Vector, 3D
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Vijay PrakashVector, 3D
Uploaded by
Vijay PrakashMATHEMATICS
Class - XII
Content
S.No. Chapter Name Page No.
1. Vector 1 - 53
2. 3 - D Geometry 54 - 108
VECTOR 1
UNIT
Theory
Drill Exercises
Solved Examples
Exercises
Single Correct Type Questions
Multiple Correct Type Questions
Comprehension Type Questions
Matrix Match Type Questions.
Integer Type Questions
Previous Years Questions
Answer Key
VECTOR
DEFINITION:
A scalar is a quantity, which has only magnitude but does not have a direction. For
example time, mass, temperature, distance and specific gravity etc. are scalars.
A Vector is a quantity which has magnitude, direction and follow the law of
parallelogram(addition of two vectors). For example displacement, force, acceleration
are vectors.
(a) There are different ways of denoting a vector : a or a or a are different ways. We use
for our convenience a, b, c etc. to denote vectors, and a, b, c to denote their magni-
tude. Magnitude of a vector a is also written as | a | .
(b) A vector a may be represented by a line segment OA and arrow gives direction of this
vector. Length of the line segment gives the magnitude of the vector.
Here O is the initial point and A is the terminal point of OA
TYPE OF VECTORS:
(i) Equal Vectors
Two vectors are said to be equal if and only if they have equal magnitudes and same
direction.
A B
AB = CD
C D
As well as direction is same
(ii) Zero Vector (null vector): A vector whose initial and terminal points are same, is
called the null vector. For example AA . Such vector has zero magnitude and no
direction, and denoted by 0 .
AB BC CA AA or AB BC CA 0
C
A B
(iii) Like and Unlike Vectors: Two vectors are said to be
(a) Like, when they have same direction.
(b) Unlike, when they are in opposite directions. a and – a are two unlike vectors as
their directions are opposite, a and 3 a are like vectors.
(iv) Unit Vector : A unit vector is a vector whose magnitude is unity. We write, unit
a
vector in the direction of a as â . Therefore â
|a|
(v) Parallel vectors: Two or more vectors are said to be parallel, if they have the same
support or parallel support. Parallel vectors may have equal or unequal magnitudes
and direction may be same or opposite. As shown in figure
O a
A
b
C B
c
E D
Page # 2
VECTOR
(vi) Position Vector: If P is any point in the space then the vector OP is called position
vector of point P, where O is the origin of reference. Thus for any points A and B in
the space, AB OB OA
(vii) Co-initial vectors: Vectors having same initial point are called co-initial vectors. As
shown in figure:
D A
d a
C O B
c b
Here OA, OB, OC and OD are co-initial vectors.
Addition of Vectors
Triangle law of addition : If two vectors are represented by two consecutive sides
of a triangle then their sum is represented by the third side of the triangle but
in opposite direction. This is known as the triangle law of addition of vectors.
C
b
a +
c =
b
a
A B
Thus, if AB = a , BC = b , and AC = c
then AB + BC = AC i.e. a b c
Parallelogram Law of Addition : If two vectors are represented by two adjacent
sides of a parallelogram, then their sum is represented by the diagonal of the
parallelogram whose initial point is the same as the initial point of the given
vectors. This is known as parallelogram law of addition of vectors.
Thus if OA = a , OB = b and OC = c B C
then OA + OB = OC b
b a+
c =
i.e. a b c a
O A
Where OC is a diagonal of the parallelogram OABC.
Addition in Component form : If the vectors are defined in terms of î , ˆj and
k̂ . i.e. if a a1ˆi a 2ˆj a 3 k
ˆ and b b ˆi b ˆj b kˆ then their sum is defined as
1 2 3
a b (a1 b1 )iˆ (a 2 b2 ) ˆj (a 3 b3 )k
ˆ
Ex.1 If C is the middle point of AB and P is any point outside AB, then-
(A) PA + PB = PC (B) PA + PB = 2 PC
(C) PA + PB + PC = 0 (D) PA + PB + 2 PC = 0
Page # 3
VECTOR
AC 1
Sol. = AC = CB
CB 1
AP + PC = CP + PB PA + PB = 2 PC
Ex.2 ABCD is a parallelogram whose diagonals meet at P. If O is a fixed point, then
OA + OB + OC + OD equals-
(A) OP (B) 2 OP (C) 3 OP (D) 4 OP
Sol. Since, P bisects both the diagonal AC and BD, so
OA + OC = 2 OP and OB + OD = 2 OP
OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 OP
Properties
(i) a b b a , (Vector addition is commutative)
(ii) a (b c) (a b) c , (Vector addition is associative)
(iii) |a b||a| |b|, equality holds when a and b are like vectors
(iv) |a b|||a| |b||, equality holds when a and b are unlike vectors
(v) a 0 a 0 a
(vi) a (a) 0 (a) a
Ex.3 If a 2iˆ 3ˆj 4k ˆ , b ˆi 2jˆ k ˆ , then a b equals-
(A) ˆi 5ˆj 5kˆ (B) ˆi 5ˆj 5k
ˆ (C) ˆi 5ˆj 5k
ˆ (D) None of these
Sol. a b = (2 – 1) î + (–3 – 2) ˆj + (4 + 1) k̂ = ˆi 5ˆj 5k
ˆ
DRILL - I
1. If a, b, c, d represent the consecutive sides of a quadrilateral, show that the necessary
and sufficient condition that the quadrilateral be a parallelogram is a c = 0 and
this implies b d = 0
2. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon; express the vector AC, AD, AE and AF in terms of
AB and BC .
3. If G be the centroid of a ABC, then prove that GA GB GC 0
4. If ABCD is a parallelogram and E is the mid – point of AB, show by vector method that
DE trisects and is trisected by AC
5. If P1, P2, P3, P4 are points in a plane or space and O the origin of vectors, show that P 4
coincides with O iff OP1 P1P2 P2P3 P3P4 0 .
6. If the sum of two unit vector is a unit vector, prove that the magnitude of their
difference is 3.
7. For any two vectors a and b , prove that
(i) |a b| |a| |b| (ii) |a b| |a| |b| (iii) |a b| |a | |b|
Page # 4
VECTOR
Vectors in Terms of Position Vectors of End Points
If AB be any given vector and also suppose that the position vectors of initial
point A and terminal point B are a and b respectively,
then AB = OB – OA = b a
i.e. AB = p.v. of point B – p.v. of point A
= p.v. of terminal point – p.v. of initial point
Ex.4 If position vectors of A and B are 3iˆ 4ˆj 5k ˆ and 2iˆ 3ˆj 4kˆ then AB equals-
(A) ˆi 7ˆj 9kˆ (B) 3iˆ 2jˆ k ˆ (C) ˆi 5ˆj kˆ (D) None of these
Sol. AB = p.v. of B – p.v. of A
= (2iˆ 3ˆj 4k)
ˆ (3iˆ 4ˆj 5k)
ˆ
= (2 – 3) î + (–3 – 4) ˆj + (4 + 5) k̂ = – î – 7 ˆj + 9 k̂
Distance Between Two Points
Let A and B be two given points whose coordinate are respectively (x 1,y1, z1) and
(x2, y2, z2)
If a and b are p.v. of A and B relative to point O, then
ˆ ˆ
a = x1 î + y1 j + z1 k̂ , b = x2 î + y2 j + z2 k̂
Now AB = OB – OA = b a = (x2 – x1) î + (y2 – y1) ˆj + (z2 – z1) k̂
Distance between the points A and B = magnitude of AB
= x 2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2 z 2 z1 2
Ex.5 If A = î – ˆj + 2 k̂ and B = 2 î + 3 ˆj – 4 k̂ then | AB | equals-
(A) 35 (B) 53 (C) 65 (D) 1
Sol. AB = (2 î + 3 ˆj – 4 k̂ ) – ( î – ˆj + 2 k̂ )
= î + 4 ˆj – 6 k̂
= 12 42 62 = 1 16 36 = 53
Multiplication Of Vector By Scalars :
If a is a vector and m is a scalar, then m a is a vector parallel to a whose modulus
is |m| times that of a and direction same or opposite to that a according as m is
positive or negative. This multiplication is called Scalar Multiplication. If a and b
are vectors and m, n are scalars, then :
(i) m( a ) = ( a )m = m a (ii) m(n a ) = n(m a ) = (mn) a
(iii) (m + n) a = m a + n a (iv) m( a + b ) = m a + m b
Ex.6 If a and b are the vectors determined by two adjacent sides of a regular hexagon,
what are the vectors determined by the other sides taken in order?
Sol. OABCDE is a regular hexagon. Let OA a and AB b . Join OB and OC
We have OB OA AB a b
Since OC is parallel to AB and double of AB.
Page # 5
VECTOR
OC 2AB 2b D C
Now BC OC OB 2b (a b) b a
CD OA a and DE AB b E B
b
Also EO BC (b a) a b
O A
LINEAR COMBINATIONS: a
Given a finite set of vectors a ,b,c ,...... then the vector r xa yb zc ........ is called
a linear combination of a ,b,c ,...... for any x, y, z ..... R . We have the following
results:
(i) If a ,b are non zero, non-collinear vectors then xa yb x 'a y 'b x x '; y y '
(ii) Fundamental Theorem : Let a ,b be non zero , non collinear vectors . Then any
vector r coplanar with a ,b can be expressed uniquely as a linear combination of a ,b
i.e. There exist some unique x,y R such that xa yb r .
(iii) If a ,b,c are non-zero, non-coplanar vectors then :
xa yb zc x 'a y 'b z 'c x x ' , y y ' , z z '
(iv) Fundamental Theorem In Space : Let a ,b,c be non-zero, non-coplanar vectors in
space. Then any vector r , can be uniquely expressed as a linear combination of
a ,b,c i.e. There exist some unique x,y,z R such that xa yb zc r .
(v) If x1 , x 2 ,......x n are n non zero vectors & k1, k2, .....kn are n scalars & if the linear
combination k1x1 k 2 x 2 ........k n x n 0 k1 0,k 2 0.....k n 0 then we say that
vectors x1 , x 2 ,......x n are Linearly Independent Vectors .
(vi) If x1 , x 2 ,......x n are not Linearly Independent then they are said to be Linearly
dependent vectors. i.e. if k1x1 k 2 x 2 ........ k n x n 0 & if there exists at least
one K r 0, r 1,2,.......n then x1 , x 2 ,......x n are said to be linearly dependant
Linearly Dependent :
Note 1: If K r 0 ; k1 x1 k 2 x 2 k 3 x 3 ....... k r x r ...... k n x n 0
k r x r k1 x1 k 2 x 2 ....... k r 1.x r 1 k r 1.x r 1 ...... k n x n
1 1 1 1 1
k r x r k1 x1 k 2 x 2 ..... k r 1. x r 1 ..... k n xn
kr kr kr kr kr
x r c1 x1 c 2 x 2 ...... c r 1 x r 1 c r x r 1 ...... c n x n
i.e. x r is expressed as a linear combination of vectors .
x1 , x 2 ,..........x r 1 , x r 1 ,...........x n
Hence x r with x1 , x 2 ,.... x r 1 , x r 1....x n forms a linearly dependent set of vectors .
Ex.7 If A (2 î + 3 ˆj ), B (p î + 9 ˆj ) and C ( î – ˆj ) are collinear, then the value of p is-
(A) 1/2 (B) 3/2 (C) 7/2 (D) 5/2
ˆ ˆ
Sol. AB = (p – 2) î + 6 j , AC = – î – 4 j
Page # 6
VECTOR
Now A,B,C are collinear AB || AC
p2 6
= p = 7/2
1 4
Ex.8 If vectors 2 î – ˆj + k̂ , î + 2 ˆj – 3 k̂ and 3 î + a ˆj + 5 k̂ are coplanar, then the
value of a is-
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) – 1 (D) – 4
Sol. If given vectors are coplanar, then there exists two scalar quantities x and y such
that 2iˆ ˆj k
ˆ x(iˆ 2ˆj 3k)
ˆ y(3iˆ ajˆ 5k)
ˆ ...(1)
Comparing coefficient of î , ˆj , and k̂ on both sides of (1), we get
x + 3y = 2, 2x + ay = – 1, – 3x + 5y = 1 ...(2)
1 1
Solving first and third equations, we get x = , y = .
2 2
Since the vectors are coplanar, therefore these values of x and y will satisfy the
equation 2x + ay = – 1
1 1
2 × + a × = – 1 a = – 4
2 2
Note 2:(i) If a = 3i + 2j + 5k then a is expressed as a Linear Combination of vectors i, j, k.
Also, a , i, j, k form a linearly dependent set of vectors . In general , every set of
four vectors is a linearly dependent system.
(ii) i , j , k are Linearly Independent set of vectors.
For K1i + K2j + K3k = 0 K1= 0 = K2 = K3.
Ex.9 Show that the vectors 5a 6b 7c, 7a 8b 9c and 3a 20b 5c are coplanar
(where a, b, c are three non-coplanar vectors).
Sol. Let A 5a 6b 7c , B 7a 8b 9c and C 3a 20b 5c
A, B and C are coplanar xA yB zC 0 must have a real solution for x, y, z
other than (0,0,0).
Now, x(5a 6b 7c) y(7a 8b 9c) z(3a 20b 5c) 0
(5x 7y 3z)a (6x 8y 20z)b (7x 9y 5z)c 0
5x + 7y + 3z = 0
6x – 8y + 20 z = 0
7x + 9y + 5z = 0 (As a , b, c are non-coplanar vectors)
5 7 3
Now D = 6 8 20 0
7 9 5
So the three linear simultaneous equation in x, y and z have a non-trivial solution.
Hence A, B and C are coplanar vectors.
Page # 7
VECTOR
COLLINEARITY AND COPLANARITY OF POINTS:
(a) The necessary and sufficient condition for three points with position vectors a, b and
c to be collinear is that there exist scalars x, y, z, not all zero such that xa yb zc 0 ,
where x y z 0
(b) The necessary and sufficient condition for four points with position vectors a, b, c
and d to be coplanar is that there exist scalars x, y, z ,u, not all zero, such that
xa yb zc ud 0 where x y z u 0 .
Ex.10 Let 'O' be the point of intersection of diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD. The points
M, N, K and P are the mid points of OA, MB, NC and KD respectively. Show that N, O
and P are collinear.
a
b
Sol. Now M a , N 2
a 2b
2 2 4
a 2b
a
4 2b 3a
K
2 8 D C
P
2b 3a K
b
8 6b 3a
P O
2 16 M
3 A
N
B
OP (2b a)
16
1 3
Also, ON (a 2b) OP
4 4
Hence points N, O and P are collinear.
Section Formula
Let A, B and C be three collinear points in space having position vectors a , b and r .
AC m
Let
A (x,111y, z)
CB n
or, n AC = m CB m
C (x, y, z)
or, n AC m CB . . . (i) a
n
(As vectors are in same direction) r B (x,222y, z)
Now, OA AC OC AC r a . . . (ii) O b
r CB b CB b r . . . (iii)
mb na
Using (i), we get r
mn
Page # 8
VECTOR
Particular Case :
ab
(i) Position vector of the mid point of AB is
2
(ii) Any vector along the internal bisector of AOB is given by (aˆ b) ˆ
Note :
(i) If the point P divides AB in the ratio m: n externally, then m/n will be
mb na
negative. then p.v of P is given by c =
mn
(ii) If a, b, c are position vectors of vertices of a triangle, then p.v of its centroid
abc
is
3
(iii) If a,b,c,d are position vectors of vertices of a tetrahedron, then p.v of its
a bcd
centroid is
4
Ex.11 If position vectors of two points A, B are a + 3 b and a – 2 b , then the position
vector of a point which divides AB in the ratio 2 : 5 is-
11
(A) a + 2 b (B) 2 a + 7 b (C) a + 11 b (D) a + b
7
2(a 2b) 5(a 3b) 11
Sol. p.v.= = a + b
25 7
ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT VECTORS :
Let OX, OY and OZ be three mutually perpendicular straight lines. Given any point
P(x, y, z) in space, we can construct the rectangular parallelepiped of which OP is a
diagonal and OA = x, OB = y, OC = z.
Here A, B, C are (x, 0, 0), (0, y, 0) and (0, 0, z) respectively.
Let ˆi, ˆj, kˆ denote unit vectors along OX, OY and OZ respectively.
We have r OP xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ as OA xi,
ˆ OB yjˆ and OC zk ˆ.
Z
OM OA AM = xi yjˆ ˆ ˆ
( AM OB yj ) C N
OP OM MP = ( xiˆ yjˆ ) + zkˆ ( MP OC zkˆ ) P (x, y, z)
O
So, r OP xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ B
Y
r |r||OP| x 2 y 2 z 2 A M
X
r xiˆ yjˆ zk
ˆ
r̂ ˆi mjˆ nk
ˆ r̂ ˆi mjˆ nk
ˆ.
|r| x 2 y2 z2
DRILL – II
1. Find the value of and for which the vectors 3i 4 j k and i 8 j 6k are
collinear
2. Prove that the vectors 5a 6b 7c, 7a 8b 9c and 3a 20b 5c are coplanar a,b, c
being any vectors
Page # 9
VECTOR
3. Let a,b, c be three non – zero vectors such that any two of them are non – collinear.
If a 2b is collinear with c and b 3c is collinear with a , then prove that
a 2b + 6c = 0
4. If a and b are non – collinear vectors and vectors (x 4y)a (2x y 1)b and
(2 x y 2)a (2 x 3 y 1)b are connected by the relation 3 2 , find x, y
5. If a and b are two vectors of different directions (non–collinear), then prove that the
points whose position vectors are 1 a + 1 b , 2 a + 2 b , 3 a + 3 b are collinear if
1 2 3
1 2 3 = 0
1 1 1
6. Show that the vectors ˆi 3ˆj 2k, ˆ 2iˆ 4ˆj 4k,
ˆ 3iˆ 2jˆ kˆ are linearly independent.
7. If u,v,w is a linearly independent system of vectors examine the system p,q,r
where p (cos a )u (cos b)v (cos c)w
q (sin a)u (sin b)v (sin c)w
r sin(x a)u sin(x b)v sin(x c)w for linear independence.
8. If a, b, c,d be the position vectors of points A, B, C, D respectively and b a 2 d c ,
show that the point of intersection of the straight lines AD and BC divide these lines
in the ratio 2 : 1
9. A vector A has components A1, A2, A3 in a regular coordinate system OXYZ. The
coordinate system is rotated about the z–axis through an angle . Find the
2
components of A in the new coordinate system OXYZ.
10. P, Q, R are the points on the sides AB, BC and CA respectively of ABC such that
AP : PB = BQ : QC = AR : RC = 1 : 2., Show that PBQR is a parallelogram
11. ABCD is a parallelogram. If L, M be the middle points of BC and CD , express AL and
3
AM in terms of AB an AD , also show that AL AM AC
2
Vector Equation of a Line :
Parametric vector equation of a line passing through two point A(a) and B(b) is
given by r = a t(b a) , where 't' is a parameter. If the line passes through the
point A( a ) and is parallel to the vector b , then its equation is r a tb .
Note : r is the p.v. of the point R on the line.
Page # 10
VECTOR
A vector in the direction of the bisector of the angle between the two vectors
a b
a and b is . Hence bisector of the angle between the two vectors
a b
ˆ , where R+. Bisector of the exterior angle between a and
a and b is â b
ˆ , R+.
b is â b
Note : The equations of the bisectors of the angles between the lines r = a + b
and r = a + c are r = a + t bˆ cˆ and r = a + p ĉ b
ˆ .
Ex.12 In AOB , E is the mid point of OB and F divides BA in the ratio 1 : 2 use vectors to
OP 3
prove that .
PF 2
Sol.
The position vector of P is r , equation of the line OF is r
2b a ... (i)
3
b
The equation of line AE is r a a .......... (ii)
2
From (i) and (ii)
2
b a 1 a b
3 3 2
2
b 1 a 0 ......... (iii)
3 2 3
2
and 1
3 2 3
3 4
on solving for and . we get and ; put value of in (i)
5 5
3 a 2b
OP r
53
2b a r
5
2b a 2b a 2
PF OF OP = – = (2b a)
3 5 15
OP 3
Therefore,
PF 2
Page # 11
VECTOR
DRILL - III
1. In a OAB, E is the mid–point of OB, and D is a point on AB such that AD : DB = 2 : 1.
If OD and AE interect at P, determine the ratio OP : OD using the vector method.
2. In a triangle ABC, D and E are points on BC and AC respectively, such that BD = 2DC
BP
and AE = 3EC. Let P be the point of intersection of AD and BE. Find using vector
PE
methods.
3. Prove by vector methods or otherwise, that the point of intersection of the diagonals
of a trapezium lies on the line passing through the mid–points of the parallel sides.
4. ˆ . Show that the point of intersection of the lines r a b a
Let a ˆi ˆj and b 2iˆ k
and r a a b is 3iˆ ˆj k
ˆ
5. Using vectors, show that the internal bisector angle A of a triangle ABC divides the
side BC in the ratio AB : AC
6. Show that the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent.
7. Prove that the medians of a triangle are concurrent
Scalar Product of Two vectors (Dot product)
The scalar product, a.b of two non-zero vectors a and b is defined as | a | | b | cos ,
where is angle between the two vectors, when drawn with same initial point.
Note that 0 .
If at least one of a and b is a zero vector, then a.b is defined as zero.
Properties :
(i) a.b b.a (scalar product is commutative)
(ii) a 2 a.a |a|2 a 2
(iii) (ma).b m(a.b) a.(mb) (where m is a scalar)
1 a.b
(iv) cos
|a|.|b|
(v) a.b 0 vectors a and b are perpendicular to each other. [ a , b , are non-zero
vectors].
(vi) ˆi.jˆ ˆj.k
ˆ k.i
ˆˆ0
(vii) a.(b c) a.b a.c
(viii) (a b).(a b) |a|2 |b|2
(ix) Let a a1ˆi a 2ˆj a 3 k,
ˆ b b ˆi b ˆj b k
1 2
ˆ
3 .
Then a.b (a1ˆi a 2ˆj a 3 k).(b
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
1i b 2 j b 3 k) = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
(x) Maximum value of a . b = | a || b |
(xi) Minimum value of a . b = – | a || b |
(xii) Any vector a can be written as, a = a.iˆ ˆi a.jˆ ˆj a.k kˆ
Page # 12
VECTOR
Algebraic projection of a vector along some other vector :
a.b
ON OBcos |b| a.bˆ
|a||b|
B
A
O a
Ex.13 Find the angle between the vectors 4iˆ ˆj 3kˆ and 2iˆ 2ˆj kˆ .
Sol. Let the required angle is .
4.2 1.2 3(1) 7
= cos–1 = cos–1
16 1 9 4 4 1 3 26
Ex.14 Find the work done by a force represented by 4iˆ ˆj 3k
ˆ which displaces a particle
from the point A( ˆi 2ˆj 3k
ˆ ) to the point B( 5iˆ 4ˆj kˆ ).
Sol. Here F = 4iˆ ˆj 3k
ˆ
d = AB = (5 – 1) î + (4 – 2) ˆj + (1 – 3) k̂
= 4 î + 2 ˆj – 2 k̂
Work done by the given force = F. d
= (4 î + ˆj – 3 k̂ ) . (4 î + 2 ˆj – 2 k̂ )
= 16 + 2 + 6 = 24 units.
Ex.15 Prove that the angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
Sol. Let O be the centre and AB the bounding diameter of the semi-circle. Let P be any
point on the circumference. With O as origin.
Let OA a, OB a and OP r P
Obviously OA = OB = OP, each being equal to
radius of the semi-circle.
AP r a and BP r (a) r a B O A
AP.BP (r a).(r a) r 2 a 2 = OP2 – OA2 = 0
AP and BP are perpendicular to each other, i.e., APB 900 .
DRILL - IV
1. Find | a | and | b | if ( a – b ).( a + b ) = 8, and | a | = 8| b |.
2. Find the projection of the vector 2 i – 3 j – 6 k on the line joining the point (5, 6, – 3)
and (3, 4, – 2).
3. Find the vector components of a vector 2 i + 3 j + 6 k along and perpendicular to non-
zero vector 2 i + j + 2 k .
Page # 13
VECTOR
4. If â and b̂ are unit vectors and is the angle between them, show that
1 ˆ .
sin |aˆ b|
2 2
5. A vector a has components 2p and 1 with respect to a rectangular coordinate system.
This system is rotated through a certain angle about the origin in the counter clockwise
sense. With respect to the new system a has components p+1 and 1, then
1 1
(a) p = 0 (b) p = 1 or p = – (c) p = –1 or p = (d) p = 1 or p = –1
3 3
4
6. The angle between two vectors v1 and v 2 is cos 1 .
21
If v1 6iˆ 3ˆj 2kˆ and v 2 2iˆ ˆj 4kˆ , find the positive value of .
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ ,
7. Find the unit vector which makes equal angles with 3 vectors a (i 2j 2k)
3
1
ˆ and c ˆj .
b (4iˆ 3k)
5
2 2
8. If a, b, c , are the unit vectors, then a b b c c a does not exceed
(a) 4 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 6
9. a and b are unit vectors inclined at an angle , 0, to each other and a b 1 .
then
2 2 3
(a) , (b) , (c) 0, 3 (d) ,
3 3 3 4 4
10. Let a, b be the position vectors of points A and B with respect to 0 and a a, b b .
The points C and D divide AB internally and externally in the ratio 2 : 3. If OC and OD
are perpendicular then
(a) 9a2 = 4b2 (b) 4a2 = 9b2 (c) 9a = 4b (d) 4a = 9b
11. Show that the vectors
(log a)iˆ (log b)jˆ (log c)k ˆ
(q r)iˆ (r p)jˆ (p q)kˆ
are perpendicular if a, b, c are the pth, qth and rth terms of a GP.
12. Let a, b,c be unit vectors, equally inclined to each other at an angle , . If
3 2
these are the position vector of the three vertices of a triangle and g is the position
vector of the centroid of the triangle, then
3 3 2
(a) g 1 (b) g (c) g (d) g
2 2 3
Page # 14
VECTOR
13. Let A, B, C, D be four points in a plane with position vectors a, b, c, d respectively
such that a d . b c b d . c a 0 . Show that the point D is the orthocentre
of triangle ABC
14. Th e len gt h of t h e sides a, b, c of a t r ian gle AB C ar e r elat ed as a 2 + b2 = 5c2. Prove,
using vector methods, that the medians drawn to the sides a and b are perpendicular.
