the para is to be returned to the
Directorate of Financial Planning. . .

67. If the draft para is received direct by any Dte a copy of it is to be

submitted to the PSO concerned for his information and if necessary for apprising the
CAS. A copy is to be simultaneously sent to the Directorate of Financial Planning.

68 The Directorate which is responsible for preparing the final reply is to

verify the facts stated in the draft audit para and prepare its comments on each
sentence in the program attached as Appendix ‘M'. In addition, it will also prepare a
general explanatory note giving: -.
(a) In proper sequence complete details of the circumstances as to how, when
and why the irregularity /discrepancy loss etc., high-lighted in draft para, has
occurred and whether all possible actions to avoid the same, under the
circumstances were taken
(b) Whether the loss/irregularity has been investigated by a Court of Inquiry, all
aspects probed and proceedings finalized, comments of Command
Headquarters on the findings and recommendations of the Court Inquiry, in
case a Court of Inquiry has not been held, detailed justification why the same
is not considered necessary.
(c) In clear terms how the responsibility for irregularities/ lapses has been
assessed, details of disciplinary / administrative action taken stating the
names and ranks of the individuals concerned, and how it is considered
adequate in the circumstances. In cases where no disciplinary/administrative
action has been taken or the action taken is inadequate, specific remarks
regarding the advisability of pursuing the disciplinary aspects and the future
course of action are to be given.

258 O/o DGADS

 (d) Specific measure taken to remedy the lapses/ irregularities of the types
brought out in the draft audit para. Copies of instructions issued on the
subject are to be attached. The procedure enforced to watch the
implementation of these instructions and the improvements, if any, since
noticed as a result thereof, are to be indicated.
(e) Confirmation that similar lapses/irregularities are not prevailing at any other
unit(s) and that adequate action has been taken by unit(s) concerned and
controlling Command Headquarters, ton stop such irregularities.
(f) If a Local Test Audit Report was raised, action taken thereon, the level at
which taken and the reasons why the same could not be settled. Delay, if any,
in dealing with the L.T.A.R. is to be explained.
(g) By a careful study of facts brought out in the audit paras and also from
experience, the Ministry of Defence have prepared an illustrative list of
points on which information is generally required. This general information
is shown in Appendix ‘N’ to this order.

69. Further, a chronological sequence of events, showing action taken on the

Local Test Audit Report, if any, indicating specifically the reasons for non-
settlement of test audit objection, is to be sent along with comments/self explanatory
note.

70. It is imperative that sentence-wise comments, chronological sequence of

events and the self-explanatory note should be exhaustive covering - all aspects, these
arc required not only for taking up with the DA (AF & N) for modification or
dropping of the draft audit para, but also subsequently for preparation of the briefs for
discussion with Public Accounts Committee, in case the para appears in the Audit
Report (Defence Services). The points given in Appendix "N" should be kept in mind
while preparing explanatory notes. While examining each draft audit para, it should
also be seen whether any irregularity / lapses calling for fixing of responsibility had
occurred and if so, action should immediately be initiated to fix responsibility for
willful irregularity /lapse. It is reiterated that this aspect must be given adequate
attention at the early stages of the examination of the draft para. In this context a copy
of Ministry of Defence UO No. PC 10(2)-77/ D-Budget dated 10 Feb 78 is
reproduced as Appendix "O".

71. Any additional information specifically required by the Ministry of

Defence, DA (AF & N) or the CDA (AF) is also to be forwarded with the reply.

72. If comments/advice on matters of finance or internal audit are/is

considered necessary, relevant file should be routed through the DFA (AF) ensuring
that it reaches the Ministry by the stipulated date. Also while dealing with draft audit
para containing reference directly or indirectly to the activities of the Defence R & D
Organisation (such as condemnation of equipment due to defective design or due to
deficiency in specifications leading to infructuous expenditure) the concerned
Technical Directorate in the R & D Organisation should be associated from the
preliminary stage and their comments obtained before preparation of the reply. Copy
of the reply should, in that case, be endorsed to R & D Organisation as well.

259 O/o DGADS

 73. Replies are to be issued with the approval of the PSO concerned and this
fact should be specifically stated in the note forwarding the reply. The paras dealing
with important subjects will be shown to the CAS before issue. When the PSO
concerned is absent on tour or on leave, the ACAS/Director concerned, who is then
directly responsible to the CAS, will be competent to see and approve the material to
be submitted to the Ministry. The Officer will invariably sign on behalf of the PSO
concerned and the facts of his absence on leave or duty will he specifically stated in
the forwarding note. Such replies are to be brought to the notice of the PSO
concerned immediately on his return to Headquarters

74. The draft audit paras whether received from the Ministry of Defence or
the CDA (AF) are to be dealt with in accordance with the instructions in the
preceding paragraphs. In certain cases the paras received from the CDA (AF) arc
also received from the Ministry of Defence. In such cases the following procedure
is to be followed:-
(a) Draft Paras of the DA (AF & N) received through CDA (AF). If the para is
received from the CDA (AF) before it is received through the Ministry of
Defence, the Ministry will be apprised of this by the Directorate of Financial
Planning. If the para is received from the CDA (AF) after a similar para has
been sent by the Ministry of Defence, an interim reply will only be sent to
CDA (AF) informing him that the para was already under consideration of
the Ministry. No comments on the draft para need be sent to the CDA (AF)
in that event. On finalisation of the case by the Ministry, three copies of the
reply will be sent to the CDA (AF) by the Directorate of Financial Planning.
This does not, however, preclude the CDA (AF) from seeking factual
information / data from Air Headquarters as and when necessary. It is there
for, imperative that factual information required by the CDA (AF) will be
furnished irrespective of the fact whether an audit para has been floated by
DA (AF & N) and is being dealt with by the Ministry of Defence.
(b) Draft Audit paras of Jt DADS received through CDA (AF). These paras will
be dealt within the normal way and disposed off within a period of one
month from the date of receipt. No reference to Ministry of Defence or
Ministry of Defence (Finance) need be made at any stage except in cases
involving matters of major policy. If, however the draft audit para raised by
the DA (DS) is subsequently revised by DA (AF & N) and the copy of the
letter is received from the Ministry of Defence, the CDA (AF) would be
informed accordingly and further action progressed as in (a) above.
(c) Follow up on Audit Reports taken up for Discussion by Public Accounts
Committee. The Public Accounts committee in their 105th Report has
inter alia made recommendations, which have been circulated vide GOI
MOD letter No 2020/USID (Air-IV)/96 dated 28 May 1996 is
reproduced and placed at Appendix 'AD' to this AFO for compliance.

