88

Enlighten Your Mind

Electricity Benjamin Frankin suspected

1752 hdecided to test his
theory usinga childs kite and a metal key. This experiment proved that lightring

There are anumber of animals which produce electricity For example, an electric
Learning Outcomes
Key Concepts *prcduce electriciy in order to catch food and protect itselt from predators
Students wil be abie to Another eNample of presence of electricity in nature Is the spark oT eectrEIty in
Electrical Energy and
describe household consumptron
of electricty. Electrical Power
air which is seen as a lash of lightning
identty lFive wire, neutral wire and earth wire in terms of their energy Electricity at Home

Electrical Hazards
components ifuses, circuit breakers). ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND ELECTRICAL POWER
eDe saey Satety componen
phenomenon of static eiectricity.
iescribe Safety Precautions and
Electrical Energy
conduchon and induction of charges Safety Rules
Conservation of YOu know that the energy made availabie by the tiowor electric charge through a conductor is known as
describe construction and working of an electroscope.
Electricity electrical ene gy or eiectncity, various sources or electrical ener8Y are power plants, cels, batteries, etc.
describe a lighting conductor.
Static Electricity
identfy dangers of electricity The Sl unit of electrical energy is joule ( .
Electric Charges
conduet scientfic experiments keeping in mind all the parameters.
Conservation of Charges Electrical Power
study the impact of energy consumption and draw conclusions from the
Conductors and
same and suggest aite rnate
approaches.
learn the use of sefety precautions while dealing wth electricel
Insulators We know that when an electric current flows through an appliance, then the appliance uses the electrical
Charging an Object
appliances.
The amount of electrical energy fiowing in a circuit per unit time denotes the power of the appliance.
i c Chaarges in
Thus, we can define power as the electrical energy consumed per unit time by an electrical appliance.
Atmosphere: Lightning
Power Electrical
Time
Energy

r P

Warm Up Activity
Unit of Power
The Sl unit of electric curtent
The Si unit of electrical energy is joule and that of time is second. Therefore the Sl unit of power is joule
2. The direction of conventional fHcw of current is from-
per second. It is knon as watt (W).
3. A isacombination of two or more cells.
4, Materials which allow electricity to ffow through them a led. 1joule
1 watt1second

or 1W=1

We use electricity for many purposes. It plays an important role in our life as it makes may tasks easier So when an electrical appliance consumes electrical energy of one joule in one second, its power is said
it is impossible to imagine modern worid without electricity, it is used at home to run various electrical to De one w a t t
is posible to light up houses
appliances, in industries to operate diferent machines, to run trains, etc. It
roads, offices, markets and factories after sunset only because of electricity.

144
 However, bigser units like kilowatt (kw) or megawatt (MW) are also used.
You must have noticed the power specifications
Activity 8.2
Table B.1 POwer Consumed by Electrical Aum: 1o caiculate eiectrical
Oeample, a Dulb
consumption of a day
tne ppances Make alist ot all the electrical appliancesat your home like bulbs, tube lights, geysers, air conditioners,

consumes 60 of
of eletrieal
uib fans, refrigerator and washing machine.
consumes 60J J electrical energy in one second. Riectrical appliancesPower cosumed
75 W
()
Ceilng tan With the help of your parents, note down the power ratings of these appliances.
Different electrical appances nave
d Teievision 200 W Now ril in all the informanon needed to calculate the energy consumption in the tabular form.
ratings. A simple electric bulb consumes 60 W
a consumes 2 kW
power. mber o
power whereas microwave
Electrical appliances with high power ratings consume 10 W Pplance watl
more electrical energy cotoner [room) 1350 W in kWNh)
Fan
Calculation of Household Energy Consumption
Sulb

You must have observed your parents discussing about the electricity Tube ght
ines they also discuss that evervone at ho
shovid t The electricity bills are sent Refrigerato
Washing Machine
us electricity boards ihare e
the ent bodies that charee
oy tne e
oy Ye yr
Aur conditoner
know how does the electricity board caculate how much eiectricity we
ee
nave consumed ar our nomer ne answer is an
mains supply that measures the amount
is a t a c h e d to the Calculate the energy consumed by each electrical apl ance by using the folowing formula.
device wnicn
of electrical energy consumed Dy Electrical energy Number of appliances x Power ( w) * Time (h)
nese meters caicuiate tne eectnicisy
&nome (or omce inin à gven ime.
consumpton KOwatenou
(denoted by kWh). one kilowart- hour of electrical energY 5 consumed
Also find the total energy consumption of the day by adding the values for all the electrical appliances.

if an instrument with power rating Or one Kilowat s used ror one nour g Eectvcty meter
One kilowatt-hour is also known as one unit, The amount of units
Kilowatt Hour: Commercial Unit of Electricity
consumed in a house is read from the electric meter every month ànd

the electricity bill is generated. The commercialunit of electricityis kilowatt hour.As it salso aunit of electrical energE t
in terms of the Si unit of energY, Le., joule. Let us find the relation between two units.
can be espressed

Energyconsumed (Wh)Power (KW)x Time (h) 1 kwh 1 kilowaft x 1 hour

Total cost Total unitsxCost of each unit

1000 Wx(60 x
60)s
1000sx 3600s
36x110
Activity 8.1 or 1 kwh - 3.6 * 10
Aim: To read an electricity bill

Get one electricity bill from your home to the school and observe what information is gven in t Solved Numericals
Observation: You will find that the bill indicates the duration of usage, meter bill readings, total unit
An electric iron is rated 700 watt. How much electrical energy willit consume in 15 days H
consumption, calculation of electhaity bill, etc. is used for 2 hours daily?
at
Note down all these flelds and discuss in the class. Power of the electric iron 700 W
Solution:
=

146 147
 ECcty generd a
po ston
Energy consumed by the electric iron in 1 day 700W* 2h

1400 Wh Eecc
Energy consumed by the electric iron in 15 days= 1400 Whx 15

21000 Wh
210001 0 0 0 kWh

21 kWh

The energy consumed by the electric iron in 15 days will be 21 kWh.

here are stubeghts of 18anwart each, 3fans of 60 watt each, acomputer of 80 watt and an air
condinoner o r l
kilowatt in
ofnce. calculate the electricity bill for the month of July if these
appuances are used 1or nours daily. ake the cost or 1 unit of energy as2.50.

