Physics for Scientists and Engineers

Storyline
Tenth Edition

Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 29
Sources of the Magnetic Field

Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Relationship between Magnetism and Electricity

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 The Biot–Savart Law

0 Id s  rˆ
dB =
4 r 2

0 = 4  10−7 T  m/A (approximately*)

q
E = ke 2 rˆ
r

0 I d s  rˆ
4  r 2
B=

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 Quick Quiz 29.1 (1 of 2)

Consider the magnetic field due to the current in the wire shown in the figure.
Rank the points A, B, “C” in terms of magnitude of the magnetic field that is
due to current in just the length element ds shown from greatest to least.

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 Quick Quiz 29.1 (2 of 2)

Consider the magnetic field due to the current in the wire shown in the figure.
Rank the points A, B, “C” in terms of magnitude of the magnetic field that is
due to current in just the length element ds shown from greatest to least.

B>C>A

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Magnetic Field Due to Current

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 Example 29.1: Magnetic Field Surrounding a Thin,
Straight Conductor (1 of 3)
Consider a thin, straight wire of finite length
carrying a constant current I and placed along
the x axis as shown in the figures. Determine
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic
field at point P due to this current.

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 Example 29.1: Magnetic Field Surrounding a Thin,
Straight Conductor (2 of 3)
ˆ     ˆ
d s  rˆ = d s  rˆ k =  dx sin  −    k
 2 
= ( dx cos  ) kˆ
0 I dx cos  ˆ
dB = ( dB ) k =ˆ k
4 r 2

r = a / cos  x = − a tan 
ad
dx = − a sec  d = −
2

cos 2 
0 I  a d   cos 2  
dB = −    cos 
4  cos    a 
2 2

0 I
=− cos  d
4 a
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Example 29.1: Magnetic Field Surrounding a Thin,
Straight Conductor (3 of 3)

0 I  a d   cos 2   0 I
dB = −  
4  cos 2    a 2  cos = − 4 a cos d

0 I  0 I
B=−  cos d = ( sin 1 − sin  2 )
2

4 a  4 a
1

For Infinitely long wire

( sin 1 − sin  2 ) = sin  /2 − sin ( − / 2 ) = 2
0 I
B=
2 a
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 Example 29.2: Magnetic Field Due to a Curved Wire Segment (1 of 2)

Calculate the magnetic field at point O for the current-carrying wire segment
shown in the figure. The wire consists of two straight portions and a circular arc
of radius a, which subtends an angle .

0 I ds
dB =
4 a 2

0 I 0 I
2 
B= ds = s
4 a 4 a 2

0 I 0 I
2 (
B= a ) = 
4 a 4 a

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 Example 29.2: Magnetic Field Due to a Curved Wire Segment (2 of 2)

What if you were asked to find the magnetic field at the center of a circular wire
loop of radius R that carries a current I? Can this question be answered at this
point in our understanding of the source of magnetic fields?

0 I 0 I
B= 2 =
4 a 2a

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 Example 29.3: Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular
Current Loop (1 of 5)
Consider a circular wire loop of radius a located in the yz plane and carrying a
steady current I as in the figure. Calculate the magnetic field at an axial point P
a distance x from the center of the loop.

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Example 29.3: Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular
Current Loop (2 of 5)

0 I d s  rˆ 0 I ds
dB = =
4 r 2
4 ( a 2 + x 2 )

0 I ds
dBx = cos
4 ( a + x )
2 2

a
cos =
(a 2
+x )
2 1/2

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 Example 29.3: Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular
Current Loop (3 of 5)

 
0 I ds  a  0 I a
Bx =
4  =
a + x  ( a 2 + x 2 )  4 ( a 2 + x 2 )3/2
2 2 1/2  ds
 

0 I a
Bx = ( 2 a )
4 ( a 2 + x 2 ) 3/2

0 Ia 2
=
2(a + x
2
)
2 3/2

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Example 29.3: Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular
Current Loop (4 of 5)

0 I
B= ( at center of loop )
2a

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 Example 29.3: Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular
Current Loop (5 of 5)
What if we consider points on the x axis very far from the loop? How does the
magnetic field behave at these distant points?

0 Ia 2 0 Ia 2
Bx = B ( for x  a )
2 ( a2 + x )
2 3/2 3
2x

0 
B
2 x 3

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Source of Earth’s Magnetic Field

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The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors (1 of 2)

F1 = I1  B 2 F1 = I1 B2

F1 = I1 B2
 0 I 2 
= I1  
 2  a 
0 I1 I 2
= = F2
2 a

F1 F2 0 I1 I 2
= =
2 a
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The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors (2 of 2)

The ampere used to be defined as the current each carried by two long, parallel
wires, separated by 1 m, which give a force per unit length of 2 × 10−7 N/m.
Since 2019, it is defined in terms of the elementary charge, which now has an
exact value of 1.602176634×10−19 C, where 1 A = 1 C/s.