75. In view of the implications mentioned in Para 62 above, the progress of

all draft audit paras is to be kept under constant review personally by the Directors
concerned so as to ensure their disposal within the normal time limit. However, in
cases where it is not be possible to adhere to the prescribed time frame as the
comments/information may have to be obtained from other formations, an interim
reply asking for short extension of time should invariably be sent under the

260 O/o DGADS

concerned Director’s signature before expiry of the time limit to the Ministry of
Defence or the CDA (AF), as applicable, with a copy endorsed to Directorate of
Financial Planning. The request should give specific reason for the delay and
indicate the date by which the comments would be sent.

APPENDIX- 'N' mentioned in APPENDIX- X (6)

(Refers to Para 68 of AFO 22/2000)

GENERAL INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR DRAFT AUDIT PARAS

1. Points common to all briefs and which should invariably be mentioned are
given below;
(a) On the Draft Para- When received, whether it was replied to in time, whether
the facts in the para are correct, whether discrepancies have been pointed out
to audit and get noted by them.
(b) Remedial measures-Details of remedial measure taken by Air Headquarters to
avoid lapses/irregularities of the type mentioned in the para. Copies of
instructions issued by Air Headquarters on the subject should be attached or
should be available in the file. The procedure to watch the implementation of
these instructions and the improvements if any, since noticed as a result of
these instructions should be indicated.
(c) Disciplinary aspects-The explanatory note should indicate in clear terms, how
the responsibility for the lapses has been assessed and what disciplinary action
has been taken, how it has been considered adequate in the circumstances. In
cases, where no disciplinary action has been taken or the action taken is
inadequate and Air Headquarters is not satisfied with the explanation of the
lower authorities, a definite decision should be taken by the Air Headquarters
regarding the future course of action so that the Ministry can be informed of
the Air Headquarters views in the matter. .

2. Illustrative examples of types of information required in the explanatory

notes on audit paras.
(a) Irregularities in works expenditure like delay in execution, defective
planning etc.
(i) Date of administrative approval of the work and amount sanctioned,
copies of the sanction should be available on the file.
(ii) Chronological data in regard to the various stages in the progress of
work.
(aa) Date of Administrative approval.
(ab) Date of technical sanction.
(ac) Date of contract(s) and period of completion specified in the
contract(s).
(ad) Date of order to commence work.
(ae) Dates of completion of the various stages of the project (Main
building, internal and external water connections and drainage,
electrification, outside roads and parks etc.)

261 O/o DGADS

 (iii) Reasons for delays, if any, between various stages mentioned above.
(iv) (aa) If delays are found to be due to non-receipt of stores in time, factual
data in support of the contention should be given; or
(ab) due to delay on the part of contractors, details of adequate action
taken against contractors, should be indicated; or
(ac) due to procedural faults, remedial measures taken should be given;
or
(ad) due to poor supervision, a clear account of the disciplinary action
taken should be furnished.
(b) irregularities in provisioning of stores in excess of requirements--delays in
notifying excesses etc.
(i) If the item is covered by normal provisions reviews, full details
regarding the liabilities, stocks dues in etc., of the item in question
at various periods of time should be given. .
(ii) Reasons for abnormal variation in the liabilities (due to changes in
the scales of reserves or training requirements. or .for other
consumption etc.) rate of issues or stocks held should be explained.
(iii) Whether rates of issues and stocks held have been taken into
account while calculating liabilities; if not, why not?
(iv) Whether assets of a similar interchangeable item have been taken
into account; if not, why not?
(v) If procurement action is continued even though the provision
review disclosed statistical surpluses, the reasons for continuing the
procurement action should be clearly indicated. The levels at which
decision to continue the procurement action was taken should also
be mentioned.
(vi) If the surplus has resulted from a decision of Government to phase
out or reduce the numbers, the date of the decision and its actual
effect.
(vii) A clear assessment of the future requirements of the item, the
period within which the surplus, if any, would be fully utilised etc.,
should be furnished.
(viii) Whether the surpluses have been notified to DGS&D and
recoveries, if any credited.
(c) Irregularities connected with the production of stores, production without
firm demand, non-cancellation of work under in time etc.
(i) A clear account of the orders governing the procedure for drawing up
production programme existing at the time, the case in question is
reported to have occurred, should be given.
(ii) Any Modifications to the procedure indicated in (i) above, copies of
Government orders on the subject should be available on the file.
(iii) Any unsatisfactory features noticed in the planning and progressing
and the remedial measures taken should be indicated.
(iv) If non-utilisation of equipment has been due to delay or lack of
facilities required for installation maintenance and operation of the

