Mathematics

Quarter 4 – Module 3
Proving Inequalities in a Triangle

CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 3 Proving Inequalities in a Triangle
First Edition, 2020

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 8

Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 3
Proving Inequalities in a Triangle
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to
ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that
you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the skills of proving inequalities in a triangle. You are provided with
varied activities to process the knowledge and skills learned and to deepen and
transfer your understanding of the lesson. The scope of this module enables you to
use it in many different learning situations. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module contains lesson on proving inequalities in a triangle (M8GE-IVc-

1).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. state the theorems on exterior angle inequality, triangle inequality, Hinge

and its converse,
2. prove statements involving triangle inequalities using theorems on
inequalities in triangles, and
3. justify the importance of proving triangle inequalities in real life situation.

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CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 What I Know

Directions: Read and answer each of the questions carefully and choose the letter
of the correct answer. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is the correct ascending arrangement of the measures of

the angles of ∆CEA? C
A. ∠𝐸, ∠𝐴, ∠𝐶
4 cm
B. ∠𝐴, ∠𝐶, ∠𝐸
C. ∠𝐸, ∠𝐶, ∠𝐴
D. cannot be determined E A
5 cm
2. Which property of equality is defined by the statement “For all real numbers
𝑝, 𝑝 = 𝑝”?
A. Reflexive Property C. Symmetric Property
B. Transitive property D. Substitution Property

3. Which statement below defines Addition Property of Equality?

A. For all real numbers, 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟, if 𝑝 = 𝑞, then 𝑝 + 𝑟 = 𝑞 + 𝑟.
B. For all real numbers, 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟, if 𝑞 = 𝑟, then 𝑝 + 𝑟 = 𝑞 + 𝑟.
C. For all real numbers, 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟, if 𝑝 = 𝑞, then 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑞 + 𝑟.
D. For all real numbers, 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟, if 𝑝 = 𝑟, then 𝑝 + 𝑟 = 𝑞 + 𝑟.

4. Which of the following theorems states that “base angles of isosceles triangles
are congruent”?
A. Linear Pair Theorem C. Vertical Angles Theorem
B. Exterior Angle Theorem D. Isosceles Triangle Theorem

5. What triangle inequality theorem states that “If one side of a triangle is longer
than a second side, then the angle opposite the longer side is larger than the
angle opposite the second side”?
A. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
B. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss→Aa)
C. Triangle Inequality Theorem 2 (Aa→Ss)
D. Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1 + S2 > S3)

6. Which statement defines Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem?

A. The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the
length of the third side.
B. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure
of either remote interior angle.
C. If one side of a triangle is longer than a second side, then the angle
opposite the longer side is larger than the angle opposite the second side.

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CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 D. If one angle of a triangle is larger than a second angle, then the side
opposite the larger angle is longer than the side opposite the second
angle.

7. Which theorem below does not belong to the inequality theorems in one
triangle?
A. Hinge Theorem
B. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
C. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss→Aa)
D. Triangle Inequality Theorem 2 (Aa→Ss)

8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about writing proofs?

A. It does not make use of hints to aid one’s thinking.
B. Guide questions are provided to help one succeed in the next activities.
C. It will develop observation skills, deductive thinking and logical
reasoning.
D. There is a need to determine the appropriate statements and give reasons
behind these statements.

9. Given ∆NKE and ∆ICA below, if 𝑚∠𝐾 > 𝑚∠𝐶, using the Hinge Theorem, which
could be the conclusion about the given figures?
A. |𝐸𝑁| > |𝐴𝐼| K C
N I
B. |𝐸𝑁| < |𝐴𝐼|
C. 𝑚∠𝐸 < 𝑚∠𝐴
D. 𝑚∠𝑁 < 𝑚∠𝐼

E A
10. With the use of the Converse of the Hinge Theorem, which of the statements
below is true about the sides and angles of ∆𝑀𝐴𝑁 and ∆𝐵𝑂𝑌?
A O

M N B Y
A. If ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐴 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑂, ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑁 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑌 and |𝐴𝑁| >|𝑂𝑌|, then 𝑚∠𝑀 > 𝑚∠𝐵
B. If 𝑀𝐴 ≅ 𝐵𝑂, 𝑀𝑁 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝑌 and |𝐴𝑁| > |𝑂𝑌|, then 𝑚∠𝑀 < 𝑚∠𝐵
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝑂
C. If 𝑀𝐴 ̅̅̅̅, 𝑀𝑁
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝑌
̅̅̅̅ and |𝐴𝑁| > |𝑂𝑌|, then 𝑚∠𝐴 > 𝑚∠𝑂
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝑂
D. If 𝑀𝐴 ̅̅̅̅, 𝑀𝑁
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝑌
̅̅̅̅ and |𝐴𝑁| > |𝑂𝑌|, then 𝑚∠𝑁 > 𝑚∠𝑌
11. Given ∆𝑆𝐴𝑁 at the right, which one supports the statement 𝑚∠𝑆𝐴𝑁 = 𝑚∠1+
𝑚∠3? S