Total power of tube lights = 5 x18 W 90 W

Solution: gtzrans ter of electricay trom power staton to ou houses
fotal power of fans = 3 x 60 W= 180 W

Total power of all appliances in office =90 W+ 180 W+80 W+ 1000 W Household Wiring
Ihe cables used in a house circuit has three wires.
1550W
Energy consumed in 1 day= 1350 W x 7h h e live wire

9450 Wh The neutral wire

The earth wire
Energy consumed in July= 9450 Wh x 31 No of days in July 31)
292950 wh

292950
1000 W
men fune

292.95 kWh or 292.95 units

Cost of 1 unit of electrical energy= 2.50

Total cost of 292.95 units = 292.95 *t 250 main stCh

E)

= 732.375
The electricity bill for the month of July is 732.375.
Fig 83 Schematc representation of wiring for electrncty to erter a home
ELECTRICITY AT HOME The live wire carries the electrical current supplied by the source (transformer through electric
We know that poles) to the electrical appliances. tis given an insulahonot red or brown colour.
electricity is generated at power statons, from where it is city substations through
sent to
The neutral
completes the circuit by returning the electricity
wire

o na 0ES many thousand volts. These substations send electricity to transformers which then it has passed through the appliance. It can be identified by black
to the source (transformer) ater

rng dOwn tne electrcity to 220 volts and transfer it to homes. The cables which supply electricity to
our
Our homes rst pess through the mains board which has an electric meter and a fuse box. The electricity The earth has no current
or blue colour

arter passing through the eiectric meter, which measures the amount of appliance
wire
fhowing through t. one end or the earth wire is
connected to the
electricity we use, goes through and the other end is
grounded. Any leakage or current in the appliance ows o
is prevent electric hazards. From the main the
fuse box, e DOX. Ine fuse 5asafety
electricity is sent to
device whose function
different parts of the
house for various purposes.
to earth and we do not
Bet any electric shock due to
wife. It is usuailly of green or yellow colour.
earthing. Therefore, the earth wire is a
safety

149
 in ELECTRICAL HAZARDSs
ne wiing houses, schoo5 and onces5 done in such way that althethe devices a
and
are connected
paraeso that theyequipments
the otner electric
can work independenthy,
in
This 15 why t
the house do not turn off
you switch off lights fans
disturb other appliances the
of your room,
Electricity is very useful to us, but it can be dangerous if it is not used safely. Following are the various
or in
house. nazards that can happen due to electricity
Sockets, Plugs and Switches
Home to electric supply with the help of plugs and sockets. All the appliances Overloading
appliances are connected the
are provided with plugs which are either two-pin or thr-pin. The outer part of a plug caled the casing ls When many appliances are connected toa single socket, the circuit
made of plaste and s a good insulator This is done to ensure safety against electric shocks. Connections draws a large amount of current from the mains, causing ecessive
to three pins, as brass is an excellent conductor of electricity We generally
the circuits made via
are brass heating of the connecting wires and the circuit. This is knowm as

use three-pin plugs. The lower two pins are the terminals out of which one is connected to the live wire overicading. It can lead to short circuits

and the other to the neutral wire. The topmost pin is connected to the
plug is inserted in the socket which then completes the electric circuit.
earth. To run any equipment the
Short Circuit

Generalyasocket has three holes out of which two are at the lower side and one is at the upper side. The
e n i n a i s Ofa plug t in the holes at the lower side and the topmost pin fits in the hole at the upper side.
You must have read about fres caused by short circuit. A short circuit occurs when the live wire touches
alternate path
the neutral wire, providing ancause for the current to flow through. The large amount of current

owing through the wire can overhesting and may result in fire. A short circuit alsocan damage
an
appliance.
th
Electric Shocks and Electrocution

neua Sometimes the insulation of wires gets damaged or the earth wire of an appliance is not
connected. In such a case, if a person touches the exposed live wires, he/she receives an electric shock as
properly
PUing ouM the plg
the current flows through the body.

The death of a person caused by electric shock when electric current passes through the body is called

Fig 84 A socket. a plug and swtches Figs termal structure of a plug eiectrod
To prevent any such accident, we use safety devices or components in electrical connections.
Beside the plug and panel
circuit. Ihe
the
socket, a
switch is also needed.
of a switch Is made
it is an on/off key, which is used to open and close
of insulators to avoid electric shockS. The inner
aside s outer always up
maoe up or conducing matenais like Drass and is connected to the lve wire.
SAFETY COMPONENTs
Battery Electric Fuse
A Dattery i5 a
combination of two or more cels joined together in series via conducting wires.terminal
connected in such a way that the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the
The
cels
of
A fuse is a safety device which stops the supply or current in
are negative ase of overloading, short circuit or
the other cel. Just like cells, batteries are of two types-primary batteries which are designed to be used
protectine an electrirrierait fro voitage
once and discarded, and secondary batteries which are designed to be recharged and useda number of actually the weakect nart of the ei reaks
times.
the electric circuit in case of an overioad The ecial
Barteries made by connecting secondary cells are known as storage batteries or accumulators. Batteries the n e oint of which is lower than the metals whicn
are available in different sizes ranging from the button size used in watches to the larger ones used in cars are used to make conducting wires.
nd invertors.
When excess of curfrent iows through the circuit due to overload
or any other reason, the tuse wire gets hot and meits. This breaks
the circuit and prevents any overioading
Ause
aA D y of twD cels D)ABeey z thur teis

Fg 86 Bateries
Characteristics of a Fuse
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND SAFETY RULES
Ithas ashortlength wire with alow melting point. The fuse
equal amounts of lead and tin. it melts at about 200 "C.
wire is made of an alloy containing Never overload a power socket,
heat in the wires, which can resuit
loo many plugs in a soCKet will draw à lafEe current and generdte

Fuse wire has

in
overioading.
ahigher resistance and its temperature rises much faster than the connecting copper
wire in case of overloading
Never touch an eiectrical socket. You can receive an electric shock by doing so.

Replace old wiring.

he current rating of the fuse wire determines its thickness. More the current passing through it,
thicker s the
Do not touch electrical gadgets with wet hands. Lunous wind
wie Do not wet electrical appliances, plugs or sockets. Why should you not touch electrical
appliances with wet hands?
Thefuse ire s aways placed in the live
Shown in hgure.
wire at the entry point of the curret in series of a circuit as
Disconnect the appliance while cleaning it.

Peopie working with high voltage electrical equipments should wear rubber shoes. Rubber is an
nsuiator and Keeps thenm sare trom being electrocuted.