15. The vector sum of a and b trisects the angle between them. If a a, b b such that
a > b. Show that the angle between the two vectors a and b is 3cos 1 a and the
2b
a 2 b2
sum vector a b has the magnitude .
b
22.
Vector (Cross) Product
The vector product of two non-zero vectors a and b , whose
a ×b
modulus are a and b respectively, is the vector whose modulus
n B
is ab sin , where (0 ) is the angle between vectors
b
O
a and b . Its direction is that of a vector n perpendicular to
a
both a and b , such that a, b,n are in right-handed orientation.
A
By the right-handed orientation we mean that, if we turn the vector a into the vector
b through the angle , then n points in the direction in which a right handed screw
would move if turned in the same manner. Thus a b |a||b|sin n ˆ . If at least one of
a and b is a zero vector, then a b is defined as the zero vector.
Properties :
(i) a b (b a)
(ii) (ma) b m(a b) a (mb) (where m is a scalar)
(iii) a b 0 vectors a and b are parallel.
(provided a and b are non-zero vectors).
(iv) ˆi ˆi ˆj ˆj k
ˆ k
ˆ 0
(v) ˆi ˆj kˆ (ˆj ˆi), ˆj kˆ ˆi (kˆ ˆj),k
ˆ ˆi ˆj (iˆ k)
ˆ
(vi) a (b c) a b a c
(vii) Let a a1ˆi a 2ˆj a 3kˆ and b b1ˆi b2ˆj b3 kˆ , then
ˆi ˆj kˆ
a b a1 a 2 a3
= ˆi(a 2 b3 a 3 b2 ) ˆj(a 3 b1 a1b3 ) k(a
ˆ b a b )
1 2 2 1
b1 b2 b3
|a b|
(viii) sin .
|a||b|
Page # 15
VECTOR
1 1 1 B
(ix) Area of triangle = ap absin |a b|
2 2 2 b
p
O A
a
B C
(x) Area of parallelogram = ap absin |a b| .
b
p
(xi) ab ba (not commutative) O
A
a
a b
(xii) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a & b is .
a b
r a b
(xiii) A vector of magnitude ‘r’ & perpendicular to the plane of a & b is .
a b
1
(xiv) Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are d1 & d2 is given by d1 d2 .
2
2 2 2 2 a .a a .b
(xv) Lagranges Identity : for any two vectors a & b;(a b) a b (a .b) .
a .b b.b
Ex.16 Find the area of a parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are represented by
a 3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ and b 2iˆ 2jˆ 4k
ˆ
Sol. Area of parallelogram = |a b|
ˆi ˆj k
ˆ
Now a b = 3 1 2 = 8 î – 8 ˆj – 8 k̂
2 2 4
Area = |8 î – 8 ˆj – 8 k̂ | = 8 3 units
Ex.17 Find the moment of the force 3iˆ kˆ passing through the point A(2iˆ ˆj 3k)
ˆ about
the point O( ˆi 2ˆj k
ˆ ).
Sol. Here r = OA = î – 3 ˆj + 4 k̂
Moment of force F at A with respect to O
= r × F
= ( î – 3 ˆj + 4 k̂ ) × (3 î + k̂ )
i j k
= 1 3 4 = – 3 î + 11 ˆj + 9 k̂
3 0 1
Page # 16
VECTOR
DRILL - V
1. Find a unit vector which is perpendicular to each of the vector 3i 2 j k and
12i 5 j 5k .
2 2 2 a.a a.b
2. Prove that (a b) a b (a.b) or (a b) .
2 2
b.a b.b
3. Given a i 2 j 3k, b i 2 j k and c 3i j , find a unit vector in the direction
of resultant of these vectors. Also find a vector r which is normal to both a and b .
What is the inclination of r to c .
4. Show that the perpendicular distance of the point c from the line joining a and b is
|b c c a a b|
.
|b a|
5. A non zero vector a is parallel to the line of intersection of the plane determined by
the vector i, i j and the plane determined by the vectors i j, i k . Then the
angle between a and the vector i 2 j 2k is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 2
6. Let OA = a , OB = 10 a + 2 b , OC b where O, A, C are non collinear points. Let p
denote the area of the quadrilateral OABC and let q denote the area of the
parallelogram with OA and OC as adjacent sides. If p = kq, then k =
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 4
7.
Let a 2iˆ k, ˆ b ˆi ˆj k ˆ be three vectors. Find a vector r which
ˆ and c 4iˆ 3ˆj 7k
satisfies r b c b and r . a = 0
8. ˆ c ˆj kˆ are given vectors, then find a vector b satisfying the equations
If a ˆi ˆj k,
a b c and a . b 3
9. If A1, A2, A3 ……, An are the vertices of a regular plane polygon with n sides and O is
n 1
its centre, show that (OA i OA i1 ) (n 1)(OA1 OA 2 )
i 1
10. If a, b, c, d be the position vector of the vertices of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, then
|a b b d d a| |b c c d d b|
show that 0
(b a).(d a) (b c).(d c)
Scalar Triple Product (Box Product) :
The scalar triple product of three vectors a, b and c is defined as
(a b).c = |a||b||c| sin cos where is the angle between a & b & is the angle
between a b & c . It is also defined as [a b c]
Let a a1ˆi a 2ˆj a 3 k,b ˆ c c ˆi c ˆj c k
ˆ b ˆi b ˆj b k, ˆ
1 2 3 1 2 3
Page # 17
VECTOR
ˆi ˆj kˆ
a a 3 ˆ a1 a 3 ˆ a1 a 2
Then a b a1 a 2 a 3 ˆi 2 j k
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2
b1 b2 b3
a1 a 2 a 3
a a3 a a3 a a2
(a b).c c1 2 c2 1 c3 1 b1 b2 b3
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2
c1 c 2 c3
Therefore (a b).c (b c).a (c a).b (b a).c (c b).a (a c).b
Note that (a b).c (b c).a a.(b c) , hence in scalar triple product dot and cross are
interchangeable. Therefore we denote (a b).c by [a b c] .
Properties
(i) |(a b).c| represents the volume of the parallelopiped, whose adjacent sides are
represented by the vectors a,b and c in magnitude and direction. Therefore three
vectors a,b,c are coplanar if and only if [a b c] = 0.
a1 a 2 a3
i.e., b1 b2 b3 0
c1 c2 c3
(ii) [a b c d] [a c d] [b c d]
(iii) [a a b] 0 .
(iv) In a scalar triple product the position of dot & cross can be interchanged i.e.
a . (b c) (a b).c OR [ a b c ] [ b c a ] [ c a b ]
(v) a . (b c) a .(c b) i.e. [ a b c ] [ a c b ]
a1 a2 a3
(vi) If a = a 1i+a2j+a3k ; b = b 1i+b 2j+b 3k & c = c1i+c2j+c3k then [a b c] b1 b2 b3 .
c1 c 2 c3
In general, if a a1 l a 2 m a 3 n ; b b1 l b2 m b3 n & c c1 l c2 m c 3 n then
a1 a 2 a3
a b c b1 b2 b3 l m n ; where , m &n are non coplanar vectors .
c1 c2 c3
(vii) If a , b , c are coplanar [ a b c ] 0 .
(viii) Scalar product of three vectors, two of which are equal or parallel is 0 i.e. [ a b c ] 0 ,
Note : If a , b , c are non - coplanar then [ a b c ] 0 for right handed system &
[ a b c ] 0 for left handed system .
(ix) [i j k] = 1.
(x) [ K a b c ] K[ a b c ] .
(xi) The volume of the tetrahedron OABC with O as origin & the pv’s of A, B and C being
1
a , b & c respectively is given by V a b c
6
Page # 18
VECTOR
(xii) The position vector of the centroid of a tetrahedron if the pv’s of its angular vertices
1
are a , b , c & d are given by
4
abcd .
Note that this is also the point of concurrence of the lines joining the vertices to the
centroids of the opposite faces and is also called the centre of the tetrahedron. In
case the tetrahedron is regular it is equidistant from the vertices and the four faces
of the tetrahedron.
Remember that : a b b c c a = 0 & a b b c c a = 2 a b c .
ˆ and c 3iˆ kˆ represent three coterminous edges of a
Ex.18 If a 2iˆ 3ˆj , b ˆi ˆj k
parallelopiped, then the volume of that parallelopiped is-
(A) 8 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 10
2 3 0
1 1 1
Sol. Volume = [a b c] = = – 2 + 9 – 3 = 4
3 0 1
Ex.19 If the vertices of any tetrahedron be a ˆj 2k ˆ , b 3iˆ k
ˆ , c 4iˆ 3ˆj 6k
ˆ and
d 2iˆ 3ˆj 2k
ˆ then find its volume.
Sol. Let the p.v. of the vertices A,B,C,D with respect to 0 are a, b, c and d respectively
then AB = b a 3iˆ ˆj kˆ,
AC = 4iˆ 2ˆj 4k ˆ and AD = 2iˆ 2ˆj
3 1 1
1 1 4 2 4
Now volume of tetrahedron = AB AC AD = = – 6
6 6 2 2 0
Required volume = 6 units
Ex.20 Prove that the formula for the volume V of a tetrahedron in terms of the lengths a, b
and c of three concurrent edges and their mutual inclinations , and is given by
1 cos cos
V 2 = cos 1 cos .
cos cos 1
Sol. Let OABC be the tetrahedron with O as origin. Let a, b, c be the position vectors of A,
B, C.
Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k, b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k, c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k.
a a2 a3
1 1 1
Then V = [a b c] b1 b2 b3
6 6 c c c3
1 2
a a2 a 3 a1 a 2 a3
1 1
V =
2 b1 b2 b3 b1 b2 b3
36 c c c 3 c1 c 2 c3
1 2
Page # 19
VECTOR
a12 a 22 a 32 a1b1 a 2 b2 a 3 b3 a1c1 a 2c2 a 3c3
1
= a1b1 a 2 b2 a 3 b3 b12 b22 b32 b1c1 b2c2 b3 c3
36
a1c1 a 2c2 a 3 c3 b1c1 b2c 2 b3c 3 c12 c 22 c 32
|a 2 | a.b a.c a2 a b cos c a cos 1 cos cos
1 1 a 2b2 c 2
= a.b |b|2 b.c = a bcos b2 bc cos = cos 1 cos .
36 2 36 36
a.c b.c |c| c a cos bc cos c 2
cos cos 1
DRILL - VI
1. Find the volume of a parallelopiped whose sides are given by 3iˆ 7ˆj 5 k
ˆ,
5iˆ 7ˆj 3 k
ˆ , and 7iˆ 5ˆj 3 k
ˆ.
2. Find the value of for which the four points with position vectors 3iˆ 2ˆj k,
ˆ 2iˆ 3ˆj 4k
ˆ,
ˆi ˆj 2kˆ and 4iˆ 5ˆj kˆ are coplanar
3. If the vectors a aiˆ ˆj k, ˆ ˆi bjˆ kˆ and ˆi ˆj ckˆ are coplanar,
1 1 1
then prove that 1 , where a 1, b 1 and c 1
1 a 1 b 1 c
4. Let a, b, c be three non zero vectors such that c is a unit vector perpendicular to both
1
a and b . If the angle between a and b is /6, prove that [a b c]2 = 4 | a |2 | b |2
5. Let a ˆi k, ˆ , c yiˆ xjˆ (1 x y)kˆ . Then [a b c]
ˆ b xiˆ ˆj (1 x)k depends on
(a) only x (b) only y (c) both x and y (d) neither x nor y
(x a)2 (x b)2 (x c)2
6. If (y a)2 (y b)2 (y c)2 = 0 and x = (x2 , x , 1), y = (y2, y , 1), z = (z2, z, 1) are non
(z a)2 (z b)2 (z c)2
– coplanars, then prove that a = (a2 , a, 1) , b = (b2, b , 1), c = (c2, c, 1) are coplanar
7. Consider the vectors A ˆi cos( )jˆ cos( )k,
ˆ B cos( )iˆ ˆj cos( )k,
ˆ and
C cos( )iˆ cos( ) ˆj a k,
ˆ where , and are different angles in (0, /2) . If
A, B , C are coplanar vectors, show that a is independent of , and
8. If a, b, c be three non – coplanar unit vectors equally inclined to one another at an
angle such that a b b c pa qb rc , find p, q, r in terms of . Also prove that
q2
p2 + + r2 = 2
cosθ
9. Show that the vectors aiˆ 3ˆj k,
ˆ ˆi (a 1)jˆ 2kˆ and 3iˆ 5ˆj 2kˆ give rise to two distinct
planes for suitable value of . Find the angles between the planes
Page # 20
VECTOR
Vector Triple Product
The vector triple product of three vectors a, b and c is defined as a (b c) . If at least
one a, b and c is a zero vector or b and c are collinear vectors or a is perpendicular
to both b and c , only then a (b c) 0 . In all other cases a (b c) will be a non-zero
vector in the plane of non-collinear vectors b and c perpendicular to the vector a .
Thus we can take a (b c) b c , for some scalars and . Since a a (b c) ,
a.(a (b c)) 0 (a.b) (a.c) 0 (a.c), (a.b) , for same scalar .
Hence a (b c) (a.c)b (a.b)c , for any vectors a, b and c satisfying the conditions
given in the beginning. In particular if we take, a b ˆi, c ˆj , then 1 .
Hence a (b c) (a.c)b (a.b)c
ˆ
Ex.21 For any vector a , prove that ˆi ×(a × ˆi)+ ˆj×(a × ˆj) + kˆ ×(a × k) = 2a .
ˆ (a k)]
Sol. [iˆ (a ˆi)] [ˆj (a ˆj)] [k ˆ
ˆ ˆ (i.a)i]
= [(i.i)a ˆ ˆ [(ˆj.j)a
ˆ (ˆj.a)j]
ˆ ˆ ˆ (k.a)k]
[(k.k)a ˆ ˆ ˆ
ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆ ˆ ˆi.iˆ ˆˆ ˆ ˆ 1]
= a (i.a)i a ( j.a)j a (k.a)k ˆ [ jj kk
ˆ ˆ (ˆj.a)j
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= 3a [(i.a)i ˆ
(k.a)k]
ˆ . Then ˆia ˆi(a ˆi a ˆj a k)
Let a a1ˆi a 2ˆj a 3 k 1 2 3
ˆ a ˆi 2 a (i.j)
2 2
ˆ ˆ a (i.k)
3
ˆ ˆ a (1) a (0) a
1 2 1
Similarly, ˆj.aˆ a 2 , k.aˆ a
3
ˆ 3a a 2a = R.H.S.
L.H.S. = 3a (a1ˆi a 2ˆj a 3 k)
Reciprocal system of vectors
Let a, b and c be a system of three non-coplanar vectors. Then the system of vectors
a , b and c which satisfies a.a b.b c.c 1 and a.b a.c b.a b.c c.a c.b 0 ,
is called the reciprocal system to the vectors a,b,c . In terms of a,b,c the vectors
bc ca ab
a , b, c are given by a , b , c .
[a b c] [a b c] [a b c]
Properties :
(i) a.b a.c b.a b.c c.a c.b 0
(ii) The scalar triple product [a b c] formed from three non-coplanar vectors a, b, c is the
reciprocal of the scalar triple product formed from reciprocal system.
DRILL - VII
1. Prove that a ( b c) b ( c a) c (a b) 0 .
2. Prove that [a b b c c a ] [a b c]2
3 ˆ and b ˆi ˆj . If c is a vector such that a .c |c|,|c
Let a 2iˆ j 2k
a| 2 2 and
the angle between ( a b ) and c is 30°, then |( a b ) x c | =
2 3
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 3
3 2
Page # 21
VECTOR
4. If p ,q,r denote the vectors b c,c a ,a b respectively, show that a is parallel to
q r,b to r p,c to p q respectively.
b c
5. If a ,b,c are non coplanar unit vectors such that a ( b c) ,b and c are non
2
parallel, then find the angles which a makes with b and c .
6. Let a be a unit vector and b be a non zero vector not parallel to a . Find the angles
of the triangle, two sides of which are represented by the vectors 3(a b) and
ˆ ˆ.
b (a.b)a
7. Find the scalars and , if a ( b c) (a .b)b (4 2 sin )b (2 1)c and (c .c)a c
where b and c are non collinear vectors and a, b are scalars.
8. If a , b, c are vectors such that |b||c|, prove that {(a b) (a c )} (b c).(b c) 0 .
9. If a , b, c and a ,b,c. be the reciprocal system of vectors, prove that
(i) a .a b.b c.c 3 (ii) a a b b c c 0
10. Find a vector in the plane ˆi ˆj 2kˆ and ˆi 2ˆj k
ˆ orthogonal to 2iˆ ˆj kˆ and with its
projection along ˆi ˆj kˆ equal to 6 3 .
Solving of vector Equation:
Solving a vector equation means determining an unknown vector (or a number of
vectors satisfying the given conditions)
Generally, to solve vector equations, we express the unknown as the linear combination
of three non-coplanar vectors as
r xa yb z(a b) as a, b and a b are non-coplanar and find x, y, z using given
conditions. Sometimes we can directly solve the given condtions it would be more
clear from some examples.
Ex.22 Solve the vector equation r b a b,r.c = 0 provided that c is not perpendicular to b .
Sol. We are given; r b a b (r a) b 0
Hence (r a) and b are parallel
r a t b . . . (i) and we know r.c = 0,
taking dot product of (i) by c we get r.c a.c = t(b.c)
a.c
0 – a.c = t(b.c) or t = – . . . (ii)
b.c
r
r a.c
from (i) and (ii) solution of is ; = a – b.
b.c
DRILL - VIII
1. Solve the vector equation r b a b , where a,b are two given vectors
2. If a .b 0 , find the vector r which satisfies the equation r b c b and r.a 0
Page # 22
VECTOR
3. Solve the vector equation r a b given that a and b are given vectors such that
a .b = 0
4. Solve the vector equation r a kr b , where a , b are two given vectors and k is a
given scalar.
5. Let a , b and c be the unit vector such that a × b = c . Also, X is any vector such
that Xbc = 3, Xca = 4 and Xab = 2. Find X in terms of a, b and c .
6. Solve for r : r r a b, 0
7. If p q r a,p q b,q r c,a .p 1,a .q 1 and|a|2 3 , express p, q, r in terms of
a, b, c .
8. If p q a,q r b,p.b ,p.q 1and q . r 1, , express p, q, r in terms of a, b, c .
9. Find the vector a = (x, y, z), which makes equal angles with the vectors b = (y, –2z, 3x)
and c = (2z, 3x – y) and is perpendicular d = (1, –1, 2) with |a | = 2 3 and the angle
between a and unit vector j is obtuse
10. Vectors u, v, w each of magnitude 2 makes equal angles 60° with each other. If
a = u v w , b = v w u and c = u v , express u,v,w in terms of a,b,c .
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 (i) OABC is a regular tetrahedron D is circumcentre of OAB and E is mid point
of edge AC. Prove that DE is equal to half the edge of tetrahedron.
(ii) If V be the volume of a tetrahedron and V ' be the volume of the tetrahedron
formed by the centroids and V = k V ' then find the value of k.
OA OB ab
Sol. (i) OD = ( OAB is an equilateral D)
3 3
a c a 3c 2b
OE DE
2 6
2
a 3c 2b
|DE| =
6
( |a | = |b| = |c| and = 60°)
1 6a 2 12a 2 4a 2 1 a
DE = a 2 9a 2 4a 2 DE = 9a 2 DE =
6 2 2 2 6 2
1
(ii) V = [a b c]
6
a b bc ca a b c
The centroid are , , ,
3 3 3 3
Page # 23
VECTOR
1 c a cb c 1 1
V' = = [a b c] = V k = 27
6 3 3 3 6 27 27
Ex.2 Let ABC be a triangle.Points M, N and P are taken on the sides AB, BC and CA
AM BN CP
respectively such that = = = . Prove that the vectors AN , BP and
AB BC CA
CM form a triangle. Also find for which the area of the triangle formed by these
vectors is the least.
Sol. Let a , b, c be the position vectors of A, B, C respectively.
OM = b + (1 – ) a , ON = c (1 ) b , OP = a (1 ) c
AN c (1 ) b a
BP a (1 ) c b and CM b (1 ) a c
Clearly AN BP CM = 0
AN, BP, CM form a triangle
Area of triangle formed by the vectors AN, BP, CM is
1 1
= |(c (1 )b a) (a (1 ) c b)| = | 2 – + 1| ( ABC)
2 2
1
is least if | 2 – + 1| is least. Which is when =
2
Ex.3 If A (a) , B (b) and C (c) are three non collinear points and origin does not lie in the
plane of the points A, B and C, then for any point P (p) in the plane of the ABC,
prove that ;
(i) a b c p . a b b c c a
(ii) A point v is on plane of ABC such that vector ov is to plane of ABC.
[a b c](a b b c c a)
Then show that v = , where is the vector area of the
4 2
ABC.
Sol. (i) P lies in the plane of A, B and C
AP . (BP CP) 0
(p a). (c p p b b c) 0 (p a) . (p b) (p c) = 0
p . (b c c a a b) = [a b c]
Hence (i) is proved
(ii) Let v = (a b b c c a)
Since v . (a b b c c a) = [a b c] Proved is part (i)
Page # 24
VECTOR
[a b c] [a b c] (a b b c c a)
(a b b c c a)2 = [a b c] v = 4 2
4 2
Ex.4 Line L 1 is parallel to vector 3iˆ 2ˆj 4k ˆ and passes through a point A(7, 6, 2)
and line L 2 is parallel to a vector 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ and passes through a point B(5, 3, 4).
Now a line L 3 parallel to a vector r 2iˆ 2jˆ kˆ intersects the lines L 1 and L 2 at
points C and D respectively, then find |CD|.
Sol. Equation of line L1 is 7iˆ 6ˆj 2k
ˆ + (3iˆ 2ˆj 4k)
ˆ
Equation of line L 2 is 5iˆ 3ˆj 4kˆ + (2iˆ ˆj 3k)
ˆ
CD = 2iˆ 3ˆj 2k
ˆ + (3iˆ 2ˆj 4k)
ˆ – (2iˆ ˆj 3k)
ˆ
since it is parallel to 2iˆ 2ˆj k
ˆ
2 3 2 3 2 2 4 3
= = =2 , = 1
2 2 1
CD = 6iˆ 6ˆj 3k
ˆ | CD | = 9
Ex.5 Prove that the volume of tetrahedron bounded by the planes,
3
2p
ˆ 0 , r . (nkˆ ˆi) 0 , r .(ˆi m ˆj) 0 , r . ( ˆi m ˆj n k)
r . (mjˆ nk) ˆ p is .
3mn
Sol. Vectors along the edges passing through the origin.
(mjˆ nk)
ˆ (ˆi nk)
ˆ = mniˆ nˆj mk
ˆ
ˆ ˆi) (ˆi mj)
(nk ˆ = mniˆ nˆj mkˆ
(ˆi mj)
ˆ (mjˆ nk)
ˆ = mniˆ nˆj mk
ˆ
Let the equation of one edge be r (mniˆ nˆj mk)
ˆ
For its point of intersection with the plane r . ( ˆi m ˆj n k)
ˆ p , we have
p
(mniˆ nˆj mk)
ˆ . (ˆi mjˆ nk)
ˆ =p l=
mn
mn n m
mn n m = 4l 2m2n2
mn n m
1 p3 2 p3
volume of the tetrahedron = 3 . 4l m n =
2 2 2
6 (mn) 3 mn
Ex.6 Let OABC is a regular tetrahedron and P is any point in space. If edge length of
tetrahedron is 1 unit, find the least value of PA2 + PB2 + PC2 + PO2.
Sol. Let p.v. of P be (p) & that of A, B, C be a, b, c with respect to origin 'O'.
PA2 + PB2 + PC2 + PO2 = 4p2 + 3 – 2 p . (a b c) { | a | = | b | = | c | = 1}
Page # 25
VECTOR
For above to be minimum p . (a b c) should be maximum
Which is = | p | | a b c |
Further | a b c | = a 2 b2 c 2 2(a .b b.c c.a) = 3
Hence PA2 + PB2 + PC2 + PO2 = 4p2 + 3 – 2 p. 3
2
3 3
= 2p – +
2 4
3 3
Whose least value is , when p = & p || a b c
4 4
Ex.7 ABCD is a quadrilateral and P, Q are mid-points of CD, AB respectively. Let AP, DQ
meet at X and BP, CQ meet at Y. Prove that Area of ADX + Area of BCY = Area
of quadrilateral PXQY.
Sol. We have to prove
ADX + BCY = PXQY
ADP + BPC = CQD
1 c d 1 c d – b
2 d × 2 +
2 2
× c – b
b b
1
= d – × c –
2
2 2
dc dc bc bd b b
+ + + + cb = dc + c + × d
2 2 2 2 2 2
Since L.H.S. = R. H. S
The result is proved.
Ex.8 Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle AD be the bisector of BAC with D on BC and
BE be the altitude from B on AC. Show that CED > 45º.
