General Physics I

Phys 101
Cr.Hrs: 3

[Theory: Cr. Hrs - 2 (32 Hours) + Practical: Cr. Hrs 1 (8 Experiments)

Theory + Practical: 80 Marks +20 Marks = 100 Marks

Theory: 80 Marks
 INTERNAL MARKS : 25 Marks
 ATTENDENCE : 2 Marks
 ASSIGNMENT: 8 Marks [ 4 Marks – Regular + 4 Marks – Extra]
 INTERNAL EXAMINATION: 15 Marks
2 In-Semester Examination = 15 Marks +15 Marks

 END SEMESTER EXAMINATION: 55 Marks

 SECTION A:
10 MCQ = 10 Marks + 5 Fill in the blanks = 15 Marks
 SECTION B:
5 SAQ = 15 Marks (5 x 3)
 SECTION C:
5 LAQ = 25 Marks (5 x 5)

Practical: 20 Marks
 Notebooks: 40 Marks
 End Semester Practical Examination: 40 Marks
 Viva: 20 Marks
100 Marks

20 Marks
 Exam Grading System

Percent of Marks Letter Grade Grade Value Meaning

80 and above A 4.0 Outstanding
75 and below 80 A- 3.7 Excellent
70 and below 75 B+ 3.3 Very Good
65 and below 70 B 3.0 Good
60 and below 65 B- 2.7 Fair
55 and below 60 C+ 2.3 Fair
50 and below 55 C 2.0 Fair
45 and below 50 C- 1.7 Poor
40 and below 45 D 1.0 Poor
Below 40 F 0.0 Fail

Equivalence of CGPA and division

CGPA 3.5 to 4 3.0 to less than 3.5 2.0 to less than 3.0 Less than 2.0
Division Distinction First Second Fail
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS

Quadratic Formula

b  b2  4ac
If ax 2  bx  c  0, then x 
2a

Binomial Theorem

n n(n  1) 2
1  x   1 x x   (x 2  1)
n

1! 2!

Derivatives and Integrals

d n x n 1
x  nx n 1  x dx 
n

dx n 1
d x
e  ex e dx  e x
x

dx
d 1 dx
dx
ln x 
x  x
 ln(x)

d dv du 1  ax
 uv   u v  e dx   a e
 ax

dx dx dx
d
dx
sin x  cos x  sin x dx   cos x
d
dx
cos x   sin x  cos x dx  sin x

Integration of even and odd function:

Let the function f be continuous on the interval [ ,  ] .

 
1.  f ( x)dx 2 f ( x)dx If f is an even function  f   x   f  x   .
 0

2.  f ( x)dx 0 If f is an odd function  f   x    f  x   .


Some useful properties of logarithms are

a
log(ab)  log a  log b log    log a  log b
b
log(a n )  n log a log e  1 log e a  a
Equation of a Straight Line

The equation of a straight line (Figure S-1) is

y  mx  b
(where b is the y-intercept and m is the slope of the line.

Figure S-1
Trigonometry

In the right angled triangle ABC, h2  p 2  b2

Definition of trigonometric functions:

p b p
sin   cos   tan  
h h b

Identities:
sin 
tan  
cos 
sin   cos 2   1
2

sin 2  2sin  cos 

cos 2  cos 2   sin 2   2 cos 2   1  1  2sin 2 
sin( )   sin  cos( )  cos 
sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

Area of the ring of radius r and elemental thickness dr:

Area of ring   circumference of ring  thickness of ring 
A   2 r  dr 

Volume of the disc of radius r and elemental thickness dr:

Volume of disc   area of disc  width of disc 

V   r 2   dr 
THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
Unit Conversion Factors

Length Area
1 m  100 cm  1000 mm  10  m  10 nm
6 9
1 m 2  104 cm2
1 inch  2.540 cm
1 mi  1.609 km 1 km  1000 m

1 A  1010 m  108 cm

Force Energy
5
1 N = 10 dyne 1 J  107 ergs

Pressure
1 Pa = 1 N m2 1 atm = 1.013 105 Pa 1 mm of Hg = 1 torr = 133.3 Pa

Angle Power
0
180
1 rad = 1 rev = 2 rad 1 W  1 J/s 1hp = 746 W


Some Fundamental constants of physics

Constant Symbol Computational Value

Speed of light c 3 108 m / s
Elementary Charge e 1.60 1019 C
Gravitational constant G 6.67 1011 m3 / s 2  kg
Universal gas conatant R 8.31 J/mol  K
Avogadro constant NA 6.02 1023 mol1
Boltzmann constant k 1.38 1023 J/K
Stefan  Boltzmann constant  5.67 108 W/m 2  K 4
Planck constant h 6.63 1034 J  s
Electron mass me 9.111031 kg
Proton mass mp 1.67 1027 kg
Neutron mass mn 1.68 1027 kg

Ratio of proton mass

mp
to electron mass 1840
me
 Vector Analysis

Scalars
Scalars have magnitude only.
They are specified by a number with a unit ( 100 C ) and obey the rules of arithmetic and ordinary
algebra.
Examples: mass, time, temperature, work, energy etc.

Vectors
Vectors have both magnitude and direction (5m, north) and obey the rules of vector algebra.
Examples: displacement, velocity, force, momentum, torque, electric field, magnetic field etc
In diagrams, vector is denoted by arrow: the length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude
of the vector, and the arrowhead indicates its direction.
 
In texts, we shall denote a vector by putting an arrow over the letter ( A, B , and so on).

Triangle Law of Vector Addition

If two sides of a triangle taken in the same order represent the two vectors in magnitude
and direction, then the third side in the opposite order represents the resultant of two
vectors.

B

A
 
A+B

Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition

If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a
parallelogram drawn from a point, then their resultant is given in magnitude and
direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that point.