Do not touch electric poles, high voltage wires, etc. with your hands or any metal.
Curious Mind

porcelain casing Why is the melting point of fuse CONSERVATION OF ELECTRICITYY

lower than that of connecting
that use hundreds of
-fuse wire
wires Do you know the power plants to futfil our electricity needs all through
generators
the day? The production of electricity is an expensive affair in terms of the expenditure required for
setting up the power plants and production cost. The transmission is an equally expensive affair. If we do
not learn to conserve electricity, then a time might come when we would not get enough of it. Therefore,
Fo &9 ntermal structure of a se
t s very important that everyone iearns to conserve electricity every day.

ATuSe socket conssts ofisa connected

board and
porcelain casing and a porcelain grip. The porcelain casing is fixed to a wooden
to the live wire. The porcelain grip has fuse wire with appropriate
At Home
its terminal
current carrying capacity.
Turn oft the appliances when not in use.

lose doors when going out of the room or coming in when air conditoner is on.
in case of an overload, short circuit or voltage Muctuaton, the fuse wire melts and breaks the circuit. The
be re-estabilished by ataching fresh fuse wire to the porcelain grip ater the rectfication of the Use energy emcient bulbs like LED bulbs, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), fans and other
circuit
fault
can
appliances
In School
Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
Maxe sure that computer monitors are turned off when you leave the computer room.

These days, the use of miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) is quite popular in place Turn of the lignts and fans when you leave the classroom.
of traditonal fuses. They are actually switches which turn off on their own in
case the current in the circuit exceeds the safety limits. Simply turning them 'on'
revives the circuit. Stop and Reflect
State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false statements.
Earthing (Earth Wire) Fg 8 10 Minature
A live wire has been given the insulaton of black or blue colour.
Eu Dreaer (wB)
AS discussed Derore, all the eiectrical appliances like ovens, heaters and electri 2 A short circuit occurs when the live wire touches the neutral wire, providing an alternate path for
irons are provided with an earth wire. This is done so that if by chance the insulation tne current to iow
oT the appliance melts or gets damaged somehow, such that the bare live wire touches the metal casing.
tniog.
Electric fuse is the strongest part of the electric circuit.
then the person touching them will not receive a severe shock. By earthing we mean that the metallic
When toomany appliances are connected to a single socket, overloading takes place.
body of the appllance is connected to a thick Copper wire, the other end of which is buried deep into 4.
the earth. So in case the appliance gets short circuited, the current from it fiows into the earth without S. In households, the electricity is calculated in watt-hour (Wh).
harming the person touching it.

S3
STATIC ELECTRICITY Now the question arises that where does this charge come from? Ler's find out the answer to this question.

we know that any phenomenon associated with stationary or moving charges is termed as electricity Origin of Charges
here are two Kinds Or eiectricY-current electicity and tane
eectcy We know that atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons are positively charged,
word
The electricity has come from a Greek word elektron which means amber. Amber
fossilised resin found in trees.
is a kind of
electrons are
negatively charged and neutrons do not have any charge at al. In the normal state, an atom
contains equal number of protons and electrons, so it has no overall charge and is electrically neutral.
Electricity was discovered by a Greek philosopher Thales af Miletus, around 600 BC. He noticed that

amber when rubbed with wool develops a force which attracts tiny bits of paper. But he remained unclear An atom has two parts-an inner part and an outer part. The inner part is known as the or core

ot the atom. Ihe outer part conists of the orbits or shells. Protons and neutrons are present in the
nucieus

about the kind ot torce that was produced. nucleus and remain stationary due to strong forces of attraction. Electrons revolve around the nucleus
Later around 1600 AD, an English scientist William Gilbert who became the father of electricity gave a along circuiar patns in orbits. Inere can be n number of orbits depending upon the number of electrons
satstactory explanation about the force developed due to electricity on the amber, when rubbed with present in an atom.

wool
The number of electrons present in the outermost orbit of an atom are called valence electrons. It is
Current electricity is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. In other words, the movement of
charges across a conductor gives rise to current electricity. It is the kind of electricity which is responsible
because of the distance between the outermost orbit and the nucieus that the torce of attraction is very
weak amongst them. so the valence electrons can be easily knocked off and become free electrons by
for running Our electrical appliances. We have already discussed about this kind of electricity in class 7. moving about freely in the
substance
On the other hand, static electricity is caused by the build-up of charges on the surface of an object. The A body becomes electrically charged if there is any imbalance in the number of protons and electrons.
word static is used because the charges are at rest. The static charge is produced generally on the surface The charge on the body is positive if the number of protons exceeds the number of electrons. When the
of an insulator or a non-conductor. It is the result of an imbalance of charges in an object. We will discuss number of protons is less than the number of electrons, the charge on the body 5 negative.
about static electricity in this chapter in detail.
Due to the presence of charge on a body an electric field is produced in the region around it which can
exert an influence.
ELECTRIC CHARGES
Let's understand the concept of electric charges through the tollowing activity.

nutea

Activity 8.3
Aim: To understand electric charge
thin stream of water fows out of
Turn on a water tap such that a
it.
Take a comb and rub it through your dry hair or against a sweater. roton
NOW bring this charged comb near the stream of water and observe.

Observation: You will observe that the stream of water bends towards the comb.
g 8.11 Structure of an atom

In Activity 8.3 we observed that when a comb is rubbed through dry hair it attracts the thin stream of
water. If we bring the same comb near a few small bits of papers, we will nothce that it wi atract tne
Know Your Scientist
bits of paper. The force with which the comb attracts the water stream or bits paper is
of known as Charies
electrostatic force. This force exists between any two charged bodies.
Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806) wes
a French engineer and phycit who
Electrostatic force can be attractive
as well as repulsive. Thus we can say that the comb acquires an electric charge when itis rubbed through harsed bodies and the distance that separates them, known as Coulomb's law. The

hair. This charge is called electrostatic charge as it is not moving but is at the
rest on comb. he branch ot unit of charge is named in his honour,

physics that deals with the study of static charges, their behaviour with each other and the forces everted
by them is known as electrostatics.
 The Law of Electrostatic Aftraction and Repulsion Thus, we conclude the following.
Like charges repel each other A
We now know that there are two kinds of charges-positive and negative. The nature of charges can be 1 positively charged glass rod repels another
explained with the help of the following activity. posiively charged glass rod and similarly a negatively charged ebonite rod
repels another negativey charged ebonite rod. puion
Activity 8.4 2. Unlike charges atract each other A posítively charged g'ass rod artracts a

Aim: To understand the nature or charges negatively charged ebonte rod.