Sol. Let AB = c ' and AC = b '
c c b b
p.v. of D is
c b
Also (a – c) . b = 0
c c b b
.c
Now cos CED = c b
c c b b
. c
c b
2
c c c c
cos = c c b b c =
(c )2 |c|2 ( b )2 |b|2
(b ' )2 | b |2 cos2 = (c ' )2 | c |2 sin2
Page # 26
VECTOR
cos2 sin2 C 1 cos2 C
= × cot2 = ... (i)
2
sin 2
sin B tan2 C sin2 B
Since A,B,C are all acute.
cos2 C
Hence to prove that <1
sin2 B
or cos C < sin B Now since B + C > B> –C
2 2
or sin B > cos C from equation (i) cot < 1 > 45°
Page # 27
VECTOR
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
If the vector b is collinear with the vector a 2 2 , 1, 4 and b = 10, then:
(A) a b = 0 (B) a 2b = 0 (C) 2a b = 0 (D) none
2. OABCDE is a regular hexagon of side 2 units in the XY-plane in the I st quadrant .
O being the origin and OA taken along the X-axis. A point P is taken on a line
parallel to Z-axis through the centre of the hexagon at a distance of 3 units from
O in the positive Z direction. Then vector AP is:
(A) ˆi 3 ˆj 5 k
ˆ (B) ˆi 3 ˆj 5k
ˆ
(C) ˆi 3 ˆj ˆ
5k (D) ˆi 3 ˆj 5 kˆ
3. The vertices of a triangle are A (1, 1, 2), B(4, 3, 1) and C(2, 3, 5). A vector
representing the internal bisector of the angle A is :
(A) ˆi ˆj 2k
ˆ (B) 2iˆ 2ˆj kˆ (C) 2iˆ 2ˆj kˆ (D) 2iˆ 2ˆj kˆ
4. Let the value of p x 4y a 2x y 1 b and q y 2x 2 a 2x 3y 1 b , where
a and b are non-collinear vectors. If 3p 2q , then the value of x and y will be
(A) 1, 2 (B) 2, 1 (C) 1, 2 (D) 2, 1
5. Let a and b are two vectors making angle with each other, then unit vectors along
bisector of a & b is :
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
â b
â b â b â b
(A) (B) (C) (D) ˆ
â b
2 2cos 2cos / 2
6. Let there be two points A and B on the curve y = x 2 in the plane OXY satisfying
OA.iˆ 1 and OB.iˆ 2 then the length of the vector 2OA – 3OB is
(A) 14 (B) 2 51 (C) 3 41 (D) 2 41
7. Angle between diagonals of a parallelogram whose side are represented by
a 2iˆ ˆj k
ˆ and b ˆi ˆj k
ˆ
1 1 4 5
(A) cos –1 (B) cos –1 (C) cos –1
(D) cos –1
3 2 9 9
8. A, B, C & D are four points in a plane with position vectors a , b , c & d respectively
such that a d . b c b d . c a = 0. Then for the triangle ABC, D is its:
(A) incentre (B) circumcentre (C) orthocentre (D) centroid
9. ˆ . The point of intersection of the lines r a b a and
Let a = ˆi ˆj and b 2iˆ k
r b a b is :
(A) ˆi ˆj 2kˆ (B) 3iˆ ˆj k
ˆ (C) 3iˆ ˆj k
ˆ (D) ˆi ˆj kˆ
Page # 28
VECTOR
10. If the vectors a , b , c form the sides BC, CA and AB respectively of a triangle ABC,
then
(A) a.b b.c c.a 0 (B) a b b c c a
(C) a.b b.c c.a (D) a b b c c a 0
2
a 3b 3 a b
2
11. Vectors a and b make an angle = . If a = 1, b = 2, then
3
is equal to
(A) 225 (B) 250 (C) 275 (D) 300
12. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the triangle ABC with position vectors
a , b , c of the vertices A, B, C, is (where D is the area of the triangle ABC).
a b bc c a a b b c c a
(A) (B)
2
a b b c c a
(C) (D) none of these
4
13. If a ,b ,c are three non zero unit vectors such that a b and angle between a and c
is then a a b a b c is equal to
(A) cos (B) – cos (C) sin (D) 0
14.
The value of a 2b c a b a b c is equal to the box product:
(A) a b c (B) 2 a b c (C) 3 a b c (D) 4 a b c
a .a a .b a .c
15. ˆ , c ˆi 2 ˆj kˆ , then the value of
If a ˆi ˆj kˆ , b ˆi ˆj k b.a b.b b . c is
c.a c.b c.c
equal to :
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 16 (D) 64
16. Let a = xiˆ 12ˆj k ˆ and c = ˆi k
ˆ , b = 2iˆ 2xjˆ k ˆ . If the ordered set b c a is left
handed, then :
(A) x (2, ) (B) x (– , –3) (C) x (–3, 2) (D) x {–3, 2}
17. Vector of length 3 unit which is perpendicular to ˆi ˆj k
ˆ and lies in the plane of
ˆi ˆj k
ˆ and 2iˆ 3ˆj , is
3 3
(A) ( ˆi 2ˆj k
ˆ) (B) ( 2iˆ ˆj k
ˆ)
6 6
3 3
(C) ( 7iˆ 8ˆj kˆ ) (D) ( 7iˆ 8ˆj k
ˆ)
114 114
Page # 29
VECTOR
18. If a , b , c are linearly independent vectors, then which one of the following set of
vectors is linearly dependent?
(A) a b , b c , c a (B) a b , b c , c a
(C) a b , b c , c a (D) none
19. Given the vertices A (2, 3, 1), B (4, 1, -2), C (6, 3, 7) & D (-5, -4, 8) of a tetrahedron. The
length of the altitude drawn from the vertex D is:
(A) 7 (B) 9 (C) 11(D) none of these
20. If a , b , c be the unit vectors such that b is not parallel to c and a 2b c b ,
then the angle that a makes with b and c are respectively:
2 2
(A) & (B) & (C) & (D) &
3 4 3 3 2 3 2 3
21. If b and c are two non-collinear vectors such that a || ( b c ), then ( a b ) .
( a c ) is equal to
(A) a 2 (b . c) (B) b2 (a . c) (C) c 2 (a . b) (D) none of these
22. Vector x satisfying the relation A . x c and A x B is
cA (A B) cA (A B) cA (A B) cA 2(A B)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
| A| |A|2 |A|2 |A|2
2 2 2
23. The value of a ˆi a ˆj a k
ˆ is
(A) a 2 (B) 2a2 (C) 3a2 (D) 4a2
24. The magnitude of moment of 3 forces ˆi 2ˆj 3k,
ˆ 2iˆ 3ˆj 4k
ˆ and ˆi ˆj kˆ acting on
a particle at P(0, 1, 2) about A(–1, 2, 0) :
(A) 2 5 (B) 2 35 (C) 2 6 (D) 2 3
25. The point of intersection of r × a = b × a and r × b = a × b, where a i j and
b 2i k is
(A) 3i j k (B) 3i – k (C) 3i + 2j + k (D) ˆi 2ˆj 3k
ˆ
26. ˆ 1 . If 0 , then
Unit vectors â and b̂ are inclined at an angle 2 and â b
may belong to
3
(A) 0, /6 (B) /6,5 / 6 (C) / 6,5 /2 (D) 0,
4
ˆ ˆ ˆ
27. ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ , ˆ ˆ ˆ
a 2i 3 j k, b i 2 j 4k,c i j k d 3i 4 j 2k The value a b c
d
(A) 70iˆ 28ˆj 64kˆ (B) 7iˆ 8ˆj (C) 6ˆj 2k
ˆ (D) ˆj ˆj 3k
ˆ
Page # 30
VECTOR
28. Given that x aˆ . x aˆ 8 and x.a
ˆ 2 then the angle between x aˆ & x aˆ
is :
3 3 5 1 4
(A) cos 1 (B) cos
1
1
(C) cos (D) cos
14 21 21 21
29. X-component of a is twice its Y-component. If the magnitude of the vector is 5 2
and it makes an angle of 135° with z-axis then the component of vector is :
(A) 2 3, 3, 3 (B) 2 6, 6, 6 (C) 2 5, 5, 5
5,2 5, 3 (D)
30. If the non zero vectors a & b are perpendicular to each other then the solution of the
is
equation, r a b
1 1
(A) r xa a b
a.a
(B) r xb a b
b.b
1
(C) r x a b (D) r xa a b
a.b
31. ˆ b 4iˆ 3ˆj 4kˆ and c ˆi ˆj kˆ are linearly dependent vectors and
If a ˆi ˆj k,
c 3 then
(A) 1, 1 (B) 1, 1 (C) 1, 1 (D) 1, 1
32. The equation of the plane normal to ˆi ˆj containg a point having position vector
ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ is
(A)
r. ˆi ˆj 6
(B) r. 2iˆ ˆj 3
(C) r. ˆi ˆj 3
(D) r. ˆi 2ˆj 3k 4
33. Let the unit vector a and b be perpendicular and the unit vector c be inclined at an
angle to both a and b. If c a b a b then
(A) cos , 2 cos 2 (B) cos , 2 cos 2
2
(C) cos , sin , cos 2 (D) cos 2, 2 cos
34. The position vectors of the vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD are a,b,c and d respectively.
Area of the quadrilateral formed by joining the middle points of its sides is
1
(A) ab bd da (B) b c c d a d b a
4
1
(C) ab bc cd da (D) b c c d d b
4
35. The co-ordinates of the foot of perpendicular drawn from point P (1 , 0 , 3) to the line
passing through two points having position vector 4iˆ 7ˆj k
ˆ and 3iˆ 5ˆj 3kˆ .
5 7 17 2 5 7 5 2 7
(A) 5,7,1 (B) , , (C) , , (D) , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Page # 31
VECTOR
36. The triangle ABC is defined by the vertices A (1, –2, 2), B (1, 4, 0) and C(–4, 1, 1). Let
M be the foot of the altitude drawn from the vertex B to side AC. Then BM
(A) (–20/7, –30/7, 10/7) (B) (–20, –30, 10)
(C) (2, 3, –1) (D) 1,2, 1
37. Let a , b ,c are non zero mutually perpendicular unit vectors. There is a vector r
and and
coplanar with a b 2b c r.a 1 then minimum value of r is
6 5 4 6
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D)
5 2 13 5
38. If the vectors r1 xi j, r2 2i j k and r3 2i j xk 0 are coplanar vectors
for only one real x then is
(A) R (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 3/4
39. u a b, v a b , a b 2 then u v is
2 2 2 2
(A) 16 a.b (B) 2 16 a.b (C) 2 4 a.b (D) 4 a.b
40. Let v 2i j k and w i 3k . If u is a unit vector, then for the maximum value of
the scalar triple product u v w ,u
1 1 1 ˆ 1
(A)
14
3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ (B)
6
2iˆ ˆj kˆ (C)
10
ˆ
i 3k (D)
59
3iˆ 7jˆ kˆ
41. It is given that t1 2iˆ ˆj k
ˆ and t2 ˆi 3ˆj 2k
ˆ, t3 2iˆ ˆj 3k
ˆ and
t4 3iˆ 2ˆj 5k
ˆ . If t4 p t1 qt2 r t3 , then
2pr
(A) p = qe (B) p = q + r (C) p = q = r (D) q
pr
42. Let r,a, b and c are non zero vectors such that r.a 0 r b r b , r c r c , then
a b c is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 1
MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. ˆ biˆ cjˆ akˆ and ciˆ ajˆ bk
Let aiˆ bjˆ ck, ˆ be three coplanar vectors with
a b , and V ˆi ˆj kˆ . Then V is perpendicular to
(A) (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 3 2
2. ˆ b ˆi 2ˆj kˆ and c ˆi ˆj 2kˆ be three vectors, A vector in the
Let a 2iˆ ˆj k,
2
plane of b and c whose projection on a is of magnitude is
3
Page # 32
VECTOR
(A) 2iˆ 3ˆj 3k
ˆ (B) 2iˆ 3ˆj 3k
ˆ (C) 2iˆ ˆj 5k
ˆ (D) 2iˆ ˆj 5k
ˆ
3. Three points whose position vectors are a , b, c will be collinear if
(A) ( a b) ( )c (B) a b b c c a 0
(C) [a b c] (D) 2 a b c
4. Let b 4 i 3 j . Let c be a vector perpendicular to b and it lies in the x-y plane. A
vector in the x-y plane having projections 1 and 2 along b and c is :
1 1 ˆ ˆ
(A) 2i j
(B) 2 i j
(C)
5
(2 i 11 j) (D)
5
i j
If a , b, c are nocoplanar non zero vectors and r is any vector in space then
5.
[b c r]a [c a r ]b [a b r ]c is equal to
(A) 3[a b c] r (B) [a b c] r (C) [b c a] r (D) 6 a bc r
b c c a a b
Let a , b, c be noncoplanar vectors and p ,q ,r
6. then
[a b c] [b c a] [c a b]
(A) p.a 1 (B) p.a q .b r . c 3
(C) p.a q .b r . c 0 (D) p.b r.c
7. If a,b,c are three vectors such that a,b,c 0, then
(A) a,b,c are dependent (B) a,b,c are coplanar
(C) a,b,c are non-coplanar (D) a,b,c are linearly independent
8. The vectors a ˆi ˆj 2k, ˆ and c 2iˆ ˆj k
ˆ b ˆi ˆj k ˆ are coplanar if
(A) 2 (B) 3 1 (C) 1 3 (D) 5 1
b c c a a b
p q r ,
9. If a,b,c are non-coplanar vectors abc] , and abc then
abc
(A) a.p b.q c.r 3 (B) a p b q c r 0
(C) a p bq cr 0 (D) all of these
10. If in a right angle triangle ACB, the hypotenuse AB = p then AB.AC BC.BA CA.CB is
equal to
(A) 2p2 (B) p2/2 (C) p2 (D) AC2 + BC2
Page # 33
VECTOR
11. A line passes through the points whose position vectors are i j 2k and i 3 j k .
The position vector of a point on it at a unit distance from the first point is :
1 1 1 ˆ
(A)
5
(5 i j 7 k) (B)
5
(5 i 9 j 13 k) (C) i 4 j 3 k (D)
5
ˆ
i 3k
12. A vector of magnitude 2 along a bisector of the angle between the two vectors
2 i 2 j k and i 2 j 2 k is :
2 1 2 1 ˆ
(A)
10
(3 i k) (B)
26
( i 4 j 3 k) (C)
26
( i 4 j 3 k) (D)
10
ˆ
i 3k
13. The value of b such that the scalar product of the vector i + j + k with the unit vector
parallel to the sum of the vector 2i 4 j 5k, and bi 2 j 3k is one is
1
(A) b |1 i| (B) b = –1 (C) b = 0 (D) b = 1
2
14. The resolved part of the vector a along the vector b is and that perpendicular to b
is . Then
(a .b)a (a .b)b (b.b)a (a .b)b b (a b)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2
a b b b2
15. (a b).(c d) is equal to
(A) a .{b (c d)} (B) (a . c )(b.d) (a .d)(b. c )
(C) {(a b) c }.d (D) (d c).(b a)
16. If a,b, c,d are any four vectors then (a b) (c d) is a vector :
(A) perpendicular to a,b, c,d
(B) along the line of intersection of two planes, one containing a,b and the other
containing c, d
(C) equally inclined to both a b and c d
(D) Coplanar with a,b,c and d
17. The values of x for which the angle between the vectors a xi 3 j k and
b 2xi xj k is acute , and the angle between the vector b and the axis of ordinates
is obtuse , are
(A) 1, 2 (B) –2, –3 (C) all x < 0 (D) all x > 0
1
18. The vector
3
2 ˆi 2 ˆj kˆ is:
(A) a unit vector
(B) makes an angle with the vector 2 ˆi 4 ˆj 3kˆ
3
Page # 34
VECTOR
1 ˆ
(C) parallel to the vector ˆi ˆj k
2
(D) perpendicular to the vector 3 ˆi 2 ˆj 2kˆ
19. The vector c , directed along the internal bisector of the angle between the vectors
ˆ with | c | = 5 6 , is :
a 7 ˆi 4 ˆj 4kˆ and b 2 ˆi ˆj 2k
5 ˆ 5 ˆ 5 ˆ 5 ˆ
(A)
3
i 7 ˆj 2k
ˆ (B)
3
i 7 ˆj 2k
ˆ (C)
3
i 7 ˆj 2k
ˆ (D)
3
i 7 ˆj 2k
ˆ
20.
If a line has a vector equation r 2 ˆi 6 ˆj ˆi 3 ˆj , then which of the following
statements hold good?
(A) the line is parallel to 2 ˆi 6 ˆj
(B) the line passes through the point 3 ˆi 3 ˆj
(C) the line passes through the point ˆi 9 ˆj
(D) the line is parallel to XY-plane
21. If a x b = c x d and a x c = b x d , then the vectors a d and b c are:
(A) collinear (B) linearly independent
(C) perpendicular (D) parallel
22. â and b̂ are two given unit vectors at right angle. The unit vector equally inclined
with â , b̂ and â × b̂ will be:
1 1
(A) –
3
aˆ ˆ aˆ b
b ˆ (B)
3
aˆ ˆ aˆ b
b ˆ
1 1
(C)
3
aˆ ˆ aˆ b
b ˆ 3
aˆ bˆ aˆ bˆ
(D) –
23. If a , b , c and d are linearly independent set of vectors and K1 a K2 b K3 c K4 d = 0 ,
then
(A) K1 + K2 + K3 + K4 = 0 (B) K1 + K3 = K2 + K4 = 0
(C) K1 + K4 = K2 + K3 = 0 (D) none of these
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
Passage - 1
If A, B and C are three non collinear points with position vectors a , b and c
respectively and plane ABC is not passing through the origin.
1. The vectors a b , b c , c a are
(A) parallel vectors (B) coplanar vectors
(C) non coplanar vectors (D) linearly dependent vectors
1
2.
If |b| 1 , |c| 1 , |a | = 7 and a × b c + b × c a =
2
a , where a and b are non-
collinear vectors, then | a c | is equal to
Page # 35
VECTOR
7 3 7 7
(A) 7 (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2
3. Equation of the plane ABC can be given as
(A) r . (a b b c c a) = 0 (B) r a b + r b c + r c a + c b a = 0
(C) (r a) . (a b) = 0 (D) r a b + r b c + r c a + a b c = 0
Passage - 2
a 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ , b ˆi ˆj kˆ and non zero vector c follow the relation (a b) c = a (b c)
4. Then vector c may be given as
(A) 4iˆ 2ˆj 4k
ˆ (B) 4iˆ 2ˆj 4k
ˆ (C) ˆi ˆj k
ˆ
(D) ˆi 4ˆj kˆ
5. Volume of parallopiped whose adjacent sides are given by a , b, b c (use the c of
previous question)
(A) 18 (B) 54 (C) 12 (D) 36
6. Bisector of obtuse angle between the vector b and c is
(A) (2 3)iˆ + (1 3)ˆj + (2 3)k
ˆ (B) (2 3)iˆ + (1 3)ˆj – (2 3)k
ˆ
(C) (2 3)iˆ + ( 3 1) ˆj + (2 3)kˆ (D) (2 3)iˆ – (1 3)ˆj + (2 3)k
ˆ
Passage - 3
Let a , b, c be three vectors such that |a||b||c| 4 and angle between a and b is /3,
angle between b and c is /3 and angle between c and a is /3.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:
7. The volume of the parallelopiped whose adjacent edges are represented by the vectors
a, b and c is
(A) 24 2 (B) 24 3 (C) 32 2 (D) 32 3
8. The height of the parallelopiped whose adjacent edges are represented by the vectors
a, b and c is
2 2 3 3
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 3
3 3 2 2
9. The volume of the tetrahedron whose adjacent edges are represented by the vectors
a, b and c is
4 3 8 2 16 16 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 3
10. The height of the tetrahedron whose adjacent edges are represented by the vectors
a, b and c is
2 2 2 2
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D)
3 3 3 3
Page # 36
VECTOR
11. The volume of the triangular prism whose adjacent edges are represented by the
vectors a, b and c is
(A) 12 2 (B) 12 3 (C) 16 2 (D) 16 3
MATRIX - MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Column - I Column - II
2 2
(A) Let a 1, b 2, c 3 and a b c , (p) 1
b c a , c a b then a b c is
(B) If a, b,c are three vectors of equal magnitude (q) 57
and the angle between each pair of vectors in
3
such that a b c 6 then a is
(C) If a 5 , a b 8 and a b 10 then b is (r) 6
(D) If a, b,c are three non zero vectors such that
a b c 0 then the value of (s) 0
a. b a b. c b c. a c may be (t) 8
2. Column -I Column - II
(A) If V1,V2,V3 are the volumes of parallelopiped, (p) 2V1 + 3V3 = 5V2
triangular prism and tetrahedron respectively.
The three coterminus edges of all three figures
are the vectors î ˆj 6k̂, î ˆj 4k̂ and 2î 5ˆj 3k̂, then
(B) If V1,V2,V3 are the volumes of parallelopiped, (q) V1 + V2 + V3 = 60
triangular prism and tetrahedron respectively.
The three coterminus edges of all three figures
are the vectors 2î 3ˆj 3k̂,4î 5ˆj 3k̂ and 6î 2ˆj 3k̂, then
(C) If V1,V2,V3 are the volumes of parallelopiped, (r) V1 + 3V3 = 3V2
triangular prism and tetrahedron respectively.
The three coterminus edges of all three figures
are the vectors 3î ĵ k̂ ,4î 2 ĵ 4k̂ and 2î 2 ĵ, then
(s) V1 + V2 + V3 = 50
(t) V1 : V2 : V3 = 6 : 3 : 1
Page # 37
VECTOR
3. Column I Column II
(A) The line r ˆi ˆj t ˆi k
ˆ where t is (p) ˆi ˆj 2k
ˆ
scalar passes through the point
(B) The line r ˆi ˆj t ˆi k
ˆ where t is (q) ˆi ˆj 2k
ˆ
scalar and the plane r. 2iˆ ˆj k
ˆ 2
inter sect at the point
(C)
The point on the line r ˆi ˆj t ˆi k
ˆ (r) 2iˆ ˆj 3k
ˆ
where t is scalar, which is at a distance of
3 units from the point having position
vector î is/are
(D) The volume of the parallelopiped having (s) ˆj k
ˆ
ˆ 2iˆ ˆj kˆ and c is 4 cubic
adjacent sides ˆi k,
units then c may be
(t) 3iˆ ˆj 2k
ˆ
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
This section contains 10 questions. the asnwer to each of the quesion is a single
digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.
1. If a, b,c are the three unit vectors and , , are scalars such that
c a b a b . It is given the a.b 0 and c makes equal angle with both
2 2 2
a and b then evaluate .
2. The three vectors ˆi ˆj, ˆj k,
ˆ kˆ ˆi taken two at a time form three planes. If V be the
volume of the tetrahedron having adjacent sides as the three unit vectors drawn
perpendicular to those three planes then find the value of 9 3V .
3. Let a, b,c are three vectors having magnitudes 1,2,3 respectively satisfy the relation
abc 6 . If d is a unit vector coplanar with b
and c such that b.d 1 then evaluate
2 2
a c .d a c d .
4. Let b c m c a n a b 4 ˆi, a b c 2 and a b c 3iˆ then find the value
of m n .
5. If is the acute angle between the medians drawn through the acute angle of an
isosceles right angled triangle then find the value of 4sec .
6. The position vectors of points A,B,C, D and E are respectively
ˆi 2ˆj k,2i
ˆ ˆ ˆj 2k,
ˆ 4ˆj 4k,2i
ˆ ˆ 2ˆj 2kˆ and 4iˆ ˆj 2k
ˆ . If the line AB cuts the plane
CDE at point P having position vector i j k then find the value of .
Page # 38
VECTOR
7. and the base
If h is the altitude of a parallelopiped determined by the vectors a,b,c
is taken to be the parallelogram determined by a and b where a ˆi ˆj k,b
ˆ 2iˆ 4ˆj k
ˆ
and c ˆi ˆj 3kˆ then evaluate 19h2.
PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS (AIEEE / JEE MAINS)
1. If a, b, c are three non zero vectors out of which two are not collinear. If a 2b and
c; b 3c and a are collinear then a + 2 b + 6 c is – [AIEEE 02, 04]
(A) Parallel to c (B) Parallel to a (C) Parallel to b (D) 0
2. If [ a b c ] = 4 then [ a × b b × c c × a ] = [AIEEE 2002]
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 8 (D) 16
3. If c = 2l ( a × b ) + 3m ( b × a ) ; a × b 0, c . ( a × b ) = 0 then- [AIEEE-2002]
(A) l = 3m (B) 2l = 3m (C) l + m = 0 (D) None of these
4. If a = 2 î + ˆj + 2 k̂ , b = 5 î – 3 ˆj + k̂ , then orthogonal Component of a on b is-
[AIEEE-2002]
ˆ ˆ ˆ
9(5i 3 j k) ˆ ˆ ˆ
(5i 3 j k)
(A) 3 î –3 ˆj + k̂ (B) (C) (D) 9 (5 î –3 ˆj + k̂ )
35 35
5. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a = 2 î – 6 ˆj – 3 k̂ , b = 4 î + 3 ˆj – k̂ is-
[AIEEE-2002]
4iˆ 3ˆj k
ˆ 2iˆ 6ˆj 3 k
ˆ 3iˆ 2ˆj 6 kˆ 2iˆ 3ˆj 6 kˆ
(A) (B) (C) (D)
26 7 7 7
6. Let u = ˆi ˆj , v ˆi ˆj and w ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ . If n̂ is a unit vector such that u.n
ˆ = 0 and
v . n̂ = 0, then | w . n̂ | is equal to- [AIEEE 2003]
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
7. A particle acted on by constant forces 4iˆ ˆj 3k
ˆ and 3iˆ ˆj k
ˆ is displaced from the
point ˆi 2ˆj 3k
ˆ to the point 5iˆ 4ˆj kˆ . The total work done by the forces is-
[AIEEE 03, 04]
(A) 50 units (B) 20 units (C) 30 units (D) 40 units
8. The vectors AB = 3 î + 4 k̂ & AC = 5 î – 2 ˆj + 4 k̂ are the sides of a triangle ABC. The
length of the median through A is- [AIEEE 2003]
(A) 288 (B) 18 (C) 72 (D) 33
9. a, b, c are 3 vectors, such that a b c 0 | a | = 1, | b | = 2, | c | = 3, then
( a . b + b . c + c . a ) is equal to- [AIEEE 2003]
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) – 7 (D) 7
10. Consider points A, B, C and D with position vectors 7 î – 4 ˆj + 7 k̂ , î – 6 ˆj + 10 k̂ ,
– î –3 ˆj + 4 k̂ and 5 î – ˆj + 5 k̂ respectively. Then ABCD is a- [AIEEE 2003]
(A) parallelogram but not a rhombus (B) square
(C) rhombus (D) None of these
) . ( ) × ( )
11. If u , v and w are three non- coplanar vectors, then ( u v w
u v vw
equals [AIEEE 2003]
(A) 3 u . v × w (B) 0 (C) u . v × w (D) u . w × v
Page # 39
VECTOR
12. If a, b, c are non- coplanar vectors and is a real number, then the vectors
a + 2 b + 3 c , b + 4 c and (2 – 1) c are non- coplanar for [AIEEE 2004]
(A) all values of (B) all except one value of
(C) all except two values of (D) no value of
13. Let u , v , w be such that | u | = 1, | v | = 2, | w | = 3. If the projection of v along u is
equal to that of w along u , v and w are perpendicular to each other then | u – v + w |
equals- [AIEEE 2004]
(A) 2 (B) 7 (C) 14 (D) 14
1
14. Let a, b and c be non- zero vectors such that ( a b ) × c = | b || c | a |. If is the
3
acute angle between the vectors b and c , then sin equals- [AIEEE 2004]
1 2 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
ˆ 2
15. For any vector a,|a ˆi|2 |a ˆj|2 |a k| is equal to – [AIEEE- 2005]
(A) | a |2 (B) 2| a |2 (C) 3| a |2 (D) None of these
16. If C is the mid point of AB and P is any point outside AB, then - [AIEEE-2005]
(A) PA PB 2PC (B) PA PB PC
(C) PA PB 2PC 0 (D) PA PB PC 0
17. If a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors and is a real number then [(a b) 2 b c] =
] for -
[ ab [AIEEE-2005]
cb
(A) exactly one value of (B) no value of
(C) exactly three values of (D) exactly two values of
18. I f ( a b ) × c a (b c) , w he re a, b and c are any three vectors such that
a .b 0, b.c 0 , then a and c are – [AIEEE 2006]
(A) inclined at an angle of between them
6
(B) perpendicular
(C) parallel
(D) inclined at an angle of between them
3
19. ABC is a triangle, right angled at A. The resultant of the forces acting along AB , AC
1 1
with magnitudes and respectively is the force along AD , where D is the foot
AB AC
of the perpendicular from A onto BC. The magnitude of the resultant is –
[AIEEE 2006]
(AB)(AC) 1 1 1 AB2 AC2
(A) (B) + (C) (D) (AB)2 (AC)2
AB AC AB AC AD
20. The values of a, for which the points A, B, C with position vectors 2iˆ ˆj kˆ , ˆi 3jˆ 5k
ˆ and
aiˆ 3jˆ k
ˆ respectively are the vertices of a right-angled triangle with C = are –
2
[AIEEE 2006]
(A) –2 and –1 (B) –2 and 1 (C) 2 and –1 (D) 2 and 1
Page # 40
VECTOR
21. If u and v are unit vectors and is the acute angle between them, then 2u 3 v is a
unit vector for [AIEEE 2007]
(A) Exactly two values of (B) More than two values of
(C) No value of (D) Exactly one value of
22. Let a ˆi ˆj kˆ , b ˆi ˆj 2k
ˆ and c xiˆ (x 2)jˆ k
ˆ . If the vector c lies in the plane
of a & b , then x equals - [AIEEE 2007]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –4 (D) –2
23. The non-zero vectors a , b and c are related by a = 8 b and c = –7 b . Then the angle
between a and c is [AIEEE 2008]
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
4 2
24. The vector a = a î + 2 ĵ + b k̂ lies in the plane of the vectors b = î + ĵ & c = ĵ + k̂ &
bisects the angle between b & c . Then which one of the following gives possible
values of a & b ? [AIEEE 2008]
(A) a = 1, b = 2 (B) a = 2, b = 1
(C) a = 1, b = 1 (D) a = 2, b = 2
25. If u,v,w are non-coplanar vectors and p, q are real numbers, then the equality
3u pv pw pv w qu 2w qv qu 0 holds for : [AIEEE 2009]
(A) exactly two values of (p,q)
(B) more than two but not all values of (p, q)
(C) all values of (p, q)
(D) exactly one value of (p, q)
26. Let a ˆj kˆ and c ˆi ˆj kˆ Then vector b satisfying a b c 0 and a .b 3 is
[AIEEE-2010]
(A) 2î ĵ 2k̂ (B) î ˆj 2k̂ (C) î ĵ 2k̂ (D) î ĵ 2k̂
27. If the vectors a î ĵ 2k̂ , b 2î 4 ĵ k̂ and c î ˆj k̂ are mutually orthogonal, then
(l, m) = 1 [AIEEE-2010]
(A) (2, - 3) (B) (- 2, 3) (C) (3, - 2) (D) (- 3, 2)
1
3î k̂ and b 2î 3 ĵ 6k̂ , then the value of 2a b a b a 2b is
1
28. If a
10
7
[AIEEE-2011]
(A) – 3 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) – 5
29. The vector a and b are not perpendicular and c and d are two vectors satisfying:
b c b d and a.d 0. Then the vector d is equal to [AIEEE-2011]
a .c b.c
a .c b.c
(A) c b (B) b c (C) c b (D) b c
a.b a.b a.b
a .b
30. Let â and b̂ be two unit vectors. If the vectors c aˆ 2b
ˆ and d 5aˆ 4b
ˆ are
perpendicular to each other, then the angle between â and b̂ is
[AIEEE-2012]
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 2 3 4
Page # 41
VECTOR
31. Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that AB q, AD p and BAD be an acute
angle. If r is the vector that coincides with the altitude directed from the vertex B
to the side AD, then r
is given by [AIEEE-2012]
3(p q) p q
(A) r 3q p (B) r q p
(p p) pp
p q 3( p q )
(C) r q p (D) r 3q p
pp (p p)
32. If the vectors AB 3î 4k̂ and AC 5î 2 ĵ 4k̂ are the sides of a triangle ABC, then
the length of the median through A is: [JEE-MAINS -2013]
(A) 33 (B) 45 (C) 18 (D) 72
2
33. If a b b c c a abc , then is equal to [JEE-MAINS -2014]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
34. Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors such that no two of them are collinear
and a b c 13 |b||c|a.
If
is the angle between vectors b and a , then a value
of sin is : [JEE-MAINS -2015]
2 2 2 2 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
3
35. Let a, b and c be three unit vector such that a b c 2
b c , If b is not parallel
to c , then the angle between a and b is : [JEE-MAINS -2016]
3 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 3 6
PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS (IIT JEE / JEE ADVACNED)
Single Questions:
1. Let a, b, c be distinct non-negative numbers. If the vectors aiˆ ajˆ ck,
ˆ ˆi k
ˆ
and ciˆ cjˆ bk
ˆ lie in a plane, then c is [IIT JEE 1993]
(A) the Arithmetic Mean of a and b (B) the Geometric Mean of a and b
(C) the Harmonic Mean of a and b (D) equal to zero.
ˆ c k
2. Let a ˆi ˆj, b ˆj k, ˆ ˆi . If d is a unit vector such that a .d 0 [b c d] , then d
equals : [IIT JEE 1995]
ˆi ˆj 2k
ˆ ˆi ˆj 2kˆ ˆi ˆj kˆ
(A) (B) (C) (D) k̂
6 6 3
(b c)
3. If a,b, c are non-coplanar unit vectors such that a (b c) , b and c are non-
2
parallel vectors then the angle between a and b is [IIT JEE 1995]
3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 2
Page # 42
VECTOR
4. Let u, v and w vectors such that u v w 0 . If |u| 3,| v| 4 and w 5 , then
u.v v .w w. v is [IIT JEE 1995]
(A) 47 (B) -25 (C) 0 (D) 25
5. If p,q , r be three mutually perpendicular vectors of the same magnitude. If a vectors
x satisfies the equation p (x q) p q (x r ) q r (x p) r 0 , then x is given
by : [IIT JEE 1997]
1 1 1 1
(A) (p q 2 r) (B) (p q r) (C) (p q r ) (D) (2p q r)
2 2 3 3
6. If a ˆi ˆj k,
ˆ b 4iˆ 3ˆj 4k
ˆ and c ˆi ˆj k
ˆ are linearly dependent vectors and
|c | 3 , then : [IIT JEE 1998]
(A) 1, 1 (B) 1, 1 (C) 1, 1 (D) 1, 1
7. For three vectors u, v,w which of the following expressions is not equal to any of the
remaining three ? [IIT JEE 1998]
(A) u.( v w) (B) (v w).u (C) v .(u w) (D) (u v). w
8. Let a 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ and b ˆi ˆj . If c is a vector such that a . c |c |,|c a | 2 2 and the
angle between (a b) and c is 30°, then |(a b) c | is equal to [IIT JEE 1999]
2 3
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 3
3 2
9. Let a 2iˆ ˆj kˆ , b ˆi 2ˆj kˆ and a unit vector c be coplanar. If c is perpendicular to
a , then c is equal to : [IIT JEE 1999]
1 ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(A) ( j k) (B) ( i j k) (C) (i 2ˆj) (D) (i j k)
2 3 5 5
10. If the vector a, b and c from the sides BC, CA and AB respectively of a triangle ABC,
then [IIT JEE 2000]
(A) a . b b.c c .a 0 (B) a b b c c a
(C) a . b b.c c .a (D) a b b c c a 0
11. Let the vectors a , b, c and d be such that (a b) (c d) 0 . Let P1 and P2 be planes
determined by the pairs of vectors a,b and c, d respectively, then the angle between
P1 and P2 is [IIT JEE 2000]
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
4 3 2
Page # 43
VECTOR
12. If a,b and c are unit coplanar vector, then the scalar triple product [2a b,2 b c,2 c a]
is equal to [IIT JEE 2000]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 3
13. If a,b and c are unit vectors, then |a b|2 |b c|2 |c a|2 does not exceed
[IIT JEE 2001]
(A) 4 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 6
14. Let a ˆi k,
ˆ b xiˆ ˆj (1 x)k
ˆ and c yiˆ xjˆ (1 x y)k
ˆ . then [a b c] depends on
[IIT JEE 2001]
(A) only x (B) only y
(C) neither x nor y (D) both x and y
15. If a and b are two unit vectors such that a 2b and b are perpendicular to each
other, then the angle between a and b is [IIT JEE 2002]
1 1 1 2
(A) 45° (B) 60° (C) cos (D) cos
3 7
16. Let V 2 i j k and W i 3 k . If U is a unit vector, then the maximum value of the
scalar triple product [U V W] is [IIT JEE 2002]
(A) - 1 (B) 10 6 (C) 59 (D) 60
17. The value of ‘a’ so that the volume of parallelopiped formed by ˆi ajˆ k,
ˆ ˆj akˆ and
aiˆ kˆ become minimum, is [IIT JEE 2003]
1
(A) -3 (B) 3 (C) (D) 3
3
18. If a (iˆ ˆj k),
ˆ a .b 1 and a b ˆj kˆ , then b is : [IIT JEE 2003]
(A) ˆi ˆj kˆ (B) 2ˆj k
ˆ (C) î (D) 2iˆ
19. The unit vector which is orthogonal to the vector 3iˆ 2ˆj 6kˆ and is coplanar with the
vectors 2iˆ ˆj k
ˆ and ˆi ˆj kˆ is [IIT JEE 2004]
2iˆ 6ˆj kˆ 2iˆ 3ˆj 3ˆj k
ˆ 4iˆ 3ˆj 3kˆ
(A) (B) (C) (D)
41 13 10 34
b.a b.a
20. If a, b, c are three non-zero, non-coplanar vectors and b1 b
a, b2 b
a,
|a|2 |a|2
c .a c .b c .a c .b1 c .a c .b2 c .a
c1 c
a
b, c 2 c
a
b1, c3 c
a
b2 , c4 a
a
|a|2 |b|2 |a|2 |b|2 |a|2 |b2 |2 |a|2
Then which of the following is a set of mutually orthogonal vectors [IIT JEE 2005]
(A) {a, b1 , c1 } (B) {a, b1, c 2 } (C) {a, b2 , c 3 } (D) {a, b2 , c 4 }
Page # 44
VECTOR
ˆ . A vector coplanar to a and b has a projection
21. Let, a ˆi 2ˆj k,
ˆ b ˆi ˆj k,
ˆ c ˆi ˆj k
1
along c of magnitude , then the vector is [IIT JEE 2006]
3
(A) 4iˆ ˆj 4kˆ (B) 4iˆ ˆj 4kˆ (C) 2iˆ ˆj k
ˆ (D) none of these
22. The number of distinct real values of , for which the vectors 2ˆi ˆj k,
ˆ ˆi 2ˆj kˆ
and ˆi ˆj 2 k
ˆ are coplanar, is [IIT JEE 2006]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
23. Let a, b, c be unit vectors such that a b c 0 . Which one of the following is correct
(A) a b b c c a 0
(B) a b b c c a 0 [IIT JEE 2007]
(C) a b b c a c 0
(D) a b,b c, c a are mutually perpendicular
24. The edges of a parallelopiped are of unit length and are parallel to non-coplanar unit
ˆ b.c
ˆ ˆ c.a 1
vector a, ˆ cˆ such that aˆ . b
ˆ b, ˆ ˆ . Then, the volume of the parallelopiped is
2
[IIT JEE 2008]
1 1 3 1
(A) cu unit (B) cu unit (C) cu unit (D) cu unit
2 2 2 2 3
25. Let two non-collinear unit vectors â and b̂ form an acute angle. A point P moves so
that at any time t the position vector OP (where O is the origin) is given by
ˆ sin t . When P is farthest from origin O, let M be the length of OP and û be
â cos t b
the unit vector along OP . Then, [IIT JEE 2008]
ˆ
â b ˆ
â b
ˆ
(A) u ˆ ˆ 1/2
and M (1 a.b) ˆ
(B) u ˆ ˆ 1/2
and M (1 a.b)
ˆ
|aˆ b| ˆ
|aˆ b|
ˆ
â b ˆ
â b
ˆ
(C) u ˆ ˆ 1/2
and M (1 2a.b) ˆ
(D) u ˆ ˆ 1/2 .
and M (1 2a.b)
ˆ
|aˆ b| ˆ
|aˆ b|
26. Let P, Q, R and S be the points on the plane with position vectors –2 ˆi ˆj, 4i,3i
ˆ ˆ 3jˆ and
3iˆ 2ˆj respectively. The quadrilateral PQRS must be a [IIT JEE 2010]
(A) parallelogram, which is neither a rhombus nor a rectangle
(B) square
(C) rectangle, but not a square
(D) rhombus, but not a square
Page # 45
VECTOR
27. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram ABCD are given by AB 2iˆ 10jˆ 11kˆ and
AD ˆi 2ˆj 2kˆ . The side AD is rotated by an acute angle a in the plane of the
parallelogram so that AD becomes AD ' . If AD ' makes a right angle with the side AB,
then the cosine of the angle a is given by [IIT JEE 2010]
8 17 1 4 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 9 9
28. Let a ˆi ˆj k, ˆ and c ˆi ˆj kˆ be three vectors. A vector v in the plane of
ˆ b ˆi ˆj k
1
a and b , whose projection on c is , is given by [IIT JEE 2011]
3
(a) î 3ˆj 3k̂ (b) 3î 3 ĵ 3k̂ (c) 3î ĵ 3k̂ (d) î 3ˆj 3k̂
29. If a and b are vectors such that | a b | 29 and a ( 2î 3ˆj 4k̂ ) ( 2î 3ˆj 4k̂ ) b ,then
a possible value of (a b) (7iˆ 2jˆ 3k)
ˆ is [IIT JEE 2012]
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 8
30. Let PR 3î ˆj 2 k̂ and SQ î 3ˆj 4 k̂ determine diagonals of a parallelogram PQRS and
PT î 2 ĵ 3 k̂ be another vector. Then the volume of the parallelepiped determined
by the vectors PT,PQ and PS [JEE-ADV. -2013]
(a) 5 (b) 20 (c) 10 (d) 30
Multiple Type Questions
1. Let a 2iˆ ˆj k,
ˆ b ˆi 2ˆj k
ˆ and c ˆi ˆj 2k
ˆ three vectors. A vector in the plane of
2
b and c , whose projection on a is of magnitude , is [IIT JEE 1993]
3
(A) 2iˆ 3ˆj 3k
ˆ (B) 2iˆ 3ˆj 3kˆ (C) 2iˆ ˆj 5kˆ (D) 2iˆ ˆj 5k
ˆ
2. Which of the following expressions are meaningfull question [IIT JEE 1998]
(A) u.(v w) (B) (u. v). w (C) (u. v)w (D) u (v . w)
3. Let a and b be two non-collinear unit vectors. If u a (a .b)b and v a b , then |v|
is: [IIT JEE 1999]
(A) |u| (B) |u| |u.a | (C) |u| |u.b| (D) |u| u.(a b)
4. Let A be vector parallel to line of intersection of planes P1 and P2 through origin. P1
is parallel to the vectors 2ˆj 3kˆ and 4jˆ 3k ˆ and 3iˆ 3ˆj , then
ˆ and P is parallel to ˆj k
2
the angle between vector A and 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ is [IIT JEE 2006]
3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 6 4
5. The vector(s) which is/are coplanar with vectors î ĵ 2k̂ and î 2 ĵ k̂ , and
perpendicular to the vector î ĵ k̂ is/are [IIT JEE 2011]
(A) c (B) î k̂ (C) î ˆj (D) ˆj k
ˆ
Page # 46
VECTOR
6. Let PQR be a triangle. Let a QR, b RP and c PQ . If |a | 12, |b | 4 3 and b.c 24
then which of the following is(are) true ? [JEE ADV. -2015]
|c |2 |c |2
(A) |a | 12 (B) |a | 30
2 2
(C) |a b c a | 48 3 (D) a.b 72
1 ˆ ˆ
7. Let û u1ˆi u2ˆj u3kˆ be a unit vector in R 3 and ŵ
6
ˆ
i j 2k
. Given that there
exists a vector v in R 3 such that |u ˆ v| 1 and ŵ.(u
ˆ v) 1. Which of the follwoing
statement(s) is(are) correct ? [JEE ADV. -2016]
(A) There is exactly one choice for such v
(B) There are infinitely many choice for such v
(C) If û lies in the xy-plane then |u1 ||u2 |
(D) If û lies in the xz-plane then 2|u1 ||u3 |
Matrix Match
1. Match the following [IIT-JEE-2006]
Column - I Column - II
(A) Two rays in the first quadrant x + y = |a| and (p) 2
ax – y = 1 intersects each other in the interval
a (a0, ), the value of a0 is
(B) Point (a, b, g) lies on the plane x + y + z = 2. (q) 4/3
Let a aiˆ bjˆ gk,
ˆ kˆ (kˆ a) 0 , then g =
1 1 1 0
(C) (1 y 2 )dy + (y 2 1)dy (r) 1 x dx + 1 x dx
0 0 0 1
(D) If in a triangle ABC, sinA sinB sinC + cosA cosB = 1, (s) 1
then the value of sin C =
2. Match the statements/expressions given in Column - I with the values given in Col-
umn - II [IIT-JEE-2009]
Column - I Column - II
(A) Root(s) of the equation 2 sin2 + sin22 = 2 (p)
6
6x 3x
(B) Points of discontinuity of the function f(x) = cos , (q)
4
where [y] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to y
(C) Volume of the parallelopiped with its edges represented by the (r)
3
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
vectors i j , i 2 j and i j k
(D) Angle between vectors a and b where a,b and c are unit (s)
2
vectors satisfying a b 3 c 0
(t)
Page # 47
VECTOR
3. List – I List – II
(A) Volume of parallelepiped determined by vectors a , b and c is 2. (P) 100
Then the volume of the parallelepiped determined by vectors
2(a b), 3(b c) and (c a) is
(B) Volume of parallelepiped determined by vectors a , b and c is 5. (q) 30
Then the volume of the parallelepiped determined by vectors
(C) Area of a triangle with adjacent sides determined by vectors (r) 24
a and b is 20. Then the area of the triangle with adjacent
sides determined by vectors 2a 3b and a b
(D) Area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides determined by vectors (s) 60
a and b is 30. Then the area of the parallelogram with
adjacent sides determined by vectors a b
and a is
Subjective Question:
1. Let A 2iˆ k,
ˆ B ˆi ˆj k,
ˆ and C 4iˆ 3ˆj 7kˆ . Determine a vector R satisfying
R B C B and R . A 0 . [IIT JEE 1990]
2. Determine the value of ‘c’ so that for all real x, the vector cxiˆ 6ˆj 3k
ˆ and xiˆ 2ˆj 2cxkˆ
make an obtuse angle with each other. [IIT JEE 1991]
3. In a triangle ABC, D and E are points on BC and AC respectively, such that BD = 2DC
and AE = 3EC. Let P be the point of intersection of AD and BE. Find BP || PE using
vector methods. [IIT JEE 1993]
4. Let a, b and c be non-coplanar unit vectors, equally inclined to one another at an
angle . If a b b c p a q b r c , find scalars p, q and r in terms of .
[IIT JEE 1997]
5. Prove, by vector methods or otherwise, that the point of intersection of the diagonals
of a trapezium lies on the line passing through the mid points of the parallel sides.
(You may assume that the trapezium is not a parallelogram). [IIT JEE 1998]
6. If the vectors b, c, d are not coplanar, then prove that the vector
(a b) (c d) (a c) (d b) (a d) (b c ) is parallel to a . [IIT JEE 1994]
7. The position vectors of the vertices A, B and C of a tetrahedron ABCD are
ˆi ˆj k,
ˆ ˆi and 3iˆ , respectively. The altitude from vertex D to the opposite face ABC
meets the median line through A of the triangle ABC at a point E. If the length of the
2 2
side AD is 4 and the volume of the tetrahedron is , find the position vector of the
3
point E for all its possible positions. [IIT JEE 1996]
8. If A, B and C are vectors such that |B||C|. Prove that [(A B) (A C)] (B C).(B C) 0
[IIT JEE 1997]
9. For any two vectors u and v prove that [IIT JEE 1998]
(a) |u. v|2 |u v|2 |u||
2
v|2 and (b) (1 |u|2 )(1 | v|2 |1 u. v|2 |u v (u v)|2
Page # 48
VECTOR
10. Let u and v be unit vectors. If w
is a vector such that , then prove that
w (w u) v
1
|(u v).w| and that the equality holds if and only if u is perpendicular to v .
2
[IIT JEE 1999]
11. Let ABC and PQR be any two triangles in the same plane. Assume that the
perpendiculars from the points A, B, C to the sides QR, RP, PQ respectively are
concurrent. Using vector methods or otherwise, prove that the perpendiculars from
P, Q, R to BC, CA, AB respectively are also concurrent. [IIT JEE 2000]
12. Show, by vector methods, that the angular bisectors of a triangle are concurrent and
find an expression for the position vector of the point of concurrency in terms of the
position vectors of the vertices. [IIT JEE 2001]
13. Find 3-dimensional vectors v1 , v 2 , v 3 satisfying v1 . v1 4, v1 . v 2 2, v1 . v 3 6,
v 2 . v 2 2, v 2 . v 3 5, v 3 . v 3 29 [IIT JEE 2001]
14. Let A(t) f1(t)iˆ f2 (t)jˆ and B(t) g1 (t)iˆ g 2 (t)j,
ˆ t [0,1] , where f1, f2, g1, g2 are continuous
functions. If A(t) and B(t) are non-zero vectors for all t and A(0) 2iˆ 3ˆj, A(1) 6iˆ 2ˆj ,
B(0) 3iˆ 2ˆj and B(1) 2iˆ 6ˆj then show that A(t) and B(t) are parallel for same t.
[IIT JEE 2001]
15. Let V be the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the vectors a a1ˆi a 2ˆj a 3 k
ˆ,
b b1ˆi b2ˆj b3 kˆ and c c1ˆi c 2ˆj c 3 kˆ . If ar, br, cr, where r = 1, 2, 3 are non-negative
3
real numbers and (a
r 1
r br c r ) 3L . Show that V L3 . [IIT JEE 2002]
16. If u, v, w are three non-coplanar unit vectors and ,, are the angles between
u and v, v and w, w and u respectively and x, y, z are unit vectors along the bisectors of
1 2
the angles , , respectively. Prove that [x y y z z x] [u v w] sec 2 sec 2 sec2 .
16 2 2 2
[IIT JEE 2003]
17. If a,b, c,d are four distinct vectors satisfying the conditions a b c d and a c b d ,
then prove that a .b c .d a . c b.d . [IIT JEE 2004]
18. Incident ray is along the unit vector v and the reflected ray is along the unit vector
w . The normal is along unit vector a outwards. Express w in term of a and v .
[IIT JEE 2005]
Integer Question:
ˆi 2jˆ 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ
1. If a and b are vectors in space given by a and b , then the value of
5 14
2a b . a b a 2b is [IIT JEE 2010]
Page # 49
VECTOR
2. Let a î k̂ , b î ˆj and c î 2ˆj 3k̂ be three given vectors. If r is a vector such
that r b c b and r a 0 , then the value of r b is [IIT JEE 2011]
2 2 2
3. If a , b and c are unit vectors satisfying a b b a c a 9 , then | 2a 5b 5c | is
[IIT JEE 2012]
4. Consider the set of eight vectors V {a î bˆj c k̂ ; a , b , c { 1,1}} . Three non-coplanar
vectors can be chosen from V in 2p ways. Then p is ________ [IIT JEE 2013]
Fill in the blanks:
1. If a ˆj 3k̂, b j 3k̂ and c 2 3k̂ form a triangle, then the internal angle of the
triangle between a and b is [IIT JEE 2011]
Page # 50
VECTOR
ANSWER KEY
DRILL – II
1. 3, – 6 4. x = 2, y = -1 9. A2 – A1, A3
DRILL - III
8
1. 3:5 2.
3
DRILL - IV
2 2 16 2 4
1. b ,a 2.
63 63 3
19 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 (20iˆ 8ˆj 16k)
ˆ
3. (2i j 2k),
9 9
1 1
5. p = 1 or p = – 6. =4 7. r (5iˆ ˆj 5k)
ˆ
3 51
8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)
2
12. (d) g
3
DRILL - V
1 1
1. ( 5i 3 j 9 k ) or (5i 3 j 9 k )
115 115
1
3. unit vector in the direction of resultant = (3 i 5 j 4k );| r | 4 3 ;
5 2
4
cos 1
3
5. (b) 6. (c)
7. r c 5b (4iˆ 3ˆj 7k)
ˆ 5(iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ ˆi 8 j 2k
ˆ
5 2 2
8. b ˆi ˆj kˆ
3 3 3
DRILL - VI
146
1. 264 cubic units 2. 5. (d)
17
1 2cos 1
8. p = ,q= ,r=
2cos 1 2cos 1 2cos 1
17
9. cos –1 3 239
Page # 51
VECTOR
DRILL - VII
3
3. (b) 5. ,
4 4
6. 60° & 30° 7. = 1, = 2n + ,n Z
2
10. r 9jˆ 9k
ˆ
DRILL - VIII
c.a
1. r a yb 2. r c b
b.a
1 1 1
3.
|a|
r xa 2 a b , where x R 4. r 2 2
| a | k k
a .b a kb a b
b a.b a / a b
5.