A. Linear Pair Postulate

D
B. Substitution Property 2
C. Property of Inequality 1 3
D. Angle Addition Postulate A N

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CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
12. Ryan is analyzing the pair of triangles in the figure below. Which of the
following is the correct observation? A
A. ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝐴 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐸 10 11
B. |𝐶𝐸| > |𝑅𝐸|
C. 𝑚∠𝑅𝐸𝐴 < 𝑚∠𝐶𝐸𝐴
C R
D. 𝑚∠𝑅𝐸𝐴 > 𝑚∠𝐶𝐸𝐴
A
6 6
E
13. Which of the following would justify Ryan’s correct observation in item no. 12?
A. Hinge Theorem
B. Converse of Hinge Theorem
C. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss→Aa)
D. Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1 + S2 > S3)

14. From the triangles shown below, a conclusion can be reached using the
converse of hinge theorem. Which of the following is the conclusion?
̅ ≅ ̅̅
A. 𝑆𝐼 ̅̅
𝑆𝑇 I
B. |𝑆𝐼| < |𝑆𝐴| 12 9
C. 𝑚∠𝐼𝑆𝑇> 𝑚∠𝐴𝑆𝑇
S
D. 𝑚∠𝐴𝑆𝑇> 𝑚∠𝐼𝑆𝑇 T
12 7
A
15. In going to school, Ianne concluded that it will take him longer to walk through
Irizari and Tuldanes Streets. He chooses to walk instead through Herrera St.
daily in order to arrive early. Which triangle inequality theorem justifies his
choice?

Ianne’s
School
Residence
A. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
B. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss→Aa)
C. Triangle Inequality Theorem 2 (Aa→Ss)
D. Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1 + S2 > S3)

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CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 Lesson
Proving Inequalities
1 in a Triangle

In your previous lessons, you have investigated and discovered different

inequality theorems in a triangle or pair of triangles which consist of the side-angle,
angle-side inequality theorems, exterior angle inequality theorem, and the Hinge
theorem and its converse. These inequality theorems were discussed, illustrated
and their applications were explained.

As we go through this module, think about how those theorems can be

proven and how important writing proofs in learning geometry is. The skills you will
gain in writing proofs will enable you to justify inequalities in triangles and in
triangular designs and structures that are found in the things around us.

What’s In

Activating Prior Knowledge!

I. Directions: Identify the postulate or property defined in each of the following

statements. Choose your answer from the given options A to F.
Write only the letter of the correct answer in a separate sheet of
paper.

A. Angle Addition Postulate

B. Segment Addition Postulate
C. Addition Property of Equality
D. Reflexive Property of Equality
E. Transitive Property of Equality
F. Substitution Property of Equality

1. For all real numbers 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟, if 𝑝 = 𝑞 and 𝑞 = 𝑟, then 𝑝 = 𝑟.

2. If point 𝑆 lies in the interior of ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅, then 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑆 + 𝑚∠𝑆𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅
3. If points 𝑃, 𝑄 ad 𝑅 are collinear (𝑃 − 𝑄 − 𝑅) and 𝑄 is between points 𝑃 and 𝑅,
then |𝑃𝑄| + |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑃𝑅|
4. For all real numbers 𝑝 and 𝑞, if 𝑝 = 𝑞, then 𝑞 can be used to substitute 𝑝 in
any expression.
5. For all real numbers p, q and r if 𝑝 = 𝑞, then 𝑝 + 𝑟 = 𝑞 + 𝑟.

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CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
II. Directions: Match each figure in Column A to the theorem it illustrates in
column B. Write the letter that corresponds to the correct answer in
a separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B

S T
__________1. 𝑚∠𝑇 > 𝑚∠𝑆 A. Hinge Theorem

A N B. Converse of Hinge Theorem

V C. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1

__________2. |𝑉𝐴| + |𝐴𝑁| > |𝑉𝑁| (Ss→Aa)

C D. Triangle Inequality Theorem 2

(Aa→Ss)
R O K
________3. 𝑚∠𝐶𝑂𝑅 > 𝑚∠𝑂𝐶𝐾 E. Triangle Inequality Theorem 3
(S1 + S2 > S3)

N C F. Exterior Angle Inequality

__________4. Theorem
I KA T
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑚∠𝐶 > 𝑚∠𝑁

|𝐴𝑇| > |𝐼𝐾|

F I
G
D
E H
__________5. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: |𝐷𝐸| > |𝐺𝐻|

𝑚∠𝐹 > 𝑚∠𝐼

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CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 What’s New

Discovering!

