by Anri Doda

Thermal Bridging in Rainscreen Cladding

A simple rainscreen cladding support system

typically consists of ‘helping hand’ brackets. These
are the backbone of any rainscreen cladding system
and are fixed to the substrate at set vertical and
horizontal separations. A layer of insulation is then
fixed to the substrate, and where the brackets are
placed they penetrate directly through the
insulation, forming what it is called a “Point Thermal
Bridge”. Aluminium ‘L’ and ‘T’ profiles are inserted
into the brackets, lined, levelled and fixed. A
ventilated layer behind the external façade material
ensures the risk of condensation is minimised as well
as dissipating solar gain in the building.
One of our recent projects included five mixed-use
medium rise buildings. Commercial units occupy the
lower levels, together with amenity space including
outdoor landscaped podium areas and some
residential units. The upper levels are residential
use. The development consists of 467 residential
units (planning use class C3); including a proportion
of discount market rent units and circa 2000m2 of
flexible commercial/community space (use classes
A1/A3) in new buildings ranging from 2 to 17
storey’s in height.
Figure 1 - Rainscreen cladding

Due to the Climate Change Act 2008 (CCA), the government introduced a policy for all new homes to
be constructed to meet a zero carbon standard from 2016 onwards. This means that the average U-
value for new construction elements nowadays is 0.13 - 0.18 W/(m2*K). Our limiting value for this
project is 0.15W/(m2*K), which can be quite challenging for a rainscreen cladding.

If thermal bridging (see my Blog no. 1 for definition) weren’t to be considered the overall U value
for the rainscreen cladding, shown above, would be U = 0,11 W/(m2*K). However, that would be
incorrect.

The correction (ΔU) for thermal bridging must be applied to this value according to additional
elements composing the rainscreen cladding:

 Mechanical Fasteners fixing the Rockwool Duo slab;

 Air gaps;
 Studs within SFS wall cavity (whether that is composed of air cavity or filled with insulation);
 Additional aluminium channels penetrating through the insulation;
 Aluminium Brackets (Point Thermal Bridge);

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Thermal bridging tends to be especially significant in well-insulated buildings. Different studies carried
out, have measured that thermal bridge heat loss generally represents around 30% of the primary
energy consumption of a low-energy building. This is so significant that it can easily overcome the
demand of solar hot water. The percentage of energy consumption increases further if we consider
the cold bridging in rainscreen cladding systems. Discussions with one manufacturer of mineral fibre
insulation have shown that in some cases the point thermal bridges represent up to 50% - 60% of the
total energy consumption of the building.

A Point Thermal Bridge happens where there is a point penetration of the insulation layer, such as a
fixing or a steel post or beam. Unlike linear thermal bridge [psi-value ()], these need to be calculated
three-dimensionally. A three-dimensional calculation (conforming to EN 10211 and BR 497) allows us
to determine the additional heat loss at the point thermal bridge measured by the point thermal
transmittance [Chi-value ()].
For the residential project mentioned above (Figure 1), the wall comprises of an SFS solution, an
external wall infill that forms a secondary, lightweight structure, fixed onto the primary super-
structure. To be more precise, our solution is a hybrid light steel-frame construction, where some
insulation is fixed between the steel studs and further insulation is placed on the outside of the studs
to reduce thermal bridging through the steel. The insulation chosen between the SFS is a typical
Rockwool Flexi slab and outside of this, Rockwool Duo Slab has been chosen. More details about the
building materials composing the rainscreen cladding can be found in the following table:
Table 1 – Building materials composing a typical rainscreen cladding