262 O/o DGADS

 equipment whether provision of such arrangements facilities/works-
services/ technical knowledge etc., required for the use of the
equipment was considered at the time of placing the indent for the
equipment. If not, when was the delay brought to the notice of the
Government and whether periodical reports have since been
submitted to them.
(v) A clear assessment of the responsibility for individual lapses, if any,
should be made and a clear account of the disciplinary action that has
been taken or is proposed to be taken should be given.
(d) Losses and other procedural irregularities
(i) A clear account of the irregularity in question and how it happened
should be given.
(ii) Extenuating circumstances, if any, under which the irregularity
occurred should be clearly explained.
(iii) Remedial measures taken to avoid recurrence of the irregularity in
future should be stated. Improvements noticed in the subsequent
years should also be mentioned.
(iv) Was any Court of Inquiry held and if not, why not?
(v) Was any individual(s) held responsible?
(vi) Was any disciplinary action taken or contemplated to be taken (name
of the individual, rank and the nature of the disciplinary action etc.)
and if not, why not?
(e) Stock verification and discrepancies
(i) Lists of Depots where stock verification was not completed as per
report.
(ii) Depots out of these where it has since been completed with reasons
for delay.
(iii) Reasons for non-completion in other Depots and the probable date by
which it is expected to be completed.
(iv) Whether surpluses have been taken on charge in all depots, if not,
why not
(v) Whether action has been initiated to reconcile the deficiency in each
of the Depot and the Stage at which it stands with the amount since
cleared in respect of each depot.
(vi) General causes of discrepancies.
(vii) Instructions, if any, issued.
(f) Unverified credits/unlinked vouchers
(i) General reasons for long outstanding.
(ii) Number of items reported and number since cleared with amount and
with year-wise break up.
(iii) Steps taken for early clearance and instruction, if any, issued.
(iv) Detailed explanation for items over 6 years old.
(g) Outstanding dues/rent recoveries

263 O/o DGADS

 (i) Amount of dues reported and since cleared and balance due year
wise also category-wise i.e. Defence Central Government, State
Government, Railways, Public Parties and Total.
(ii) Reasons for delays, steps taken for clearance.
(iii) Detailed explanations for amount outstanding for more than six years
for each case of loss.
(h) Losses awaiting regularisation
(i) Whether the loss has since been regularised.
(ii) Reasons for delay in regularisation and stage of the case.
(iii) Whether disciplinary aspect has been/is being considered and the
extent of such action where taken.
(j) Outstanding objections
(i) A statement showing objections (internal audit/test audit) as
reported, since cleared, balance outstanding (Nos. and amounts)
should be furnished.

APPENDIX ‘O’ mentioned in APPENDIX- X (6)

(Refers to para 70 to AFO 22/2000)

Government of India, Min of Def No PC 10(3)-77/D Budget, Dated 10 Feb 78

Fixing of Responsibility of officers for irregularities pointed out in audit

paragraphs

1. The Comptroller & Auditor General of India’s Audit Report on the Defence
Services which is presented to the Parliament every year usually contains a number of
Audit Paragraphs commenting on various irregularities detected in course of audit. In
some of these cases, it may be considered necessary or desirable to fix responsibility
on the officers for the lapses/ irregularities revealed in the Paras. It has been observed
that due to delay in initiating action in this regard, the officers, in most of the cases,
would have either retired or left service long before fixing responsibility for the
irregularities pointed out in the Audit Paragraphs. As a result, the officers responsible
for major willful irregularities might have escaped punishment.

Sd/-
PS Kohli
Joint Secretary (P&C)

264 O/o DGADS

 APPENDIX 'AD' as mentioned in APPENDIX- X (6)
[Refers to para 74(c) 01 AFO 22/2000]
FORMAT OF ACTION TAKEN NOTE

1. (a) Ministry/Department.
(b) Subject/Title of the review/Paragraph.
(c) Paragraph No.
(d) Report No and year.
II. (a) Date of receipt of the Draft Paragraph/Review in the Ministry.
(b) Date of Ministry's reply.
III. Gist of Paragraph/Review.
IV. (a) Do the Ministry agrees with the facts and figures included in the paragraph.
(b) If not, please indicate the areas of disagreement and also attach documents in
support.
V. (a) Main Audit conclusions.
1. Deficiency in the existing system including system of internal control.
2. Failure to follow the systems and procedure.
3. Failure of individuals.
4. Amount of loss/short assessment/short levy.
(b) Do the Ministry agree with the Audit conclusions? If not, please indicate
specific areas of disagreement, reasons for disagreement. and also attach
copies of relevant documents, where necessary.
VI. Remedial actions taken.
(i) Improvement in system and procedures including internal controls.
(ii) Recovery of overpayment pointed out by Audit.
(iii) Recovery of under assessment, short levy or other dues.
(iv) Write off of amount of losses/wasteful expenditure/irrecoverable amount.
(v) Modifications in the scheme, including financing pattern.
(vi) Review of similar cases/complete scheme/project in the light of findings of
sample check by audit.

265 O/o DGADS

 (7) Extracts from ‘STANDING GUARD FILE’ (3rd Edition)(1991)
issued by G of I, M of F (Department of Expenditure) on
constitutional and statutory provisions relating to CAG

a) Copy or D.O. letter No. 26/SF/55, dated the 6th January, 1955
from the Secretary (Revenue and Expenditure), addressed to
all Secretaries.

Will you kindly refer to para. 5 of the recorded note of the discussions at the
meeting of Secretaries with the Comptroller and Auditor General held on the 18th
November, 1954, dealing with the expeditious settlement of audit objections? It has
been decided in consultation with the C. & A.G. and the Cabinet Secretary that the
following procedure should be adopted :

(a) Irregularities of a serious nature, such as defalcations. culpable negligence.

etc., should be reported by the Accountant General concerned as soon as they are
discovered, to the Secretary of the Ministry by name. The latter should give urgent
attention to the rectification of the defect or remedial action to be taken and inform
the Accountant General, as quickly as possible, of the action Government are taking
or propose to take.