This part consists of proving activities for the 6 theorems on triangle

inequalities. Analyze and use the hint provided in each activity to complete the
proof. Note that inequalities in triangles, even without actual measurements, can
be justified deductively using theorems on inequalities in triangles.

Activity 1
Directions: Complete the proof of Triangle Inequality Theorem 1(Ss→Aa) in two-
column form by choosing the right statement written in the box below.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
∠1 ≅ ∠2 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑆 Angle Addition Postulate
𝑚∠2 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑃 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 > 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑄 Property of Inequality
0 𝑚∠2 = 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑄 + 𝑚∠3
𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅 + 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑄 + 𝑚∠3 = 180
∆𝑃𝑄𝑆 is isosceles triangle Substitution Property
𝑃 𝑃
Given: ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅; |𝑃𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄|

Prove: 𝑚∠𝑄 > 𝑚∠𝑅

2 𝑆
1
3
𝑄 𝑅 𝑄 𝑅
Proof:
We cannot directly prove that 𝑚∠𝑄 > 𝑚∠𝑅, thus, there is a need to make
additional constructions (see the second figure). Locate S on 𝑃𝑅̅̅̅̅ such that |𝑃𝑆| =
|𝑃𝑄|, and connect 𝑆 𝑡𝑜 𝑄 with a segment to form a triangle PQS.

Statements Reasons
1. _______________
(How do you describe the relationship 1. By construction
between ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 and ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑆 ?)
2. _______________
(Based on statement 1, what kind of 2. Definition of isosceles triangle
a triangle is ∆𝑃𝑄𝑆?)
3. _____________
(Based on statement 1, how do you 3. Base angles of isosceles triangles are
describe the relationship between ∠1 congruent.
and ∠2?)
4. 𝑚∠𝑄 = 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠3 4. ________________
(What postulate supports the
statement that the sum of the
measures of ∠1 and ∠3 is equal to
measure of ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅?)
5. 𝑚∠𝑄 > 𝑚∠1 5. _______________

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CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 Statements Reasons
(What property supports the inequality
statement focusing on ∠1 based on
statement 4?)
6. 𝑚∠𝑄 > 𝑚∠2 6. _______________
(What property supports the step
where the right side of the inequality in
statement 5 is replaced with its
equivalent in statement 3?)
7. _____________
(Based on the illustration, write an 7. The sum of the measures of the
operation statement involving measures interior angles of a triangle is 1800
of ∠𝑄𝑆𝑅, ∠𝑅, 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠3.
8. 𝑚∠2+ 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅 = 1800 8. Linear pair theorem
9. 𝑚∠2+ 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅 = 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅+ 𝑚∠𝑅 + 𝑚∠3 9. Substitution/ Transitive Property
10. _____________
(What will be the result if 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅 is
10. Subtraction Property
subtracted from both sides of
statement 9?)
11. _____________
(Based on statement number 10,
11. Property of Inequality
write an inequality statement focusing
on ∠𝑅.)
12. ____________
(Based on statements 6 and 11: If 12. Transitive Property
𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 > 𝑚∠2 and 𝑚∠2 > 𝑚∠𝑅, then __)

Activity 2

Directions: Complete the proof of Triangle Inequality Theorem 2 (Aa→Ss) in two-

column form by choosing the right statement or words written in the
box below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
∠𝑃 ≅ ∠𝑅 Equal True
𝑚∠𝑃 > 𝑚∠𝑅 Larger False
𝑚∠𝑃 > 𝑚∠𝑄 ∠𝑃 ≅ ∠𝑄 Smaller
𝑚∠𝑃 < 𝑚∠𝑅 Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 Hinge Theorem

P
Given: ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅; 𝑚∠𝑃 > 𝑚∠𝑅
Prove: |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄|

Q R

To prove that |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄|, we will use indirect proof. Thus, we need to
assume that |𝑄𝑅| ≯ |𝑃𝑄|.

