Certified Cyber Crime Intervention Officer-Jun 23

Assignment on Cyber Laws

1. What is the crime and provisions if A changes password of B’s computer without
his knowledge?
The action of changing the password of someone else's computer without their knowledge is
generally considered unauthorized access to a computer system, which can be categorized as a
computer crime or cybercrime. The specific provisions and penalties for this offense may vary
depending on the jurisdiction and the applicable laws.

In many countries, unauthorized access to computer systems is addressed by legislation related to

hacking, computer fraud, or cybercrime. Some common legal provisions that may apply include:

Unauthorized Access: This refers to accessing a computer system without proper

authorization or exceeding the authorized access. It typically violates provisions related to
unauthorized access, computer trespass, or computer intrusion.

Computer Fraud: Changing someone's computer password without their knowledge may be
considered a form of computer fraud, particularly if the intention is to gain unauthorized
access to personal information, commit identity theft, or engage in other fraudulent
activities.

Identity Theft: If the unauthorized password change is done with the intent to impersonate
the victim or use their identity for illegal purposes, it may also fall under identity theft or
identity fraud laws.

Penalties for these offenses can vary widely depending on the jurisdiction and the severity of the
act. They may range from fines and probation to imprisonment, depending on factors such as the
extent of the unauthorized access, the damage caused, and the intent behind the action.

It's important to consult the specific laws and regulations of the relevant jurisdiction to obtain
accurate information regarding the crime of changing someone's computer password without their
knowledge and the corresponding legal provisions and penalties.

Shounak Ray, eMail: [email protected], Mobile: +91 90889 58599

 Certified Cyber Crime Intervention Officer-Jun 23
Assignment on Cyber Laws

2. What is the crime if A shares nude pictures with B, her friend in good faith but B
shares them with others without A’s consent?
The situation here described involves the sharing of nude pictures without the consent of the person
depicted, which can be a serious violation of privacy and potentially a criminal offense. The exact legal
implications and the applicable laws may vary depending on the jurisdiction, but some common
offenses that may apply include:

Non-consensual Distribution of Intimate Images: This offense, often referred to as "revenge

porn" or "non-consensual pornography," involves the sharing, dissemination, or distribution of
intimate or explicit images without the consent of the individual depicted. Laws addressing this
issue aim to protect individuals from the unauthorized sharing of their private and sensitive
content.

Invasion of Privacy: Sharing someone's intimate images without their consent can also be
considered an invasion of privacy, particularly if the individual had a reasonable expectation of
privacy in the images or if the distribution causes emotional distress or harm.

Harassment or Stalking: Depending on the circumstances and the intent behind sharing the
images, it's possible that the act could also fall under harassment or stalking laws if it is part of a
broader pattern of unwanted and harmful behavior.

The penalties for these offenses can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific laws in place.
They may include fines, imprisonment, restraining orders, and other legal consequences.

It's important to consult the laws and regulations specific to the jurisdiction where the incident
occurred to determine the exact criminal offenses and their corresponding penalties. If someone
finds themselves in a situation where their intimate images have been shared without consent, they
should seek legal advice and report the incident to local law enforcement.

Shounak Ray, eMail: [email protected], Mobile: +91 90889 58599

 Certified Cyber Crime Intervention Officer-Jun 23
Assignment on Cyber Laws

3. What are the legal provisions if A, an executive in office sends nude pictures to
B, his female colleague who wants to make a complaint?
The legal provisions that would apply in the situation user described, where an executive in an
office sends nude pictures to a female colleague who wishes to file a complaint, can vary depending
on the jurisdiction and the specific laws in place. However, some general legal considerations may
apply:

Sexual Harassment: Sending unsolicited explicit or nude pictures to a colleague can be considered a
form of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment laws vary across jurisdictions, but they typically
prohibit unwanted sexual advances, creating a hostile work environment, or engaging in conduct of
a sexual nature that interferes with an individual's work performance or creates an intimidating,
hostile, or offensive environment.

Workplace Policies: Many workplaces have policies in place that prohibit sexual harassment and
outline procedures for reporting such incidents. It is important for the victim to review the
workplace policies and follow the appropriate reporting procedures as outlined by their employer.

Employment Laws: Depending on the jurisdiction, there may be specific employment laws that
protect employees from harassment or create a duty on the part of the employer to address and
prevent such behavior. These laws often require employers to take prompt and appropriate action
when complaints of sexual harassment are raised.