Materials required: Two glass rods, silk cloth, thread, These are the two postulates of the law of electrostatic atraction and repulsion.
two ebonite rods and fur
Procedure CONSERVATION OF CHARGES
Take a glass rod and rub it with silk dloth. Charge can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be transferred from one body to another. For
Suspend this rod freely with a thread. example, in ACVIy 8.4, hinauy w n o u t nvngruoed, tne g a 5 n e sur cotn dre neutra. E
uEa ass oes *ther
Aher beng nucbed wth sA. me
Now take another glass rod and rud t witn tne tract nor nepe ach oe neither attract nor repel each other. on rubbing the giass rod with sik Cotn, 5ome eiectrons, 1e. neganve
ilk cloth.
Bring these two rods together and obsenve.
charge is transterred trom the glass rod to
the slk cioth. Inis causes oss of eectrons in the glass rod and
Observation 1: The twO gass rods repel
hence,
apoithve charge
an equal amount
deveiops on t. AtT the same ime,
of negative charge. the
the sik ciotn gans tne eectros
ruDDed
and develops
rur, the
each other and move apart.
Similarty, when eoonite rod s
gains electrons and develops some negative criarge, and the rur develops an equal amount o
witn ebonite roo
posinve

charge by iosing eiectrons. two bodies by they

Then take an ebonite rod and rub it with fur. Theretore, when are crnarged rubDing. acquire equa and
opposite charges. Thus, it can be said that charges can neither be created not destroyed, they can only be
Suspend this rod freely with a thread.
transterred from one body to another.
Rub another ebonite rod with fur.
Bring this rod close to the suspended rod eutra ebonits rocs nether Aher beng rubped with ur, t
atract nor nepe each otne onte rods repel ech omer cONDUCTORS AND INsULATORS
and observe.
Observation 2: In this case also you will observe that the two Materials can be conductors or insulators on the basis of the Table 8.2: Some Conductors and
ebonite rods repel each other. number of tree electrons they have. Conductors are the materials insuiators
Keep the first ebonite rod suspended freely that aliow electrons to flow through them. This means they have
All metals are conductors.
Conducions lators
e e electrons. good
Now bring the glass rod rubbed with the silk cloth near the
ee r Omaterials or insulators are those which do not Aluminum Plantic a l e

suspended ebonite rod and observe.

o
nD
allow electrons to flow through them. That means they have Pape
Observation 3: This time you will observe that the two rods Kaabber
heureubDee o number of free electrons. Examples include cioth,
attract each other. C xreach otner
y Sma
ruDoer, piastic and woOd. some insulators like glass have a uver Glass

Conciusion tendency to Bve up Lead Silk

There are two types of charges- positve and negative. electrons ana Decome posivey cdg
Whereas some insulators like rubber have a tendency to c e p t
Like charges repel whereas unlike charges atract each other eiectrons and Decome neganvely
cnalga
In Actvity 8.4, the two glass rods or the two ebonite rods repelled each other when brought close. Since
Sometimes when you walk across a carpet and touch a metal
doorknob, you receive electric shock. It
happens because most of the carpets are made ot nylon or w0ol and these substances tend to gve away
an

both the glass rods

ebonite rods
were
rubbed with slk cloth,
acquired the same charge
hence
both of them acquired the samecharge Ssmiary
rubbing
on with fur. We also observed that when the
their electrons, hence becoming positively charged. Shoes or the
slippers on other hand nave ruboer s0es
which have a tendency to accept electrons. The rubber soles puill
electrons from the carpet when we
the two

ciose to the charged ebonite rod, both the rods attracted each other. This
can
walk across it. A large amount of charge builds up due to rubbing of our feet against the carpet. These
rod was brougnt
charged gla55
happened because both of them have opposite charges. Comventionally, the glas rod which was rubbed
with slk cloth acquired positive charge and the ebonite rod which was rubbed with fur acqured negaive
electrons stay on the surface of our body. When we touch
from our body to the conductor and we receive a shock
a conductor like doorknob, the electrons flow
a

charge.
 s Mind Attracts/Does not
Shivam hi
unous Object ubbed with
Charged/Neutral
suspendsis two harge
two balk ataHm
Anow the nature of charge on them. So he a b i t s of paper

krae
the diagrams given below. Choose the correct option to predict the nature of charge on each bal.
Halloou Polyttene bag dry a
silk doth swwater

Plastic rule Dry hair, sweater

H)
A-Negative, B-Pouthe C-Pothve, Ebenite ro ur
egate A- . *a "Na
Glass rod Sulk cioth
CHARGING AN OBJECT
Metal rod Poiytbene bag sweate
An electricaly neutral object can be charged by the following methods
Charging by friction (or rubbing)
Triboelectnc >a
Cnarging y conduction By rubbing ditferent materials against each
other and then testing their interactios Most positively charged () Ai
Charging by induction
objects of known charge, these materiale Human sk
Rabbits fu
Charging by Friction
can be arranged in a series of their aftinity
When we rub a balloon against our hair, both of them become charged and
for electrons, Such a series is known as Human ar

triboelectric serles. Materials on top of the

atract each
t
otherinThis is theofmethod of charging object an
free electrons between the two bodies that
by rubbing or
series have greater tendency to acquire
rction. resuits transfer positlve charge, for example, air, whereas Steel (No dharpe)

dre ruboed Ogetner. in the above example, the rubber balloon has greater materials at the bottom have a greater
Wood (wmal negiae oha9)

amnity tor ree electronsandthan hair As a result, the balloon puls these tendency to acquire negative charge like balioon
eetrons trom the rair becomes negatively charged, leaving the hair
poivey charged. Thus, we conclude that if we charge a neutral object by ebonite. old Piatinum

ruDDing t with another body, then the object acquires a charge which is equal 9 n a r g n g Oy
rubber

Most negatively charged

nagnitude and opposite in nature to the charge developed on the other
body
hiction Charging by Conduction
We can also charge an electrically neutral object by touching it with

charged object. Charging by conduction involves the transfer of charge

Activity 8.S from an electrically charged object to an electrically neutral object by
Aim: To observe whether a neutral
makinga contact. This is also known as charging by contact.
body can be charged by friction or not
Materials required: A A charged body either contains exCess of electrons or nas
balloon, eraser, plastic ruler, ebonite rod, glass rod, metal rod, steel spoon, sweater, oenciency O
Silk cloth, Tur and a electrons. When a negatively charEed rod havng excess or
polythene bag
Procedure brought in contact with an insulated neutral conducting sphere, sorme
electrons
electrons flow from the rod
to the sphere. The sphere
ake the Dalioon, eraser, plastic ruler, ebonite rod, glass rod and metal rod. You
to the list.
can add more items
electrons and thus
gains extra
becomes negatively charged too. The amount of
NOW rub these with
charge gets equally divided between the rod and the sphere.
objects diferent materialis like woollen sweater, silk cloth, polythene bag, dry
nay, etc. and Dring them close to small bits of paper. Similarly, if a positively charged rod is brought in contact with a neutral thergng
Note your observations in the given table. conducting sphere, the electrons Tiow from the sphere to the rod 13

