Machine Design Formulas o Combined axial, torsional and flexural

Kinematics stresses
 Uniform motion  Variable stress
 Uniformly accelerated motion o Ductile materials (soderberg)
 Free falling body o Brittle materials (goodman)
o 3 equations Shaftings
 Kinematics in two dimensions (projectile)  Two general classes of shafts
o Y and x at any time t  Types of transmission shaft
o Maximum height and range  For main power transmitting shafts
o General equation of projectile  For line shafts carrying pulleys
o The range of projectile inclined at an  For small, short shafts and counter shafts
angle (beta) (above or below)  Diameter of a solid circular shafts required to
 Rotational kinematics transmit given torque
o Uniform motion  Twisting moment for shaft of any cross section
o Uniform angular acceleration  Power transmitted
o Linear and angular relations  Pure torsional shear stress (solid)
 Newton’s law of universal gravitation  Pure flexural or bending stress (solid)
 Rectilinear translation (D’Alembert’s principle)  Pure torsional shear stress (hollow)
 Uniform circular motion  Pure flexural or bending stress (hollow)
o Centripetal force  Combined torsion and bending stress
o Centripetal acceleration  Combined torsion and bending considering
 Non-uniform circular motion shock and fatigue factors (tensile shearing)
o Tangential force  Shock and fatigue factors for shafts (table)
o Tangential acceleration  Vertical shear
o Total acceleration  Angular deformation
 Conical pendulum Keys
 Banking of highway curves  W (square and flat key)
o Ideal angle of banking  Shearing stress on the key
o If the body is travelling at a greatest  Compressive stress on the key
speed and about to skid  For square key
 Centroidal rotation  Dimension of keys made of same material
 Rolling bodies  The factor of safety on Keys
o Rolling cylinders (external and internal  Suggested factor of safety on yield strength
contact) Splines
o Rolling cones (alpha and beta)  Based on shearing of the splines
Stresses and Strains  Based on compression between the splines and
 Simple stress the hub
o Axial stress (tensile, compressive)  The total torque transmitted
o Shearing stress  The torque capacity of one spline
o Torsion (solid shaft, hollow shaft) Coupling
o Bearing stress  Based on shearing of the key
o Bending or flexural stress (rectangular,  Based on compression between key and
circular)] keyways
o Thermal stress  Based on shearing of bolts between the flange
faces
o Design stress (ductile, brittle)
 Based on compression between the bolts and
o Modulus of elasticity
the flange
o Modulus of rigidity
 Safe power transmitted
o Thermal elongation
 Summary of failures and factor of safety in
o Combined stresses (axial and flexural,
flange coupling
for the beams)
o Combined axial and torsional stresses
o Combined torsional and flexural
stresses
 o Average shearing stress on the throat
Pressure Vessels area
 Thickness o Factor of safety
 Thin-walled pressure vessel o Maximum shearing stress
o Tangential stress/circumferential o Maximum tensile stress
stress/hoop stress/girth stress o Modes of failure on riveted joints
 Without efficiency Bolts and Screws
 With efficiency  Types of bolts
o Longitudinal stress: considering the  Types of screws
transversal section  Types of threads
 Stresses in thin-walled sphere  Tolerance
o Tangential stress with efficiency  Bolt specification number
o Tangential stress without efficiency o American and unified series
 For thick-walled cylinder o Metric thread series
o Wall thickness  Form of threads for bolts
o Axial stress  Form of threads for power screw
o Maximum shear stress at the inner  Stresses induced in bolts
surface o Shear stress
o Maximum shear stress in the cylinder o Tensile stress
wall o Compression stress
o Equivalent maximum tensile stress in o Shear stress
the cylinder wall o For practical design
o Hoop stress (Inner and outer surface)  From valiance
 Collapsing pressure/critical pressure on thin  Form faires
tubes o Applied load
o For stainless steel tubes  From valiance
 When the ratio (t/do) is less  Form faires
than 0.025 o Working strength of the bolt
 When the ratio (t/do) is greater o Bolt spacing
than 0.03 o Bolt circle diameter
o For lap-welded steel tubes o Depth tap
 When the ratio (t/do) is greater  Brittle materials
than 0.03  Steel
o For brass tubes  Steel / wrought iron
 When the ratio (t/do) is less o Initial torque
than 0.025  From valiance
 When the ratio (t/do) is greater  Form faires
than 0.03 o Initial tension
 Short tubes and external pressure o Bolt elongation
o Critical pressure/collapsing pressure of
short tubes
o Compressive/crushing stress
Rivets and Welded Joints
 Types of riveted joints
 For riveted joints
o Tangential design stress
o Factor of safety
o Efficiency of the joint for single riveted
butt joint
 Types of welding which are not requiring
pressure
 Types of welding which are requiring pressure
 Major weld types
 Types of joint
 For welded joints
Power Screw o Square wire
 Torque required to overcome collar friction  Stress in torsion spring
 Torque applied to turn the screw  Deflection of torsion spring
o For square threads (raising lowering the o For helical torsion spring of round wire
load) o For spiral torsion spring of round wire
o For acme threads (raising lowering the o For spiral torsion spring of round wire
load)  Length of wire
o For trapezoidal metric threads (raising  Free length
lowering the load)  Impact load on spring
o For American standard threads (raising  Stresses in leaf spring
lowering the load) o Single leaf
 Total torque required to operate the screw o multiple leaf