Privacy Laws: The unauthorized sharing of explicit pictures may also implicate privacy laws, as
individuals have a reasonable expectation of privacy regarding their intimate images. If the pictures
were shared without consent or against the individual's wishes, it may constitute a violation of
privacy laws.

It is important for the victim to consult with an attorney or legal professional who is knowledgeable
about employment and harassment laws in their jurisdiction. They can provide guidance on the
specific legal provisions that apply in the situation and help the victim understand their rights and
available options for filing a complaint.

Shounak Ray, eMail: [email protected], Mobile: +91 90889 58599

 Certified Cyber Crime Intervention Officer-Jun 23
Assignment on Cyber Laws

4. What is the offence if, A requests his son B to do research for a presentation
in his office and B download a catchphrase from a book and gives it to A who
makes the presentation and the company like the catchphrase and use for
marketing a product?

The situation user described involves potential intellectual property issues. If B downloads a
catchphrase from a book without proper authorization and provides it to A, who then uses it
in a company presentation, it could raise legal concerns. The specific offense and legal
provisions would depend on the jurisdiction and the applicable intellectual property laws, but
there are a few possibilities to consider:

Copyright Infringement: If the catchphrase downloaded by B is protected by copyright, using

it without proper authorization or permission from the copyright holder could constitute
copyright infringement. Copyright laws grant exclusive rights to the creator or owner of an
original work, including phrases or slogans. Unauthorized use of copyrighted material can
lead to legal consequences.

Plagiarism: Plagiarism refers to the act of presenting someone else's work, ideas, or phrases
as one's own without giving proper credit or permission. If B presents the catchphrase as if it
were their original creation, it could be considered plagiarism, which is an ethical violation
and may have consequences in academic or professional settings.

Misappropriation: Misappropriation refers to the unauthorized use or exploitation of

someone else's intellectual property for personal or commercial gain. If A uses the
catchphrase without obtaining proper rights or permissions from the copyright owner, it
could be viewed as misappropriation.

It's important to note that the specific legal implications and penalties may vary depending on the
jurisdiction and the circumstances of the case. Consulting with an attorney or legal professional who
specializes in intellectual property law can provide more accurate and tailored advice based on the
specific laws in userr jurisdiction.

Shounak Ray, eMail: [email protected], Mobile: +91 90889 58599

 Certified Cyber Crime Intervention Officer-Jun 23
Assignment on Cyber Laws

5. A helps her son in doing a project by downloading some material from

Google and the project is non-commercial in nature. Is there an offence
committed?
If A helps her son in a non-commercial project by downloading material from Google, and the
project is solely for personal or educational purposes, it is unlikely to constitute an offense.
However, it is important to use the downloaded materials in compliance with copyright laws and
the terms of use of the specific resources.

Here are some key considerations:

Copyright: Material found on the internet, including images, articles, and other content, is often
protected by copyright. Copyright law grants exclusive rights to the creators of original works,
such as the right to reproduce, distribute, and display their creations. It's important to respect
these rights and use the materials within the boundaries of copyright law.

Fair Use: Fair use is a legal doctrine that allows for limited use of copyrighted material without
seeking permission from the copyright owner. Fair use can apply to purposes such as criticism,
comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. Factors such as the purpose and
character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount used, and the effect on the
market for the original work are considered to determine if a use qualifies as fair use. Fair use can
be a complex concept, and it's advisable to familiarize userrself with the fair use guidelines
specific to userr jurisdiction.

Non-Commercial Use: Engaging in non-commercial activities, such as personal projects or

educational endeavors, generally carries lower copyright infringement risks. Non-commercial use
is less likely to harm the market value of the original work. However, it's still essential to adhere to
copyright restrictions and terms of use associated with the downloaded materials.

To ensure compliance with copyright laws:

Use materials that explicitly allow for reuse or have appropriate Creative Commons licenses for
the desired use.

Provide proper attribution to the original sources, even if it's for a non-commercial project.

If uncertain about the copyright status or fair use applicability of a specific resource, seek
permission or consult legal advice.

It's important to note that copyright laws can vary by jurisdiction, and the specific circumstances
of each case may influence legal interpretations. Therefore, it's advisable to consult with a legal
professional or refer to copyright guidelines relevant to userr region for accurate advice.

