[Document title]

Dhavalagiri, Dharwad-580 002. Karnataka State. India.

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MINOR WORK
Even Semester: May-Oct-2023
Course Teacher: Dr. U.P. Kulkarni

2023
Submitted By
MS. VAISHNAVI KULKARNI
2SD21CS114
th
4 Semester B division

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TERMWORK 1- Write a C program to show that C programming Language
support only Call by Value.
Problem Statement 3
Program 3
Sample Input and output 4
TERMWORK-2: Study the concept “USABILITY”. Prepare a report on
USABILITY of at least TWO UIs of major software product you have
seen.
Problem Statement 5
Example 1 5
Sample Input and output 6
Example 2 8
Sample Input and output 9
TERMWORK-3 List all features of a programming language and write
programs to show they help to write a robust code.
Problem Statement 10
Theory 10
TERMWORK-4 Study the ASSERTIONS in C and its importance in
writing reliable code. Prepare an appropriate business scenario and
implement the same.
Problem Statement 12
Business scenario 12
TERMWORK-5 Study the POSIX standard system calls and write a
program to demonstrate it.
Problem Statement 13
Program 14

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TERMWORK 1- Write a C program to show that C programming

Language support only Call by Value.

There are two parameter passing methods passing (or calling) methods to functions.
They are Call by Value and Call by Reference. The most significant distinction
between call by value and call by reference is that in the call by value, passing an
actual value of the parameter. While, in a call by reference, passing the reference of
the parameter; hence some change made to formal arguments will also reflect in
actual arguments. C Language only supports Call by Value.This means that the
called function is given the values of its arguments in temporary variables rather than
the originals. This leads to some different properties than are seen with “call by
reference”. In C, both the calling and called functions don’t share any memory they
have their copy, along with the called function can’t directly change a variable in the
calling function; it may only alter its private, temporary copy. Call by value is an
asset, however, not a liability. It usually leads to more compact programs with fewer
extraneous variables, because parameters can be treated as conveniently initialized
local variables in the called routine.

C Program to demonstrate Call by Value:

//program to demonstrate c program supports only call by value

#include <stdio.h>
void Value(int num)
{
num = 7;
printf("Value of number: %d\n", num);
}
int main()
{
int num = 5;
printf("Before value: %d\n", num);
Value(num);
printf("After value: %d\n", num);
return 0;
}

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This demonstrates that changes made to the parameter inside the function do not
affect the original argument in the caller function. When a variable is passed as an
argument to a function in C, a copy of its value is created and passed to the function.
Therefore, any modifications made to the parameter inside the function are only
applied to the local copy, and the original value of the argument remains unaffected.
This behavior is known as "Call by Value" in C.
Here the value of num in the main function is declared as 5. A function Value is
called. In that function the value of the num is initialized to 7. After the execution of
the function is finished the control is given back to the main function. In the main
function if we print the value of num, its value will the same as it was in the main
function. The changes made in the function will not effect the value in the main
function. Only the copy of the variable is sent to the function not the actual variable.

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TERMWORK-2: Study the concept “USABILITY”. Prepare a report on

USABILITY of at least TWO UIs of major software product you have
seen.

Usability is a way to measure how easy a product is to use. It is a concept in design circles to
ensure products—whether websites, mobile applications can be used as simply and
painlessly as possible. Good usability means users can accomplish their tasks quickly, with
minimal stress and errors, and ultimately feel satisfied in their interaction with a product.
For websites in particular, usability is crucial. Visitors to a website can easily leave as soon as
they encounter difficulty or confusion.

REPORT ON USABILITY OF TWO UIS OF MAJOR SOFTWARE PRODUCTS

1.SWIGGY MOBILE APP

The Swiggy app is a popular food delivery platform that allows users to order food
from a wide range of restaurants in their area. The aspects of it’s user interface(UI)
are as follows
➢ Visual Design
The visual design of the app is very modern and appealing. The design
changes according to the location of the user. In cities the app provides extra
facilities which are listed clearly in the layout.