8
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑃𝑄| 𝑜𝑟 |𝑄𝑅| < |𝑃𝑄| 1. Assumption that |𝑄𝑅| ≯ |𝑃𝑄|
2. Consider |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑃𝑄|. If |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑃𝑄|,
then ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 is an isosceles triangle.
2. Definition of isosceles triangle
(If |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑃𝑄|, then what kind of
triangle is ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅?)
3. _____________
3. Base angles of isosceles triangles are
(Consequently, what can you say
congruent.
about ∠𝑃 and ∠𝑅?)
4. The assumption that |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑃𝑄| is 4. The conclusion that ∠𝑃 ≅ ∠𝑅
false. contradicts the given that
𝑚∠𝑃 > 𝑚∠𝑅
5. Consider |𝑄𝑅| < |𝑃𝑄|. If |𝑄𝑅| < |𝑃𝑄|, 5. ______________
then _____________. (By what theorem of triangle
inequality?)
6. _____________ 6. The conclusion that 𝑚∠𝑃 < 𝑚∠𝑅
(The assumption that 𝑄𝑅 < 𝑃𝑄 is true contradicts the given that
or false?) 𝑚∠𝑃 > 𝑚∠𝑅
7. _____________ 7. The assumption that |𝑄𝑅| ≯ |𝑃𝑄|
(Therefore, 𝑄𝑅 > 𝑃𝑄 must be true or contradicts the known fact that
false?) 𝑚∠𝑃 > 𝑚∠𝑅

Activity 3
Direction: Complete the proof of Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1 + S2 > S3) in
two-column form by choosing the right statement written in the box
below. Use the previous theorem to prove the next theorem. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper. Enjoy!

∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑃𝑆𝑅 ̅̅̅̅

𝑃𝑆 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑅 Transitive Property
𝑃𝑄 + 𝑃𝑆 > 𝑄𝑅 ∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑄𝑆𝑅 Angle Addition Postulate
Substitution Property |𝑃𝑄| + |𝑃𝑅| > |𝑄𝑅| ∆𝑃𝑅𝑆 is equilateral triangle
∆𝑃𝑅𝑆 is isosceles triangle ∆𝑃𝑅𝑆 is scalene triangle 𝑚∠𝑆𝑅𝑄 = 𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑃 + 𝑚∠𝑆𝑅𝑃
Triangle Inequality Reflexive Property of Triangle Inequality Theorem
Theorem 1 (Ss→ Aa) Equality 2 (Aa→Ss)

Given: ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 where |𝑃𝑄| < |𝑃𝑅| < |𝑄𝑅|

Prove: |𝑃𝑄| + |𝑃𝑅| > |𝑄𝑅|

|𝑃𝑄| + |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑅|
|𝑄𝑅| + |𝑃𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄|

Proof:
Since |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑅| and |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄|, then |𝑄𝑅| + |𝑃𝑄| > |𝑃𝑅| and |𝑄𝑅| + |𝑃𝑅| >
|𝑃𝑄| are true. Hence, what remains to be proven is the last statement, |𝑃𝑄| + |𝑃𝑅| >
|𝑄𝑅|.

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CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 To prove |𝑃𝑄| + |𝑃𝑅| > |𝑄𝑅|, let us construct ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ such
𝑃𝑆 as an extension of 𝑃𝑄
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
that 𝑃 is between 𝑄 and 𝑆, 𝑃𝑆 ≅ 𝑃𝑅 and ∆𝑃𝑅𝑆 is formed.
Statements Reasons
1. _____________
1. By construction
(What is the relationship between ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑆 and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑅 ?)
2. _____________
2. Definition of isosceles
(Based on statement 1, what kind of a triangle
triangle
is ∆𝑃𝑅𝑆?)
3. _____________
3. Base angles of isosceles
(Based on statement 1, what is the relationship
triangles are congruent.
between ∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 and ∠𝑃𝑆𝑅?)
4. Based on the illustration, 4. ______________
∠𝑃𝑆𝑅 ≅ ∠ 𝑄𝑆𝑅 (By what property of equality?)
If ∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑃𝑆𝑅 (statement 3) and ∠𝑃𝑆𝑅 ≅
5. Transitive Property of
∠𝑄𝑆𝑅(statement 4), then
Equality
5. _____________
6. From the illustration, 6. _____________
𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑆 = 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑄 + 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 (By what postulate?)
7. Based on statements 5 and 6, 𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑆 =
7. _____________
𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑄 + 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅
(By what property?)
8. Based on statement 7,
8. Property of Inequality
𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑆 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅
9. |𝑄𝑆| > |𝑄𝑅| 9. ______________
(By what theorem of triangle
inequality?)
10. |𝑃𝑄| + |𝑃𝑆| = |𝑄𝑆| 10. Segment Addition Postulate

11. _____________
11. Substitution Property
(Write a statement using statements 9 and 10.)
12. ____________
12. Substitution Property
(Write a statement using statements 1 and 11.)

