11 IV April 2023

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50754
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

Music Recommendation System Using Deep

Learning
Raj Kumar Saw1, Sumit Kumar2, Nidhi Mishra3
1, 2
B.Tech (CSE), ASET, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
3
Dept. of CSE, Amity University, Noida, UP, India

Abstract: As part of this study, we present a music recommendation system that makes use of deep learning. The system learns a
neural network that can anticipate the user's musical preferences and provide personalised playlist suggestions based on the
user's listening habits. The proposed method considers both the user's explicit tastes and those that may be deduced from their
listening patterns. The technology is able to adapt to a user's evolving preferences over time and provide more relevant
recommendations. Software that predicts what a user will wish to buy based on their tastes and prior purchases is called a
recommendation system. Although the emphasis of this paper is on improving music recommendation systems, the approach
outlined here might be applied to a broad range of other platforms and domains as well, including video sharing sites like
YouTube and Netflix as well as online retailers like Amazon. System efficiency decreases as complexity increases. Our
technique, Tunes Recommendation System (T-RECSYS), provides an efficient recommendation system that can make
predictions in real time by integrating data from both content-based and collaborative filtering into a deep learning classification
model. By applying our strategy to the Spotify Recsys Challenge dataset, we find a threshold that provides an optimal trade-off
between false positives and false negatives, increasing accuracy to 88%.
Keywords: music recommendation system, deep learning, recommendation system, etc.

I. INTRODUCTION
It's no wonder that music recommendation algorithms have become more popular as more and more people use streaming services
to listen to their favourite music. With the use of these techniques, users may personalise their journey towards music discovery.
Often, music recommendation systems will use collaborative filtering and content-based approaches. Yet, the dynamic complexity
of consumers' preferences is not captured well by these methods. A powerful technique for creating cutting-edge music
recommendation systems, deep learning has arisen in recent years. In this study, we present a music recommendation system driven
by deep learning that can make inferences about a user's likes from their listening history. The algorithm takes into account both
explicit and implicit user preferences, altering the quality of its recommendations based on users' changing preferences. The purpose
of recommendation systems is to provide users with personalised suggestions that perfectly match their preferences and needs [1].
Unappreciated despite the fact that they affect almost every aspect of our life, from choosing what to watch or listen to on the
television to buying a product online. With so many potential applications, designing such systems necessitates a wide range of
decisions and approaches. When it comes to giving suggestions, two dominant perspectives existed. Content-based filtering is a
method of making product suggestions based on the degree to which items share certain characteristics [2]. If user A likes product
B, then user B is more likely to also enjoy product A. Yet, collaborative filtering works because it uses users' shared interests in
music, games, and merchandise to provide recommendations. Users A and B's shared traits allow us to make educated guesses about
their shared tastes and preferences. It is also important to know whether a recommender system can operate in real time. [4]. It is
said that real-time functionality calls for pre-processing steps to be carried out during data collecting. For this study, we create a
novel algorithm for generating k-recommendations of music for users. The Tunes Recommendation System (T-RECSYS) returns
the top k-scoring songs from a database by using a learned hybridization of content-based and collaborative filtering to give a score
to each song in the database based on the user's preferences. Several crucial metadata aspects, such as genre, mood, and tempo, may
be inferred from the user's input by mining their prior activities and preferences in the system. These considerations are included
into our recommendation system. Based on these inputs, a deep learning classification model determines the likelihood that a user
would like a piece of music. [8] [9]. As an example, consider the weekly playlists curated by music streaming services like Spotify
based on a user's listening habits and interests. When the user is presented with suggested music to add to an existing playlist, T-
RECSYS may be utilised for the same purpose. A similar challenge was set by Spotify in their 2018 RecSys Challenge, underlining
the necessity for such research despite the fact that big recommendation systems have been installed on the web.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2804
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