Chargng by conducto
158
 which is dencient in electrons. Hence the neutral sphere aiso acquires Note

a positive charge by losing electrons. Thius,used

the for
neutral object acquires Stop and Reflect
the same
nature of charge as the
object charging possesses. nang conducon withasik cloth. The gjass becomes positively charged. In this
The magnitude of charge also remains the same. LAphysics
cOntekt,
teacher rubsa glass object
mak tne satements
which are
insuiator cannot be charged
through this process.
true.
Charging by Induction (a) The glass gained protons during the rubbing process
(b) The silk cloth becomes negatively charged during this process.
t s aso possible to charge conductor without making any physical
a
contact with the charging body A
conductor. The end of the conductor (c) Once charged in this manner, the giass object and the silk cioth will attract each other
body carryinga charge brought close to uncharged
the
very is an near

charging body acquires aischarge

neutral
of opposite nature due to the property of attraction. The charge
said to be the induced charge. Thus, induction is a method of
(a) in general, all glass materials have a greater ahnity for electrons than
silk
acquired by the body chargingan
uncharged conductor just by bringing a charged body in close vicinity but not making any physical contact
2. Ametal sphere is electrically neutral. Itis touched by a positively charged metal rod. As a result, the
5pnere oecomes poaiuveiy cnarged. Which or the rolowing Occurts) dunng the process?
with the uncharged body
(a) The metal sphere gains extra protons.
method. For
conducting neutral sphere with
Lets learn how a neutral Abody gets charged by thisis this a an
(6) Electrons are transterred from the sphere to the rod.
insulatingrodstand is taken. negatively charged rod brought near the conducting sphere. This negativery
a force of repulsion on the electrons at the nearer end. The electrons are thus repelled (C) he metal sphere gains electrons.
charged exerts
o tne (d) The overall charge remains conserved.
otner sioe or the conouetor.since tne overalorconouetorand
at the side near the rod. inus
is
neutral, same amount or
takes
positve charges
Now the
appear separaon posive neganve Cnarges piace. A posinively charged balloon is brought near a neutral conducting sphere as shown below. While
sIde with negaive cna'ge s grounded ether by toucning a nnger or connectng t to the grouna, tne
the baloon is near, the sphere is touched with a hnger. At this point, there is a movement of
row to tne grouna. t s ar this point that spnere acquires a Cnage. Rs eectrons nave
eiectrons w
ert the spnere, t
the
acquires aposive charge. in a simiar manner, we can inaue negaive cna"ge on an
the electrons. Electrons move
(a) from the sphere to the ground.
by bringing a rod near the rod is moved away from the sphere,
ancharged body posifively charged it. Once (b) from the balloon to the
he excess positive charBe redistributes itself throughout the sphere. sphere
(c) from ground to balloon through the

sphere spnere.
(d) from balloon to sground through the sphere.

We have learnt the various methods of charging an electrically neutral object. Now the next step is to test
Fg 814
Charging by inducton whether the object has been charged or not and if yes, then what is the nature of the charge acquired by
Thus in charging by induction the charged object never makes any contact with the uncharged body and t This can be done by using an electroscope.
the object belng charged develops a charge of opposite nature as that on the charged bod.

Table 8.3: Differences between Charging by Conduction and Charging by Induction

ELECTROScOPE
h a r i n E hy knduction An electroscope is a device that is used for detection of smal Enlighten Your Mind
amount of charge ona body. It also gives information about
The charged boty makes a contact with the The charged body never makes any contact with the
The hrst electroscope was invented
the nature of charge, ie., positive or negative. However, an
uncthargrd ouy unchargrd body and estimation of n weam Gilbert
electroscope gives only a rough qualitative
The uncharged hody arquires the charge of the same The uncharged body acquires the charge of the the magnitude of charge on a body. To get a better quantitative
oPposite nature as that on the charged body
nafure as tihat on the charged boay measure of charge, we use electrometers. The most widely useed
electroscopes are as follows.
Eetrons thow betwwen the two bodies. No eleetrons fow between the two bodies.
n e teely r e t a i s charge or aongr rathon 'Charge s itduced e n o r a r uniess the body (o) Pth-ball electroscope
evern affer the rrimovat o t e boy a s e is earthed (b) Gold-leaf electroscope
107

To0
161
Pith-ball Electroscope when a positively charged conductor is brought in contact with the

Pith-ball electroscope consists of a pith-ball suspended with a silk thread orass discto o the eiectroscope, the electrons from the brass disc start
from an insulating stand
owingdisc posiively
the eiectron dehcient
This
conductor. Thisisprocess
then
leaves the
To find whether a body is charged or brass charged. positve charge on to passed
uncharged, we bring the body close to body
the pith-ball without touching the bal. if the pith-ball shows any movement, the lower endtheofsame
eaves
the brass rod and the metallic leaves. Since both the
each other and
carry charge, they repel diverge.
then the body is charged. On the other hand, if the ball remains stationary when negatively charged rod
the body is uncharged. Similarly,
he
a touched to the brass disc,
goid ieaves acquire negave charge and again
is

TO ind whether a body is positvely charged or negatively charged, we diverge

charge the pth-ball either positive or negative by the method of conduction. Charging an Electroscope
NOw bring the body whose charge is to be identified near the pith-ball. if
An electroscope can be charged either by conduction or induction. The 987
the pith-0al moves tOwards the body, they have opposite charges. (if the Detecbon
n a body
of chage
pitn-ball is positively charged then the body is negatively charged and v i c e 9 515 Pithbal electroscope only difference in charging between the two methods is that during

versa.)C ne other hand, if the prth-ball moves away from the body, they charging by conduction, the brass disc and the leaves both acquire the same charge as that on the charging
induction, the brass disc and the leaves acquire charges of opposite nature
have same charges. body, whereas in charging by
as that on the charging body.