➢ Navigation
Navigation in the app is user friendly. The search bar is located at the top.
The menu option, accounts, address selection etc are all properly labelled
making it easy to navigate with one hand. The use of icons alongside the
labels enhances recognition and usability.

➢ Search and Filtering

The Swiggy app has a robust search and filtering system that helps users to
find their desired restaurants and dishes. The search bar is displayed at the
top of the screen, allowing users to quickly enter keywords or restaurant
names. The app also offers various filters, such as cuisine type, price range,
and delivery time, allowing users to refine their search results based on their
preferences. It also allows voice enabled search.

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2. Google Search Engine

Google Search is one of the most widely used search engines globally, providing
users with a vast amount of information and resources. The aspects of it’s user
interface (UI) are as follows
➢ Search Bar and Query Input
The UI of Google Search prominently features a search bar at the center of
the page. The search bar is highly visible, easily accessible, and provides
autocomplete suggestions as users type. This feature enhances usability by
assisting users in formulating their queries and saving time in the search
process. It also enables image based search and voice enabled search.

➢ Search Results Page

The search results page of Google Search is designed to be highly user-
friendly and informative, presenting search results in a structured and
organized manner. Google's search algorithm prioritizes the most relevant and
authoritative results at the top of the search results page. The title of the
webpage and its URL are displayed below the heading, giving users a better
understanding of the source. Google displays a section of related searches at
the bottom of the search results page. These related searches help users
explore alternative or related topics.

➢ Image and Video Search

Google Search has separate tabs for image and video searches which
provides a user-friendly experience for visual content discovery. The UI for
image and video search allows users to quickly assess the relevant results.
The inclusion of filters, such as image size and color, enhances usability by
enabling users to find the desired images or videos more effectively.

➢ Advanced Search and Filters

Google Search offers advanced search options and filters that allow users to
refine their search results. These options, such as date range, file type, and
site-specific searches, are easily accessible through the search settings or
advanced search page. The availability of these features enhances usability
by enabling users to narrow down their searches and find more specific
information. Google Search enables users to filter search results by language.
This option is particularly beneficial for multilingual users or when searching
for content in a specific language. Google Search's search results page
includes a "Tools" button that allows users to access additional filters, such as
sorting by relevance or date, and filter options for image searches, such as
size, color, and usage rights. By using the verbatim search feature, users can
instruct Google Search to include all the words in the search query exactly as
typed.

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TERMWORK-3 List all features of a programming language and

write programs to show they help to write a robust code.
There are different types of programming languages. Based on their features
they are categorized as procedural programming language, object-oriented
programming language, Functional programming language, Scripting
language and Logic Programming language. The features are language
specific but few common features of a programming language are

➢ Syntax: Each programming language has its own syntax or set of rules that
govern how programs are written and structured. Enforcing type safety helps
catch type-related errors during compilation rather than at runtime, reducing
the chances of unexpected behavior or crashes.
Example: Basic syntax of C
//hello world
#include <stdio.h>
// Defining a main function
void main()
{
// code
printf("Hello World!");
}

➢ Modularity: Modularity refers to the concept of dividing a system or a complex

entity into smaller, self-contained modules or components. Each module
performs a specific function or task and can be developed, tested, and
maintained independently of the other modules.
Example of a module in C
//module to add two numbers
void add ( int a, int b)
{
int sum;
sum = a + b;
printf(“ Sum of numbers= %d”,sum) ;
return 0;
}

➢ Libraries: Libraries are collections of precompiled code and resources that

provide specific functionality or services to developers. They are designed to
simplify software development by offering reusable components, functions,
classes, or modules that can be incorporated into applications or projects.