0 I1 I 2
F1 = F2 = FB =
2 a

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 Quick Quiz 29.2 (1 of 2)

A loose spiral spring carrying no current is hung from a ceiling. When a switch
is thrown so that a current exists in the spring, do the coils
(a) move closer together
(b) move farther apart
(c) not move at all

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 Quick Quiz 29.2 (2 of 2)

A loose spiral spring carrying no current is hung from a ceiling. When a switch
is thrown so that a current exists in the spring, do the coils
(a) move closer together
(b) move farther apart
(c) not move at all

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 Example 29.4: Suspending a Wire (1 of 2)

Two infinitely long, parallel wires are lying on the

ground a distance a = 1.00 cm apart as shown in
the top figure. A third wire, of length L = 10.0 m
and mass 400 g, carries a current of I1 = 100 A
and is levitated above the first two wires, at a
horizontal position midway between them. The
infinitely long wires carry equal currents I2 in the
same direction, but in the direction opposite that
in the levitated wire. What current must the
infinitely long wires carry so that the three wires
form an equilateral triangle?

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 Example 29.4: Suspending a Wire (2 of 2)

 I I  II
FB = 2  0 1 2  cos  kˆ = 0 1 2 cos  kˆ
 2 a  2 a

Fg = −mgkˆ

F = F + Fg
B
II
= 0 1 2 cos  kˆ − mgkˆ = 0
a
mg a
I2 =
0 I1 cos 

( 0.400 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )  ( 0.010 0 m )

I2 = = 113 A
( 4 10 T  m/A ) (100 A )(10.0 m ) cos 30.0
−7

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 Ampère’s Law

0 I
 B  d s = B  ds = 2 r ( 2 r ) = 0 I
The line integral of B  d s around any
closed path equals 0 I , where I is the
total steady current passing through
any surface bounded by the closed path:

 B  ds =  I 0

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 Quick Quiz 29.3 (1 of 2)

Rank the magnitudes of  B  d s for the closed paths

a through d in the figure from greatest to least.

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 Quick Quiz 29.3 (2 of 2)

Rank the magnitudes of  B  d s for the closed paths

a through d in the figure from greatest to least.

c>a>d>b

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 Quick Quiz 29.4 (1 of 2)

Rank the magnitudes of  B  d s for the closed paths

a through d in the figure from greatest to least.

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 Quick Quiz 29.4 (2 of 2)

Rank the magnitudes of  B  d s for the closed paths

a through d in the figure from greatest to least.

a=c=d>b=0

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 Example 29.5: The Magnetic Field Created by a Long
Current-Carrying Wire (1 of 3)
A long, straight wire of radius R carries a
steady current I that is uniformly distributed
through the cross section of the wire.
Calculate the magnetic field a distance r
from the center of the wire in the regions
r  R and r < R.

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 Example 29.5: The Magnetic Field Created by a Long
Current-Carrying Wire (2 of 3)

 B  d s = B  ds = B ( 2 r ) =  I 0

0 I
B= ( for r  R )
2 r
I  JA  r 2 r2
= =  I = 2 I
I JA  R 2 R
 r2 
 B  d s = B ( 2 r ) = 0 I  = 0  R 2 I


  I 
B=  0 2 r ( for r  R )
 2 R 
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Example 29.5: The Magnetic Field Created by a Long
Current-Carrying Wire (3 of 3)

0 I 
B= ( for r  R ) 
2 r

0 I
B= ( for r = R ) 
2 R 
 0 I  
B= 2 
r ( for r  R ) 
 2 R  
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Example 29.6: The Magnetic Field Created by a Toroid (1 of 2)

A device called a toroid is often used to create an almost uniform magnetic

field in some enclosed area. The device consists of a conducting wire wrapped
around a ring (a torus), which is shaped like a doughnut, made of a
nonconducting material. For a toroid having N closely spaced turns of wire,
calculate the magnetic field in the region occupied by the torus, a distance r
from the center.