Activity 4

Directions: Complete the proof of Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem 1 in two-

column form by choosing the right statement written in the box below.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 ∠1 ≅ ∠2 ∠3 ≅ ∠4
∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 ∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 ≅ ∠1 ∆𝑃𝑇𝑄 ≅ ∆𝑅𝑇𝑈
𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑅
Given: ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 with exterior angle ∠𝑃𝑅𝑆

Prove: 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑅

10
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
Proof:
Let us prove that 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 by constructing the following:
 ̅̅̅̅̅ such that 𝑃𝑇
midpoint 𝑇 on 𝑃𝑅 ̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑅𝑇
̅̅̅̅̅
 ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑄𝑈 through T such that 𝑄𝑇 ≅ 𝑇𝑈 ̅̅̅̅̅

Statements Reasons
1. 𝑃𝑇 ≅ 𝑅𝑇 ; 𝑄𝑇 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑇𝑈 1. By construction
2. _____________
(What is the relationship between ∠3 2. Vertical Angles are congruent
and ∠4?)
3. _____________
(Based on statements 1 and 2, relate 3. SAS Triangle Congruence Postulate
two triangles in the illustration)
4. ∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 ≅ _______. 4. Corresponding parts of congruent
(Based on question number 2) triangles are congruent
5. 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 = _______.
5. Angle Addition Postulate
(Based on the illustration)
6. 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 > 𝑚∠1 6. Property of Inequality
7. ______________
(Using statement in question 3 and 7. Substitution Property
𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 > 𝑚∠1)

Activity 5

Directions: Complete the proof of Hinge Theorem or SAS triangle inequality theorem
1 in two-column form by choosing the right statement written in the
box below. Write your answer/result on a separate sheet of paper.
Enjoy!

|𝐻𝑄| + |𝑅𝑄| > |𝐻𝑅| Property of Inequality

|𝐻𝑄| + |𝑅𝑄| = |𝐻𝑅| Segment Addition Postulate
|𝐻𝑄| + |𝑅𝑄| < |𝐻𝑅| Triangle Inequality Theorem 1
Triangle Inequality Theorem 2 Definition of Congruent
Triangles
Substitution Property of Equality
Given: ∆𝐻𝑂𝑇 and ∆𝑃𝐼𝐸;
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑃𝐼
𝐻𝑂 ̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅,
𝑂𝑇 ≅ 𝐼𝐸
𝑚∠𝐻𝑂𝑇 > 𝑚∠𝑃𝐼𝐸

Prove: |𝐻𝑇| > |𝑃𝐸|

𝑆
E

11
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
Proof:

1. Locate 𝑆 on the same side of ⃡𝑂𝑇 as 𝐻 such that ∠𝐻𝑂𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑃𝐼𝐸.

 Consider point 𝑅 on ⃡𝑂𝑆 so that ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑅 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑇 ≅ ̅̅̅
𝐼𝐸
 Consequently, ∆𝐻𝑂𝑅 ≅ ∆𝑃𝐼𝐸 by SAS Triangle Congruence Postulate.

2. Construct the bisector ̅̅̅̅𝑂𝑄 of ∠𝑇𝑂𝑅 such that 𝑄 is on ̅̅̅̅̅

𝐻𝑇
 ∠𝑇𝑂𝑄 ≅ ∠𝑅𝑂𝑄
 Consequently, ∆𝑇𝑂𝑄 ≅ ∆𝑅𝑂𝑄 by SAS Triangle Congruence Postulate because
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑄 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑄 by reflexive property of equality and 𝑂𝑅 ̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑂𝑇
̅̅̅̅̅ from construction
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑄𝑇
no.1. So, 𝑅𝑄 ̅̅̅̅̅ because corresponding parts of congruent triangles are
congruent (CPCTC).
Statements Reasons
1. |𝐻𝑇| = |𝐻𝑄| + |𝑄𝑇| 1. _______________
(Based on the illustration) (By what postulate?)
2. |𝐻𝑇| = |𝐻𝑄| + |𝑅𝑄| 2. _______________
(By what property of equality?)
3. In ∆𝐻𝑄𝑅, ________________ 3. Triangle Inequality Theorem 3
4. |𝐻𝑇| > |𝐻𝑅| 4. _______________
(Using statements 2 and 3) (By what property of inequality)
5. |𝐻𝑅| = |𝑃𝐸| 5. _______________
(Consider ∆𝐻𝑂𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑃𝐼𝐸)
6. |𝐻𝑇| > |𝑃𝐸| 6. _______________
(________________________)

Activity 6

Directions: Complete the proof of the Converse of Hinge Theorem or SSS Triangle
Inequality Theorem in two-column form by choosing the right
statement written in the box below. Write your answer/result on a
separate sheet of paper. Enjoy!

𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 ≯ 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 > 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇

AAS SAS ASA
Hinge Theorem True False

Given: ∆𝐹𝑈𝑁 and ∆𝐴𝑅𝑇

̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝑈 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑅 , 𝑈𝑁 𝑅𝑇 ,
|𝐹𝑁| > |𝐴𝑇|

Prove: 𝑚∠𝑈 > 𝑚∠𝑅

Proof:

Let us use indirect proof to show that 𝑚∠𝑈 > 𝑚∠𝑅. Thus, we will assume
that
𝑚∠𝑈 ≯ 𝑚∠𝑅.