Shounak Ray, eMail: [email protected], Mobile: +91 90889 58599

 Certified Cyber Crime Intervention Officer-Jun 23
Assignment on Cyber Laws

6. B publishes a comparative study on growth in children who have been asked to do different
types of exercises. The study is for a company making lingerie. A drags B to the court as the
report contains some pictures of private parts of teenaged girls. Comment on the legal
provisions? 
It is likely that B may suffer legal repercussions under various laws and regulations,
depending on the circumstances, if B incorporated images of the private areas of teenage
girls in comparison research on growth in kids who have been requested to do various
forms of activities. The defense of minors from exploitation and abuse is one potential legal
issue. B might have broken child protection regulations if the children' or their legal
guardians' consent wasn't obtained before the photos were taken or if they were taken in
an abusive or exploitative manner. Additionally, B can be in breach of laws pertaining to
child pornography depending on the precise nature of the images. The usage of the images
for commercial gain is another possible problem. B might be in breach of rules governing
the use of photos for commercial purposes without the proper consent if B used the images
in a report for a business that manufactures lingerie. Finally, if the girls or their families feel
that their privacy has been invaded or their standings have been harmed by the publishing
of the photos, there may be issues linked to defamation or invasion of privacy. In
conclusion, incorporating photos of adolescent girls' private areas in a comparative study
on child growth may be against child protection laws, laws against child pornography, laws
against the use of images for commercial gain, and laws against defamation.

7. Explain the concept of zero liability and limited liability in banking frauds?

Zero liability and limited liability are two concepts used in the context of banking frauds to
determine the extent of a customer's financial responsibility in case of fraudulent activities on their
bank accounts or payment cards. These concepts provide protection to customers and help mitigate
the financial losses resulting from fraudulent transactions.

Zero Liability: Zero liability refers to a policy implemented by financial institutions to protect their
customers from unauthorized transactions on their bank accounts or payment cards. Under this
policy, if a customer's account is compromised due to fraudulent activities, the customer is not held
financially responsible for any unauthorized transactions that occur. The financial institution bears
the liability for such fraudulent transactions, and the customer's losses are generally reimbursed.
The zero liability policy typically applies to various forms of fraud, including unauthorized online
transactions, counterfeit card usage, lost or stolen cards, and card skimming. However, there are
certain conditions that customers must fulfill to qualify for zero liability protection. These conditions
may include promptly reporting the unauthorized transactions to the bank, exercising reasonable
Shounak Ray, eMail: [email protected], Mobile: +91 90889 58599
 Certified Cyber Crime Intervention Officer-Jun 23
Assignment on Cyber Laws
care in safeguarding their account or card details, and not engaging in gross negligence or fraud
themselves.

Limited Liability: Limited liability is a concept that defines the maximum amount for which a
customer can be held responsible in case of fraudulent transactions. Unlike zero liability, limited
liability means

that the customer may have to bear a certain portion of the financial loss resulting from fraudulent
activities.
The specific terms of limited liability can vary depending on the financial institution and the nature
of the fraud. Generally, customers are required to report unauthorized transactions promptly to their
bank or card issuer to limit their liability. The liability limit is often set at a fixed amount, such as a
specific dollar limit or a percentage of the customer's account balance or credit limit.

It's important to note that limited liability may apply in certain circumstances where the customer
has acted negligently or failed to fulfill their obligations regarding account security. For example, if
the customer has shared their account or card details with someone else willingly, their liability may
be limited, but not entirely eliminated.

Financial institutions implement zero liability and limited liability policies to instill confidence in their
customers and encourage the use of electronic banking services. These policies provide protection
against financial losses resulting from fraudulent activities, ensuring that customers are not unduly
burdened in case of unauthorized transactions on their accounts or payment cards.

8. A asks her classmates to photograph her topless in the classroom. One of the
boys sends those photographs to his brother. What is the offence?