X 3a 4b 2c 6. r
2 a .a
1 1 1
7. p a 2a b a c , q a a b a c , r a a b 2a c
3 3 3
ab
8.
p 2 a b a a b
|a b|
, q
, r | a b |2 a b b a b
9. (2, –2, –2)
1 1 1
10. w a b c a b , u w b a b c a b , v w a a b c a b
2 2 2
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. D
7. A 8. C 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. B
13. B 14. C 15. C 16. C 17. C 18. B
19. C 20. D 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. B
25. A 26. A 27. A 28. D 29. C 30. A
31. D 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. B 36. A
37. D 38. B 39. B 40. D 41. B 42. A
MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A,B,C 2. A,C 3. A,B 4. A,C 5. B,C 6. A,B
7. C,D 8. A,B,C 9. A,B 10. C,D 11. A,B 12. A,C
13. A,D 14. B,C,D 15. A,B,C,D 16. B,C 17. B,C 18. ACD
19. AC 20. BCD 21. AD 22. AB 23. ABC
COMPREHESION TYPE QUESTIONS
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. C
7. C 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. C
Page # 52
VECTOR
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A r; B p; C q; D p,q,r,t
2. A p,r,s,t , B p,r,t , C p,q,r,t
3. A q,r,s,t; B s; C q,t; D q,t
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (9) 4. (6) 5. (5) 6. (6)
7. (8)
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (AIEEE)
1. D 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. A
7. D 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. C
13. C 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. C
19. C 20. D 21. D 22. D 23. C 24. C
25. D 26. D 27. D 28. D 29. C 30. C
31. B 32. A 33. B 34. A 35. D
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (IIT JEE)
Single Choice Questions:
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. D
7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. A
13. B 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. C
19. C 20. B 21. A 22. C 23. B 24. A
25. A 26. A 27. B 28. C 29. C 30. C
More than one correct answer:
1. A, C 2. A,C 3. A, C 4. B, D 5. A,D 6. ACD
7. BC
Match the following:
1. (A) s (B) p (C) q, r (D) s
2. (A) (q, s), (B) (p, r, s, t), (C) (t), (D) (r)
3. (A) (r), (B) (s), (C) (p), (D) (q)
4
Subjective Type Questions: 1. ˆi 8jˆ 2kˆ 2. c0 3. 8 : 3
3
1 2cos 1 1
4. p q r or p
1 2cos 1 2cos 1 2cos 1 2cos
2cos 1
q r
1 2cos 1 2cos
ˆ ˆi ˆj
v1 2i,v 2
7. ˆi 3ˆj 3kˆ and 3iˆ ˆj kˆ ; 13.
v3 3iˆ 2jˆ 4k
ˆ
ˆ vˆ 2 a.v
18. w ˆ ˆ aˆ .
Integer Type Questions: 1.(5) 2.(9) 3.(3) 4.(5)
2
Fill in the Blanks: 1.
3
Page # 53
3 - D GEOMETRY 2
UNIT
Theory
Drill Exercises
Solved Examples
Exercises
Single Correct Type Questions
Multiple Correct Type Questions
Comprehension Type Questions
Matrix Match Type Questions.
Integer Type Questions
Previous Years Questions
Answer Key
3 - D GEOMETRY
Coordinates of a Point in Space
Let O be a fixed point known as origin and let OX, OY and OZ be three mutually
perpendicular lines, taken as x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively in such a way
that they form a right - handed system.
The planes XOY, YOZ and ZOX are known as xy-plane, yz-plane and zx-plane
respectively.
Let P be a point in space and distances of P from yz, zx and xy-planes be x,y,z
respectively (with proper signs), then we say that coordinates of P are (x, y, z).
Also OA = x, OB = y, OC = z.
Distance Between Two Points
If P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are two points, then distance between them
PQ = (x1 - x 2 )2 + (y1 - y 2 )2 + (z1 - z 2 )2 In particular distance of a point (x, y, z) from
origin = x2 + y2 + z2 .
Ex.1 Show that the points (0,1,2), (2, –1, 3) and (1, –3,1) are vertices of an isosceles
right angled triangle.
Sol. Let the given points (0,1,2), (2, –1, 3), (1, –3, 1) be A, B, C respectively, then
AB2 = (2 – 0)2 + (–1 –1) 2 + (3 – 2)2 = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9
BC2 = (1 – 2)2 + (– 3 + 1) 2 + (1 – 3)2 = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9
CA2 = (0 – 1)2 + (1 + 3) 2 + (2 – 1)2 = 1 + 16 + 1 = 18
From above results it is clear that
AB2 + BC2 = CA2 and AB = BC
Hence the given points form an isosceles right angled triangle.
Coordinates of Division Point
Coordinates of the point dividing the line joining two points P(x 1, y1, z1) and
Q(x2, y2, z2) in the ratio m : n are
(x1, y1, z1)
(x2, y2, z2)
Page # 55
3 - D GEOMETRY
mx 2 +nx1 my2 +ny1 mz2 +nz1
(i) In case of internal division , ,
m+n m+n m+n
mx 2 -nx1 my 2 -ny1 mz 2 -nz1
(ii) In case of external division , ,
m-n m-n m-n
Note :
(a) Coordinates of the Midpoint :
When division point is the midpoint of PQ, then ratio will be 1 : 1; hence
x1+ x 2 y1+ y 2 z1+ z 2
coordinates of the midpoint of PQ are , ,
2 2 2
(b) Centroid of a Triangle :
If (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2) and (x 3, y3, z3) be the vertices of a triangle, then the
centroid of the triangle is
x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 z1 + z 2 + z 3
, ,
3 3 3
(c) Division by Coordinate Planes :
The ratios in which the line segment PQ joining P(x 1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2)
is divided by coordinate planes are as follows.
x1 y1
(i) by yz - plane : – ratio (ii) by zx - plane : – y ratio
x2 2
z1
(iii) by xy - plane : – z ratio
2
(d) Centroid of a Tetrahedron :
If (xr, yr, zr), r = 1, 2, 3, 4 are vertices of a tetrahedron, then coordinates of its
centroid are
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 y1 + y 2 + y 3 + y 4 z1 + z 2 + z 3 + z 4
, ,
4 4 4
Ex.2 Find the ratio in which the plane x – 2y + 3z = 17 divides the line joining the
points (–2, 4, 7) and (3, –5, 8).
Sol. Let the required ratio be k : 1
The co-ordinates of the point which divides the join of (–2, 4, 7) and (3, – 5, 8)
in the ratio k : 1 are
3k 2 5k 4 8k 7
, ,
k 1 k 1 k 1
Since this point lies on the plane
x – 2y + 3z – 17 = 0
3k 2 5k 4 8k 7
–2 +3 –17 = 0
k 1 k 1 k 1
(3k – 2) – 2 (–5k + 4) + 3 (8k + 7) = 17k + 17
3k + 10k + 24k – 17k = 17 + 2 + 8 – 21
Page # 56
3 - D GEOMETRY
37k – 17k = 6
6 3
20k = 6; k = =
20 10
Hence the required ratio = k : 1
3
= : 1 = 3 : 10
10
Shifting of origin
Shifting the origin to another point without changing the directions of the axes is
called the translation of axes.
Let the origin O be shifted to another point without changing the direction of axes.
Let the new coordinate frame be O X Y Z . Let P(x, y, z) be a point with respect to the
coordinate frame OXYZ. Then, coordinate of point P w.r.t. new coordinate frame
O X Y Z is (x1, y1, z1), where x1 x x , y1 y y, z1 z z where O is shifted at
O'(x', y', z')
Ex.3 If the origin is shifted to (1, 2, -3) without changing the directions of the axes then
find the new coordinates of the point (0, 4, 5) with respect to new frame.
Sol. x1 = x - x' , where (x', y', z') is shifted origin y1 = y - y'
z1 = z - z'
x1 = 0 -1 = -1
y1 = 4 - 2 = 2
z1 = 5 + 3 = 8
[The coordinate of the point w.r.t. to new coordinate frame is (-1, 2, 8).
Direction Cosines & Direction Ratio of a Line
If , , be the angles which a given directed line makes with the positive direction of
the x, y, z coordinate axes respectively, then cos , cos , cos are called the direction
cosines of the given line and are generally denoted by l, m, n respectively. Thus
l = cosα, m = cosβ, n = cosγ . By definition it follows that the direction cosine of
x-axis are respectively cos 0 0, cos 90 0, cos 90 0 i.e. (1, 0, 0). Similarly direction
cosines of the y-axis and z-axis are respectively (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1).
Page # 57
3 - D GEOMETRY
(x, y, z)
Note :
The unit vector along the line can be written as l ˆi m ˆj n kˆ
If d . c's of line AB is (l, m, n), then d . c's of line BA will be (-l, -m, -n)
Let OP be any line through the origin O which has direction cosines l, m, n. Let P(x, y, z)
and OP = r.
Then OP2 = x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 ...........(1)
From P draw PA, PB, PC perpendicular on the
coordinate axes, so that OA = x . OB = y, OC = z
Also, POA , POB and POC .
x
From triangle AOP, l = cos x lr
r
Similarly y = mr and z = nr
Hence from (1)
r2(l2 + m2 + n2) = x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
Note : If the coordinates of any point P be (x, y, z) and l, m, n be the direction cosines of the
line OP, O being the origin, then (lr, mr, nr) will give us the coordinates of a point on
the line OP which is at a distance r from (0, 0, 0).
Relation between the direction cosine and Direction Ratio
If a, b, c are three numbers proportional to the direction cosines l, m, n of a straight
line, then a, b, c are called its direction ratios. They are also called direction numbers
or direction components.
l m n
Hence by definition, we have k (say)
a b c
l = ak, m = bk, n = ck k2(a2 + b2 + c2) = l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
1 1 a
l
k= 2 2 2 2
a b c a a2
b c
Similarly m and n = where the same sign either positive or negative
2 2
a a
is to be chosen throughout.
Page # 58
3 - D GEOMETRY
Ex.4 Find the direction cosines of the lines joining points P (3, –4, 7) and Q (0, 2, 5).
Sol. Here the direction ratios of the line PQ are 0 – 3, 2 + 4, 5 – 7
i.e. – 3, 6, –2 and its direction cosines are
3 6 2 3 6 2
, , i.e. – , , – .
9 36 4 9 36 4 9 36 4 7 7 7
Angle between two lines
Let be the angle between two straight line AB and AC whose direction cosines are
l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 respectively, then cos = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 . If direction ratios
of two lines are a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are given, then angle between two lines is
a1a 2 b1b2 c1c 2
cos
given by a12 b12 c12 . a 22 b22 c22
Result :
We have
sin2 1 cos 2 (l12 m12 n12 )(l 22 m22 n22 ) (l1l 2 m1m2 n1n2 )2
2 2 2
= (l1m2 - l2m1 ) +(m1n2 - m2n1 ) + (n1l2 - n2l1 )
⇒ sinθ = ± (l m
1 2 - l2m1 )2
Condition of perpendicularity :
If the given lines are perpendicular, then 90 0 i.e. cos 0
l1l 2 m1m 2 n1n 2 0 or a1a 2 b1b 2 c1c 2 0
Condition of parallelism :
1 1 1 1m 1 1n a b c
If the given lines are parallel, then 00 i.e. sin 0 m n or a b c
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ex.5 Find the angle between the pair of lines
ˆ and r = 5iˆ - 2jˆ + (3iˆ + 2j+
r = 3iˆ + 2jˆ - 4k
ˆ + (iˆ + 2jˆ + 2k) ˆ 6k)
ˆ
[i.e. Find the angle between the pair of lines whose direction ratios are (1, 2, 2) and
(3, 2, 6)]
Sol. First Method :
Here b1 ˆi 2ˆj 2k
ˆ and b 3iˆ 2ˆj 6k
2
ˆ
The angle between the two lines is given by
ˆi 2ˆj 2k
ˆ . 3iˆ 2jˆ 6kˆ
b1.b2
cos
|b1 |b2 | 1 4 4 9 4 36
3 4 12 19 19
Hence cos 1
37 21 21
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3 - D GEOMETRY
Ex.6 Find the angle between the pair of lines
x 3 y 1 z 3
3 5 4
x 1 y 4 z 5
1 1 2
[i.e. Find the angle between the pair of lines whose direction ratios are (3, 5, 4) and
(1, 1, 2)]
Sol. The direction ratios of the first line are 3, 5, 4 and the direction ratios of the second
line are 1, 1, 2. If is the angle between them, then
3.1 5.1 4.2 16 16 8 3
cos
2
3 5 42 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
50 6 5 2 6 15
1 8 3
Hence, the required angle is cos 15
Ex.7 The angle between two lines whose direction cosines are given by l + m + n = 0,
l2 + m2 – n2 = 0 is-
(A) 2 /3 (B) /6 (C) 5 /6 (D) none of these
Sol. Eliminating n between the given relations. We get
l2 + m2 – (–l –m)2 = 0
or lm = 0 l = 0 or m = 0
Now l = 0 1l + 0m + 0 n = 0
and l + m + n = 0
Solving these equations, we get
m n
= = ...(1)
0 1 1
Similary m = 0 0.l + 1.m + 0.n = 0
and l + m + 0.n = 0
Solving these equations, we get
m n
= = ...(2)
1 0 1
Thus direction ratios of given lines are 0, –1, 1 and 1, 0 –1 respectively. Let
is angle between them, then
0 1 (1) 0 1 (1)
cos = 02 (1)2 12 12 02 (1)2
1
or cos = – = 2 /3
2
Ex.8 If the lines whose direction cosines are given by al + bm + cn = 0 and
f g h
fmn + gnl + hlm =0 are perpendicular, then + + equals-
a b c
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) none of these
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Sol. Eliminating n between the given relations, we find that
a bm
(fm + gl) + hlm = 0
c
2
or ag + (af + bg – ch) + bf = 0 ...(1)
m m
1 2 1 2 bf
Let m and m , are roots of (1), then m . m = ag
1 2 1 2
1 2 m1m2
f /a = g /b ...(2)
m1m2 n1n2
Similarly g /b = h/c ...(3)
From (2) and (3), we get
1 2 m1m2 n1n2 1 2 m1m2 n1n2
= =
f /a g /b h/c = (f /a) (g / b) (h /c)
If two lines are perpendicular, then
l1l 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
f g h
+ + = 0
a b c
Direction Cosines of a line passing through two points
The direction ratios of line PQ joining P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are x2 - x1 = a(say),
y2 - y1 = b(say) and z2 - z1= c(say). Then direction cosines are
(x 2 x1 ) (y 2 y1 ) (z 2 z1 )
l , m , n
(x 2 x1 )2 (y 2 y1 )2 (z 2 z1 )2
Ex.9 Show that the points A (2, 3, – 4), B (1, – 2, 3) and C (3, 8, – 11) are collinear.
Sol. Direction ratios of line joining A and B are 1 – 2, – 2 – 3, 3 + 4 i.e., – 1, – 5, 7. The
direction ratios of line joining B and C are 3 –1, 8 + 2, – 11 – 3, i.e., 2, 10, – 14. It is
clear that direction ratios of AB and BC are proportional, hence, AB is parallel to BC.
But point B is common to both AB and BC. Therefore, A, B, C are collinear points.
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Projection of a Point on a Line
Let P be a point and AB be a given line. Draw perpendicular PQ from P on AB
which meets it at Q. This point Q is called projection of P on the line AB.
Projection of a Line Segment Joining Two Points on a Line
Let PQ be a line segment where P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2); and AB
be a given line with dc's as l, m, n. If the line segment PQ makes angle with
the line AB, then projection of PQ is P'Q' = PQ cos . On replacing the value
of cos in this, we shall get the following value of P'Q'
P'Q' = l(x 2 – x1) + m (y2 – y1) + n (z2 – z1)
Note:
i. For x-axis, l = l, m = 0, n = 0 hence
Projection of PQ on x-axis = l.(x2 – x1) + 0 + 0 = (x 2 – x1)
Similarly
Projection of PQ on y-axis = y 2 – y1
Projection of PQ on z-axis = z2 – z1
ii. PQ2 = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2 + (z2 – z1)2
= the sum of the squares of the projections of PQ on coordinate axes
if a, b, c are the projections of a line segment on coordinate axes, then
length of the segment = a 2 b2 c 2
iii. If a, b, c are projections of a line segment on coordinate axes then its dc's
a b c
are + 2 2 2 , + 2 2 2 , +
a +b +c a +b +c a + b2 + c 2
2
Ex.10 Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the points A (1, 0, 3) to the join
of the points B(4, 7, 1) and C (3, 5, 3).
Sol. Let A (1, 0, 3) B (4, 7, 1) and C (3, 5, 3) be the given points.
Let P be the foot of the perpendicular from A on BC. If P divides BC in the ratio
3k 4 5k 7 3k 1
k : 1, then Co-ordinates of P are , ,
k 1 k 1 k 1
D.R's of BC are 3 – 4, 5 – 7, 3 – 1
i.e. –1, –2, 2 or 1, 2, –2
D.R's of AP are
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3k 4 5k 7 3k 1
– 1, – 0 , – 3
k 1 k 1 k 1
2k 3 5k 7 2
, ,
k 1 k 1 k 1
Since AP is BC
2k 3 5k 7 2
×1 + × 2 + × (–2) = 0
k 1 k 1 k 1
2k 3 10k 14 4
= 0
k 1
21 7
12k + 21 = 0 12k = – 21 k = – = –
12 4
So the foot of the i.e., the co-ordinates of P are
7 7 7
3 4 4 5 4 7 3 4 1
, ,
7 1 7
1
7
1
4 4 4
21 16 35 28 21 4 5 7 17 5 7 17
, , , , i.e., , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Ex.11 Find the projection of the line joining P (7, –5, 11) and Q(–2, 8, 13) on another
1 2 2
line AB whose direction cosines are , , .
3 3 3
1 2 2
Sol. Projection of line segment PQ and AB = (–2 – 7) + (8 + 5) + (13 – 11)
3 3 3
9 26 4 9 26 4 21
= – + + = = = 7
3 3 3 3 3
DRILL - I
1. If the origin is shifted (1, 2, – 3) without changing the directions of the axes then find
the new coordinates of the point (0, 4, 5) with respect to new frame.
2. The triangle ABC is such that the midpoints of the sides BC, CA, AB are (l, 0, 0), (0,
AB2 BC2 CA 2
m, 0), (0, 0, n) respectively. Then =
l 2 m2 n2
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
3. The area of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 0, 1), (2, – 1, 3), (– 1, 2, – 1) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) none
4. A and B are two given points. Let C divides AB internally and D divide AB externally
in the same ratio. Then AC, AB, AD are in
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) none
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3 - D GEOMETRY
5. The angle between a diagonal of a cube and an edge of the cube intersecting the
diagonal is
1 2
(a) cos (b) cos 1 (c) tan 1 2 (d) none
1
3 3
6. The angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by 2l – m + 2n = 0,
lm + mn + nl = 0 is
(a) /6 (b) /4 (c) /3 (d) /2
7. The distance of a vertex of a cube of unit side from a diagonal of the cube not passing
through the vertex is
1 1 2
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3
8. If the x-coordinate of a point P on the join of Q(2, 2, 1) and R(5, 1, – 2) is 4, then its z-
coordinate is
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 2 (d) – 2
9. A line makes an angle both with x and y-axes. A possible value of is
(a) 0, (b) 0, 2 (c) , (d) ,
4 4 2 3 6
10. If a line makes angles , , , with the four diagonals of a cube, then
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + cos2 =
2 4
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d)
3 3
11. If the distance between the points P and Q is d and the projections of PQ on the
coordinate planes are d1, d2, d3. Then d12 + d22 + d32 =
(a) d2 (b) 2d2 (c) 3d2 (d) 4d2
12. Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by l – 5m – 3n = 0,
7l2 + 5m2 – 3n2 = 0
13. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are A(a, 0, 0), B(0, b, 0), C(0, 0, c).
14. A variable line has dc’s l, m, n and l + l , m + m, n + n in two adjacent positions.
If be the angle between the lines in these two positions then prove that
( )2 = ( l)2 + ( m)2 + ( n)2
15. If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the d.c’s of two concurrent lines, show that the d.c’s of two
lines bisecting the angles between them are proportional to l1 ± l2, m1 ± m2, n1 ± n2.
Cartesian equation of a line passing through a given point & given direction ratios
Cartesian equation of a straight line passing through a fixed point (x 1, y1, z1) and
x x1 y y1 z z1
having direction ratios a, b, c is = =
a b c
Vector equation of a straight line passing through a point with position vector
a and parallel to a vector b is r a b .
x x1 y y1 z z1
Note (1) The parametric equations of the line = = = are x = x1+ a ,
a b c
y = y1 + b , z = z 1 + c , where is the parameter.
x x1 y y1 z z1
(2) The coordinates of any point on the line = = = are
a b c
(x1 + a , y1 + b , z1 + c ), where R.
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(3) Since the direction cosines of a line are also direction ratios, therefore
equation of a line passing through (x 1, y1, z1) and having direction cosines
x x1 y y1 z z1
l, m, n is = =
m n
(4) Since x, y and z- axis passes through the origin and have direction cosines
1, 0, 0; 0, 1, 0 and 0, 0, 1 respectively. Therefore the
x 0 y 0 z 0
Equations of x-axis : = = or y = 0 and z = 0
1 0 0
x 0 y 0 z 0
Equation of y-axis : = = or x = 0 and z = 0
0 1 0
x 0 y 0 z 0
Equation of z-axis : = = or x = 0 and y = 0
0 0 1
Cartesian Equation of a line Passing through two Given Points
The cartesian equation of a line passing through two given points (x 1, y1, z1) and
(x2, y2, z2) is given by
x x1 y y1 z z1
x 2 x1 = y 2 y1 = z 2 z1
Vector equation of a line passing through two given point with position vector a
and b is r a (b a)
Ex.12 The cartesian equation of line are 6x – 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z – 2. Find its direction
ratios and also find vector equation of the line.
x x1 y y1 z z1
Sol. We know, = = is cartesian equation of a straight line
a b c
6x – 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z – 2
1 1
6 x 3 y = 2 (z – 1)
3 3
1 1 1
y x y
x 1/3 3 z 1 3 3 z 1
or
1/6 1/3 1/2 1 2 3
1 1
which shows given line passes through , , 1 and has direction ratios(1, 2, 3)
3 3
1ˆ 1ˆ ˆ
In vector form : a i j k and b ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ
3 3
Its vector equation is :
1 1
r ˆi ˆj kˆ (iˆ 2jˆ 3k)
ˆ
3 3
Perpendicular Distance of a point from a line and Reflection or image of a
point in a straight line
Cartesian form : To find the reflection or image of a point in a straight line in
certesian form.
Page # 65
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Let L be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P ( , , ) on the line
x x1 y y1 z z1
= = =
a b c
Let the coordinates of L be (x 1 + a , y1 + b , z1 + c ). Then direction ratios
of PL are x 1 + a – , y1 + b – , z1 + c – .
Direction ratio of AB are a, b, c. Since PL is perpendicular to AB, therefore
(x1 + a – ) a + (y1 + b – ) b + (z1 + c – )c = 0
P ( )
A B
L
Q (' ' ')
a ( x1 ) b( y1 ) c ( z1 )
=
a 2 b2 c 2
Putting this value of in (x1 + a , y1 + b , z1 + c ), we obtain coordinates of
L. Now, using distance formula we can obtain the length PL.
Let Q( ', ', ' ) be image of the point P( , , )
mid point of PQ is L.
' ' '
= x1 + a , = y1 + b , = z1 + c ,
2 2 2
' = 2(x1 + a ) – , ' = 2(y1 + b ) – , ' = 2(z1 + c ) –
Ex.13 Find the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point (1, 6, 3) to the line
x y 1 z 2
. Also find the image of point (1, 6, 3) with respect to the given line.
1 2 3
Sol. Let P be the given point and let L be the foot of perpendicular from P to the given
line.
The co-ordinates of a general point on the given P (1, 6, 3)
line are given by
x 0 y 1 z 2
1 2 3 A B
L
i.e. x = , y = 2 + 1, z = 3 + 2
Let the co-ordinates of L be
( , 2 + 1, 3 + 2) ....(i) Q
So, direction ratios of PL are :
( – 1, 2 – 5, 3 – 1)
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Direction ratios of the given line are (1, 2, 3) which is perpendicular to PL
( – 1).1 + (2 – 5) .2 + (3 – 1) .3 = 0
= 1
So, co-ordinates of L (foot of perpendicular) is (1, 3, 5)
Let Q (x1, y1, z1) be the image of P(1, 6, 3) in the given line.
Then, L is mid-point of PQ
x1 1 y 6 z 3
1 , 3 1 , 5 1
2 2 2
x1 = 1, y1 = 0, z1 = 7
Image of P(1, 6, 3) in the given line is (1, 0, 7)
Skew Lines
Two straight lines in a space which are neither parallel nor intersecting are
called skew-lines.
Thus, the skew lines are those lines which do not lie in the same plane.
(i) Shortest Distance between two Skew Straight Lines : If l 1 and l 2 are two
skew lines, then there is one and only one line perpendicular to each of lines
l1 and l2 which is known as the line of shortest distance.
Here, distance PQ is called to be shortest distance between the lines l1 and l2.