(b) Other irregularities discovered in the course of audit, which are likely to find a
place in the Audit Report should be discussed by an officer of the status of Deputy
Accountant General and above with the Deputy Secretary dealing with the subject in
the Ministry concerned. If these discussions do not result in the settlement of the
differences and the removal of the objection, the matter should be taken up by the
Additional Accountant General or the Accountant General, as the case may be, with
the Joint Secretary or Secretary of the Ministry concerned. The Deputy Secretary
should keep the Secretary of his Ministry informed from time to time of the progress
of the disposal of these objections, to give the latter an opportunity to intervene if
necessary, and expedite a settlement.

(c) As soon as the Accountant General decides that a particular case should be
mentioned in the Audit Report, he would send the draft paragraph to the Secretary
concerned for his information and to enable him to look into the papers and make
himself familiar with the case before it comes up for the consideration of the Public
Accounts Committee if he has not already seen them. It is not necessary that the
content or the language of the paragraph should be specifically agreed to or that there
should be any prior agreement as to what should be mentioned in the Audit Report,
but it is desirable that on the facts as stated there should be no dispute though the
conclusions and opinions will be those of the A.G. This does not, however, preclude
a Secretary from taking up with the Accountant General the desirability or otherwise
of mentioning particular cases in the Audit Report.

2. The question of making files available to audit was also considered at that
meeting. It has now been settled that files required by Audit Officers should be
readily made available to them without any apprehension that objections may be
taken in audit 'merely based on contradictions in the views expressed in notes by
subordinate officials and higher authorities. If the contents of the files or any pan of it
are "secret" or "top secret" the file may be Sent personally to the Accountant General

266 O/o DGADS

or the head of the Audit Office specifying this fact, who will then deal with it in
accordance with the standing instructions for the handling and custody of such
documents.

3. I shall be glad if necessary instructions are issued by you to ensure that the
procedure set out in this letter is followed in your Ministry.

b) Copy of Ministry of Finance (Deptt. of Economic Affairs)'s

O.M. No, F.l(43)-B/78, dated the 23rd September, 1978,
addressed to all Ministries/Deptts. of Govt. of India and Chief
Secretaries of State/Territories.

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

Subject : Production of documents to Audit.

In D.O. letter No.F26/SF/55 dated 6th January, 1955 from Secretary, Department
of Revenue & Expenditure, Ministry of Finance addressed to all the Secretaries to the
Government of India, it was inter alia stated that : -

" ............. files required by Audit Officers should be readily made available to
them without any apprehension that objections may be taken in audit merely based on
contradictions in the views expressed in notes by subordinate officials and higher
authorities. If the contents of the files or any parts of it are 'secret' or 'top secret' the
file may be sent personally to the Accountant General or the head of the Audit Office
specifying this fact, who will then deal with it in accordance with the standing
instructions for the handling and custody of such documents."

2. Subsequently, the Ministry of Finance informed all Ministries/Departments

etc. - vide Department of Economic Affairs O.M. No. F.l(44)-B/75 dated 25th
September 1976 - that confidential files containing the views of the Government
officer at different levels, Cabinet notes and decisions etc. in the course of
formulation of Governmental policies fall outside the scope of the instructions
mentioned in paragraph 1 above and need not be shown to Audit.

3. The matter has since been examined further and it has been decided to
withdraw the instructions contained in the O.M. dated 25th September, 1976 referred
to above and restore the status quo ante. Accordingly, all Ministries/Departments etc.,
are requested to observe the procedure referred to in paragraph 1 above in the matter
of making files available to Audit Officers.

267 O/o DGADS

 c) Copy of Ministry of Finance (Deptt. of Expenditure)’s O.M. No.
F13(2)-E.Coord/88, dated the 23rd May, 1989, addressed to all
Ministries/Deptts. of Govt. of India.

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

Sub:- Responsiveness to audit objections-accountability in

administration Implementation of the Report thereof.

The undersigned is directed to say that the conference of Chairman, PAC and
Chairmen, PACs of the State Legislatures, held in September, 1986, set up a sub-
committee on "Responsiveness to audit objections-Accountability to Administration".
The sub-committee submitted its Report in February, 1987. In paras 1.4 & 1.5, the
extracts of which are forwarded herewith, the sub-committee have pointed out the
difficulties, such as, delayed replies to the audit objections, indifferent attitude
towards audit, suppression of information, non-production of relevant files, etc. that
are being faced by Comptroller & Auditor General while arranging the audit of
various central organisations and public undertakings. Keeping in view these
fundamental requirements, this Ministry, etc. have been issuing instructions from time
to time laying down the procedure for dealing with the objections and the system for
making available the desired records to the audit and also stressing the essentiality of
prompt settlement of audit objections. However, attention, in this connection, is
drawn to the following few communications:

(i) D.O. letter NO.26/SF/55, dt.6th January, 1955 from Secretary

(Revenue) to all Secretaries.

(ii) D.O. letter No.9/18/57-0&M, dt.6th July, 1957 from Director, O&M,
Cabinet Secretariat to all Secretaries.

(iii) Ministry of Finance O.M.No.35/5/EGI/59, dt.2Oth Feb.1959 to all

Ministries.

2. In accordance with the provisions of Article 151 of the Constitution of India,

Comptroller & Auditor General is required to present the audit reports relating to the
accounts of the Union, to the President who shall cause them to be laid before each
House of Parliament. Thus, it is all the more necessary for all the
Ministries/Departments of the Government of India, public undertakings etc. to
cooperate with the audit and to meet their requirements necessary for conducting the
audit, on priority basis so as to avoid inclusion of any unwarranted audit para in the
audit report, which could have easily been settled on the basis of the information
already available with them. However, all the Ministries/Departments of the
Govli1ttnent of India/Financial Advisers are once again requested to take appropriate
steps to ensure smooth conduction of audit, supply of all relevant information,
expeditious settlement of audit objections and availability of records desire4 by the
audit authorities.