Gold-leaf Electroscope Charging by conduchon: Take a

positvely charged glass rod (rubbed
against sil) and Dring t n contact with the brass disc of the electroscope

Gold-ieaf electroscope was developed by Britsh physicist Abraham

Bennet in 1787. It consists of a glass bell jar fitted with an insulated
od
suated ince tne the
ro0 s posievely charged, there s a deiciency of eiectrons. In
the brass disc tiow to the
piug made of cork at its mouth. A thin metallic rod usually of brass this case, electrons from glass rod(Fg.8.18).
passes through the cork into the glass jar. The upper end of the brass hs causesthetobrass disc toofget posithvely chargedwhich
Is
The inpositve charge
rod which lies outside the jar carries a small brass cap or a disc, where distributed the leaves the electroscope, turn become
wr posively charged. Ine eaves diverge due to tne property or repulsion.
the charge to be tested is applied. The lower end of the rod which is
inside the jar carries two thin metallic leaves hanging parallel to each A Similar phenomenon can be observed when a negatively charged rod
s brought in contact with the electroscope.
other. In earlier electroscopes, these leaves were made of gold, that
ol stres
is how the electroscope got its name, gold-leaf electroscope. These Charging by induction: Bring a positvely charged glass rod ciose to the
leaves are very sensitive even to small distribution of charge, for brass disc of the electroscope (Fig. 8.19). The electrons in the brass disc Fig 8 18 Charginga
nsulated iectroscope by conduction
example, the charge induced on a comb that has been passed through feel the force of attraction, thus, electrons accumulate on the brass cap.
dry hair can be easily detected by them. Due to the induction of negative charge on the brass cap.
g16
Agold-leaf eiectroscope the positve charge develops on the metallic leaves. Since
The leaves in the jar are often surrounded by grounded metal plates or
both the leaves carry identical charges, they diverge. Now
foil strips attached to the inner surface of the jar. These are used to protect the ieaves from any damage f we earth the brass disc in the presence of the posiflvel
When the electroscopes in use, these plates are connected to the ground. in case o an excessive now or

charge through the leaves, the leaves dhverge and touch the metal plates and the excess of charge ows chargea gla5s roa, the posive cnage ecuuiatea on t h
eves
to the ground. The leaves are enclosed in a glass jar so as to protect them against air drag. The whole tekes a e o e B
arrangement rests on an insulated base usualy made of wood.
gain.
Now "he poey charge
orass
e dieteibutes and the leaves acquire a negative charge
Detection of Charge on a Body by Gold-leaf Electroscope
Thus the charge of opposite nature is establishedon the
in contact with the brass disc of the the leaves
Whenever a charged body is brought of
electroscope,
the electroscope get charged and diverge due to repulsion. This is the principle behind the detechon of
leaves by this method.

To establish a positive charge on the leaves, Dring à

g
charge by an electroscope. aging eosope ynocu
egatively charged rod in close vicinity of the brass disc.

162 163
 Charge lde ntitication by an Electroscop
Now take the object to be tested and touch the ends of the object to the brass discs of both the
electroscopes simultaneously.
Take a
negatvely charged electroscope. Now touch the test conductor to the brass disc of the electroscope.
the metallic leaves of the electroscope diverge further, then this indicates that the test conductor
f the same nature. In other words, the test conductor is
Observation and Conclusion

e ageor negatively charged. But if the leaves

of the electroscope come dioser or collapse, then the test conductor carries the charge of opposite nature the ojecti5the
aconductor, it transfer charge, i.e., chargesfrom one electroscope fow through
can

other electroscope. Thus the leaves of the initally uncharged electroscope also
to
or it is positvely charged. The same test can be performed using a positively charged conductor. the obyect
diverge.

the object is insulator, it will not allow any charge to flow through it. Hence, the leaves of the
an

uncharged electroscope will not diverge.

STATIC CHARGES IN ATMOSPHERE: LIGHTNING

thunderstorm, often hear loud noise of
During a we a

thunder and see a bluish-white flash of light in the

SY. Kave you ever wonderedis what thesebutareanand how
electric
Metalic eaves diverpe Ee *v*s collapse
ey ae causeor gnting nothingcaused the
by
owng ha he est conoueio "
onductor is negatvely thage s postvely cherged
rful o
o cBes in ne ciouos. t is the most
g 820
Charge identhcabon by a negatvely charged
golid-ie al electrosCope p a y etrostenicsin nature. >xiennsts
stanc electric ary
charses andh u within the

cloud. Generallye the io w e p a t or the cioud carres

conouctor
e negative carries the
positive charges. Sinre the pat
the
n uaror,
accumulated charges do not
Fig 822 Lghtning
amount of charge gets accumulatedinside the cioud,
cioud,
nsulating property of the air he
an electric discharge takes place between two clouds carrying opposite carges
e charges orr
o between
between aa charged
cioud and the ground. This produces streaksof briehe
e e in
the form of lightning. Thus
Positiveily lightning isa igh energy electric
high discharge
discharge that taie
that takes place in the atmosphere. ightning can heat the
charge Surrounding air to over 25,000-30,000 "C. Due
ueto nis, the surrournding air expands rapidly and generates
ectroscope
conductor positively charged nevy hare an immense shockwave that we hear as thunder.
921 Charge ibentcaton by
a postvely charged
gold-ea" eiectrocope Since the speed of ight is so tast, ightning De
aimost instantly, However, sound traveis only
can een
Klometre in
Enlighten Your Mind
Activity 8.66 3 seconds. t means that if you hear thunder9
you see lightning, the ghtning s about S kilometres away, I
seconds after
Eiectric discharge can be observed
Aim: To differentiate between conductors and insulators with the heip of an electroscope
you see 6htning and thunderstorm together that means the
Materials required: A charged electroscope, uncharged electroscope and object to be tested
eButomobile
BnC o03e electric
Procedure
storm is right on top of you and you should seek shelter.
plugs. p
Take
two electroscopes, one charged and the other
uncharged. Remember that the gold leaves
remain collapsed in the
uncharged electroscope, and diverged in the charged electroscope.