12
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 Statements Reasons
1. ∆𝐹𝑈𝑁 and ∆𝐴𝑅𝑇
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝑈 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑅 , 𝑈𝑁 𝑅𝑇 , 1. Given
|𝐹𝑁| > |𝐴𝑇|
2. 𝑚∠𝑈 = 𝑚∠𝑅 or 𝑚∠𝑈 < 𝑚∠𝑅 2. Assumption that 1. ________________
3. Consider: ∠𝑈 ≅ ∠𝑅. 3. _______________
If ∠𝑈 ≅ ∠𝐴𝑅𝑇, then ∆𝐹𝑈𝑁 ≅ ∆𝐴𝑅𝑇. (By what triangle congruence
postulate?)
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
4. 𝐹𝑁 ≅ 𝐴𝑇 4. CPCTC
5. The assumption that ∠𝑈 ≅ ∠𝑅 is ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝑇
5. 𝐹𝑁 ̅̅̅̅̅ contradicts the given that
false |𝐹𝑁| > |𝐴𝑇|.
6. Consider 𝑚∠𝑈 < 𝑚∠𝑅. 6. _______________
If 𝑚∠𝑈 < 𝑚∠𝑅, then |𝐹𝑁| < |𝐴𝑇| (By what theorem of triangle
inequality?)
The assumption that 𝑚∠𝑈 < 𝑚∠𝑅 is 7. |𝐹𝑁| < |𝐴𝑇| contradicts the given that
7. ______________. |𝐹𝑁| > |𝐴𝑇|.
Therefore, ∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 > ∠𝐴𝑅𝑇 must be 8. Assumption that 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 ≯ 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇 is
8. ______________ proven to be false.

What is It

In writing proofs for inequalities in a triangle or in two triangles, it is

important to justify each logical step with a reason. You can use symbols and
abbreviations, but they must be clear enough so that they can be understood
easily. Here, you can use paragraph form, two-column form, or flow chart form. But
in this module, we will be using the two-column form to prove the theorems on
inequalities in triangles.

To check your answers in the previous activities, study and understand the
proof for each theorem on inequalities in triangles.

Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss → Aa)

If one side of a triangle is longer than a second side, then the angle opposite
the longer side is larger than the angle opposite the second side.

Given: ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅; |𝑃𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄| P

P
Prove: 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 > 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑄
2 S
Q R
1
Q 3
R

13
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
Proof:

We cannot directly prove that 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 > 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑄, thus, there is a need to
make additional constructions (see the second figure). With the compass point on P
̅̅̅̅̅, mark a point S on 𝑃𝑅
and with radius 𝑃𝑄 ̅̅̅̅̅ and connect Q and S with a segment to
form a triangle.

Statements Reasons
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑷𝑺
1. 𝑷𝑸 ̅̅̅̅̅ 1. By construction
2. ∆𝑷𝑸𝑺 is isosceles triangle. 2. Definition of isosceles triangle
3. ∠𝟏 ≅ ∠𝟐 3. Base angles of isosceles triangles
are congruent.
4. 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠3 4. Angle Addition Postulate
5. 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 > 𝑚∠1 5. Property of Inequality
6. 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 > 𝑚∠2 6. Substitution Property
7. 𝑚∠𝑸𝑺𝑹 + 𝒎∠𝑷𝑹𝑸 + 𝒎∠𝟑 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎. 7. The sum of the measures of the
interior angles of a triangle is
1800 .
8. 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 8. Linear pair theorem
9. 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅 = 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅 + 𝑚∠𝑅 + 𝑚∠3 9. Substitution/ Transitive Property
10. 𝑚∠𝟐 = 𝒎∠𝑹 + 𝒎∠𝟑 10. Subtraction Property
11. 𝑚∠𝟐 > 𝒎∠𝑹 11. Property of Inequality
12. 𝑚∠𝑸 > 𝒎∠𝑹 12. Property of Inequality

Triangle Inequality Theorem 1(Ss → Aa) is now proven. Let us proceed to

prove Triangle Inequality Theorem 2 (Aa→Ss).

Triangle Inequality Theorem 2 (Aa→Ss)

If one angle of a triangle is larger than a second angle, then the side opposite the
larger angle is longer than the side opposite the second angle.

Given: ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅; 𝑚∠𝑃 > 𝑚∠𝑅

P
Prove: |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄|

Proof: Q R
To prove that |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄|, we will use indirect proof. Thus, we need to
assume that |𝑄𝑅| ≯ |𝑃𝑄|.