 Power input of the screw  deflections of leaf spring
 Power output of the screw o Single leaf
 Efficiency o multiple leaf
 Linear velocity  spring system (series and parallel)
 Lead angle  indeterminate springs
 Lead o outer spring longer than the inner
 Outside diameter spring
Power screw form machineries handbook o inner spring longer than outer spring
 Screw diameter o inner and outer springs are of the same
 Transmitted power height
 Shaft diameter  compression spring end designs
Bearings  ends used for extension springs
 Examples of bearing materials Flywheels
 Classification of bearings according to type of  total weight of the flywheel
friction  weight of the rim
 Classification of rolling – element bearings  kinetic energy released by the flywheel
 Classifications of bearings according to load  energy needed to punch a hole
application  power needed to punch a hole
 Maximum contact stress for balls  average speed
 Maximum contact stress for cylinders  hoop stress
 Bearing pressure  coefficient of fluctuation
 Frictional torque  table for the coefficient of fluctuation
 Frictional power Brakes
 Life in millions of revolutions (for ball, roller  Types of brakes
bearing) Band Brake
 Life in hours (for ball, roller bearing)  Tension ratio
 Compressive breaking load  Torque developed by the braking action
 Maximum load  Actuating force
 Diametral clearance  Maximum unit pressure
Springs  Maximum allowable stress
 Materials used for springs Differential brake
 Types of springs  For clockwise rotation
o Coil springs  For counter-clockwise rotation
o Leaf springs (table) Block brake
 Stress in coil springs of round wire  Braking torque
 Stress in coil springs of non-circular wire  For large angle of contact (theta>60)
o Square and rectangular wires Brake shoe
 Whal factor  Heat dissipated in brakes
 Spring index and Spring rate  For lowering brake, the heat dissipated
 Deflection of coil springs of round wire  The temperature rise
 Deflection of coil springs of non-circular wire Spot brake
o Rectangular wire  Braking torque capacity
Clutches  Design horsepower
 Types of clutches  Number of belts
Plate of disk clutch  Belt length
 For uniform pressure disk clutch Toothed belt
o Total torque  Timing belt
o Total applied force Chains and Sprockets
 For uniform wear disk clutch  Types of sprockets
o Total torque  Types of lubrication
o Total applied torque  Recommended sae viscosities for various
Cone clutch operating temperatures
 Torque transmitted by the cone clutch  Pitch diameter of the small sprocket
 Axial force  Pitch diameter of the large sprocket
o If engagement takes place when one  Outside diameter of the small sprocket\
member is rotating and other is  Outside diameter of the large sprocket
stationary  Length of the chain
Block clutch  Center distance between sprockets
 Torque transmitted  Power transmitted
 Total radial force Gears
o For very large (theta) and Pn is not  Classification of gears according to the nature of
constant axis
 Engagement force needed at stationary  Kinds of gears
condition Spur gears
 Maximum pressure  Circular pitch
Expanding ring clutch  Diametral pitch
 The total frictional torque  Clearance
Band clutch  Addendum
 Torque transmitted  Dedendum
 Maximum normal pressure  Outside diameter
 Tension ratio  Root diameter
 Maximum stress  Root diameter
Centrifugal clutch  Whole depth
 Torque transmitted  Working depth
 Radial spring force on each inertial weights  Tooth thickness
o For radial springs  Tooth space
o For garter springs  Base circle diameter
Belts  Center distance between gears
 Types of belts connections  Backlash
 Types transmission belts  Face width
Flat belt Design calculations (spur gears)
 Belt tension ratio  Beam fatigue strength of the teeth
 Centrifugal force  Dynamic load
 Effective belt pull o Continuous service
 Angle of contact o Intermittent service
 Arc of contact  Wear load
 Power transmitted  Checking for failure based on fatigue
 Cross-sectional area of the belt  Checking for failure based on wear
 Belt length Helical gears
 Belt speed  Tangential force
V-belt  Radial force
 Belt tension ratio  Axial force
 Effective belt pull  Normal pressure angle
 Rated horsepower for standard size ABCDE  Axial pitch
 Rated Horsepower for standard size of B only  Normal diametral pitch
 Adjusted rated horsepower  Normal circular pitch
  Lead Elevators
Design calculations (helical gears)  Formulas
 Beam fatigue strength of the teeth Machine Shop
 Dynamic load  Taper length
 Wear load  Cutting of workpiece
 Formative o Rate of cut
 Number of teeth o Velocity
Worm gears o Volume flow rate
 Circular pitch
 Diametral pitch
 Lead
 Lead angle
 Pitch line velocity
 Torque transmitted by worm
 Separating force
 Tangential force on the worm
 Efficiency of the worm gear
 Face width
 Outside diameter of worm
 Worm diameter
Design calculations (worm gears)
 Beam fatigue strength of the teeth
 Dynamic load for worm gear teeth
 Wear load
 Thermal capacity
 Normal pressure
Bevel gears
 Types of bevel gears
 Cutting or root angle
 Face angle
 Pitch angle
 Face width
 Length of cone
 Working depth
 Total depth
Design calculation (bevel gear)
 Strength of straight bevel gear
 Dynamic load
Wire Ropes
 Wire ropes construction
 Uses of wire ropes
 Materials for wire ropes
 Various sizes and their applications
Sheave or rope drum
 Bending stress
 Bending load
 Weight of rope
 Acceleration force due to weight of the rope
 Acceleration force due to the weight connected
at the end of the rope
 Total tension of the rope
 Ultimate strength for plow steel material
 Factor of safety
 Table for the factor of safety for wire ropes