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Example 29.6: The Magnetic Field Created by a Toroid (2 of 2)

 B  d s = B  ds = B ( 2 r ) =  NI 0

0 NI
B=
2 r

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The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (1 of 4)

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The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (2 of 4)

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 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (3 of 4)

 B  d s =  B ds +  B ds = B
path 1 path 2

 B  ds = B = 0 NI
N
B = 0 I = 0 nI

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The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (4 of 4)

0 NI
Btoroid = Bsolenoid = 0 nI
2 r
N
n=
2 r
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 Quick Quiz 29.5 (1 of 2)

Consider a solenoid that is very long compared with its radius. Of the following
choices, what is the most effective way to increase the magnetic field in the
interior of the solenoid?
(a) double its length, keeping the number of turns per unit length constant
(b) reduce its radius by half, keeping the number of turns per unit length constant
(c) overwrap the entire solenoid with an additional layer of current-carrying wire

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 Quick Quiz 29.5 (2 of 2)

Consider a solenoid that is very long compared with its radius. Of the following
choices, what is the most effective way to increase the magnetic field in the
interior of the solenoid?
(a) double its length, keeping the number of turns per unit length constant
(b) reduce its radius by half, keeping the number of turns per unit length constant
(c) overwrap the entire solenoid with an additional layer of current-carrying
wire

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 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism (1 of 2)

 B   B  dA

 B = BA cos 

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Gauss’s Law in Magnetism (2 of 2)

1 Wb = 1 T  m 2
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 Example 29.7: Magnetic Flux Through a Rectangular Loop (1 of 2)

A rectangular loop of width a and length b

is located near a long wire carrying a
current I. The distance between the wire
and the closest side of the loop is c. The
wire is parallel to the long side of the
loop. Find the total magnetic flux through
the loop due to the current in the wire.

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Example 29.7: Magnetic Flux Through a Rectangular Loop (2 of 2)

 B =  B  dA =  B dA
0 I
= dA
2 r
0 I 0 Ib dr
B = 
2  r
b dr =
2 r
0 Ib a + c dr 0 Ib a+c
B = 
2 c r
=
2
ln r c
0 Ib  a + c  0 Ib  a 
= ln  = ln 1 + 
2  c  2  c
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 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero:

 B  dA = 0

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 Magnetism in Matter

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The Magnetic Moments of Atoms (1 of 3)

 = IA
L = me vr
h −34
= = 1.05  10 J  s
2

e
= 2
2me

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 The Magnetic Moments of Atoms (2 of 3)

3
S=
2

e
spin =
2me

e
B = = 9.27  10−24 J/T
2me

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The Magnetic Moments of Atoms (3 of 3)

Table 29.1 Magnetic Moments of Some Atoms and Ions

Atom or Ion Magnetic Moment (10−24 J/T)
H 9.27
He 0
Ne 0
Ce3+ 19.8
Yb3+ 37.1

e
B = = 9.27  10−24 J/T
2me

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 Ferromagnetism (1 of 2)

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 Ferromagnetism (2 of 2)
Table 29.2 Curie Temperatures for Several Ferromagnetic Substances

Substance TCurie (K)

Iron 1043
Cobalt 1391
Nickel 631
Gadolinium 317
Fe2O3 893

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 Paramagnetism

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 Diamagnetism

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 Assessing to Learn (1 of 6)

Consider a long thin straight wire with a current I. Which of the following
statements about the magnetic field lines is true?
A. Field lines are parallel to the wire.
B. Field lines are perpendicular to the wire.
C. Field lines are directed radially away from the wire.
D. Field lines are circles centered on any point on the wire.

1. A only 2. B only 3. C only 4. D only

5. A and C only 6. B and D only
7. B and C only 8. None of them is true.

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 Assessing to Learn (2 of 6)

A very long wire lies in a plane with a short wire segment. The long wire carries current I, while
the short wire of length L carries current i. The two wires are parallel to each other. Which of the
following statements are true?
A. The direction of the magnetic force exerted by the long wire on the short wire is directed away
from the long wire.
B. The magnitude of the force on the short wire is μ0IiL/2πd.
C. The long wire experiences a force of exactly the same magnitude as the force experienced by
the short wire.
1. A only 2. B only 3. C only 4. A and B
5. A and C 6. B and C 7. A, B and C
8. None of them is true.

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 Assessing to Learn (3 of 6)

In all cases the wire shown carries a current I. For which situation is the
magnitude of the magnetic field maximum at the point P?

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 Assessing to Learn (4 of 6)

In all cases the wire shown carries a current I. For which situation is the
magnitude of the magnetic field maximum at the point P?
1. ABCD
2. ADBC
3. BDAC
4. CADB
5. DABC
6. None of the above

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 Assessing to Learn (5 of 6)

The diagram shows a circular wire loop of radius R carrying current I. What is
the direction of the magnetic field, B, at the center of the loop?
1. Left
2. Right
3. Up
4. Down
5. None of the above

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 Assessing to Learn (6 of 6)

The diagram shows a circular wire loop of radius R carrying current I. What is
the magnitude of the magnetic field, B, at the center of the loop?
1. 0
2. μ0I/4πR
3. μ0I/2πR
4. μ0I/4R
5. μ0I/2R
6. None of the above

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