268 O/o DGADS

Extracts of Paras 1.4 & I.5 of the Report of the Sub-Committee constituted by
the Conference of Chairmen of Public Accounts Committees held in September,
1986.

1.4 To quote an eminent authority in Public Administration, wherever State Audit

has not been given the importance that is due, "order, system, regularity, legality,
frugality and public trust have quickly declined". It is for the Comptroller and Auditor
General to decide what documents and information are needed for the purpose of
Audit and reporting, as required in Article 151 of the Constitution. Denial of
documents and information on grounds of relevancy or otherwise, or delay in
furnishing them will prevent the Comptroller & Auditor General from discharging the
functions entrusted to him under the Constitution and his reports will be conditional
and qualified. Further, there is a risk of mis-reporting based on inadequate
information.

1.5 C&AG has brought it to our notice that as soon as Audit begins its work
the initial resistance starts. In the very beginning, when the dates are suggested for
discussion with the departments, even at that stage, the resistance comes in. Very
often, there are requests for postponement of the discussions. It happens in the
government and much more in the public sector. Hardly 50 per cent of the
information is readily made available to the Audit officers and there is dragging of
feet with regard to supply of the rest of the information. Even when the information is
made available the concerned officers who really can give the authentic as well as
authoritative information will not be available. When the findings of the Audit are
sent to the departments formally, at that time also there is a lot of delay and the
comments do not come forth, with the result that the finalisation of the report by
Audit becomes difficult without full facts. C&AG in not satisfied with the extent of
cooperation of the departmental officials regarding timely availability of the records
required and availability of officers for discussion. In this connection, the C&AG has
informed us that in the normal way it takes about six months or a year from the time
of the initial audit objection till the para is finalised by Audit He has written a letter to
the Cabinet Secretary and in the States to the Chief Ministers urging them that there is
need to improve the responsiveness to the Audit findings and finalising them early.
For a proper and accurate diagnosis of the financial ailment of any department
apprising the Audit department of the totality of facts without withholding any
information is a condition precedent.

269 O/o DGADS

 FORM NO. DGADS-100
TOP SHEET

Name of Command Office/Sub-office

Name of the unit/organization inspected ____________________________

Complete Postal Address with phone and fax no.

SUS No.(As allotted by MISO)

Auditee Identity No. (As allotted by DGADS)

Section ‘A’
(To be filled by the Local Audit Party)

1. Period of Inspection From __________To___________

i) Actual number of party days excluding holidays ______________

ii) Last inspected spell ____________

iii) Period of accounts covered during last inspection_____________

iv) Period of accounts covered during the current inspection ___________

v) Whether extension was applied for ? Yes/No

vi) If yes, the number of party days for which (a) extension sought___
(b) extension granted___
vii) Composition of local audit party

Name of Party Members

(a) Name of Inspecting Officer 1. Shri _______________Sr.AO/AO
Period of Inspection from ____to______
(b) Asstt. Audit Officer/ 1. Shri ________________
Section Officer 2. Shri ________________
(c) Sr. Auditor/Auditor 1. Shri _______________
2. Shri _______________
(d) Dates of inspection by CO ____________________

2. Whether the Draft Report was discussed with the Head of the Auditee unit
Yes/No
(i) If yes, by whom and the date of discussion
(ii) If no, the reasons may be given
(iii) Is the List of preliminary observation slips issued indicating result of
discussion enclosed?

270 O/o DGADS

 (iv) Is the List of old IRs/Paras discussed indicating results enclosed?

3. Work Completion Certificate (Form DGADS-102) duly filled in by each party

member is enclosed.

4. Auditee Profile Update in Form (DGADS-101) is enclosed (Only for Annual

and Biennial Units)

5. IT survey questionnaire in prescribed form and update only where already

submitted duly filled in is enclosed.(Refer DGADS Headquarters office letter
no. 4086/A.Coord/ 129/I.T. Audit/Vol.II/2003-04 dated 20.2.2003 and
7.3.2003).

6. Objections considered fit for inclusion in the :

(i) Audit Report
(ii) Monthly DO
(iii) Quarterly report of important points

7. Defence Audit Manual amendment proposal in form DGADS -103 is enclosed

8. List of Special Inquiries conducted is enclosed.

9. List of documents required to be audited and actually audited by the party

showing distribution of work amongst party members is enclosed

10. Certified that scrutiny of all losses included in the Register of losses
maintained by the unit since the date of last audit has been completed.

11. Certified that the linking of issues/receipt from supply depot in the units
record has been completed.

12. Certified that verification of documents obtained from LAO/RAO as indicated

in Form DGADS-114(Audit intimation) with the unit record has been
completed.

13. Certified that Rules of Stores Accounting are being observed by the unit.

14. Certified that verification of the opening and closing balance received from
the PAO (ORs) in respect of the month selected for audit of the imprest
account of the Unit/Formation has been done.

15. Certified that all the statements and the details in the Top Sheet given above
and the details given below are complete and correct

16. Submitted to the Director/Deputy Director/Sr. Audit Officer Incharge,

Command Office/Audit Groups for further necessary action.

