Basic Concept Before Study
Basic Concept Before Study
Phys 101
Cr.Hrs: 3
Theory: 80 Marks
INTERNAL MARKS : 25 Marks
ATTENDENCE : 2 Marks
ASSIGNMENT: 8 Marks [ 4 Marks – Regular + 4 Marks – Extra]
INTERNAL EXAMINATION: 15 Marks
2 In-Semester Examination = 15 Marks +15 Marks
Practical: 20 Marks
Notebooks: 40 Marks
End Semester Practical Examination: 40 Marks
Viva: 20 Marks
100 Marks
20 Marks
Exam Grading System
CGPA 3.5 to 4 3.0 to less than 3.5 2.0 to less than 3.0 Less than 2.0
Division Distinction First Second Fail
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
Quadratic Formula
b b2 4ac
If ax 2 bx c 0, then x
2a
Binomial Theorem
n n(n 1) 2
1 x 1 x x (x 2 1)
n
1! 2!
d n x n 1
x nx n 1 x dx
n
dx n 1
d x
e ex e dx e x
x
dx
d 1 dx
dx
ln x
x x
ln(x)
d dv du 1 ax
uv u v e dx a e
ax
dx dx dx
d
dx
sin x cos x sin x dx cos x
d
dx
cos x sin x cos x dx sin x
1. f ( x)dx 2 f ( x)dx If f is an even function f x f x .
0
2. f ( x)dx 0 If f is an odd function f x f x .
a
log(ab) log a log b log log a log b
b
log(a n ) n log a log e 1 log e a a
Equation of a Straight Line
Figure S-1
Trigonometry
Identities:
sin
tan
cos
sin cos 2 1
2
V r 2 dr
THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
Unit Conversion Factors
Length Area
1 m 100 cm 1000 mm 10 m 10 nm
6 9
1 m 2 104 cm2
1 inch 2.540 cm
1 mi 1.609 km 1 km 1000 m
1 A 1010 m 108 cm
Force Energy
5
1 N = 10 dyne 1 J 107 ergs
Pressure
1 Pa = 1 N m2 1 atm = 1.013 105 Pa 1 mm of Hg = 1 torr = 133.3 Pa
Angle Power
0
180
1 rad = 1 rev = 2 rad 1 W 1 J/s 1hp = 746 W
Scalars
Scalars have magnitude only.
They are specified by a number with a unit ( 100 C ) and obey the rules of arithmetic and ordinary
algebra.
Examples: mass, time, temperature, work, energy etc.
Vectors
Vectors have both magnitude and direction (5m, north) and obey the rules of vector algebra.
Examples: displacement, velocity, force, momentum, torque, electric field, magnetic field etc
In diagrams, vector is denoted by arrow: the length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude
of the vector, and the arrowhead indicates its direction.
In texts, we shall denote a vector by putting an arrow over the letter ( A, B , and so on).
If two sides of a triangle taken in the same order represent the two vectors in magnitude
and direction, then the third side in the opposite order represents the resultant of two
vectors.
B
A
A+B
C Q R P+Q P2 +Q2 +2PQcosθ
R=P+Q
Qsinθ
tanβ =
P+Qcosθ
P
Dot Product (Scalar Product) of Two Vectors
The dot product of two vectors
is defined by
A B AB cos a scalar
where θ is the angle they form when placed tail-to-tail (Figure D-1).
A
B
Figure D-1
The dot product is commutative: A B B A
If two vectors are perpendicular, then A B 0.
For any vector E , E EE
Work done, W F S Power, P F v
1
Kinetic Energy, Ek m v v
2
Cross Product (Vector Product) of Two Vectors
The cross product of two vectors is defined by
A B AB sin nˆ a vector
where n̂ is a unit vector pointing perpendicular to the plane of A and B .
The direction of n̂ is determined by using right-hand rule: let your fingers point
in the direction of the first vector and curl around (via the smaller angle) toward
the second; then your thumb indicates the direction of n̂ .
In Figure V-1, A B points into the page; B A points out of the page.
Figure V-1
The cross product is not commutative: A B B A
If the two vectors are parallel, then A B 0 .
Torque, r F
Angular momentum, l r p
Vector Algebra: Component Form
Let iˆ, ˆj, and kˆ be unit vectors parallel to x, y, and z axes respectively (Figure VA 1 ).
Figure VA 1
Vectors A and B can be expressed in terms of basis vectors iˆ, ˆj, and kˆ :
A Axiˆ Ay ˆj Az kˆ and B Bxiˆ By ˆj Bz kˆ
( Ay Bz Az By ) iˆ ( Az Bx Ax Bz ) ˆj ( Ax By Ay Bx ) kˆ
iˆ iˆ ˆj ˆj kˆ kˆ 0
iˆ ˆj kˆ, ˆj kˆ iˆ, kˆ iˆ ˆj
ˆj iˆ kˆ, kˆ ˆj iˆ, iˆ kˆ ˆj
Position, Displacement Vectors
Position Vector:
The location of a point in three dimensions can be described by listing its Cartesian
coordinates ( x, y, z ) .
ˆ ˆ
Position Vector: r =xi yj zkˆ
r = x y z x y z
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
r
r xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ
r̂ =
r x2 y 2 z 2
Resolution Of a vector
The process of splitting up a single vector into a number of vectors in different directions
NewtON’s Laws Of MOtiON
Weight
The weight w of a body is the gravitational force exerted on it by the earth. w mg .
Weight is a vector quantity.
The magnitude of the weight of a body at any specific location is equal to the product
of its mass m and the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity g at that location.
FRICTION
The opposing force that is set up between the surfaces of contact, when one body slides,
rolls, or tends to do so on the surface of another body
Friction, f K N where N is the normal force
Free Body diagram
Newton’s three laws of motion contain all the basic principles we need to solve a wide variety of
problems in mechanics. These laws are very simple in form, but the process of applying them to
specific situations can pose real challenges.
In this brief section, we’ll point out three key ideas and techniques to use in any problems
involving Newton’s laws.
1. Newton’s first and second laws apply to a specific body.
Whenever you use Newton’s first law, F 0 , for an equilibrium situation or Newton’s
second law, F ma , for a nonequilibrium situation, you must decide at the
beginning to which body you are referring.
2. Only forces acting on the body matter.
The sum includes all the forces that act on the body in question. Hence, once you’ve
chosen the body to analyze, you have to identify all the forces acting on it.
3. Free-body diagrams are essential to help identify the relevant forces.
A free-body diagram is a diagram showing the chosen body by itself, “free” of its
surroundings, with vectors drawn to show the magnitudes and directions of all the forces
applied to the body by the various other bodies that interact with it.
[A diagram that depicts the type and direction of all the forces acting upon an object]