Depending on the precise circumstances and applicable legislation, the scenario user described
could involve many violations. First off, it is unlawful to take and share pictures of someone's naked
or partially naked body without that person's permission because doing so may violate their right to
privacy and constitute sexual harassment or exploitation. In this instance, an apparently invited her
classmates to snap pictures of her topless in the classroom, although it's unclear if she authorized
the sharing of those images with others. Second, if the boy who transmitted the pictures to his
brother did so without A's permission, he might have broken the "revenge porn" regulations that
govern the sharing of private or sexually explicit images. Such laws may be subject to harsh
penalties, such as fines and imprisonment, depending on the particular jurisdiction. In conclusion,
there may have been violations of privacy laws, laws against revenge porn, and laws against child
pornography or exploitation. That would depend on the particulars of the incident and the laws that
were in effect at the time

Shounak Ray, eMail: [email protected], Mobile: +91 90889 58599

 Certified Cyber Crime Intervention Officer-Jun 23
Assignment on Cyber Laws

9. A project himself as PS to the Central Minister for Human Engineering Ministry and asks B
to transfer INR 10 lakh to an account. Later, it is learnt that he is not PS to the Minister.
What is the offence?

The situation user described involves fraudulent impersonation and an attempt to deceive
someone for financial gain. The specific offense would depend on the jurisdiction and
applicable laws, but several offenses may be relevant in this scenario:

Impersonation or identity theft: By presenting himself as the Personal Secretary (PS) to the
Central Minister for the Human Engineering Ministry, individual A is engaging in
impersonation. Impersonation generally involves falsely representing oneself as another
person with the intent to deceive or gain an advantage.

Fraud or cheating: By deceiving individual B and inducing them to transfer INR 10 lakh to an
account, individual A is likely committing an act of fraud or cheating. This offense typically
involves intentionally misleading someone with the aim of gaining financial or other
benefits.

Misrepresentation: By misrepresenting his role as a government official, individual A is

engaging in false representation or misrepresentation. This offense involves providing false
information or presenting oneself in a way that is untrue or misleading.

Attempted theft or financial fraud: The act of persuading individual B to transfer money
under false pretenses with the intention to unlawfully gain funds could constitute an
attempted theft or financial fraud offense.

It's important to note that laws and legal definitions can vary between countries and even
within different regions or states. To fully understand the offense and its legal implications
in a specific jurisdiction, it is advisable to consult local laws and legal professionals familiar
with the relevant jurisdiction's legislation. If user or someone user know is involved in such
a situation, it is recommended to report the incident to the appropriate authorities for
further investigation and guidance.

Shounak Ray, eMail: [email protected], Mobile: +91 90889 58599

 Certified Cyber Crime Intervention Officer-Jun 23
Assignment on Cyber Laws

10. A and B are husband and wife who have a marital discord B requests C, a bank
employee for the bank account summary of a joint account with either or survivor
operations. a complains to the police. Comment.

In the situation user described, A and B are a married couple experiencing marital discord, and B
requests C, a bank employee, for the bank account summary of their joint account with "either or
survivor" operations. A then complains to the police. Here are a few comments regarding this
scenario:

Privacy and confidentiality: As a bank employee, C has a legal and ethical obligation to maintain the
privacy and confidentiality of customer information. Disclosing account information to a third party
without proper authorization or legal requirement would likely be a breach of confidentiality.

Consent and authorization: In a joint account with "either or survivor" operations, both account
holders typically have equal rights and access to the account. However, if one party requests
account information without the consent or authorization of the other party, it may raise concerns
about privacy and potential impropriety.

Marital discord and legal recourse: Marital discord is a personal matter, and involving the police in
such situations typically depends on the specific circumstances and the laws of the jurisdiction. If A
believes that B's actions, such as accessing the account information without authorization,
constitute a violation of their rights or a breach of trust, A may choose to file a complaint with the
police to address the issue.

Legal advice: It is recommended for A and B to seek legal advice regarding their rights,
responsibilities, and potential remedies in their specific jurisdiction. Laws regarding joint accounts,
marital disputes, privacy, and financial matters can vary, and a legal professional can provide
guidance based on the specific circumstances and applicable laws.

Bank's internal investigation: If A complains to the police, it is likely that the bank will conduct an
internal investigation into the matter to assess whether any policies or procedures were violated by
their employee. This may involve reviewing account records, assessing the actions of the bank
employee, and taking appropriate disciplinary or corrective measures if necessary.

It is important for individuals involved in such situations to consult legal professionals and follow the
appropriate legal processes to address their concerns effectively.

Shounak Ray, eMail: [email protected], Mobile: +91 90889 58599

Certified Cyber Crime Intervention Officer-Jun 23
Assignment on Cyber Laws

Shounak Ray, eMail: [email protected], Mobile: +91 90889 58599