P
1
Line of
shortest distance
2
Q
Vector form
Let l1 and l2 be two lines whose equations are :
r a1 b1 and r a 2 b 2 respectively. Clearly l 1 and l 2 passes through the points
A and B with position vectors a1 and a 2 respectively and are parallel to the vectors
b1 and b 2 respectively
(b1 b2 ).(a 2 a1 )
Distance PQ
|b1 b2 |
Condition for lines to intersect
The two lines are intersecting if distance PQ = 0
(b1 b2 ).(a 2 a1 )
= 0
|b1 b2 |
(b1 b2 ).(a 2 a1 ) = 0
[b1 b2 (a 2 a1 ] = 0
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3 - D GEOMETRY
Cartesian form :
Let the two skew lines be :
x x1 y y1 z z1
l1 m1 n1
x x2 y y2 z z2
and
l2 m2 n2
(a 2 a1 ).(b1 b2 )
shortest distance =
|b1 b2 |
x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1
l1 m1 n1
d = l2 m2 n2
(m1n2 m2 n1 )2 (n1 2 n21 )2 (1m2 2m1 )2
Conditions for lines to intersect
The lines are intersecting, if shortest distance = 0
x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1
l1 m1 n1 = 0
l2 m2 n2
(ii) Distance between parallel lines : Let l1 and l2 are two parallel lines whose
equations are r a1 b and r a 2 b respetively
2 B (a2 )
a2
a1
1
M A(a1 )
a1
O
Clearly, l1 and l2 passes through the points A and B with position vectors a1 and
a 2 respectively and both are parallel to the vector b , where BM is the shortest
distance between l 1 and l2
Shortest distance between parallel lines :
and is :
r a1 b r a2 b
|(a 2 a1 ) b|
d =
|b|
x 1 y 2 z 3 x 4 y 1
Ex.14 Show that the two lines and z intersect. Also
2 3 4 5 2
find the point of intersection of these lines.
Page # 68
3 - D GEOMETRY
x 1 y 2 z 3 x 4 y 1 z 0
Sol. Here = r .....(i) and = l ....(ii)
2 3 4 5 2 1
any point on line (i) is
P(2r + 1, 3r + 2, 4r + 3) and any point on the line (ii) is Q(5l + 4, 2l + 1, l).
They intersect if and only if ;
2r + 1 = 5l + 4 ; 3r + 2 = 2l + 1, 4r + 3 = l
solving, r = – 1, l = – 1
Clearly for these values of l and r
P(–1, –1, –1)
Hence (i) and (ii) intersect at (–1, –1, –1)
Ex.15 Find the shortest distance between the lines r (4iˆ ˆj) (iˆ 2ˆj 3k)
ˆ and
r (iˆ ˆj 2k)
ˆ (2iˆ 4ˆj 5k)
ˆ
Sol. We know, the shortest distance between the lines
r a1 b1 and r a 2 b2
(a 2 a1 ).(b1 b2 )
d =
|b1 b2 |
Comparing the given equation with the equations
r a1 b1 and r a 2 b2 respectively,
we have
a1 4iˆ ˆj, a 2 ˆi ˆj 2kˆ , b1 ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ and b2 2iˆ 4ˆj 5k
ˆ
Now, a 2 a1 3iˆ 0ˆj 2k
ˆ
ˆi ˆj k
ˆ
b1 b2 1 2 3 2iˆ ˆj 0kˆ
2 4 5
(a 2 a1 ).(b1 b2 ) = (3iˆ 0ˆj 2k)
ˆ . (2iˆ ˆj 0k)
ˆ = – 6
and |b1 b2 | 4 1 0 5
(a 2 a1 ).(b1 b2 ) 6 6
shortest distance is d = =
5
=
|b1 b2 | 5
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DRILL - II
1. Find the equation of straight line parallel to 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ and passing through the point
(5, -2, 4).
x 2 2y 5
2. Find the direction cosines of the line ; ; z 1. Also find the vector equation
2 3
of the line.
3. Prove that the line x = ay + b, z = cy + d and x = a ' y + b ' , z = c ' y + d ' are perpendicular
if aa ' + cc ' + 1 = 0
x 1 y 2 z 3
4. Find the coordinates of those points on the line which is at a distance
2 3 6
of 3 units from point (1,,- 2, 3).
x 1 y 2 z 3 x 4 y 1
5. Show that the two lines and z, intersect. Also find the
2 3 4 5 2
point of intersection of these lines.
DRILL - III
1. Find the parametric equation for the line which passes through the point (0, 1, 2)
and is perpendicular to the line x = 1 + t, y = 1 – t and z = 2t and also intersects this
line.
2. Find the equation of the two lines through the origin which intersect the line
x 3 y3 z
at an angle of .
2 1 1 3
x 1 y 1 z 2 x y 1 z 3
3. Find the distance between the parallel lines and .
2 1 2 2 1 2
4. Find the distance of the origin from the line y = x + 2, z = 3x + 4.
y z x z
5. If 2d be the S.D. between the lines 1 ; x = 0 and 1 ; y = 0 then prove that
b c a c
1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2
d a b c
6. Find the direction cosines of the lines bisecting the angles between the lines whose
direction cosines are l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 and the angle between these lines is
7. Prove that the three lines from O with direction cosines l1, m1, n1; l2, m2, n2; l3, m3, n3
l1 m1 n1
are coplanar if l 2 m 2 n 2 0
l3 m3 n3
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Plane
A plane is a surface such that if any two points are taken on it, the line segment
joining them lies completely on the surface. In other words, every point on the
line segment joining any two points lies on the plane.
Theorem : Every first degree equation in x, y and z represents a plane i.e.
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is the general equation of a plane.
Equation of a plane passing through a given point
The general equation of a plane passing through a point (x 1, y1, z1) is
a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0, where a, b and c are constants.
Equation of a plane passing through three non-collinear points.
Equation of a plane passing through three non-collinear points A(x 1, y1, z1), B(x2,
x x1 y y1 z z1
x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1 0
y2, z2), C(x3, y3, z3) is
x 3 x1 y3 y1 z 3 z1
Intercept form of a plane :
The equation of a plane intercepting lengths a, b and c on x- axis , y-axis and
x y z
z-axis respectively is + + = 1
a b c
Ex.16 Show that the four points (0,–1, –1) (–4,4,4) (4,5,1) and (3,9,4) are coplanar, Find
the equation of the plane containing them.
Sol. We shall find the equation of a plane passing though any three the given four
points and show that the fourth points satisfies the equation.
Now, any plane passing through (0, –1, –1) is :
a (x – 0) + b (y + 1) + c (z + 1) = 0 ..(i)
If it passes through (–4,4,4); we have
a (–4) + b (5) + c (5) = 0 ..(ii)
Also, if plane passes through (4, 5,1), we have
a(4) + b(6) + c(2) = 0
2a + 3b + c = 0 ...(iii)
Solving (ii) and (iii) by cross multiplication method, we obtain
a b c
=1 = = k
–5 7 –11
Putting in (i), we get
–5kx + 7k(y + 1) – 11k(z + 1) = 0
–5x + 7y – 11z –4 = 0 (required eq. of plane)
Clearly, the fourth point namely (3, 9,4) satisfies this equation. Hence the given
points are coplanar and the equation of plane containing those points is
5x –7y + 11z + 4 = 0
NORMAL TO A PLANE
A line perpendicular to a plane is called a normal to the plane. Clearly, every
line lying in a plane is perpendicular to the normal to the plane.
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3 - D GEOMETRY
(i) Vector equation of plane passing through a point and normal to a given vector
The vector equation of a plane passing through a point having position vector a
and normal to a vector n is (r – a) . n = 0
Reduction to cartesian form :
If r xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ , a x1ˆi y1ˆj z1kˆ and n aiˆ bjˆ ckˆ
Then ; (r a) (x x1 )iˆ (y y1 )jˆ (z z1 )kˆ
Then (i) can be written as
{(x x1 )iˆ (y y1 )jˆ (z z1 )k}
ˆ . {(aiˆ bjˆ ck)}
ˆ =0
a(x x1 ) b(y y1 ) c(z z1 ) 0
Thus, the coefficient of x, y, z in the cartesian equation of a plane are the
direction ratios of normal to the plane.
(ii) Equation of plane in normal form
vector form
The vector equation of a plane normal to unit vector n̂ and at a
distance d from the origin is r .n ˆ = d
Cartesian form
If l, m, n, be the direction cosines of the normal to a given plane and p be the
length of perpendicular from origin to the plane, then the equation of the plane
is lx + my + nz = p.
Ex.17 Find the vector equation of plane which is at a distance of 8 units from the origin
and which is normal to the vector 2 ˆi ˆj 2k
ˆ
Sol. Here, d = 8 and n
= 2 ˆi ˆj 2k
ˆ
2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ
n 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ
n̂ = = 2
2 1 2 2 2 =
3
|n|
Hence, the required equation of plane is, ˆ= d
r .n
2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ
r . r .(2iˆ ˆj 2k)
= 8 or ˆ = 24
3
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES
(i) Vector form - The angle between the two planes is defined as the angle
between their normals.
Let be the angle between the two planes;
r . n1 = d 1 and r .n2 = d 2 is given by
n1 .n2
cos =
|n1 ||n2 |
(ii) Cartesian form - The angle between the planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0
and a2 x + b 2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 is given by
a1a 2 b1b2 c1c 2
cos = a b12 c12 a 22 b22 c22
2
1
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Ex.18 Show that the normals to the planes
x – y + z = 1, 3x + 2y – z + 2 = 0 are inclined at an angle of 90°
Sol. The direction cosines of the normal to the plane
x – y + z = 1 ....(i) are proportional to (1, –1,1)
1 –1 1
dc's of normal to the plane , ,
3 3 3
3 2 1
Similarly dc's of normal to 3x +2y – z + 2 are , ,–
14 14 14
If be an angle between the normals of the plane
1 3 – 1 2 1 1
cos = 3 14 + 3 14 + 3 – 14
3– 2 –1
cos = = 0
42
= 90°
Thus the normals are inclined to each other at 90°
Intersection of two planes
The equation of a plane passing through the intersection of a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and
a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is (a1x + b1y + c1z + d1) + (a2x + b2y + c2z + d2) = 0,
where is a constant.
Ex.19 Find the plane through the intersection of planes r .(2iˆ – 3ˆj 4k)
ˆ = 1 and
r .(2iˆ – ˆj k
r .( î – ĵ ) + 4 = 0 and perpendicular to ˆ ) = –8
Sol. The equation of any plane through the line of intersection of the given plane is :
{ r .(2iˆ – 3ˆj 4 k r .(iˆ – ˆj) 4 ) = 0
ˆ ) –1} + {
r .(2 )iˆ – (3 )jˆ 4k
or ˆ } 1– 4 ....(i)
r .(2iˆ – j k)
If it is perpendicular to; ˆ + 8 = 0 then,
{(2 )iˆ – (3 )jˆ 4k}.(2i
ˆ ˆ – ˆj k)
ˆ = 0
2(2 + ) + (3 + ) + 4 = 0
–11
=
3
–11
Putting = in (i), we obtian the equation of the required plane as ;
3
r .(–5iˆ 2ˆj 12 k)
ˆ = 47
Ex.20 Find the equation of plane containing the line of intersection of the plane
x + y + z – 6 = 0 and 2x + 3y + 4z + 5 = 0 and passing through (1,1,1)
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Sol. The equation of the plane throught the line of intersection of the given planes
is (x + y + z – 6) + (2x + 3y + 4z + 5) = 0 ...(i)
If it is passes through (1, 1, 1)
(1 + 1 + 1 –6) + (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 0
3
=
14
Putting = 3/14 in (i) we get
3
(x + y + z – 6) + (2x + 3y + 4z + 5) = 0
14
20x + 23y + 26z –69 = 0
Distance of a point from a plane
(i) Vector form : - The length of the perpendiclar from a point having position
|a .n– d|
vector a to, the plane r . n = d is given by P =
|n|
(ii) Cartesian Form : The length of the perpendicular from a point P(x1, y1, z1) to
the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by
|ax1 by1 cz1 d|
a 2 b2 c 2
Distance between the parallel planes
(i) Vector form : The distance between two parallel plane r .
n = d1
|d1 – d 2 |
and r . n = d 2 is given by d =
|n|
(ii) Cartesian form
The distance between two parallel planes
ax + by + cz + d 1 = 0 and
(d 2 – d1 )
ax + by + cz + d 2 = 0 is given by d =
a 2 b2 c2
Ex.21 Find the length and foot of perpendicular from the point (7, 14, 5) to the plane
2x + 4y – z = 2
Sol. The required length
2(7) 4(14) – (5) – 2 14 56 – 5 – 2 63
= 2 2 2 = 4 16 1 =
2 4 1 21
Let the co-ordinates of the foot of perpendicular from the point P(7,14,5) be
M(a, b, g,).
Then the direction ratios of PN are (a –7, b – 14, g – 5)
i.e., d. r' s of normal to the plane : (a – 7, b – 14, g – 5)
But the d. r' s normal to the given plane
2x + 4y – z = 2 are 2, 4, –1
a –7 b –14 g –5
Hence, = = = k
2 4 –1
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a = 2k + 7, b = 4k + 14, g = –k + 5 ...(i)
Since a, b, g lies on the plane 2x + 4y –z = 2
2a + 4b – g = 2
2(7 + 2k) + 4 (14 + 4k) –(5 – k) = 2
14 + 4k + 56 + 16k –5 + k = 2
21k + 65 = 2
k = –3
Now, putting k = –3 in (i), we get
a = 1, b = 2, g = 8
Hence the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are (1, 2, 8)
Ex.22 Find the distance between the parallel planes
x + 2y – 2z + 1 = 0 and 2x + 4y – 4z + 5 = 0
Sol. We know, distance between parallel planes.
ax + by + cz + d 1 = 0 and
|d1 – d 2 |
ax + by + cz + d 2 = 0 is,
a 2 b2 c 2
5
distance between x + 2y – 2z + 1 = 0 and x + 2y – 2z + = 0
2
|5 /2 – 1| 1
is, 14 4 =
2
EQUATION OF PLANES BISECTING THE ANGLES BETWEEN TWO GIVEN PLANES
Cartesian Form :
The equation of the planes bisecting the angles between the planes
a1 x + b 1 y + c1 z + d 1 = 0 and a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 are
(a1 x b1y c1z d1 ) (a 2 x b2 y c2 z d 2 )
= ±
a12 b12 c12 a 22 b22 c 22
Note : Let a1 x + b 1 y + c1 z + d 1 = 0 and a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 be the equation
of the two planes in such a way d 1 & d 2 are both positive then
(a1 x b1y c1z d1 ) (a 2 x b2 y c2 z d 2 )
(i) 2
a b c 2 2 = + a 22 b22 c 22 is the equation of the plane bisecting
1 1 1
(a1 x b1y c1z d1 ) (a 2 x b2 y c2 z d 2 )
the angle containing the origin and 2
a b c 2 2 = – a 22 b22 c 22 is
1 1 1
the equation of the plane bisecting the angle not containing the origin.
(ii) If a 1a2 + b 1b2 + c1c2 > 0 then the equation of the plane bisecting the obtuse
(a1 x b1y c1z d1 ) (a 2 x b2 y c2 z d 2 )
angle containing the origin is 2
a b c 2 2 = + a 22 b22 c 22 and the
1 1 1
(a1 x b1y c1z d1 )
bisector of the acute angle not containing the origin is
a12 b12 c12
(a 2 x b2 y c2 z d 2 )
= – a 22 b22 c 22 .
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(iii) If a 1a2 + b 1b 2 + c1c2 < 0 then the equation of the plane bisecting the acute
(a1 x b1y c1z d1 ) (a 2 x b2 y c2 z d 2 )
angle containing the origin is 2
a b c2 2 = + a 22 b22 c 22 and the
1 1 1
(a1 x b1y c1z d1 )
bisector of the obtuse angle not containing the origin is a12 b12 c12
(a 2 x b2 y c2 z d 2 )
= –
a 22 b22 c 22
Ex.23 Find the equation of the bisector planes of the angles between the planes
2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 and
3x – 2y + 6z + 8 = 0 and specify the plane which bisects the acute angle and
the plane which bisects the obtuse angle.
Sol. The two given planes are :
2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 and 3x – 2y + 6z + 8 = 0 where d 1,d 2 > 0
and a1a2 + b 1b2 + c1c2 = 6 + 2 + 12 > 0
2x – y 2z 3 3x – 2 y 6z 8
i.e, Equation of the bisector plane are =
4 1 4 9 4 36
(14x – 7y + 14z + 21) = ± (9x –6y + 18z + 24)
Taking positive sign on the right hand side,
we get 5x – y – 4z – 3 = 0
(obtuse angle bisector)
and taking negative sign on the right hand side,
we get 23x –13y + 32z + 45 = 0
(acute angle bisector)
DRILL - IV
1. The equation of the plane through (3, 1, – 3) and (1, – 2, 2) and parallel to the line
with d.r’s 1, 1, – 2 is
(a) x – y + z + 1 = 0 (b) x + y – z + 1 = 0
(c) x – y – z – 1 = 0 (d) x + y + z – 1 = 0
2. If the points (1, 2, 3) and (2, – 1, 0) lie on the opposite sides of the plane 2x + 3y – 2z
= k, then
(a) k < 1 (b) k > 2 (c) k < 1 or k > 2 (d) 1 < k < 2
3. The plane passing through the point (– 2, – 2, 2) and containing the line joining the
points (1, – 1, 2) and (1, 1, 1) makes intercepts on the coordinate axes, the sum of
whose lengths is
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 20
4. If the plane x + y + z = 1 is rotated through 90° about its line of intersection with the
plane x – 2y + 3z = 0, the new position of the plane is
(a) x – 5y + 4z = 1 (b) x – 5y + 4z = – 1
(c) x – 8y + 7z = 2 (d) x – 8y + 7z = – 2
t
5. If the lines x = 1 + s, y = – 3 – s, z = 1 + s and x = , y = 1 + t, z = 2 – t are coplanar,
2
then =
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1
(a) – 2 (b) – 1 (c) (d) 0
2
6. A line with direction cosines proportional to 2, 1, 2 meets each of the lines
x = y + a = z and x + a = 2y = 2z. The coordinates of each of the point of intersection
are
(a) (3a, 3a, 3a), (a, a, a) (b) (3a, 2a, 3a), (a, a, a)
(c) (3a, 2a, 3a), (a, a, 2a) (d) (2a, 3a, 2a), (2a, a, a)
7. A tetrahedron has vertices at O(0, 0, 0), A(1, 2, 1), B(2, 1, 3), C(– 1, 1, 2). The angle
between the faces OAB and ABC is
1 19 1 17
(a) cos 35 (b) cos (c) 30° (d) 90°
31
8. The direction ratios of normal to the plane through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) which makes an
angle with the plane x + y = 3 are
4
(a) 1, 2 , 1 (b) 1, 1, 2 (c) 1, 1, 2 (d) 2 , 1, 1
x 4 y 7 z 4
9. A plane which passes through the point (3, 2, 0) and the line is
1 5 4
(a) x – y + z = 1 (b) x + y + z = 5 (c) x + 2y – z = 1 (d) 2x – y + z = 5
10. Find the reflection of the plane P 1 : 2x – 3y + 6z + 1 = 0 in the plane
P2: 14x – 2y – 5z + 3 = 0.
11. If the equation px2 + y2 + qz2 + 2yz + zx + 3xy = 0 represents two plane perpendicular
to each other, find p.
12. Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes
x – y + z + 3 = 0, x + y + 2z + 1 = 0 and parallel to the x-axis.
13. Find the equation of the plane formed by the lines AB and AC, where A is (– 1, 0, 2)
and d.r’s of AB and AC are 4, 1, 3 and 1, 7, 3.
14. Find the distance of the plane x + 2y – z = 2 from the point (2, – 1, 3) as measured in
the direction with d.r’s 2, 2, 1.
15. Find the planes bisecting the acute angle and obtuse angle between the planes
x – y + 2z + 1 = 0 and 2x + y + z + 2 = 0.
16. The line of intersection of planes x + 2y + 3z = 0 and 3x + 2y + z = 0 is equally inclined
1
to the axes of x and z. Show that it makes an angle of sec 1 3 with the axis of y.
2
LINES AND PLANE
Angle between a line and a plane
The angle between a line and a plane is the complement of the angle between
the line and the normal to the plane
If , , be the direction ratios of the line and ax + by + cz + d = 0 be the
equation of plane and be the angle between the line and the plane.
a b c
cos (90° – ) = a b2 c2 2 2 2
2
a b c
or sin =
a b2 c2 2 2 2
2
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Vector form : If is the angle between the line;
r a b and plane r .n = d
b.n
sin =
|b||n|
Condition for a line to be parallel to a plane
x – x1 y – y1 z – z1
Let line = = be parallel to plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 iff;
m n
= 0 or sin = 0
or al + bm + cn = 0
O
(90º – )
() (a, b, c)
Condition for a line to lie in the plane
x – x1 y – y1 z – z1
Condition for = = to lie in the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 are
m n
al + bm + cn = 0 and
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0
Note : A line will be in a plane iff.
(i) the normal to the plane is perpendicular to the line
(ii) a point on the line lies in the plane.
Ex.24 Find the angle between the line r = (iˆ 2ˆj – k)
ˆ + (iˆ – ˆj k)
ˆ and the plane
r . (2iˆ – ˆj k)
ˆ = 4
Sol. We know that the angle between the line
b. n
r a b and the plane r . n = d is given by sin =
|b||n|
Here b = ˆi – ˆj k
ˆ and n = 2iˆ – ˆj k
ˆ
(iˆ – ˆj k).(2i
ˆ ˆ – ˆj k)
ˆ 4 2 2 2 2
sin = 1 1 1 4 1 1
= = = sin–1 3
3 2 3
x –1 y 2 z–3
Ex.25 The equation of the plane passing through the line , = = and
5 6 4
the point (4, 3, 7) is
Sol. Any plane through given line is
A (x – 1) + B (y + 2) + C(z – 3) = 0 ..(i) and
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3 - D GEOMETRY
5A + 6B + 4C = 0 ..(ii)
Since Plane (i) passes through (4,3,7), we get
3A + 5B + 4C = 0 ..(iii)
A B C
Solving (ii) and (iii), we get = =
4 –8 7
Equation of required plane is 4x – 8y + 7z = 41
Ex.26 The equation of the plane through the point (2, –1, –3) and parallel to the lines
x –1 y2 z x y –1 z –2
= = and = = is
3 2 –4 2 –3 2
Sol. Equation of plane passing throught the point (2, –1, –3) is,
Also, A(x – 2) + B (y + 1) + C (z + 3) = 0
Also, 3A + 2B – 4C = 0 and
2A – 3B + 2C = 0
A B C
= = = k, (Let)
–8 –14 –13
So, A = –8k, B = –14k, C = –13k
Equation of required plane is,
–k[8(x –2) + 14(y + 1) + 13(z + 3)] = 0
i.e., 8x + 14y + 13z + 37 = 0
Condition of Coplanarity of two lines & Equation of the plane containing them
Cartesian form :
x x1 y y1 z z1
If the line 1 = m1 = n1 and
x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1
x x2 y y2 z z2 1 m1 n1
2 = m2 = n2 are coplanar, then = 0
2 m2 n2
x x1 y y1 z z1
1 m1 n1
and the equation of the plane containing them is = 0
2 m2 n2
x x2 y y2 z z2
1 m1 n1
or = 0
2 m2 n2
Ex.27 The equation of the plane passing through the lines
x –4 y –3 z –2 x –3 y –2 z
= = and = = is
1 1 2 1 –4 5
Sol. a (x – 4) + b (y – 3) + c (z – 2) = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 and a – 4b + 5c = 0
a b c
5 8 = 2 – 5 = –4 – 1 = k
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3 - D GEOMETRY
a b c
= = = k
13 –3 –5
Therefore, the required equation of plane is –13x + 3y + 5z + 33 = 0
Miscellaneous Point
Volume of a Tetrahedron :
Volume of a tetrahedron with vertices A (x 1,y1,z1), B (x2,y2,z2) C (x3,y3,z3) and
D (x4,y4,z4) is given by
x1 y1 z1 1
x2 y2 z2 1
1
V = x3 y3 z3 1
6
x4 y4 z4 1
Equation of the plane through a given line
(i) If equation of line is given in general form as a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 the equation of plane passing through this line is
(a1x + b1y + c1z + d1) + (a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 ) = 0.
x x1 y y1 z z1
(ii) If equation of the line is given in symmetrical form as , then
l m n
equation of plane is a(x - x1) + b(y - y1) + c(z - z1) = 0. Where a, b, c are given by al + bm + cn =
0.
Area of a triangle
y1 z1 1 x1 z1 1 x1 y1 1
1 1 1
x y2 z2 1 , y x2 z2 1 , z x2 y2 1
2 2 2
y3 z3 1 x3 z3 1 x3 y3 1
where x , y , z are the areas of projection of ABC on yz, zx and xy plane.
So, area of ABC is given by the relation
2 x 2 y 2 z 2
Ex.28 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1, 2, 3), B(2, -1, 1) and C(1, 2, -4)
Sol. Let Ax, Ay and Az be the areas of projection of ABC on yz, zx and xy planes. Then
2 3 1
1 21
A x Absolute value of 1 1 1
2 2
2 4 1
3 1 1
1 7
A y Absolute value of 1 2 1
2 2
4 1 1
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3 - D GEOMETRY
and
1 2 1
1
A z Absolute value of 2 1 1 0
2
1 2 1
441 49 7
Area of ABC A x 2 A y 2 A z 2 0 10sq.units
4 4 2
Volume of Tetrahedron
Let a, b, c be 3 coterminous edges of a tetrahedron.
Let a a1ˆi a 2ˆj a 3kˆ
b b1ˆi b2ˆj b3kˆ
and c c ˆi c ˆj c kˆ
1 2 3
1
volume of tetrahedron = volume of parallelopiped with coterminous edges a, b,c
6
a1 a 2 a3
1 1
b b b3
= a b c 6
1 2
6 c1 c 2 c3
Ex.29 Find the equation of plane passing through (1, 1, 1) & parallel to the lines L 1, L 2
having direction ratios (1, 0, –1), (1, –1, 0). Find the volume of tetrahedron formed by
origin and the points where these planes intersect the coordinate axes.
Sol. The plane is parallel to the lines L1 and L2 with direction ratios as (1, 0,-1) and (1,
-1, 0)
A vector perpendicular to L1 and L2 will be parallel to the normal n to the plane.