Thickness Lambda R
Manufacturer Name
[m] [W/[m*K)] [m2*K/W]
Rse 0.1300
1 BS EN 12524 Aluminium alloys 0.0030 160.000 0.0000
2 BS EN ISO 6946 Well ventlated air layer 0.0500 0.000 -
3 Rockwool Ltd Rainscreen Duo-Slab (100-150mm) 0.2000 0.035 5.7143
Fixings Plastic insulation anchors No./m2. 2.5/m2 0.500 -
equivalent diameter: 0.01m
Air gaps Level 1: dU'=0.01 W/(m2K)
4 Inhomogeneous material layer consisting of: Ø 0.674 0.0742
4a Rockwool Ltd Rainscreen Duo-Slab (50-75mm) 99.60% 0.034 -
Fixings Plastic insulation anchors No./m2. 2.5/m2 0.500 -
equivalent diameter: 0.01m
Air gaps Level 1: dU'=0.01 W/(m2K)
4b BS EN 12524 Aluminium alloys 0.40% 160.000 -
5 BS EN 12524 Cement-bonded particleboard 0.0120 0.230 0.0522
6 Light steel-frame consisting of: 0.1000 Ø 0.138 0.7250
6a Rockwool Ltd Flexi (50-120mm) 600mm wide 99.80% 0.038 -
Air gaps Level 1: dU'=0.01 W/(m2K)
6b BS EN 12524 Steel 0.20% 50.000 -
7 BS EN 12524 Polyethylene 0.15mm 0.0002 0.170 0.0009
8 BS EN 12524 Gypsum plasterboard 0.0250 0.250 0.1000
Rsi . 0.1300

The BRE Digest 465 gives an approved simplified method to assess the U-values of a light steel-frame
construction. Three different types of brackets were used to analyse the point thermal bridges effects:
 Aluminium brackets;
 Aluminium brackets with chi-gaskets;
 Stainless steel brackets;
 ‘Thermo’ brackets;

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The below tables show how the U-value for the rainscreen cladding would vary for various number of
cladding support brackets per square metre. The table shows the effect of the number of brackets on
U-value for various thicknesses of insulation in front of the cement particle board (CP board).
To simplify the analysis the space between the cladding and the CP board has been kept at a constant
300mm depth. This allowed us to use the same size brackets for all cases. It must be borne in mind
in mind that different cavities with different size brackets and different thicknesses of insulation will
result in different point thermal bridges (chi-values) - a time-consuming exercise in 3 dimensional
analysis!
Aluminium brackets
Table 2 - Thermal performance of the rainscreen cladding with aluminium brackets

Thermal Transmittance [W/[m2K)]

Aluminium based on
Brackets thickness of insulation
Number of
180mm 200mm 220mm 240mm 260mm 280mm 300mm
Brackets/storey
1 0.1627 0.1500 0.1394 0.1305 0.1228 0.1160 0.1102

2 0.1787 0.1660 0.1554 0.1465 0.1388 0.1320 0.1262

3 0.1907 0.1780 0.1674 0.1585 0.1508 0.1440 0.1382

4 0.2027 0.1900 0.1794 0.1705 0.1628 0.1560 0.1502

5 0.2147 0.2020 0.1914 0.1825 0.1748 0.1680 0.1622

If for instance we need 4 brackets per storey, a minimum of 300mm insulation is required to satisfy
the initial requirement of 0.15 W/(m2*K). This would also increase the cavity behind the aluminium
panels in order to allow an air space.
Aluminium brackets + chi-gaskets
The Chi-Gasket is a component system allowing rainscreen installations to benefit from the low
thermal conductivity values associated with aerogel (synthetic amorphous silica) insulants to reduce
thermal bridging within the design. It offers superior thermal performance at reduced profile
thickness compared to other insulation solutions. Results from the analysis are shown below:

Table 3 - Thermal performance of the rainscreen cladding with aluminium brackets + chi-gaskets

Aluminium Thermal Transmittance [W/[m2K)]

Brackets + chi- based on
gaskets thickness of insulation
Number of
Brackets/storey 180mm 200mm 220mm 240mm 260mm 280mm 300mm
1 0.1486 0.1359 0.1253 0.1164 0.1087 0.1019 0.0961

2 0.1657 0.1530 0.1424 0.1335 0.1258 0.1190 0.1132

3 0.1737 0.1610 0.1504 0.1415 0.1338 0.1270 0.1212

4 0.1817 0.1690 0.1584 0.1495 0.1418 0.1350 0.1292

5 0.1897 0.1770 0.1664 0.1575 0.1498 0.1430 0.1372

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Carbon steel brackets
The following table is a predictive analysis of what we could expect if we used carbon steel brackets
(conductivity =50 W/m*K):
Table 4 - Thermal performance of the rainscreen cladding with steel brackets