II. RELATED WORK

Solution proposals were published in articles that found similar problems with recommendation systems, such as a lack of real-time
updates or the use of the wrong sorts of variables. In order to learn about the user's wants and requirements, Fang et al. [11] provide
a technique that expands on a questionnaire. It is stated by the authors that "the data obtained from the survey is linked with musical
qualities to narrow down the initial 384,500 songs to the 1000 songs the user is most likely to like" [11]. Next, we use machine
learning clustering methods to analyse the questionnaire and divide the takers into like-minded musical taste subgroups [11, 12]. By
integrating user profiles to generate group profiles, the programme employs collaborative filtering to determine which proposals are
most likely to be accepted and suited by the whole group [11]. The focus of these recommendations is on group physical therapy
sessions, particularly Zumba, yoga, and pilates. User Profiling (UP) [11] is a recommendation method that generates early results,
which are subsequently refined using Reinforcement Learning (RL). In the questionnaire, you may give a score out of five for the
music's tempo, loudness, energy, positivity, familiarity, and rhythmic dominance [11]. The capacity to rigorously stick to
preferences that may be necessary in choice exercises is facilitated. While this research uses multi-variable, collaborative, and
content-based filtering, it is only applicable to the context of making exercise music recommendations and is hence not useful in
other contexts. Jiang et al. [[2017]] help recommendation algorithms rate music based on a variety of factors. Song comparisons
were made using a recurrent neural networks (RNN) model [[13]]. While related systems have made reference to RNN models [14],
our study is the first to quantitatively analyse the similarities across songs. Although musical elements were taken into account, no
mention of real-time updates was mentioned in this presentation.
Content-based music information retrieval may be accomplished rapidly with the use of indirect matching, as proposed by Hayashi
et al. [15]. (CBMIR). For this structure, we used the kinds of questions that would normally be asked during an offline investigation.
They [15] used offline searches to quickly estimate similarities between documents found in online databases. The researchers used
content-based filtering into their investigation, similar to methods employed in [13] and [12]. Collaborative filtering and automatic
updates are two examples of functionality that this method was missing.
As suggested by Sunny et al. (2017) [9], real-time data streams may be analysed to deliver timely and accurate recommendations.
Spark and other machine learning frameworks were used to develop adaptive recommendations in real time, which were then
applied to the task of recommending TV channels. Mwinyi et al. [15] also presented a self-learning, predictive recommendation
system for multimedia material that takes into account users' preferences before and after they make a selection, thus their work is
comparable in that respect. While both approaches make use of real-time updates and a wide variety of factors, collaborative
filtering is not one of them. In addition to these investigations, the Big Data Hub has also [13]

III. ALGORITHM
The method accepts a vector of data that may be used to both collaborative and content-based filtering. After being taught to
recognise patterns in a user's listening habits, a deep neural network can determine with high certainty which songs to recommend.

A. Overview
The following is a high-level explanation of what T-RECSYS is. A deep learning model is fed data that represents nine songs the
listener like, as well as a tenth song that symbolises a song the listener may or may not like. It gives back a number between zero
and one that represents how likely it is that the user will like the tenth song based on their enjoyment of the previous nine. T-
RECSYS finds the top k songs in terms of score and suggests them to the user.

B. Content-Based Filtering
T-ability RECSYS's capacity to gather data about songs enables content-based filtering of music. While analysing music, T-
RECSYS considers several different factors, including genre, artist type, artist period, mood, tempo, and release year. The metadata
values for 10 songs from a hypothetical playlist are shown in Table I. The pygn Python library allowed us to connect to the
Gracenote API, one of several online APIs that provide access to this data. This information may be collected quickly and encodes
the basic elements of a song. A deep neural network may be taught to use a content-based filtering approach once an input
description has been provided. Just three of the six types of data may be put into arbitrary order (genre, artist type, and mood),
although artist era, tempo, and release year are all flexible options. To feed the uncategorized data into the deep learning model, it is
one-hot encoded, a machine learning technique in which a category variable is transformed into several boolean variables (which
only takes numeric values). The table below shows the unique one-hot encodings that may be used to represent mood, artist type,
and genre.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2805
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

C. “Collaborative Filtering
T-RECSYS also includes collaborative filtering. In specifically, it takes the form of an index indicating how closely the tenth song
is related to the user's nine favourite tunes. The degree to which two songs are similar is measured by how often they appear on the
same playlist. It seems to reason that if two songs are regularly seen on the same playlist, then that must mean that one of them is
recommending the other. There are two ways in which T- RECSYS uses this similarity score. One such metric is volume, which
tracks how often a certain song pair appears on playlists. Nevertheless, this metric does not account for the frequency with which
certain songs occur. It's possible that the frequency with which pairs of songs occur together is much lower than the frequency with
which they appear separately. Because of this, T-RECSYS calculate the Sorenson index of every possible pair:

2| ∩ |
| |+| |

where X represents a set of playlists containing the first song in the pair and Y represents a set of playlists containing the second
song in the pair. The collaborative filtering input vector comprises 18 values since there are two metrics for each of the 9 possible
song pairs.

Table 1: Example playlist when defined by song metadata

Playlist 1 Song 1 Song 2 Song 3 Song 4 Song 5 Song 6 Song 7 Song 8
Genre Urban Rock Country Pop Rap Pop Classical Hip-Hop
Artist Female Female Male Duo Female Male Male Male Female
Type Group Solo Solo Duo Solo Duo Duo
Artist Era 2000s 1950s 1930s 2010s 1940s 1990s 1970s 1930s
Mood Happy Angry Sad Party Sad Energetic Dance Sad
Tempo Fast Fast Medium Slow Medium Fast Medium Medium
Release 2001 1962 1930 2009 1949 1986 1977 1932
Year