ˆi ˆj kˆ
n 1 0 1 ˆi ˆj k
ˆ
1 1 0
Equation of plane through (1, 1, 1) and having normal vector n iˆ ˆj kˆ is given
by rˆ aˆ .n
ˆ 0
-1(x-1)-1(y-1)-1(z-1)=0
x + y + z = 3
x y z
1 ...(i )
3 3 3
Now the points where this plane meets the axes are A(3, 0, 0), B(0, 3, 0), C(0, 0, 3)
3 0 0
1 27 9
0 3 0
volume of tetrahedron OABC 6 6 2
0 0 3
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3 - D GEOMETRY
DRILL - V
1. If the line joining (2, 3, – 1) and (3, 5, – 3) is perpendicular to the line joining (1, 2, 3)
and (3, 5, ), then =
(a) – 3 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 7
2. The projection of the line x + y = 0, z = 0 on the plane x – y + z = 1 is
3x 1 3 y 1 3z 1 4x 1 2 y 1 4z 1
(a) (b)
3 3 6 3 3 6
3x 1 3 y 1 3z 1 4x 1 2 y 1 4z 1
(c) (d)
2 1 2 2 1 2
3. The angle between a diagonal of unit cube and an edge is
1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) cos (c) sin
1 1
(a) cos (d) tan
3 3 3 3
4. The angle between a diagonal of unit cube and a diagonal of a face skew to it is
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) cos (d) cos
3 2 3 3
5. The angle between a diagonal of a cube and a diagonal of a face intersecting it is
1 1
(a) (b) (c) tan (d) none
3 2 2
6. The angle between diagonals of two faces of a cube through a vertex is
1 1
(a) (b) (c) cos (d) none
3 2 3
7. The shortest distance between a diagonal of a unit cube and an edge skew to it is
1 1 2
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3
8. The shortest distance between a diagonal of a unit cube and a diagonal of a face
skew to it is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3 6
x y z a x y za
9. The shortest distance between the lines m 1 0 , m 1 0 is
1 2
a 2a
(a) a (b) m m (c) 2a (d) m m
1 2 1 2
10. A tetrahedron has vertices at O(0, 0, 0), A(1, 2, 1), B(2, 1, 3), C(– 1, 1, 2). The angle
between the face OAB and ABC is
1 19 1 17
(a) cos (b) cos (c) 30° (d) 90°
35 31
11. Show that the straight lines
L1 : 3x + 2y + z –5 = 0 = x + y – 2z – 3
and L2 : 8x – 4y – 4z = 0 = 7x + 10y – 8z are at right angle
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3 - D GEOMETRY
12. Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the point (2, –1, –1) ; is
parallel to the plane 4x + y + z + 2 = 0 and is perpendicular to the line of intersection
of the planes 2x + y = 0 = x – y + z.
13. Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (3, 2, 3), (0, 3, 4), (6, 1, 4),
(6, 3, 2).
14. Find the angle between the lines along which the plane x + y + z = 0 intersects the
planes 5x - 7y + z = 0 and 7x - 5y - 11z= 0
15. Find the distance of the point A(1, 0, –3) from the plane P : x – y – z = 9 measured
x 2 y2 z 6
parallel to the line L : .
2 3 6
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 Show that the straight lines whose direction cosines , m and n are given by the
equations a bm cn 0 , u 2 vm 2 wn 2 0 are perpendicular or parallel according
a 2 b2 c 2
as a2(v + w) + b2 (w + u) + c2 (u + v) = 0 or 0.
u v w
Sol. Eliminating , between the given relations, we have
u(bm cn)2
2
vm2 wn2 0
a
(b2u + a2v)m2 + 2ubcmn + (c2u + a2w)n2 = 0 . . . (i)
If the lines be parallel, their direction cosines are equal so that the two values of m/
n must be equal. The condition for this is
u2b2c2 = (b2u + a2v)(c2u + a2w)
a 2 b2 c 2
0
u v w
Again, if 1 , m1, n1 and 2 , m2, n2 be the direction cosines of the two lines then
m1 m2 m1m2 c2 u a 2w
equation (i) gives . 2
n1 n2 n1n2 b u a 2v
m1m2 nn
2 2
2 1 22
c ua w b ua v
1 2 mm
Similarly we have, 2 2
2 1 22
b wc v a wc u
1 2 mm nn
Thus, we have 2 2
2 1 22 2 1 2 2 k , say
b w c v a wc u b ua v
1 2 m1m2 n1n2 k(b2w c 2v a 2w c 2u b2u a 2 v)
For perpendicular lines 1 2 m1m2 n1n2 0
Thus, the condition for perpendicularity is a2(v + w) + b2(w + u) + c2(u + v) = 0.
Page # 83
3 - D GEOMETRY
Ex.2 A triangle, the lengths of whose sides are a, b and c is placed so that the middle
x y z
points of the sides are on the axes. Show that the equation to the plane is 1,
2 (b2 c 2 a 2 ) 2 (c 2 a 2 b2 ) 2 (a 2 b2 c 2 )
where , , .
8 8 8
Sol. Let , , , be the intercepts of the required plane with the axes. E and F are the
mid points of AC and BC. Therefore, EF is parallel and equal to half of AB.
EF2 = OE2 + OF2
=
2 2
AB c c2
But EF = 2 2
2 2 4 Z
B
2 2
D
2 2 a 2 2 b
Similarly, and
4 4 r
A O F
X
2 2 2
2 2 2 a b c
Adding,
8 E
Y C
2 a 2 b2 c 2 c 2 a 2 b2 c 2
8 4 8
2 b2 c 2 a 2 2 c 2 a 2 b2
Similarly, ,
8 8
x y z
Hence, the equation of plane is 1 , where 2 , 2 , 2 as given above.
Ex.3 Prove that the four planes my + nz = 0, nz + x = 0, x + my = 0 and x my nz p
2p3
form a tetrahedron whose volume is .
3mn
Sol. Solving the given equations taking three planes at a time, we get the vertices of the
tetrahedron as
p p p p p p p p p
O (0, 0, 0), A - , , , B , - , and C l , m ,- n with these points
l m n l m n
as vertices, the volume V of the tetrahedron is given by
p / p/m p /n 1 1 1
1 p3 2p3
p / p / m p /n 1 1 1
V= = 6mn 3mn .
6 1 1 1
p / p/m p /n
Ex.4 Find the equation of the plane through (, , ) and the line x + py + q = 0 = rz + s .
Sol. Any plane through the given line is
x py q ( rz s) 0, R
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As required plane passing through (, , ) , we have
( p )
p q ( rz s ) 0
r s
p q
Hence equation of required plane is x py q (rz s) 0
r s
Ex.5 ABC is any triangle and O is any point in the plane of the triangle. AO, BO, CO meet
OD OE OF
the sides BC, CA, AB in D, E, F respectively. Prove that 1.
AD BE CF
Sol. Take O as the origin.
Let a, b, c be the position vectors of the vertices A, B, C of the triangle.
Since a, b, c are coplanar there must exist a relation of the form
xa yb zc 0 , (x, y, z R , not all zero) . . . (i)
yb zc xa
yb zc x A(a)
yz yza
F E
yb zc
Now is a point on the line BC. O
yz
C (c)
B (b) D
Equation of OA is r ta
x
Thus y a a is a point of AD.
x
From (ii), OD a
yz
OD |OD| x yz x
AD |AD| y z x y z x y z
OE y OF z
Similarly, and
BE x y z CF x y z
OD OE OE x y z
Adding, AD BE CF x y z 1
Ex.6 Show that the angles between the four diagonals of a rectangular parallelepiped
2 2 2
1 a b c
whose edges are a, b, c are cos 2 2 2 .
a b c
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Sol. Let one vertex of the parallelepiped be taken as the origin O of coordinates, and the
three edges OA, OB, OC meeting at O be taken as the coordinates axes. Then the
points O, A, B, C are respectively (0, 0, 0), (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0), (0, 0, c).
Also the opposite vertices O, A, B, C are respectively the points
(a, b, c), (0, b, c), (a, 0, c), (a, b, 0)
Therefore the direction numbers of the diagonals OO and AA are a, b, c and a, –b, –c,
1 a.a b(b) c(c)
and the angle between them is cos (a b2 c2 ) (a 2 b2 c2 ) .
2
1 a 2 b2 c 2
i.e. cos
a 2 b2 c 2
Similarly the angle between the diagonals OO and BB (direction numbers a, –b, c)
1 a 2 b2 c 2
is cos and the angle between OO and CC (direction numbers a, b, –c) is
a 2 b2 c 2
a 2 b2 c2
cos 1 .
a 2 b2 c 2
The angles between the diagonals AA and BB , AA and CC , BB and CC are
similarly found to be given by one of the above expressions. It follows that the angle
between any two diagonals of the parallelepiped is given by one of the expressions
a 2 b2 c 2
1
cos ,where the ambiguous sings are not both positive.
a 2 b2 c 2
Ex.7 A parallelopiped ‘S’ has base points A, B, C and D and upper face points A', B', C' and
D '. Th i s p ar al l el op i p ed i s com p r es sed b y u p p er f ace A ' B ' C ' D ' to form a new
parallelopiped ‘T’ having upper face points A '' , B '' , C '' and D '' . Volume of parallelopiped
T is 90 percent of the volume of the parallelopiped S. Prove that the locus of A '' , is a
plane.
Sol. Let h be the height of origin parallelopiped S.
Then Vs=(ar ABCD) × h ...(i)
Let equation of plane ABCD be
ax + by + cz + d = 0
and A” ( , , )
Then height of new parallelopiped T is the length of perpendicular from A” to ABCD
i.e.
a b c d
a 2 b2 c 2
a b c d
VT ar ABCD ...(ii)
a 2 b2 c 2
90
Given, VT Vs ...(iii)
100
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a b c d
(i), (ii) and (iii) =0.9 h
a 2 b2 c 2
ax by cz d 0.9h a 2 b2 c 2 0
Which is a plane parallel to ABCD.
Ex.8 P1 and P 2 are planes passing through origin. L 1 and L 2 are two line on P 1 and P 2
respectively such that their intersection is origin. Show that there exists points A, B,
C, whose permutation A’, B’, C’ can be chosen such that
(i) A is on L1, B on P1 but not on L1 and C not on P1
(ii) A’ is on L2, B’ on P2 but not on L2 and C’ not on P2.
Sol. Following fig. shows the possible situation for planes P1 and P2 and the lines L1 and
L2 .
P1 P2
A
L1
O C L2
Now if we choose pts, A, B, C as follows.
A on L1, B on the line of intersection of P1 and P2 but other than origin and C on L2
again other than orgin then we can consider.
A corresponds to one of A’, B’, C’ e.g, A’ C;, B’ B, C’ A
Hence one permutation of [ABC] is [CBA]
Hence Proved.
Ex.9 Assuming the plane 4x – 3y + 7z = 0 to be horizontal, find the equation of the line of
greatest slope through the point (2, 1, 1) in the plane 2x + y – 5z = 0.
Sol. The required line passing through the point P(2, 1, 1) in the plane 2x + y – 5z = 0 and
is having greatest slope, so it must be perpendicular to the line of intersection of the
planes
2x + y – 5z = 0 ....... (i)
and 4x – 3y + 7z = 0 ....... (ii)
Let the d.r’.s of the line of intersection of (i) and (ii) are a, b, c
2a + b – 5c = 0
and 4a – 3b + 7v = 0
{as dr’.s of straight line (a, b, c) is perpendicular to d.r’.s of normal to both the planes}
a b c
4 17 5
Now let the direction ratio of required line be proportional to l, m, n then its equation
x2 y1 z1
be
l m n
where 2l + m – 5n = 0 and 4l + 17m + 5n = 0
l m n
so,
3 1 1
x2 y1 z1
Thus the required line is .
3 1 1
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SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A plane meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C and (a, b, g) is the centroid of the
triangle ABC, then the equation of the plane is
x y z x y z 3x 3y 3z
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) ax + by + gz =1
2. A point moves so that the sum of the squares of its distances from the six faces of
a cube given by x = ± 1, y = ± 1, z = ± 1 is 10 units, then locus of the point is
(A) x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 (B) x2 + y2 + z2 = 2
(C) x + y + z = 1 (D) x + y + z = 2
3. A variable plane passes through a fixed point (a, b, c) and meets the coordinate axes
in A, B, C. Locus of the point common to the planes through A, B, C and parallel to
coordinate plane, is
a b c x y z
(A) x y z 1 (B) 1 (C) ax + by + cz = 1 (D) None of these
a b c
x 1 y 2 z 3
4. Equation of plane which passes through the point of intersection of lines = =
3 1 2
x 3 y 1 z 2
and = = and at greatest distance from the point (0, 0, 0) is:
1 2 3
(A) 4x + 3y + 5z = 25 (B) 4x + 3y + 5z = 50
(C) 3x + 4y + 5z = 49 (D) x + 7y – 5z = 2
5. The angle between the plane 2x – y + z = 6 and a plane perpendicular to the planes
x + y + 2z = 7 and x – y = 3 is :
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 3 6 2
6. The non zero value of ‘a’ for which the lines 2x – y + 3z + 4 = 0 = ax + y – z + 2 and
x – 3y + z = 0 = x + 2y + z + 1 are co-planar is :
(A) – 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 0
x y z x 1 y 2 z 3 xk y 1 z 2
7. If the lines = = , = = and = = are concurrent
1 2 3 3 1 4 3 2 h
then
1
(A) h = – 2, k = – 6 (B) h = ,k =2
2
1
(C) h = 6, k = 2 (D) h = 2, k =
2
8. Which of the following planes intersects the planes x – y + 2z = 3 and 4x + 3y – z = 1
along the same line?
(A) 11x + 10y – 5z = 0 (B) 7x + 7y – 4z = 0
(C) 5x + 2y + z = 2 (D) none of these
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9. The coplanar points A , B , C , D are (2 - x , 2 , 2) , (2 , 2 - y , 2) , (2 , 2 , 2 - z) and
(1 , 1 , 1) respectively, then
1 1 1
(A)
x y z = 1 (B) x + y + z = 1
1 1 1
(C) 1 x + 1 y + 1 z = 1 (D) none of these
10. In the adjacent figure ‘P’ is any arbitrary interior point of the triangle ABC
PA1 PB1
such that the lines AA1, BB1 and CC1 are concurrent at P. Value of AA1 + BB1 +
PC1
CC1 is always equal to. A
C1 B1
B A1 C
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
11. The co-ordinates of the centre and the radius of the circle x + 2y + 2z = 15,
x2 + y2 + z2 – 2y – 4z = 11 are
(A) (4, 3, 1), 5 (B) (3, 4, 1), 6
(C) (1, 3, 4), 7 (D) none of these
12. Equation of the sphere with centre on the positive z-axis which passes through the
circle x2 + y2 = 4, z = 0 and is cut by the plane x + 2y + 2z = 0 in a circle of radius 3 is :
(A) x2 + y2 + z2 – 6x – 4 = 0
(B) x2 + y2 – 6y – 4 = 0
(C) x2 + y2 + z2 – 6z – 4 = 0
(D) x2 + y2 – 6x – 6y – 4 = 0
13. If the sum of the squares of the distances of a point from the three coordinate
axes be 36, then its distance from the origin is
(A) 6 (B) 3 2 (C) 2 3 (D) 6 2
14. The coordinates of the points A, B, C, D are (4, a, 2), (5, -3, 2), (b, 1, 1) & (3, 3, -1).
Line AB would be perpendicular to line CD when
(A) a = –1, b = –1 (B) a = 1, b = 2
(C) a = 2, b = 1 (D) a = 2, b = 2
15. The equation of a plane which passes through (2, - 3, 1) & is perpendicular to
the line joining the points (3, 4, - 1) & (2, - 1, 5) is given by:
(A) x + 5y - 6z + 19 = 0 (B) x - 5y + 6z - 19 = 0
(C) x + 5y + 6z + 19 = 0 (D) x - 5y - 6z - 19 = 0
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x 1 y 2 z 3
16. Equation of the angle bisector of the angle between the lines = = &
1 1 1
x 1 y 2 z 3
= = is :
1 1 1
x 1 y 2 x 1 y 2 z 3
(A) = ;z –3=0 (B) = =
2 2 1 2 3
y 2 z 3
(C) x – 1 = 0 ; = (D) None of these
1 1
17. The distance of the point (- 1, - 5, - 10) from the point of intersection of the line,
x 2 y 1 z 2
and the plane, x - y + z = 5, is :
3 4 12
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 13
18. The distance of the point (1, - 2, 3) from the plane x - y + z = 5 measured parallel to the
x y z
line, , is:
2 3 6
(A) 1 (B) 6/7 (C) 7/6 (D) None of these
19. The locus of a point P which moves such that PA 2 – PB2 = 2k 2 where A and B are
(3, 4, 5) and (– 1, 3, – 7) respectively is
(A) 8x + 2y + 24z – 9 + 2k 2 = 0 (B) 8x + 2y + 24z – 2k 2 = 0
(C) 8x + 2y + 24z + 9 + 2k 2 = 0 (D) none of these
20. The locus represented by xy + yz = 0 is
(A) A pair of perpendicular lines (B) A pair of parallel lines
(C) A pair of parallel planes (D) A pair of perpendicular planes
21. A variable plane passes through a fixed point (1, 2, 3). The locus of the foot of the
perpendicular drawn from origin to this plane is:
(A) x2 + y2 + z2 - x - 2y - 3z = 0 (B) x2 + 2y2 + 3z2 - x - 2y - 3z = 0
(C) x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 + x + 2y + 3 = 0 (D) x2 + y2 + z2 + x + 2y + 3z = 0
22. If a plane cuts off intercepts OA = a, OB = b, OC = c from the coordinate axes,
then the area of the triangle ABC is equal to, where 'O' is the origin.
1 1
(A) b 2c 2 c 2a 2 a 2b 2 (B) (bc + ca + ab)
2 2
1 1
(C) abc (D) (b c)2 (c a)2 (a b)2
2 2
23. The radi us of the circu lar s ectio n of the s phere | r | = 5 b y the pla ne,
ˆ ˆ ˆ
r . i j k = 3 3 is:
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) none of these
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MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. The equations of the planes through the origin which are parallel to the line
x 1 y 3 z 1 5
= = and distant from it is / are
2 1 2 3
(A) 2x + 2y + z = 0 (B) x + 2y + 2z = 0
(C) 2x – 2y + z = 0 (D) x – 2y + 2z = 0
2. If the edges of a rectangular parallelopiped are 3, 2, 1 then the angle between a
pair of diagonals is given by
6 3
(A) cos–1 (B) cos–1
7 7
2
(C) cos–1 (D) none of these
7
x y z x y z
3. Consider the lines = = and = = , then the equation of the line
2 3 5 1 2 3
which
x y z
(A) bisects the angle between the lines is = =
3 3 8
x y z
(B) bisects the angle between the lines is = =
1 2 3
(C) passes through origin and is perpendicular to the given lines is x = y = – z
(D) none of these
4. The direction cosines of the lines bisecting the angle between the lines whose
direction cosines are l 1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 and the angle between these lines is
, are
1 2 m1 m2 n1 n2 1 2 m1 m2 n1 n2
(A) , , (B) , ,
cos cos cos 2cos 2cos 2cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 m1 m2 n1 n2 1 2 m1 m2 n1 n2
(C)
, , (D) , ,
sin sin sin 2sin 2sin 2sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z
5. The equation of line AB is = = . Through a point P(1, 2, 5), line PN is drawn
2 3 6
perpendicular to AB and line PQ is drawn parallel to the plane 3x + 4y + 5z = 0 to
meet AB in Q. Then
52 78 156
(A) coordinate of N is , ,
49 49 49
9
(B) the coordinates of Q is 3, , 9
2
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3 - D GEOMETRY
x 1 y 2 z 5
(C) the equation of PN is = =
3 176 89
x 1 y 2 z 5
(D)the equation of PQ is = =
4 13 8
6. The planes 2x – 3y – 7z = 0, 3x – 14y – 13z = 0 and 8x – 31y – 33z = 0
(A) pass through origin (B) intersect in a common line
(C) form a triangular prism (D) none of these
7. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
(A) If n . a = 0, n . b = 0 and n . c = 0 for some non-zero vector n , then a b c = 0.
(B) there exist a vector having direction angles a = 30º and b = 45º
(C) locus of a point for which x = 3 and y = 4 is a line parallel to the z - axis whose
distance from the z-axis is 5
(D) the vertices of a regular tetrahedron are O, A, B, C where ' O ' is the origin.
Then vector O A O B OC is perpendicular to the plane ABC.
8. Let the points A (a, b, c) and B(a ' , b ' , c ' ) be at distances r and r ' from origin. If
the line AB passes through origin, then
a b c
(A) = = (B) aa ' + bb ' + cc ' = rr '
a b c
(C) aa ' + bb ' + cc ' = r2 + r ' 2 (D) none of these
9. The base of the pyramid AOBC is an equilateral triangle OBC with each side
equal to 4 2 , ' O ' is the origin of reference, AO is perpendicular to the plane of
OBC and = 2 . Then the cosine of the angle between the skew straight lines
one passing through A and the mid point of OB and the other passing through O
and the mid point of BC is :
1 1 1
(A) – (B) 0 (C) (D)
2 6 2
10. The equation of the line x + y + z – 1 = 0, 4x + y – 2z + 2 = 0 written in the
symmetrical form is
x 1 y 2 z 0 x y z 1
(A) (B)
1 2 1 1 2 1
x 1/2 y 1 z 1/2 x 1 y 2 z 2
(C) (D)
1 2 1 2 1 2
x 15 y 29 z 5
11. Let a perpendicular PQ be drawn from P (5, 7, 3) to the line = =
3 8 5
where Q is the foot of perpendicular, then
(A) Q is (9, 13, – 15)
(B) PQ = 14
(C) the equation of plane containing PQ and the given line is 9x – 4y – z – 14 = 0
(D) none of these
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12. Equation of the plane passing through A(x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and containing the line
x x2 y y2 z z2
d1 = d2 = d3 is
x x1 y y1 z z1 x x2 y y2 z z2
(A) x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1 = 0 (B) x1 x 2 y1 y 2 z1 z 2 = 0
d1 d2 d3 d1 d2 d3
x d1 y d2 z d3 x y z
(C) x1 y1 z1 =0 (D) 1 x 2
x y1 y 2 z1 z 2 = 0
x2 y2 z2 d1 d2 d3
13. The acute angle that the vector 2 ˆi 2 ˆj kˆ makes with the plane contained by
the two vectors 2 ˆi 3 ˆj kˆ and ˆi ˆj 2k
ˆ is given by:
1 1
(A) cos -1
3
(B) sin -1
3
(C) tan -1 2 (D) cot -1 2
14. The ratio in which the sphere x 2 + y2 + z2 = 504 divides the line joining the points
(12, – 4, 8) and (27, – 9, 18) is
(A) 2 : 3 internally (B) 3 : 4 internally
(C) 2 : 3 externally (D) 3 : 4 externally
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
Passage - 1
x 3 y 8 z 3 x 3 y 7
Let L1 and L2 be the lines whose equation are and =
3 1 1 3 2
z 6
= respectively. A and B are two points on L1 and L2 respectively such that AB is
4
perpendicular both the lines L1 and L2.
1. Shortest distance between the lines L1 and L2 is
(A) 30 (B) 2 30 (C) 3 30 (D) none of these
2. Co-ordinates of the point A are
(A) (1, 8, 2) (B) (3, 8, 3) (C) (–3, 8, 3) (D) none of these
3. Co-ordinates of the point B are
(A) (–3, –7, 6) (B) (2, 7, 6) (C) (1, 6, 3) (D) none of these
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Passage - 2
Let a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 be two planes, where d1, d2 > 0.
Then origin lies in acute angle if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 < 0 and origin lies in obtuse angle
if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 > 0.
Further point (x1, y1, z1) and origin both lie either in acute angle or in obtuse angle ,
if (a1x1 + b1y1 + c1z1 + d1) (a2x1 + b2y1 + c2z1 + d2) > 0, one of (x1, y1, z1) and origin lie in
acute angle and the other in obtuse angle, if (a1x1 + b1y1 + c1z1 + d1) (a2x1 + b2y1 + c2z1
+ d 2) < 0
4. Given the planes 2x + 3y – 4z + 7 = 0 and x – 2y + 3z – 5 = 0, if a point P is (1, – 2, 3) and
O is origin, then
(A) O and P both lie in acute angle between the planes
(B) O and P both lie in obtuse angle between the planes
(C) O lies in acute angle, P lies in obtuse angle.
(D) O lies in obtue angle, P lies in acute angle.
5. Given the planes x + 2y – 3z + 5 = 0 and 2x + y + 3z + 1 = 0. If a point P is (2, –1, 2) and
O is origin, then
(A) O and P both lie in acute angle between the planes
(B) O and P both lie in obtuse angle between the planes
(C) O lies in acute angle, P lies in obtuse angle.
(D) O lies in obtue angle, P lies in acute angle.
6. Given the planes x + 2y – 3z + 2 = 0 and x – 2y + 3z + 7 = 0, if the point P is (1, 2, 2) and
O is origin, then
(A) O and P both lie in acute angle between the planes
(B) O and P both lie in obtuse angle between the planes
(C) O lies in acute angle, P lies in obtuse angle.
(D) O lies in obtue angle, P lies in acute angle.