  
C Q  R  P+Q  P2 +Q2 +2PQcosθ
  
R=P+Q
Qsinθ
 tanβ =
 P+Qcosθ

P
Dot Product (Scalar Product) of Two Vectors
 The dot product of two vectors
 is defined by
A B  AB cos   a scalar 
where θ is the angle they form when placed tail-to-tail (Figure D-1).


A


B

Figure D-1
   
The dot product is commutative: A B  B A
 
If two vectors are perpendicular, then A B  0.
  
 For any vector E , E  EE
   
 Work done, W  F  S Power, P  F  v
1  
Kinetic Energy, Ek  m v  v
2
Cross Product (Vector Product) of Two Vectors
 The cross product of two vectors is defined by
 
A  B  AB sin nˆ  a vector 
 
where n̂ is a unit vector pointing perpendicular to the plane of A and B .
The direction of n̂ is determined by using right-hand rule: let your fingers point
in the direction of the first vector and curl around (via the smaller angle) toward
the second; then your thumb indicates the direction of n̂ .
   
In Figure V-1, A  B points into the page; B  A points out of the page.

Figure V-1
   
 The cross product is not commutative: A  B  B  A
 
 If the two vectors are parallel, then A  B  0 .
  
 Torque,   r  F
  
Angular momentum, l  r  p
Vector Algebra: Component Form

Let iˆ, ˆj, and kˆ be unit vectors parallel to x, y, and z axes respectively (Figure VA  1 ).

Figure VA  1
 
Vectors A and B can be expressed in terms of basis vectors iˆ, ˆj, and kˆ :
 
A  Axiˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ and B  Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ

1) Addition of Two Vectors

 
A  B  ( Ax  Bx )iˆ  ( Ay  By ) ˆj  ( Az  Bz ) kˆ
2) Multiplication by a Scalar

aA  (aAx )iˆ  (aAy ) ˆj  (aAz )kˆ
3) Dot Product of Two Vectors
 
A B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz  iˆiˆ  ˆj  ˆj  kˆkˆ  1 ; iˆ ˆj  ˆj kˆ  kˆiˆ  0 
 

For any vector A : A  Ax 2  Ay 2  Az 2

4) Cross Product of Two Vectors

A  B  ( Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ)  ( Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ)
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

 ( Ay Bz  Az By ) iˆ  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz ) ˆj  ( Ax By  Ay Bx ) kˆ

iˆ  iˆ  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  0 
 
iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, ˆj  kˆ  iˆ, kˆ  iˆ  ˆj 
 
 ˆj  iˆ  kˆ, kˆ  ˆj  iˆ, iˆ  kˆ   ˆj 
Position, Displacement Vectors

Position Vector:

 The location of a point in three dimensions can be described by listing its Cartesian
coordinates ( x, y, z ) .
 ˆ ˆ
Position Vector: r =xi  yj  zkˆ

  r = x  y  z  x  y  z
2 2 2 2 2

2 2

r 
r xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ
 r̂ = 
r x2  y 2  z 2

Infinitesimal Displacement Vector

 The infinitesimal displacement vector, from ( x, y, z) to (( x  dx, y  dy, z  dz ) , is


dl  dxiˆ  dyjˆ  dzkˆ

Resolution Of a vector

 The process of splitting up a single vector into a number of vectors in different directions
NewtON’s Laws Of MOtiON

Newton’s First Law:


  F  0 , Body is in equilibrium
If no net force acts on a body, then the body’s velocity cannot change; that is, the body
cannot accelerate.
 F x  0 and  Fy  0 For constant motion of a body

Newton’s Second Law:

 
   m a , Body is not in equilibrium
F
If a net force acts on a body, the body accelerates. The direction of acceleration is same as
the direction of net force. The net force vector is equal to the mass of the body times the
acceleration of the body.
 dp  
  F  dt where p  = mv  is the linear momentum of a body.
Newton’s Third Law:
 
 FA on B  FB on A
When two bodies interact, they exert forces on each other that at each instant are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction. These forces are called action and reaction forces.
Each of these two forces acts on only one of the two bodies; they never act on the same
body.

Weight
  
 The weight w of a body is the gravitational force exerted on it by the earth.  w  mg  .
 Weight is a vector quantity.
 The magnitude of the weight of a body at any specific location is equal to the product
of its mass m and the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity g at that location.

FRICTION

 The opposing force that is set up between the surfaces of contact, when one body slides,
rolls, or tends to do so on the surface of another body
 Friction, f  K N where N is the normal force
Free Body diagram
Newton’s three laws of motion contain all the basic principles we need to solve a wide variety of
problems in mechanics. These laws are very simple in form, but the process of applying them to
specific situations can pose real challenges.
In this brief section, we’ll point out three key ideas and techniques to use in any problems
involving Newton’s laws.
1. Newton’s first and second laws apply to a specific body.

Whenever you use Newton’s first law,  F  0 , for an equilibrium situation or Newton’s
 
second law,  F  ma , for a nonequilibrium situation, you must decide at the
beginning to which body you are referring.
2. Only forces acting on the body matter.
The sum includes all the forces that act on the body in question. Hence, once you’ve
chosen the body to analyze, you have to identify all the forces acting on it.
3. Free-body diagrams are essential to help identify the relevant forces.
A free-body diagram is a diagram showing the chosen body by itself, “free” of its
surroundings, with vectors drawn to show the magnitudes and directions of all the forces
applied to the body by the various other bodies that interact with it.
[A diagram that depicts the type and direction of all the forces acting upon an object]

Various systems (left) and the corresponding free-body diagrams (right)

A block pulled to the right on a
rough horizontal surface by a force
of magnitude F making an angle θ
with the horizontal