Statements Reasons
1. |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑃𝑄| 𝑜𝑟 |𝑄𝑅| < |𝑃𝑄| 1. Assumption: |𝑄𝑅| ≯ |𝑃𝑄|
2. Consider |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑃𝑄|. ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 is an
isosceles triangle.
̅̅̅̅, then what kind of triangle 2. Definition of isosceles triangle
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑃𝑄
If 𝑄𝑅
is ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅?)

14
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
3. ∠𝐐𝑷𝑹 ≅ ∠𝐐𝑹𝑷 3. Base angles of isosceles triangles
are congruent.
4. The assumption that |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑃𝑄| is 4. The conclusion that ∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 and
false. ∠𝑄𝑅𝑃 are congruent contradicts the
given that 𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑃.
5. Consider |𝑄𝑅| < |𝑃𝑄|.
5. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1
If |𝑄𝑅| < |𝑃𝑄|, then 𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 < 𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑃.
6. The assumption that |𝑄𝑅| < |𝑃𝑄| is 6. The conclusion that 𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 <
false. 𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑃 contradicts the given that
𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑃.
7.Therefore, |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄| must be true. 7. The assumption that 𝑄𝑅 ≯ 𝑃𝑄
contradicts the known fact that
𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑃.

Triangle inequality Theorem 2 (Aa→Ss) is already proven. You will observe

that this theorem will be used as reason in proving the next theorem.

Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1+S2 > S3)

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the
length of the third side.

S
Given: ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 where |𝑃𝑄| < |𝑃𝑅| < |𝑄𝑅| S2
Prove: |𝑃𝑄| + |𝑃𝑅| > |𝑄𝑅| P
|𝑃𝑄| + |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑅| P
|𝑄𝑅| + |𝑃𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄|
Q R 1
3
Q
R
Proof:

Since |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑅| and |𝑄𝑅| > |𝑃𝑄|, then |𝑄𝑅| + |𝑃𝑄| > |𝑃𝑅| and |𝑄𝑅| + |𝑃𝑅| >
|𝑃𝑄| are true. Hence, what remains to be proved is the statement |𝑃𝑄| + |𝑃𝑅| > |𝑄𝑅|.

To prove |𝑃𝑄| + |𝑃𝑅| > |𝑄𝑅|, let us construct ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ such
𝑃𝑆 as an extension of 𝑃𝑄
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑃𝑅
that 𝑃 is between 𝑄 and S, 𝑃𝑆 ̅̅̅̅̅ and ∆𝑃𝑅𝑆 is formed.

Statements Reasons
1. |𝑷𝑺| = |𝑷𝑹|. 1. By construction
2. ∆𝑷𝑹𝑺 is isosceles triangle. 2. Definition of isosceles triangle
3. ∠𝑷𝑹𝑺 ≅ ∠𝑷𝑺𝑹. 3. Base angles of isosceles triangle
are congruent.
4. The illustration shows that ∠𝑃𝑆𝑅 ≅
4. Reflexive property of equality
∠𝑄𝑆𝑅
5. ∠𝑷𝑹𝑺 ≅ ∠ 𝑸𝑺𝑹. 5. Transitive Property of Equality

15
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
6. From the illustration, 6. Angle Addition Postulate
𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑆 = 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑄 + 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆
7. 𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑆 = 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑄 + 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅
(Based from the two previous statements 7. Substitution property
above)
8. 𝑚∠𝑄𝑅𝑆 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑆𝑅
8. Property of Inequality
(Based from the previous statement.)
9. |𝑄𝑆| > |𝑄𝑅| 9. Triangle Inequality Theorem 2
(Aa → Ss)
10. |𝑃𝑄| + |𝑃𝑆| = |𝑄𝑆|. 10. Segment Addition Postulate
11. |𝑷𝑸| + |𝑷𝑺| > |𝑸𝑹| 11. Substitution Property
12. |𝑷𝑸| + |𝑷𝑹| > |𝑸𝑹| 12. Substitution Property

The proof of Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (𝑆1 + 𝑆2 > 𝑆3) is now done. Let us
proceed to writing the proof of Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem.

Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure of
either remote interior angle.