Thermal Transmittance [W/[m2K)]

based on
Steel Brackets thickness of insulation

Number of
180mm 200mm 220mm 240mm 260mm 280mm 300mm
Brackets/storey

1 0.1552 0.1425 0.1319 0.1230 0.1153 0.1085 0.1027

2 0.1632 0.1505 0.1399 0.1310 0.1233 0.1165 0.1107

3 0.1692 0.1565 0.1459 0.1370 0.1293 0.1225 0.1167

4 0.1752 0.1625 0.1519 0.1430 0.1353 0.1285 0.1227

5 0.1812 0.1685 0.1579 0.1490 0.1413 0.1345 0.1287

Stainless Steel brackets

The table below is a predictive analysis of what we could expect if we used stainless steel brackets
(conductivity much lower at =15 W/m*K):
Table 5 - Thermal performance of the rainscreen cladding with stainless steel brackets

Thermal Transmittance [W/[m2K)]

based on
Stainless Steel
thickness of insulation
Brackets
Number of
180mm 200mm 220mm 240mm 260mm 280mm 300mm
Brackets/storey

1 0.1527 0.1400 0.1294 0.1205 0.1128 0.1060 0.1002

2 0.1580 0.1453 0.1347 0.1258 0.1181 0.1113 0.1055

3 0.1620 0.1493 0.1387 0.1298 0.1221 0.1153 0.1095

4 0.1660 0.1533 0.1427 0.1338 0.1261 0.1193 0.1135

5 0.1700 0.1573 0.1467 0.1378 0.1301 0.1233 0.1175

‘Thermo’ brackets
To minimize point thermal bridges it is possible to use “Thermo” brackets, a cheaper solution to
stainless steel brackets, which are made of a polymer composite material, an extremely strong
industrial compound with low thermal conductivity and as such they fully isolate the aluminium
components. The result is that they reduce even further the heat flow through the rainscreen
construction and improve the overall U-value performance of the façade. However, in many
circumstances they do not have an adequate fire performance. Classification of reaction of fire in
accordance with EN13501-1:2007+A1:2009 — Classified ‘E’ (Combustible). Consequently these
brackets are no longer being marketed in the UK but we will examine their benefits below, purely for
interest.

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The table below is a predictive analysis of what we could expect if we used thermos-brackets:
Table 6 - Thermal performance of the rainscreen cladding with thermo brackets

Thermal Transmittance [W/[m2K)]

‘Thermo’ based on
Brackets thickness of insulation

Number of
Brackets/storey 180mm 200mm 220mm 240mm 260mm 280mm
1 0.1484 0.1357 0.1251 0.1162 0.1085 0.1017

2 0.1607 0.1480 0.1374 0.1285 0.1208 0.1140

3 0.1657 0.1530 0.1424 0.1335 0.1258 0.1190

4 0.1697 0.1570 0.1464 0.1375 0.1298 0.1230

5 0.1757 0.1630 0.1524 0.1435 0.1358 0.1290

What happens if predictive analysis is not carried out?

If predictive analysis is not carried out, an additional 0.3 W/m2*K must be added to the default U-
value. This is in accordance with document BR 443 – “Conventions for U-value calculations”, the
guidance document produced by the Building Research Establishment. This greatly increases the
calculated/assumed U-value for the wall as shown in the table below.
Table 7 - Thermal performance of the rainscreen cladding without predictive analysis

Thermal Transmittance [W/[m2K)]

based on
DU increment thickness of insulation
0.3 W/m2*K
180mm 200mm 220mm 240mm 260mm 280mm 300mm
0.4477 0.4350 0.4244 0.4155 0.4078 0.4010 0.3952

As you will see, without a cold bridging analysis and predictive calculations the U-value will never
satisfy the Building Regulations Part L minimum requirements.

We must all be serious about conserving power, energy and reducing CO2 emissions on our projects.
The drive to reduce energy consumption in buildings places a greater emphasis on the performance
of the Building Envelope, including all the components in the façade system. Minimising thermal
bridging is a quick, smart and cost-effective way to limit the losses of performance, without requiring
additional energy saving measures elsewhere.

Lastly it is important to say that the above predictive analysis will vary depending on the various
parameters assumed for these tables. It should not be used for any project specific application. We
would advise that a three-dimensional analysis must be performed for each individual project.

I hope this blog has been useful - please call me if you have any problems understanding anything!

56-58 High Street Ewell Epsom Surrey KT17 1RW

020 8254 9920
www.patrickryanassociates.com