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Column – I Column – II
(A) The plane XOZ divides the join of (1, –1, 5) and (p) 7
(2, 3, 4) in the ratio l : 1 then l is
(B) Algebraic sum of intercepts made by the plane (q) 0
x + 3y – 4z+ 6 = 0 on the axes is
1
(C) Cosine of the angle between the two planes (r)
3
3x – 4y + 5z = 0 and 2x – y – 2z = 5 is
13
(D) The distance of the point P(3, 8, 2) from the line (s) –
2
x 1 y 3 z 2
= = measured parallel to the
2 4 3
plane 3x + 2y – 2z + 17 = 0 is
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2. Column – I Column – II
(A) The distance of the point (1, 3, 4) from the plane 2x – y + z = 3 (p) 0
x y z
measured parallel to the line = = is
2 1 1
1
(B) The shortest distance between the lines (q)
6
x –1 y –2 z–3 x –2 y –4 z –5
= = and = = is
2 3 4 3 4 5
(C) The points (0, –1, –1), (4, 5, 1), (3, 9, 4) and (r) 4
(– 4, 4, k) are coplanar, then k =
(D) The volume of tetrahedron included between the plane (s) 12
2x – 3y + 4z – 12 = 0 and three co-ordinate planes is
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. If xz- plane divide the join of points (2,3,4) and (1,-1,5) in the ratio : 1 then the
integer should be equal to
2. If the controid of the tetrahedron OABC where A,B,C are the points (a,2,3), (1, b, 2)
and (2,1,c) be (1,2,3) then the point (a,b,c) is at distance 5 , from origin, then
must be equal to
3. If the triangle ABC whose vertices are A(-1,1,1), B(1,-1,1) and C(1,1,-1) is projected
on xy-plane then the area of the projected triangle is
4. The equation of a plane which bisects the line joining (1,5,7) and (-3,1,-1) is x + y + 2z
= then must be
5. If the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are (3,2,-5),(-3,8,-5) and (-3,2,1) is
(-1, ,-3) the integer must be equal to
6. The shortest distance between origin and a point on the space curve x = 2 sin t,
y = 2cos t, z = 3t is
7. Th e plan e 2x - 2y + z + 12=0 t ou ch es t h e su r face x 2 + y2 + z2 - 2x - 4y + 2z - 3 = 0 only
at point (-1, ,-2). The value of must be
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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (AIEEE)
1. A parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn through the points (2, 3, 5) and (5, 9, 7),
parallel to the coordinate planes. The length of a diagonal of the parallelopiped is-
[AIEEE 2002]
(A) 7 unit (B) 38 unit (C) 155 unit (D) None of these
x – x1 y – y1 z – z1
2. The equation of the plane containing the line = = is
m n
a (x – x1) + b (y – y1) + c (z – z1) = 0, where- [AIEEE 2002]
(A) ax1 + by1 + cz1 = 0 (B) al + bm + cn = 0
a b c
(C) = = (D) lx1 + my1 + nz1 = 0
m n
3. The radius of the circle in which the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 + 2x – 2y – 4z – 19 = 0 is cut
by the plane x + 2y + 2z + 7 = 0, is- [AIEEE 2003]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
x –2 y –3 z–4 x –1 y–4 z –5
4. The lines = = and = = are coplanar, if
1 1 –k k 2 1
[AIEEE 2003]
(A) k = 0 or – 1 (B) k = 1 or – 1 (C) k = 0 or – 3 (D) k = 3 or – 3
5. The two lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d and x = a ' y + b ' , z = c ' y + d ' will be perpendicular,
if and only if [AIEEE 2003]
(A) aa ' + bb ' + cc ' + 1 = 0 (B) aa ' + bb ' + cc ' = 0
(C) (a + a ' ) (b + b ' ) + (c + c ' ) = 0 (D) aa ' + cc ' + 1= 0
6. The shortest distance from the plane 12x + 4y + 3z = 327 to the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x – 2y – 6z = 155 is- [AIEEE 2003]
4
(A) 26 (B) 11 (C) 13 (D) 39
13
7. Two systems of rectangular axes have the same origin. If a plane cuts them at
distances a, b, c and a ' , b ' , c ' from the origin, then- [AIEEE 2003]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) 2
2 2 2 2 2 0 (B) 2
2 2 2 2 2 0
a b c a' b' c' a b c a' b' c'
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(C) 2
2 2 2 2 2 0 (D) 2
2 2 2 2 2 0
a b c a' b' c' a b c a' b' c'
8. A line makes the same angle with each of the x and z axes. If the angle b, which
it makes with y-axis, is such that sin2 b = 3 sin2 , then cos2 equals [AIEEE 2004]
2 1 3 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 5 5 5
9. Distance between two parallel planes 2x + y + 2z = 8 and 4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 is-
[AIEEE 2004]
3 5 7 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
Page # 96
3 - D GEOMETRY
10. A line with direction cosines proportional to 2, 1, 2 meets each of the lines x = y + a = z
and x + a = 2y = 2z. The coordinates of each of the points of intersection are given by-
[AIEEE 2004]
(A) (3a, 3a, 3a), (a, a, a) (B) (3a, 2a, 3a), (a, a, a)
(C) (3a, 2a, 3a), (a, a, 2a) (D) (2a, 3a, 3a), (2a, a, a)
t
11. , y = 1 + t, z = 2 – t, with
If the straight lines x = 1 + s, y = – 3 – l s, z = 1 + ls and x =
2
parametres s and t respectively, are coplanar, then l equals- [AIEEE 2004]
1
(A) – 2 (B) –1 (C) – (D) 0
2
12. The intersection of the spheres x2 + y2 + z2 + 7x – 2y – z = 13 and x2 + y2 + z2 – 3x + 3y
+ 4z = 8 is the same as the intersection of one of the sphere and the plane -
[AIEEE 2004]
(A) x – y – z = 1 (B) x – 2y – z = 1 (C) x – y – 2z = 1 (D) 2x – y – z = 1
13. The plane x + 2y – z = 4 cuts the sphere x + y + z – x + z – 2 = 0 in a circle of radius :
2 2 2
[AIEEE 2005]
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3
x 1 y –1 z–2
14. If the angle between the line = = and the plane 2x – y + z + 4 =
1 2 2
0 is such that sin = . The value of l is- [AIEEE 2005]
3
4 3 3 5
(A) – (B) (C) – (D)
3 4 5 3
15. The angle between the lines 2x = 3y = – z and 6x = – y = – 4z is- [AIEEE 2005]
(A) 30º (B) 45º (C) 90º (D) 0º
16. If the plane 2ax – 3ay + 4az + 6 = 0 passes through the mid–point of the line joining
the centres of the spheres x2 + y2 + z2 + 6x – 8y – 2z = 13 and x2 + y2 + z2 – 10x + 4y –
2z = 8, then a equals :
(A) 2 (B) –2 (C) 1 (D) –1 [AIEEE 2005]
17. The two lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d and x = a ' y + b ' , z = c ' y + d ' are perpendicular
to each other, if- [AIEEE 2003, 2006]
a c a c
(A) aa ' + cc ' = 1 (B) + =–1 (C) + =1 (D) aa ' + cc ' = – 1
a c a c
18. The image of the point (– 1, 3, 4) in the plane x – 2y = 0 is : [AIEEE 2006]
17 19 9 13
(A) (15, 11, 4) (B) – ,– ,1 (C) (8, 4, 4) (D) ,– ,4
5 5 5 5
19. Let L be the line of intersection of the planes 2x + 3y + z = 1 and x + 3y + 2z = 2. If L
makes an angle a with the positive x-axis, then cos a equals [AIEEE 2007]
(A) 1/ 3 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) 1/ 2
Page # 97
3 - D GEOMETRY
20. If a line makes an angle of with the positive directions of each of x-axis & y-axis
4
then the angle that the line makes with the positive direction of the z-axis is-
[AIEEE 2007]
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 4 2
21. If (2, 3, 5) is one end of a diameter of the sphere x + y + z – 6x – 12y – 2z + 20 = 0,
2 2 2
then the coordinates of the other end of the diameter are- [AIEEE 2007]
(A) (4, 9, – 3) (B) (4, –3, 3) (C) (4, 3, 5) (D) (4, 3, – 3)
22. The line passing through the points (5, 1, a) and (3, b, 1) crosses the yz-plane at the
17 –13
point 0, , . Then, [AIEEE 2008]
2 2
(A) a = 2, b = 8 (B) a = 4, b = 6 (C) a = 6, b = 4 (D) a = 8, b = 2
x –1 y –2 z–3 x –2 y –3 z –1
23. If the straight lines = = and = = intersect at a
k 2 3 3 k 2
point, then the integer k is equal to [AIEEE 2008]
(A) – 5 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) – 2
x –2 y –1 z 2
24. Let the line = = lies in the plane x + 3y – az + b = 0. Then (a, b)
3 –5 2
equals [AIEEE 2009]
(A) (6, – 17) (B) (– 6, 7) (C) (5, – 15) (D) (– 5, 15)
25. Statement -1 : The point A(3, 1, 6) is the mirror image of the point B(1, 3, 4) in the
plane x – y + z = 5.
Statement -2 : The plane x – y + z = 5 bisects the line segment joining A(3, 1,6) and
B(1, 3, 4). [AIEEE 2010]
(A) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; Statement -2 is not a correct
explanation for Statement -1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(C) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
(D) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation
for Statement-1.
26. A line AB in three-dimensional space makes angles 45º and 120º with the positive
x-axis and the positive y-axis respectively. If AB makes an acute angle q with the
positive z-axis, then q equal [AIEEE 2010]
(A) 45º (B) 60º (C) 75º (D) 30º
y 1 z 3 5
27. If the angle between the line x and the plane x + 2y + 3z = 4 is cos 1 ,
2 14
then equals [AIEEE 2011]
3 2 5 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 5 3 3
28. Statement-1: The point A(1, 0, 7) is the mirror image of the point B(1, 6, 3) in the line
x y 1 z 2
1 2 3
Page # 98
3 - D GEOMETRY
x y 1 z 2
Statemetnt-2: The line: bisects the line segment joining A(1, 0, 7) and
1 2 3
B(1, 6, 3). [AIEEE 2011]
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation
for Statement-1
(B) Statement-1is true, Statement-2 is false
(C) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(D) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation
for Statement-1
29. An equation of a plane parallel to the plane x – 2y + 2z – 5 = 0 and at unit distance
from the origin is [AIEEE 2012]
(A) x – 2y + 2z – 3 = 0 (B) x – 2y + 2z + 1 = 0
(C) x – 2y + 2z – 1 = 0 (D) x – 2y + 2z + 5 = 0
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 3 y k z
30. If the lines and intersect, then k is equal to
2 3 4 1 2 1
2 9
(A) – 1 (B) (C) (D) 0 [AIEEE 2012]
9 2
x 2 y3 z 4 x 1 y 4 z 4
31. If the lines and are coplanar, then k can have:
1 1 k k 2 1
(A) exactly two values (B) exactly three values [JEE Mains 2013]
(C) any value (D) exactly one value
32. Distance between two parallel planes 2x + y + 2z = 8 and 4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 is:
[JEE Mains 2013]
7 9 3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
x 1 y 3 z 4
33. The image of the line in the plane 2x - y+ z + 3 = 0 is the line
3 1 5
[JEE Mains 2014]
x 3 y 5 z 2 x 3 y 5 z 2
(A) (B)
3 1 5 3 1 5
x 3 y 5 z 2 x 3 y 5 z 2
(C) (D)
3 1 5 3 1 5
34. The angle between the lines whose direction cosines satisfy the equations l + m + n = 0
and l2 = m2 + n2 is [JEE Mains 2014]
(A) /6 (B) /2 (C) /3 (D) / 4
35. The distance of the point (1, 0, 2) from the point of intersection of the line
x 2 y 1 z 2
and the plane x – y + z = 16, is : [JEE Mains 2015]
3 4 12
(A) 2 14 (B) 8 (C) 3 21 (D) 13
Page # 99
3 - D GEOMETRY
36. The equation of the plane containing the line 2x – 5y + z = 3, x + y + 4z = 5, and
parallel to the plane, x + 3y + 6z = 1, is : [JEE Mains 2015]
(A) 2x + 6y + 12 z = 13 (B) x + 3y + 6z = – 7
(C) x + 3y + 6z = – 7 (D) 2x + 6y + 12z = – 13.
x 3 y 2 z 4
37. If the line, lies in the plane, lx my z 9 , then l2 m2 is equal to ;
2 1 3
(a) 18 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 26 [JEE Mains 2016]
38. The distance of the point (1,-5,9) from the plane x y z 5 measured along the line
x y z is : [JEE Mains 2016]
10 20
(a) 10 3 (b) (c) (d) 3 10
3 3
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (IIT-JEE)
Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
x4 y2 z k
1. Th e val u e of k su ch t h at = = lies in the plane 2 x - 4 y + z = 7 is:
1 1 2
(A) 7 (B) - 7 (C) no real value (D) 4 [IIT-JEE-2003]
2. (i) Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (2, 1, 0), (5, 0, 1) and
(4, 1, 1).
(ii) If P is the point (2, 1, 6), then find the point Q such that PQ is perpendicular to the
plane in (i) and the mid point of PQ lies on it. [IIT-JEE-2003]
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 3 y k z
3. If the lines = = and = = intersect, then k =
2 3 4 1 2 1
[IIT-JEE-2004]
2 9
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) –1
9 2
4. A plane passes through (1, 1, 1) and is parallel to the lines having direction ratios
(1, 0, –1) and (–1, 1, 0). Find the volume of the tetrahedron formed by the intercepts
of the plane on the x, y and z axis and the origin. [IIT-JEE-2004]
5. P1 and P2 are planes passing through origin. L1 and L2 also passes through origin. L1
lies on P1 not on P2 and L2 lies on P2 but not on P1. Show that there exists points A, B,
C and whose permutation A ' . B ' . C ' can be chosen such that
(i) A is on L1, B on P1 but not on L1 and C not on P1.
(ii) A ' in on L2, B ' on P2 but not on L2 and C ' not on P2. [IIT-JEE-2004]
6. A parallelopiped ‘S’ has base points A, B, C and D and upper face points A ' , B ' , C ' and
D ' . This parallelopiped is compressed by upper face A ' B ' C ' D ' to form a new parallelopiped
‘T’ having upper face points A ' ' , B ' ' , C ' ' and D ' ' . Volume of parallelpiped T is 90
percent of the volume of parallelopiped S. Prove that the locus of ‘A’ is a plane.
[IIT-JEE-2004]
Page # 100
3 - D GEOMETRY
7. A variable plane at a distance of 1 unit from the origin cuts the co-ordinate axes at A, B
and C. If the centroid D (x, y, z) of triangle ABC satisfies the relation
1 1 1
2 + 2 + = K, then the value of k is [IIT-JEE-2005]
x y z2
(A) 9 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 1/3
8. Find the equation of the plane (s) containing the line 2x – y + z – 3 = 0, 3x + y + z = 5
1
and at a distance of from the point (2, 1, –1) [IIT-JEE-2005]
6
9. Match the following [IIT-JEE-2006]
Column – I Column – II
(A) Two rays in the first quadrant x + y = |a| and (p) 2
ax – y = 1 intersects each other. If a (a0, ),
the value of a0 is
(B) Point (a, b, g) lies on the plane x + y + z = 2. (q) 4/3
Let a = a î + b ˆj + g k̂ , k̂ × ( k̂ × a ) = 0, then g =
1 1 1 0
2 2
(C) (1 y )dy
0
+ (y 1)dy
0
is equal to (r)
0
1 x dx +
1
1 x dx
(D) If sinA sinB sinC + cosA cosB = 1, (s) 1
then the value of sin C =
10. Match the following [IIT-JEE-2006]
Column – I Column – II
1 1
(A) tan
i 1
2 = t, then tan t =
2i
(p) 2 2
(B) Sides a, b, c of a triangle ABC are in AP (q) 1
a b c
and cos 1 = , cos 2 = , cos 3 = ,
bc ac ab
1 3
then tan2 + tan2 =
2 2
5
(C) A line is perpendicular to x + 2y + 2z = 0 (r)
3
and passes through (0, 1, 0). The perpendicular
distance of this line from the origin is
(D) A plane passes through (1, – 2, 1) and is (s) 2/3
perpendicular to two planes 2x – 2y + z = 0
and x – y + 2z = 4. The distance of the plane
from the point (1, 2, 2) is
Page # 101
3 - D GEOMETRY
11. Consider the planes 3x – 6y – 2z = 15 and 2x + y – 2z = 5 [IIT-JEE-2007]
STATEMENT - 1 : The parametric equations of the line of intersection of the given
planes are x = 3 + 14t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 15t.
because
STATEMENT - 2 : The vector 14 î 2 ĵ 15k̂ is parallel to the line of interseciton of given
planes.
(A) Statement - 1 is True, Statement - 2 is True; Statement - 2 is a correct
explanation for Statement - 1
(B) Statement - 1 is True, Statement - 2 is True; Statement - 2 is NOT a correct
explanation for Statement - 1
(C) Statement - 1 is True, Statement - 2 is False
(D) Statement - 1 is False, Statement - 2 is True
12. Consider the following linear equations [IIT-JEE-2007]
ax + by + cz = 0
bx + cy + az = 0
cx + ay + bz = 0
Column I Column II
(A) a + b + c 0 and (p) the equations represent planes meeting only
a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca at a single point.
(B) a + b + c = 0 and (q) the equations represent the line x = y = z.
a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
(C) a + b + c 0 and (r) the equations represent identical planes
a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
(D) a + b + c = 0 and (s) the equations represent the whole of the three
a + b + c = ab + bc + ca
2 2 2
dimensional space
13. Consider three planes [IIT-JEE-2008]
P1 : x – y + z = 1
P2 : x + y – z = – 1
P3 : x – 3y + 3z = 2
Let L1, L2, L3 be the lines of intersection of the planes P2 and P3 , P3 and P1 , P1 and
P2, respectively.
Statement -1 : At least two of the lines L1, L2 and L3 are non-parallel.
and
Statement-2 : The three planes do not have a common point.
(A) Statement-1 is True, statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is a correct
explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is NOT a correct
explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, statement-2 is True
Page # 102
3 - D GEOMETRY
Comprehension (14 to 16)
Consider the lines [IIT-JEE-2008]
x 1 y 2 z 1
L1 : = =
3 1 2
x 2 y 2 z 3
L2 : = =
1 2 3
14. The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 is
ˆi 7ˆj 7k
ˆ ˆi 7ˆj 5kˆ ˆi 7ˆj 5k
ˆ 7iˆ 7ˆj k
ˆ
(A) (B) (C) (D)
99 5 3 5 3 99
15. The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is
17 41 17
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
3 5 3 5 3
16 The distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the plane passing through the point (–1, –2, –1)
and whose normal is perpendicular to both the lines L1 and L2 is
2 7 13 23
(A) (B) (C) (D)
75 75 75 75
17. A line with positive direction cosines passes through the point P(2, –1, 2) and makes
equal angles with the coordinate axes. The line meets the plane 2x + y + z = 9 at point
Q. The length of the line segment PQ equals [IIT-JEE-2009]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 2
x y z
18. Equation of the plane containing the straight line = = and perpendicular to
2 3 4
x y z x y z
the plane containing the straight lines = = and = = is
3 4 2 4 2 3
[IIT-JEE-2010]
(A) x + 2y – 2z = 0 (B) 3x + 2y – 2z = 0 (C) x – 2y + z = 0 (D) 5x + 2y – 4z = 0
19. The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the
x 1
system A y = 0 has exactly two distinct solutions, is [IIT-JEE-2010]
z 0
(A) 0 (B) 29 – 1 (C) 168 (D) 2
20. If the distance between the plane Ax – 2y + z = d and the plane containing the lines
x –1 y – 2 z–3 x –2 y –3 z–4
= = and = = is 6 , then |d| is [IIT-JEE-2010]
2 3 4 3 4 5
21. If the distance of the point P(1, –2, 1) from the plane x + 2y – 2z = a, where a > 0, is 5,
then the foot of the perpendicular from P to the plane is [IIT-JEE-2010]
8 4 7 4 4 1 1 2 10 2 1 5
(A) , , (B) , , (C) , , (D) , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
Page # 103
3 - D GEOMETRY
22. Match the statements in Column-I with those in Column-II. [IIT-JEE-2010]
Column-I Column-II
(A) A line from the origin meets the lines (p) –4
8
x – 2 y – 1 z 1 x–
= = and 3 = y 3 = z –1
1 –2 1 2 –1 1
at P and Q respectively. If length PQ = d, then d2 is
(B) The values of x satisfying (q) 0
3
tan–1(x + 3) – tan–1(x – 3) = sin–1 are
5
(C) Non-zero vectors a , b and c satisfy a . b = 0, (r) 4
( b – a).(b c) 0 and 2|b c||b – a| . If a µb 4c
then possible value of µ are
(D) Let f be the function on [–p, p] given by f(0) = 9 (s) 5
9x
sin
2 2
and f(x) = for x 0. The value of f(x)dx is
x –
sin
2
(t) 6
1 9 7
23. Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying [a b c] 8 2 7 [0 0 0] ........ (E)
7 3 7
If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the
value of 7a + b + c is [IIT-JEE-2011]
(A) 0 (B) 12 (C) 7 (D) 6
x 2 y 1 z
24. Perpendicular are drawn from points on the line to the plane x + y + z = 3.
2 1 3
The feet of perpendiculars lie on the line [JEE Advanced 2013]
x y 1 z 2 x y 1 z 2
(A) (B)
5 8 13 2 3 5
x y 1 z 2 x y 1 z 2
(C) (D)
4 3 7 2 7 5
25. A line l passing through the origin is perpendicular to the lines
l1 : 3 t ˆi 1 2t ˆj 4 2t k,
ˆ t , l : 3 2s ˆi 3 2s ˆj 2 s k,
2
ˆ s
Then, the coordinate(s) of the point(s) on l2 at a distance of 17 from the point of
intersection of l and l1 is [JEE Advanced 2013]
7 7 5 7 7 8
(A) , , (B) (-1, -1, 0) (C) (1, 1, 1) (D) , ,
3 3 3 9 9 9
Page # 104
3 - D GEOMETRY
y z y z
26. Two lines L1 : x = 5, and L1 : x = are coplanar. Then can take
3 2 1 2
value(s) [JEE Advanced 2013]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
x 1 y z 3 x 4 y3 z3
27. Consider the lines L 1 : , L 2: and the planes
2 1 1 1 1 2
P1: 7x + y + 2z = 3, P2 : 3x + 5y – 6z = 4. Let ax + by + cz = d be the equation of the plane
passing through the point of intersection of lines L 1 and L 2 and perpendicular to
planes P1 and P2. [JEE Advanced 2013]
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer using the code given below
the lists:
List – I List – II
(P) a = (1) 13
(Q) b = (2) -3
(R) c = (3) 1
(S) d = (4) -2
Codes:
P Q R S
(A) 3 2 4 1
(B) 1 3 4 2
(C) 3 2 1 4
(D) 2 4 1 3
28. In R3, consider the planes P1 : y = 0 and P2 : x + z = 1. Let P3 be a plane, different from
P1 and P2, which passes through the intersection of P1 and P2. If the distance of the
point (0, 1, 0) from P3 is 1 and the distance of a point (, , ) from P3 is 2. then which
of the following relations is(are) true ? [JEE Advanced 2015]
(A) 2 2 2 0 (B) 2 2 4 0
(C) 2 2 10 0 (D) 2 2 8 0
29. In R3, let L be a straight line passing through the origin. Suppose that all the points
on L are at a constant distance from the two planes P 1 : x + 2y - z + 1 = 0 and
P2 : 2x – y + z – 1 = 0. Let M be the locus of the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from
the points on L to the plane P1. Which of the following points lie(s) on M ?
[JEE Advanced 2015]
(A) (0, –5/6, –2/3) (B) (–1/6, –1/3, 1/6)
(C) (–5/6, 0, 1/6) (D) (–1/3, 0, 2/3)
30. Let P be the image of the point (3,1,7) with respect to the plane x y z 3 . Then
the equation of the plane passing through P and containing the straight line
x y z
is [JEE Advanced 2016]
1 2 1
(a) x y 3z 0 (b) 3x z 0 (c) x 4y 7z 0 (d) 2x y 0
31. Consider a pyramid OPQRS located in the first octant (x 0, y 0, z 0) with O as
origin, and OP and OR along the x-axis and the y-axis, respectively. The base OPQR
of the pyramid is a square with OP = 3. The point S is directly above the mid-point T
of diagonal OQ such that TS = 3. Then [JEE Advanced 2016]
Page # 105
3 - D GEOMETRY
(a) the acute angle between OQ and OS is
3
(b) the equation of the plane containing the triangle OQS is x y 0
(c) the length of the perpendicular from P to the plane containing the triangle OQS
3
is
2
15
(D) The perpendicular distance from O to the straight line containing RS is
2
ANSWER KEY
DRILL - I
1. (– 1, 2, 8) 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. c 6. d
7
7. d 8. b 9. c 10. d 11. b 12. cos 1
12
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
13. 2 2 2 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 2
a a b c ba b c ca b c
DRILL - II
x 5 y 2 z 4
1.
2 1 3
5ˆ ˆ ˆ
2. 4/5, –3/5, 0; r = 2iˆ j k (4iˆ 3ˆj 0k)
2
13 5 39 1 23 3
4. , , , , ,
7 7 7 7 7 7
5. (–1, –1, –1)
DRILL - III
x y z x y z
1. x = – 3t; y =1 + t; z = 2 + 2t 2. or
1 2 1 1 1 2
74 6
3. 4. 2
3 11
l1 l2 m m2 n n2 l1 l2 m m2 m1 m2
7. , 1 , 1 , , 1 ,
2cos /2 2cos /2 2cos /2 2sin /2 2sin /2 2sin /2
Page # 106
3 - D GEOMETRY
DRILL - IV
1. d 2. d 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. c
7
7. a 8. b 9. a 10. b 11. p = 2,
4
12. 2y + z = 2 13. 2x + y – 3z + 8 = 0
14. 3 15. x + z + 1 = 0
DRILL - V
1. d 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. a
7. c 8. d 9. c 10. a 12. 2x – y + z = 0
13. 2 14. 15. 7
3
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. A
7. D 8. A 9. A 10. A 11. C 12. C
13. B 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. D 18. A
19. C 20. D 21. A 22. A 23. B
MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. AD 2. ABC 3. C 4. BD 5. ABCD 6. AB
7. ACD 8. AB 9. AD 10. ABC 11. BC 12. AB
13. BD 14. AC
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
1. (A (r), (B) (s), (C) (q), (D) (p)
2. (A) (p), (B) (q), (C) (r), (D) (s)
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
(1) 3 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 8 (5) 4 (6) 2
(7) 4
Page # 107
3 - D GEOMETRY
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (AIEEE)
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. C
7. D 8. C 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. D
13. C 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. D
19. A 20. D 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B
25. A 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. A 30. C
31. A 32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 36. C
37. C 38. A
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (IIT-JEE)
9
1. A 2. (i) x + y – 2z = 3 (ii) Q (6, 5, – 2) 3. B 4.
2
7. A 8. 62x + 29y + 19z – 105 = 0 or 2x – y + z – 3 = 0
9. (A) (s), (B) (p), (C) (q, r), (D) (s)
10. (A) (q), (B) (s), (C) (r), (D) (p)
11. D
12. (A) (r), (B) (q), (C) (p), (D) (s)
13. D 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. C 18. C
19. A 20. 6 21. A
22. (A) (t), (B) (p, r), (C) (q,s), (D) (r)
23. D 24. D 25. B, D 26. A, D 27. A 28. BD
29. AB 30. C 31. B,C,D
Page # 108
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