Table 2: Example of one-hot encoding for different song metadata

Genre Binary Artist Type Binary Mood Binary
Hip Hop 0000001000 Female Duos 000010000 Sad 0010000000
Country 0010000000 Male Duos 001000000 Sad 0010000000
Pop 1000000000 Female group 100000000 Happy 1000000000
Rap 0000100000 Male group 000100000 Sad 0010000000
Rock 0100000000 Female Solo 010000000 Angry 0100000000
Urban 0001000000 Female Solo 010000000 Party 0001000000

D. Deep Learning Model

The input vector is built after information is gathered using collaborative filtering and content-based methods. A deep neural
network will be trained with this data to better understand the task of music recommendation. After a lot of trial and error with
different hyperparameter settings, the tabled network structure specification was settled upon. Google's Tensorflow and the Keras
deep learning framework in Python were helpful in the creation, training, and dissemination of our model. To create our training set,
we modified Spotify's open playlist dataset [10]. For every playlist with 10 songs or more, we produced two training examples. In
the first scenario, the user's enjoyment of the first nine songs in the playlist was used to make a recommendation about whether or
not they would appreciate the tenth song (since the user who built the playlist liked all ten songs). As the previous nine tracks were
used to decide if the user would like a random song, the second occurrence resulted in a negative recommendation. While it's
impossible to predict whether or not a user would like a song selected at random, the chances are against it. When this was
completed for every instance used in training, 20% were chosen at random to serve as a testing set.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2806
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

Table 3: Neural network configuration

Layer Parameters
Fully connected Nodes: 70, Activation: reLU
Dropout Dropout 80%
Fully connected Nodes: 20, Activation: reLU
Dropout Dropout 40%
Fully connected Nodes: 7, Activation: reLU
Dropout Dropout 20%
Fully connected Nodes: 3, Activation: reLU
Dropout Nodes: 1, Activation: Sigmoid

IV. RESULTS”
Precision was selected as the primary criteria by which the model was evaluated:

= ,

where tp represents true positives and fp represents false positives. Accuracy in this case refers to how frequently the suggested tune
was liked by the listener. This is in line with our commonsense understanding of how such systems should function. The
discrimination threshold is another key adjustable option. The discriminating threshold establishes the minimum value of the
confidence score required to make a recommendation (as anticipated by the deep neural network). By raising the threshold, only
songs with high confidence (i.e. high chance of being liked) are suggested. By default, a suggestion may be given when the
confidence score surpasses 50% because it is expected that the listener would more likely than not enjoy the song.
Figures 1a-1d exhibit 4 different trials, showing accuracy achieved at varying levels of discrimination. As can be seen, using a 90%
threshold led to 100% accuracy in three out of four trials, with 100% approval ratings for each and every music that was suggested.
Precision scores that are outstanding even when utilizing the default 50% criterion are achieved in Trial 3, which achieved over 88%
accuracy. There wasn't a huge amount of variation in the technique, since the sample standard deviation was just 8.58 per cent
throughout the four trials.
V. DISCUSSION
All in all, we were really pleased with the accuracy we achieved. The configuration we have now does have a few drawbacks that
should be mentioned. There was a fear that there wasn't enough reality behind negative suggestions. A user's musical tastes cannot
be predicted from a set of playlists alone. Nevertheless, this is more of a dataset constraint than a flaw in T-RECSYS itself, since
this is readily fixed using user data regarding disliked songs, which Spotify and other music services almost likely gather. Another
issue is the method by which data for collaborative filtering is gathered. These calculations demand extensive, perhaps costly,
worldwide knowledge of every song and playlist. However, using conventional indexing practices in a widespread rollout should
make this shortcoming almost insignificant.

Fig. 1: Precision vs. Discrimination Threshold

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2807
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

There are obvious paths that might be explored in the future. When it comes to music recommendations, more songs than the nine
utilised in this article might be employed to develop a preference baseline for listeners. More information, or even just the song's
musical characteristics, might be utilised to describe each song. The effectiveness of both training and recommendations might be
improved via the use of parallelization using Spark. The T-RECSYS framework might be expanded to include video, film, e-
commerce, or any other area of interest. Each object, much like a song, contains properties that may be represented mathematically
and hence encoded in the manner outlined in the article.

VI. CONCLUSION
Although we may not give much thought to recommendation algorithms, they greatly influence our everyday lives by deciding what
we hear on Spotify and what we watch on YouTube. The complexity and accuracy of these systems are being continuously
improved by researchers. In this research, we present T-RECSYS, a recommendation system that uses a deep learning model to
learn user music tastes and provide song suggestions in the vein of services like Spotify, Pandora, and iTunes. We designed our
algorithm to address issues that have plagued other algorithms in the literature, such as a lack of real-time updates and the ability to
accept numerous kinds of variable inputs. The final result is a system with the potential for high suggestion accuracy and the
flexibility to be applied to a wide variety of market services, including those offered by Amazon and Netflix.

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