Place Camp:

Date Sr. AO/AO/AAO/SO

271 O/o DGADS

 Section ‘B’
(For C.O’s Office)

1. Date of receipt of Report by Coordination Section

2. Date of submission of LTAR to Sr. AO/AO Coordination Section
3. Date of submission to Director/Deputy Director
4. Suggestions if any received from Inspection Officer
The draft audit Inspection Report with the preliminary observation slips
issued, replies thereto and connected records are submitted for approval after
scrutiny.
5. Results of examination of Draft LTAR
Disposal of OL OL Numbers
Included in LTAR
Issued as Test Audit Note
To be seen in next audit
Closed

Section ‘C’
(To be filled by Coordination Section after approval of Inspection Report by
Director/Deputy Director)

1. Date of approval by Deputy Director/Director

2. Date on which sent for Typing
3. Date of return from Typing
4. Date of dispatch to Auditee unit
5. Action taken on points cases sent by HQ for investigation during inspection
6. Part II-A paras marked as PDP ______________DP______________
_______________________________________________ and action taken.
7. Contributions by party members :
S.No. Name & Designation Part-IIA Part-IIB
No.of paras Financial No. of Paras Financial
effect effect
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

8. (i) Remarks of CO/Sr.AO/AO about the quality of the LTAR

_______________________________________
(ii) Important points in LTARs fit for circulation to other Parties/COs
_______________________________________

272 O/o DGADS

 FORM No. DGADS -101

AUDITEE PROFILE UPDATE

PRELIMINARY INFORMATION

1. Name of Unit/Formation/Establishment/Section/Branch____________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. Name of DDO/Unit Commander/Head of Office/Controlling Officer

3. Organization Chart and the charter of duties of all Constituent Sections are
enclosed

4. Auditee Identity No. (as allotted by DGADS)

5. SUS No. (as allotted by MISO):

6. Budget Centre Code (as allotted by CDA):

7. Unit Code/Imprest Account No. (as allotted by CDA/PAO):

8. Name of AAO/ZO/PAO :

9. Name of Defence Accounting Circle – PCDA/CDA__________________

10. Name of Internal Auditor : LAO______________

11. Name of Integrated Financial Adviser :

12. Name of Defence Estate Officer :

13. Name of Construction Agency/Maintenance Agency

14. Area of Defence Land under unit’s occupation

15. Details of Commercial Complex/Unit Run Canteen (URC) is given below:

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

16. Misc./Other information.

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

273 O/o DGADS

 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

17. The expenditure under various Code Heads for last three years is given below:
Code Year Year Year Year (BE)
Head BE Exp BE Exp BE Exp Amount(Rs.)

18. Exercise of delegated financial powers under MOD letter No. A/89591/FP-
1/693/2002/D(GS-I) dated 22nd April, 2002 as amended is given below for the
current and previous financial year :
Schedule No. & No. of sanctions Amount of No. of sanctions Amount of
items No. of accorded by CFA sanctions in accorded by CFA sanctions in
MOD letter without consulting respect of in consultation respect of
dated 22.4.2002 IFA previous col. with IFA previous col.

19. List of Major Projects/Works/Sanctions/Supply Orders for last three years is

given below :
Name of Name and address of Performance of Findings by Audit
Project/Work/Supply Vendors/Suppliers Vendor/Supplier as (Refer LTAR Para
Order along with PAN No. per dept. records No.)

Note: COs may decide monetary limits at the beginning of financial year.

20.. Authorization and holdings of controlled and census Stores, Class-A Store,
Engineer Store etc. based on returns submitted to higher formations/MISO is
given below :
Category of Authorization Holding Details of Findings by
equipment/motor equipments/moto Audit (Refer
vehicle r vehicles on loan LTAR Para No.)

274 O/o DGADS

 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (HRD)

21. The staff strength as on 1st March of _______ sanctioned vide Ministry of
Defence letter No. dated is given below :

Category of Sanctioned Men-in-position Findings by Remarks

persons Regular Temporary Audit (Refer
attachments LTAR Para
No.)
Officers/Group.A

Note : Copy of latest RE/PE/WE should be enclosed.

22. List of Court of Inquiry, Court cases, arbitration cases and disciplinary cases for
major penalty is given below :

COI/Court case No. Name of Court/ Subject Findings by Audit

Composition of Board (Refer LTAR Para No.)

23. Disposal and pendency of statutory and non- statutory complaints under
provision of Para 364 of Regulations for Indian Army(1987 edition) for last 3
years is given below:

Year Statutory complaints by Statutory complaints Audit conclusions, if

Officers by PBORs any

CONTROL ENVIRONMENT:

24. The auditee unit is governed by following set of codes, manuals, regulations,
instructions, army orders, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and local orders:

Name of Code etc. Authority Subject Remarks of Audit on their

adequacy and relevance

275 O/o DGADS

 25. List of quarterly, half yearly and annual Reports and Returns to higher
authorities is given below :

Name of Report Authority Periodicity To whom Results of check

and Return by Audit

26. The auditee unit is subjected to following reporting/control channels :

Designation/ Dates of Key findings Findings

Authority Inspections by of Inspections of Audit
Initiating Officer
Reviewing Officer
Senior Reporting Officer
First Technical Officer
Higher Technical Officer
Head of Arms/Service
Any other Inspecting
Authority

27. Efficacy of Internal Audit :

(A)Review of LAO’s inspection/super audit conducted by JCDA
Period of Inspection Scope of Inspection Key Findings Remedial Action
by LAO by LAO Taken

(B) Comments on review of LAO’s work by Joint CDA/CDA

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

PERFORMANCE AUDIT

28. The following performance indicators are suggested to conduct review of the
Unit/Subordinate Units :
Name of Source of Criticality of the Remarks
Performance Performance Data Performance
Indicator Indicator

276 O/o DGADS

RISK ANALYSIS

29. The following risk areas (Accounting Code Head, Projects, Contracts, Vendors)
have been identified

Name of Risk Area Reasons for categorization Remarks

as High Risk Area

NOTE : The detailed instructions on risk analysis may be seen in C&AG’s Auditing
Standard – 2nd Edition and Performance Auditing Guidelines (May 2004),
and other orders issued from time to time.

ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED ISSUES

30. Whether Environmental Impact Assessment and corrective action as indicated in

MSO (Audit) 2nd Edition (Chapter 19) have been carried out? If yes, examine
steps in implementation.

31. Are the provisions of Environment Protection Act 1986, Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
1981 and Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling Rules) 1989 applicable
to the activities of the auditee? If yes, examine steps in implementation.

277 O/o DGADS

 FORM NO. DGADS-102

Work Completion Certificate

Name: ____________________________SAO/AO/AAO/SO/Sr. Auditor/Auditor

Nature of Audit Quantum as per Actual quantum of Nature of audit

Checks standing orders audit checks findings (Refer LTAR
Para No.)

Certified that :
a) I have generally followed provisions contained in Auditing Standards (2nd
Edition), MSO Audit (2nd Edition) and other supplementary instructions issued by
the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India and O/o the Director
General of Audit, Defence Services, New Delhi.

b) I have exercised the audit checks prescribed in the relevant sections and paras of
Defence Audit Manual as amended and that no item of check prescribed or to be
carried out under special orders issued from time to time has been overlooked,
either in the distribution of the duties or in the actual performance of work during
the inspection.

c) That all observations pointing out lapses in the implementation of systems and
procedures and all weakness in the responsibility centers have been discussed
with the heads of administrative departments and assurances obtained in regard to
corrective measures for arresting potential risks.
d) That all contested evidences have been conclusively handled with reference to the
facts at the disposal of audit.

e) Samples for audit checks, wherever required, have been taken strictly on random
basis.

f) List of high value purchases and audit notes issued by CTA have been obtained
from CTA Section at the time of commencement of the local audit.

g) I have studied the Auditee Profile Update (Form DGADS-101) of previous years
and have planned current audit accordingly.

f) All relevant papers/vouchers and internal reports from concerned LAO/UA/SLA

were collected before the commencement of local audit.

Sr. AO/AO/AAO/SO/Auditor

278 O/o DGADS

 FORM NO. DGADS-103

DEFENCE AUDIT MANUAL AMENDMENT PROPOSAL

Based on Central Audit/Local Audit of___________________________the

following amendments to the various provisions of Defence Audit Manual ( Edition)
are proposed as a result of new orders/instructions issued relating to functioning of the
auditee unit and/or due to procedural difficulties:

Para Existing Proposed Authority Remarks

No./Annexure/Appendix Provision provision of the Dept.
of Manual

Name and Signature of Sr.AO/AO/AAO/SO

279 O/o DGADS

 FORM DGADS-104
(Referred to in para 47 (v)
Statement showing the progress of cases reported earlier in bi-monthly D.Os.

SI. Number & Number of Name of the Subject Amount Present

No. Date items in Official involved Position
the D.O. who picked
up the point
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

280 O/o DGADS

 FORM DGADS -105
(Referred to in Paragraph 51 (ii)

Progress Report on the test audit of the …………………..Section of the

Office of the Controller of Defence Accounts…….. from…..………………
19………....to ……………….

1. Dates of commencement and completion according to the detailed programme.

2. Actual dates of commencement and completion, together with reasons for
deviations, if any.
3. Period of account selected for test audit.
4. Standard percentage of test audit.
5. Standard percentage of test audit according to approved programme and actual
percentage of test audit.

Director of Audit, Defence Services

Deputy Director of Audit, Defence Services
Sr. Audit Officer/Audit Officer,
Defence Services.

281 O/o DGADS

 FORM DGADS -107
(Referred to in para 56 (ii) and 63 (ii)
Register for watching progress of audit and disposal of Objection Statements/ Local Test Audit Reports

Sl. Particulars of Dates No. and Item No. of Money value Date of reply Date of Date on Name of the AAO/ Remarks
No. CDA's Section/ of Date of Objection of objection received further which SO/Sr.Ar/Ar. who
Unit and audit Objection Statement/ if any from CDA rejoinder settled audited the
Formation Statement/ Local Test to CDA accounts and the
audited with Local Test Audit GO who supervised
station Audit Report Report the audit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

282 O/o DGADS

 DGADS-109
[Referred to in para 63 (i)]

Local Test Audit Programme of……………..Party for the half year ending
……………
Staff ……………………….SO
………………………………Auditor
……………………………….GROUP 'D'

Sl. Names of Dates of test audit Number of Mandays Dates of Dates of Remarks
No. Units or allowed in G.O.’s last Test
formation From To Test Audit DAD visit Audit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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 FORM DGADS-110
(Referred to in para 63 (ii)
Statistical Chart in regard to Local Test Audit

Sl. Class of Total No. of No. required to No. No. of Remarks

No. units or number unaudited be audited proposed to unaudited
formation in units during the year be audited units
included in according to during the provided in
Column (3) prescribed year column (6)
quantum
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note: A detailed list of un-audited units in the Command in support of the figures
included in column 3 should be furnished with the chart.

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 FORM DGADS-111
(Referred to in para 64 (vii)]
Register of Auditable Units

Sl. Name of Unit Frequency Mandays Mandays When Names of Remarks

No. or Formation of Audit taken by taken by audited persons
with CDA/LAO the who audited
Location Audit and
supervised
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note: This register will show a complete list of units and formations (stationary and
mobile in the audit area). The register will be maintained stationwise and in
strict alphabetical order, separate page being allotted to each Station. The
stationary units will be entered first and then the moving units. Some blank
space will be kept under each section for further amendments. When
information is received regarding move of any unit, suitable notes of changes
will be kept in the register.

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 FORM DGADS -112
[para 64 (xii) Refers]
Progress Report of Local Test Audit for the Quarter Ending..............................