165
 Benjamin Frankilin's Experiment
Lightning Conductors
Benjamin Franklin was an American scientist who conducted an experiment in 1749 and concluded that the During rainy season, the roofs of tall buildings become wet
and
CIouds acquire an eectne
cha act as conductors ot electricity. An electric discharge
Franklin took a kite made up of silk and hxed ametal
wir
of about 30 cm at the top corner of the kite He ionah
can aso tare place between a charged cioud and a tall
building Therefore, to protect tal buildings from damage
other end of the wire to the string. He ted a metal key during lghthing, devices called lightning conductors àre

andthen asilk stripinsulating

at the lower end of the string. The silk is long metal rod
handle. Franklin flew the kite ed on top
them. Aghtning conductor ahas
stnp acted as an
durning the thunderstorm. xed on
ot the buiding. its upper
end spikes, while spes
the lower end is connected to a copper plate with the help
of were obtained
He observed that mumber
a
sparks
between his knuckie and the key when the string got wet
ofheconductng
earth.
wire. The copper plate is buried deep inside

Franklin condluded that the douds

acquire charge due to During thunderstorm, when a negatlively charged cloud
rietion during the thunderstorm. The charge acquired by the clouds flows through the metal wire and the ll buldng
with a lightning conductor,it
wet string to the meta key The knutkie on coming in contact with the key acquires an opposite charge by passes overa
building
induces an opposite charge on the pointed spikes of the
induction. As a result, the spark occurs between the unlike charges of the key and the knuckle.
rod by induction. Since the opposite charges atract,

the charges on the cloud will get discharged through the

983
Safety Measures to be Followed during Lightning spikes of the lightning conductor into the ground without Aghthng conductor
damaging the building.
s
Abotoflightning can bedeadly, it really 5o
should follow during lightning are as follows.
important to be safe. Some of the safety measures that we

Out of the house Stop and Reflect

Do not stand under a tree. If the tree gets struck by lightning and catches fire, you can be harmed. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F1. Correct the false statements
D o not remain in an open place. Take shelter inside a building ora parked vehicie with allits doors A n electroscope gives qualitatve as well as quanbtative measure of charge on a body.
and windows closed. But take leaves of gold-leaf electroscope are enclosed glass jar so protect them against
a shock.
care not to touch the metallic trame or the venicie eseyou nay 5
2The
arag
a in a as to air

5.
y o u are in an open ground with no place to take shelter, squat down with your feet together and
The lower part of thunde rcioud carries positve charges, while the upper part carries negatve
cnarges.
a

only let your feet touch the ground.

We should place when lightning strikes.
* Do not go on the terrace or root of any tall bulding 4.5. remain in an open
A lightning conductor is a long metal rod fxed on top of a tall building.
Stay away from all water bodies (rivers, ponds, lakes and swimming pools).
Do not carry an umbrella to an open ground.

Inside the house cabulary

D o not operate any electrical appliances like TV and
urious s Mind Electricity: The flow of electric charge through a conductor
computer.
Why is it dangerous to take a shower Power The electrical energy consumed per unit time by an electrical appliance
Do not use a corded telephone. during a thunderstormr
A safety device whose function is to prevent electric hazards
Stay away from doors and windows, and keep them shut. Fuse
Switch: An On/or key used for closing and opening the circut
Do not take a shower during a thunderstorm and do not make contact with running water or
Battery The combinaton of two or more cells joined together using the conducting wires in a
metalic tap.
way that the positve terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the
ner cell

167
Overioading n e situanon wnere the circunt draws a arEe àmount of current trom the mains,
causing heating of the connecihg wifes and dircult The ive wire carries the electrical current supplied by the source to the electrical applances.

Short circuit When the live wire touches the neutral wire, providing an alternate path for the The neutral wire completes the circuit by returning the electricity to the source after it has passed
current to now throug through the appliance. itis identfhed by blue or black colour.

Current electricity The flow of charge through a conductor The earth wire has no current flowing through it. it is uSualy of green or yellow colour.

Home appliances are connected

Static electricity The build-up of charges on the surface of an object
flow
to the electric supply with the helg of plugs and
sockets.
Electrostac Tofce the force present between any two charged bodies The electrons
conductor
negativelyin charged
from ais deficient conductor which rich in electrons to a posithvely
is

electrons, therefore the direction of the actual flow of current

vaence electrons: he total number of electrons present in the outermost orbit of an atom charged which
is from negative terminal to positive terminal.
Conductors The materials that allow the electrons to flow through them
takes
The materias that do not aliow the electrons to flow through them
Overioading place where the circuit draws
heating of the connecting wires and circuit.
a large amount of current from the mains, causing
Insulators
Triboelectrc 3eie n e series wnich arranges the materals on the basis of their atnity tor electrons When the live wire touches the neutral wire, providing an alternate path for the current to flow
Charging by triction: The transfer of free electrons taking place between the two bodies that are rubbed through, short circuit occurs.

together
The fuse hasa special wire, the melting point of which is lower than the metals which are used to
make the conducting
charging by conduction: The method of charging the uncharged body by bringing t in contact with the wires
charged body The fuse is always placed in the live wire at the entry point of current in the series in a circuit.

Charging by induction: The method of charging an uncharged conductor by bringing a charged body in close Electricity is of two types-current electricity and statc electricity
viinity without making any physical contact between the two bodies
tiectroscope: A devce that s used tor detecton of smal amount of charge on the body
When two objects are rubbed together, both charged equally but with the charges of opposite
are
SIgns. Ihe sum ot the charges on both the objects before and ater rubbing remains the same.

A high enerEy eiectric discharge that takes place in the atmosphere An atom consists of electrons, protons and neutrons. The eiectrons are negathvely charged, the
ugntning protons are positvely charged and the neutrons have no charge.
A long metal rod fxed top of the building to it from damage during
Lignthing conductor: ghts
on protect
in an atom, equal number of electrons and protons are present, making t neutral,

he eiectrons revolve around the nuceus in the certain orbits. The electrons present in the valence
Ouick Review sne are ioosely Dound wtn the nucieus and are ree to move.
When two objects are rubbed together, the free electrons are transferred from one object to the
Eectricity pays avital role in our ives. We use electricity to do various actviies such as to light our
house, cook food, watch television, run computer and listen to music
anotner.

Mathematically, power can be calculated using the gven formula. Like charges repel and unlike charges atract each other
A body having deficit electrons is said to be positively charged whereas a body with excess electrons
Electrical EneEy 5 termed as negatvely charged.
Time
The Si unit of power is wat (w. An object can be charged by friction, conduction and induction.
an eectrical appllance consumes electrical energy of one joule in one second, its power is said
when
to be one wan
infriction, the transfer of free electrons takes place between the two bodies that are rubbed together.
in conduction, the uncharged body 1s charged by bringing it in contact with the charged body.
One klowatt-hour of the electrical energy is consumed if an instrument with power ratng of one
n inducnon, charging an uncharged conductor takes place just by bringing a charged body in ciose
kilowatt is used for one hour
vicinity but not making any physical contact with the uncharged body.
nergy consumed (kWh) = Power (kW) * Time
The two most widely used eiectroscopes are pith-ball electroscope and gold-leaf electroscope.
Electricity is the movement of charges through a body, and the flow of electric charges due to the
movement of free electrons is called the electric current. Ahigh enerEy electric discharge that takes place in the atmosphere due to the accumulaton of
charges in the clouds is known as lightning
The cables used in the house circuit has three wires-live wire, neutral wire and earth
wire
168 169
 3. MCB stands for
EXERCISES miniature current breaker (D) miniature current blocker