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Example: Math library in C

//program to find square root of a number
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
float number = 25;
float squareRoot = sqrt(number);
printf("Square root of %.2f is %.2f\n", number, squareRoot);
return 0;
}

➢ Control Structures: Languages offer control structures to control the flow of

program execution. Common control structures include conditionals (if-else
statements, switch statements) and loops (for loops, while loops) that allow
branching and repetition.
Example: Program showing the use of if else
//program to determine is a number is even or odd
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (num > 0)
{
printf("The number is positive.\n");
}
else if (num < 0)
{
printf("The number is negative.\n");
}
else
{
printf("The number is zero.\n");
}
return 0;
}

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TERMWORK-4 Study the ASSERTIONS in C and its importance in

writing reliable code. Prepare an appropriate business scenario
and implement the same.

Assertions are statements used to test assumptions made by programmers.

They are an important tool for ensuring the correctness of your code in C.
Assertions are statements that test for certain conditions that should always
be true. If an assertion fails, the program will terminate immediately, allowing
you to quickly identify and fix the problem.

Uses of Assertion:
1. Debugging
2. Input Validation
3. Program correctness
4. Testing and quality assurance
5. Error handling

Business scenario: Banking Transaction Validation

Suppose we are developing software for a banking application that handles
customer transactions. The system allows users to deposit and withdraw
money from their accounts. Our task is to implement the transaction
functionality and ensure the validity of the transactions.

To write reliable code for the banking application, assertions can be utilized to
validate various conditions and ensure the integrity of the transaction data.
The assertions check conditions such as:
1.The account pointer is not NULL.
2.The amount deposited or withdrawn is greater than zero.
3.The resulting balance after the transaction does not exceed the maximum
allowed balance.

By using these assertions, the program can catch potential issues early on,
such as invalid inputs or exceeding the account's balance limits, ensuring the
reliability of the banking application. When running the program, the
successful transactions will display appropriate messages with the updated
balance. However, the invalid scenarios will trigger assertion failures,
terminating the program and providing error messages indicating the specific
conditions that were violated.

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TERMWORK-5 Study the POSIX standard system calls and write

a program to demonstrate it.
The Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) is a family of standards
specified by the IEEE Computer Society for maintaining compatibility between
operating systems. POSIX defines both the system and user-level application
programming interfaces (APIs), along with command line shells and utility
interfaces, for software compatibility (portability) with variants of Unix and
other operating systems. POSIX is also a trademark of the IEEE. POSIX is
intended to be used by both application and system developers. The POSIX
standard defines a set of system calls that provide an interface for interacting
with the operating system. These system calls allow programmers to perform
various tasks such as file I/O, process management, inter-process
communication, and more.

POSIX standard system calls

➢ fork: The fork() system call is a fundamental operation provided by the

operating system that creates a new child process from the existing parent
process. It essentially duplicates the entire parent process, including the code,
data, file descriptors, and other resources, to create an exact copy in the child
process.

➢ execvp: The execvp() system call is a function provided by the operating

system that replaces the current process with a new program. It is typically
used to execute an external program from within a C or C++ program. The "v"
in execvp stands for "vector," indicating that the program and its arguments
are passed as an array of pointers.

➢ waitpid: The waitpid() system call is used to wait for the completion of a
specific child process and retrieve its termination status. It allows a parent
process to pause its execution until one of its child processes exits or
terminates.

➢ open: The open() system call is used to open a file or create a new file in the
file system. It provides a way to access files for reading, writing, or both,
depending on the specified flags.

➢ close: The close() system call is used to close a file descriptor after you have
finished using it. It releases the resources associated with the file descriptor
and makes it available for reuse by the system.

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//Program to demonstrate fork(), execvp and waitid system calls

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
int main()
{
pid_t child_pid = fork();
if (child_pid == -1)
{
perror("fork");
exit(1);
}
else if (child_pid == 0)
{
char *args[] = {"ls", "-l", NULL};
execvp("ls", args);
perror("execvp");
exit(1);
}
else {
int status;
waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0);

if (WIFEXITED(status))
{
int exit_status = WEXITSTATUS(status);
printf("Child process exited with status: %d\n", exit_status);
}
else if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
{
int signal_number = WTERMSIG(status);
printf("Child process terminated by signal: %d\n",

signal_number);
}
}
return 0;
}

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