Sl. Type of Name of Mandays/ Mandays/ Reasons Number Number Reasons

No. units Unit/ party days Party days for of GO’s of GO’s for
provided Formation prescribed as actually variation Super- Super- Excess
for audit per quantum availed if any vision vision (+)
based on as per days days Shortfall
extent of programme required actually (-)
Super- Man Party Man Party to be provided
vision days days days days provided

75% Supervision 50% Supervision 331/3% Supervision 25% Supervision

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 FORM DGADS-113
[Referred to in Paragraph 64(xiii)]
Statement showing outstations to be visited by the LTA Parties

Sl. Name of Name of Date of Audit Date of GO’s visit Remarks

No. the LTA Unit/Formation to From To From To
Party be audited with
visiting the the name of the
outstation outstation

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 FORM DGADS-114
(See Para 65)

OFFICE OF THE

No Dated the
To

Dear Sir,

Under directions from Director General of Audit, Defence Services, New

Delhi, it is proposed to conduct statutory audit of your unit/formation/office from
…………… to …………. on behalf of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India
(C&AG) under the authority of Article 149 to 151 of the Constitution of India read
with sections ………….of CAG(DPC) Act, 1971. You may also refer to Ministry of
Defence ID No. 3(3)/2000-po(Def) dated 21.9.2000 and Army Order AO 481/73
regarding statutory audit by C&AG.

2. The audit will be done in accordance with Auditing Standards issued by

C&AG. Further, the term audit includes financial audit, regularity audit and
performance audit.

3. By virtue of the provisions in Sub-Section (1) of Section 18 of the C&AG’s

(DPC) Act, 1971, the C&AG has, in connection with the performance of
his duties under the Act, the authority
a) to inspect any office of accounts under the control of the Union or
of a State, including treasuries and such offices responsible for the
keeping of initial and subsidiary accounts, as submit accounts to
him.
b) To require that any accounts, books, paper and other documents
which deal with or form the basis of or are otherwise relevant to
the transactions to which his duties in respect of audit extend, shall
be sent to such place as he may appoint for his inspection, and
c) To put such questions or make such observations as he may
consider necessary, to the person in charge of the office and to call
for such information as he may require for the preparation of any
account or report which it is his duty to prepare.

Sub-section (2) of Section 18 ibid requires the persons in charge of the office
or department the accounts of which are to be inspected and audited by the CAG,
to afford all facilities for such inspection and comply with requests for
information in as complete a form as possible and with all reasonable expedition.

4. It is the responsibility of audited entity to develop adequate internal control

systems to protect its resources. It is also its obligation to ensure that controls are in

288 O/o DGADS

place and functioning to help ensure that applicable statutes and regulations are
compiled with and the probity and propriety are observed in decision making.
However, this does not relieve the auditor from submitting proposals and
recommendations to the audited entity where controls are found to be inadequate or
missing.

5. The results of audit will be communicated to you/your superior

authority/CDA/IFA after considering your replies, if any, to audit observations. Some
of these observations which are considered material/significant is nature will be
reported to the Parliament through CAG’s Audit Report.

6. The audit will be undertaken by Local Audit Party No………. of this office.

7. You are requested to send Audit Commencement Report on the day audit of
your unit /office commences.

8. You can also visit us at www.cag.gov.in

Yours faithfully,

Sr. AO/AO
Office of …………………..

Copy to: 1. L.A.O./R.A.O. for information with a request to produce the

documents like Inspection Report, MFAI, Vouchers both for
Cash/stores etc. as and when called for by the audit party.

2. ……………………………….(Next Superior Officer)

Sr.AO/AO
Office of………………...

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 FORM DGADS-115
(para 71 refers)
Register for watching the receipt and issue of Local Test Audit Reports

SI. Name Name of Month Date of Due Particulars Date of Date of Date of Date on Date Date of Refer- Remarks
No. of the up to audit dates for of receipt sub- approval which of issue ence to
the Officers which receipt reminder of draft mission sent for return progress
office & Staff the of draft issued in Report of Type from register
audited of LTA account report case of non LTAR Type
From To
party is now from the receipt of to
audited LTA LTARs by AD/CO
party the due date
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

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 “CONCORDANCE TABLE”
Corelating the paras/forms of Manual of Audit Deptt.,DS.,Vol-I, Part ‘A’ (8th Edition)
with those of Manual of Audit Deptt., DS.,Vol-I, Part ‘A’ (9th Edition)

New Paras Old Paras New Paras Old Paras New Paras Old Paras
(2005) (1994) (2005) (1994) (2005) (1994)
1- 6 1- 6 52 (Blank) 96 New
7-18 7-18 53 53 97 New
7 7 54 54 98 New
8 8 55 55 99-112 New
9 9 56 56 99 New
10 10 57 57 100 New
11 11 58 58 101 New
12 12 59 59 102 New
13 13 60 60 103 New
14 14 61 (Blank) 104 New
15 15 62 62 105 New
16 16 63 63 106 New
17 17 64 64 107 New
18 18 65 65 108 New
19-25 (Blank) 19-25 66 66 109 New
26-42 26-42 67 67 110 New
26 26 68 68 111 New
27-29 (Blank) 27-29 69 69 112 New
30 30 70 70 113-128 New
31 31 71 71 113 New
32 32 72 -72.A 72–72.A 114 New
33 33 73 73 115 New
34 34 74 74 116 New
35 35 75 New 117 New
36 36 76 New 118 New
37 37 77 New 119 New
38 38 78-82 (Blank) 120 New
39 39 83 New 121 New
40 New 84 New 122 New
41 40 85 New 123 New
42 (Blank) 86 New 124 New
43 43 87 New 125 New
44 44 88 New 126 New
45 45 89 New 127 New
46 46 90 New 128 New
47 47 91 New 129-181 New
48 48 92 New 129-131 New
49 49 93 New 132 New
50 50 94 New 133 New
51 51 95 New 134 New

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