(c) miniature circuit breaker mintature circuit DioCker

BE PROMPT 1W=
a
A. Fill in the 1U5 11s (C) 17s
blanks d 4.2Js
which of these is not true for an
The wire has no current howing througn .
la)
atom
An atom consists of three parts.
-electricity is produced due to flow of electrons.
(b) The nucleus of an atom comprises of protons and neutrons.
3. A tuse wire should have low
(c) The electrons revolve around the nucleus along eilliphcal paths in orbits.
4. When the number of protons is lesser than the number of electrons, the charge on the body
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Conductors have
An ebonite rod rubbed with fur becomes
charged. (a) no tree eiectrons (b) a few number of free electrons.
6. Charging by conduction is als0 known as
(Calage humber of free protons. (d) alarge number of free electrons.
a object is charged by fricton, it acquires the
when neutral
that on the other
charge of 1ature a which of the following is not a method of charging an electrically neutral body?
bod Fricion Londucnon c ) convection ( d ) Induction
8. In charging by Inducion method, the charge acquired by the neutral object is said to be 8. Which of these is not true about a thundercioud?
charge
(a) Charges within a thundercioud get separated due to water vapour
An . s
used tor detechon of small amount of charge
*vetnat on a body (b) A thundercloud carries static charges.
10. The metallic leaves of a
gold-leat electroscope very- are even to small distribuion
of charge. cne upper part of the cloud positve charges.
carries
(d) The lower part of the cloud carries negatve charges.
sangh enertEY eiectric discharge that takes place in the atmosphere.
D. Match the columns.
- -aog metal rod nxed on top of the
building Column A Column B
B. State whether the following statements are true () or false (F). Correct the false statements.
T h e earth and neutral wires have no current 1Electricalenergy Kilowatt
flowing through them. wire (D) Kilowatt hour
2. The fuse has a thin wire whose
meiting point is lower than the melting point of the metals used to . Eiectrical power
make the conductng Wires.
Blue

. When an electrically charged body comes in contact with an

4 tarth wire (d) Megajoule
electrically neutral body, there is no 5. 1 unit of electricity (e) Brown
transfer of charge between them.
6. Neutral wire () Green
. Aneutral atom contains unequal number ot protons and electrons.
h e number of eiectrons SHORT AND PRECISE
present in the innermost orbit of an atom are called valence
electrons.
6. A glass rod acquires positlve A Show the following processes in the form of flowcharts.
charge on rubbing with silk cloth.
7. An electroscope ves informahon about the electrons only. 1. Chargng an oDject
8. One shouid not use a corded
Charge identffcation by an electrOcope
teie phone during a thunderstorm.

Choose the correct option. B G v e o a s o n s ror the

. m a n y appliances are connected to a

toilowing statements.
singie socket, this may iead valence eiectrons can be easily knocked off and
a) overioading (D) short circuit
- to

we
ne recerve an electric shockif walk
become free.
(Cvoitage uctuation (d) electrocution we across a carpet and touch a metallic object.
2. A fuse Wire is made
o- . t advised to stay away trom metallic objects during a thunderstorm.
) copper and hn 4. When gass is rubbed with silk, t becomes
(6) lead and tin positvely charged.
(c) copper and lead 5. Lightning process is an example of electrostancs
(d) aluminium and copper in nature.

6. The fuse wire is always placed at the entry point of current in the series ina circuit.

171
 8. Explain the iaw of electrostatic attracton and repusion in detail with the help of an actvity
. What is electric current? What is its directton of flow in an electrical circuit? SWhat are the different methods of charging an object? Explain each.
2. When does a short circuit occur? 10. What s an electroscope? Explain the structure of a gold-leaf electroscope.
3. Dehne power and give its units
11. Explain how a gold-leaf eiectroscope is used for detecton of charge on a body.
4. Menton the colour code used for household wiring.
12. Write a note on pith-ball electroscope.
S.What s the nature of charge on eiectrons, protons and neutrons?
15. Discuss the diferent ways of charging an electroscope.
. What s a tnboelectric series?
14. What is ightning ? Mention the precautions we should take during lightning
What do you mean by charging by contact?
3. what is a ghtning conductor? How does it protect a tall builiding against lghtn ing?
8. Whatis the nature of charge on a test conductor which when touched to the brass disc of a positively
cnargeo electroscope resus in dnvergence or the metailicieves?
Solve the following numericals.
9, How does electricity generated at the power stahons reach our homes?
10. How can we charge an object by friction? Avacuum cieaner is rated at 650 wat. How much electrical energy will t consume in 13 days ftis
GO.3 nours aaiy
Calculate the electricity bill of a house which has S bulbs of 60 watt each, 4 fans of 80 watt each,
AT LENGT
u waacn one cooiro wa ano one Eeyser 0 wa ese ppiane
A. Explain the following terms. daly and the bill to be generated for the month of October. Take the cost of
1 unit of electricityursas
is

1. Electrical power 2. Short circuit Earthing

4. Eectrostaics Electroscope Lightning conductor
0BSERVE AND PERFORM
1ldentity the nature of charge developed on the conducting sphere in each of the following cases.
8. Differentiate between the folowing.
Static electricity and current electricity
Live wire and neutral wire
3. Conductors and insulators
n a n g Dy conduchon and charging by induchon

Read the given passage and identihy the incorrect parts.

When two objects are rubbed together, both are charged equaly but with the charges of same siens. he
2. The following metallic sphere is being charged by_
sum ot the cnarges on botn the ooectsoeore n o rerruonE e s o
protons and neutrons elertronsand protons are present, making it
negatively
ged. The protons revolve around the nucleus in certain orbits. The electrons present in the valence (C)
shell are tighty bound with the nucleus and are free to move.
3 Label the live. neutral and earth wires in the gven diagram.
D. Answer in detail.
1. What is electric power? Give its unit. Explain how the electricity consumed by an electrical appliance
Can be caiculated. to mains

2. Electricity can be dangerous if not used safely. Explain.

3. wnat 5 a Tuser How does it prevent eiectrical appliances from any damage?

4. Write any five safery measures that should be adopted while handling electrical appliances
5. How can we conserve electricity?
6. Write the characteristics of a fuse and how it is placed in an electric circuit.

7. Explain origin of charges.