Given: ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 with exterior angle ∠𝑃𝑅𝑆

Prove: 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑅

P P U

3 T
4

Q 1 2
R S Q R S
Proof:
Let us prove that 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 > 𝑚∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 by constructing the following:
 midpoint T on ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑅 such that ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑇 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑇
 ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑄𝑈 through T such that 𝑄𝑇 ≅ 𝑇𝑈 ̅̅̅̅̅
Statements Reasons
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑅𝑇
1. 𝑃𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅; 𝑄𝑇
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑇𝑈
̅̅̅̅̅ 1. By construction
2. ∠𝟑 ≅ ∠𝟒 2. Vertical Angles are congruent
3. ∆𝑷𝑻𝑸 ≅ ∆𝑅𝑇𝑈 3. SAS Triangle Congruence Postulate
4. ∠𝑸𝑷𝑹 ≅ ∠𝟏 4. Corresponding parts of congruent
triangles are congruent
5. 𝒎∠𝑷𝑹𝑺 = 𝒎∠𝟏 + 𝒎∠𝟐 5. Angle Addition Postulate
6. 𝑚∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 > 𝑚∠1 6. Property of Inequality
7. 𝑚∠𝑷𝑹𝑺 > 𝒎∠𝑸𝑷𝑹 7. Substitution Property

We have just proven the Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem. In the next
discussion, we will prove two theorems on inequalities in two triangles.

16
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 Hinge Theorem or SAS Inequality Theorem

If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle, but the
included angle in the first triangle is greater than the included angle in the second,
then the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the second.

P E
Given: ∆𝐻𝑂𝑇 and ∆𝑃𝐼𝐸; H
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑃𝐼
𝐻𝑂 ̅̅̅, 𝑂𝑇
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐼𝐸
̅̅̅ ,
𝑚∠𝐻𝑂𝑇 > 𝑚∠𝑃𝐼𝐸

O T I

Prove: |𝐻𝑇| > |𝑃𝐸|

S
P E
H R

Q
T I
O

Proof:
⃡ as 𝐻 such that ∠𝐻𝑂𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑃𝐼𝐸.
1. Locate 𝑆 on the same side of 𝑂𝑇
o Consider point 𝑅 on 𝑂𝑆 so that ̅̅̅̅̅
⃡ 𝑂𝑅 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑇 ≅ ̅̅̅
𝐼𝐸
o Consequently, ∆𝐻𝑂𝑅 ≅ ∆𝑃𝐼𝐸 by SAS Triangle Congruence Postulate.

2. Construct the bisector ̅̅̅̅

𝑂𝑄 of ∠𝑇𝑂𝑅 such that 𝑄 is on ̅̅̅̅
𝐻𝑇 and ∠𝑇𝑂𝑄 ≅
∠𝑅𝑂𝑄.

o Consequently, ∆𝑇𝑂𝑄 ≅ ∆𝑅𝑂𝑄 by SAS Triangle Congruence Postulate

̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑂𝑄
because 𝑂𝑄 ̅̅̅̅ by reflexive property of equality and 𝑂𝑅
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑇 from
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
construction no.1. So, 𝑅𝑄 ≅ 𝑄𝑇 because corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are congruent (CPCTC).

Statements Reasons
1. |𝐻𝑇| = |𝐻𝑄| + |𝑄𝑇|. 1.Segment Addition Postulate
2. |𝐻𝑇| = |𝐻𝑄| + |𝑅𝑄|. 2.Substitution Property of Equality
3. In ∆𝐻𝑄𝑅, |𝐻𝑄| + |𝑅𝑄| > |𝐻𝑅|. 3.Triangle Inequality Theorem 3
(𝑆1 + 𝑆2 > 𝑆3)
4. |𝐻𝑇| > |𝐻𝑅| 4. Substitution Property of Inequality
(Using statements 2 and 3)
5. |𝐻𝑅| = |𝑃𝐸| 5. Definition of congruent triangles.
6. |𝐻𝑇| > |𝑃𝐸|
6. Substitution Property
(Using statement in construction 1
and question number 3.)

17
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 We are almost finished proving the theorems on inequalities in triangles. You
just proved the Hinge theorem. Let us see how the Converse of Hinge Theorem is
done.

Converse of Hinge Theorem or SSS Inequality Theorem

If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle, but the
third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the second, then the
included angle in the first triangle is larger than the included angle in the second
triangle.

U R
Given: ∆𝐹𝑈𝑁 and ∆𝐴𝑅𝑇
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝑅
𝐹𝑈 ̅̅̅̅̅, 𝑈𝑁
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑅𝑇
̅̅̅̅̅,
|𝐹𝑁| > |𝐴𝑇|
Prove: 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 > 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇 F

A
N
T

Proof:
Let us use indirect proof to show that 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 > 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇. Thus, we will
assume that 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 ≯ 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇.

Statements Reasons
1. ∆𝐹𝑈𝑁 and ∆𝐴𝑅𝑇
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝑅
̅̅̅̅̅, 𝑈𝑁
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑅𝑇
̅̅̅̅̅, |𝐹𝑁| > |𝐴𝑇| 1. Given
𝐹𝑈
2. ∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 ≅ ∠𝐴𝑅𝑇 or 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 < 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇. 2. Assumption: 𝒎∠𝑭𝑼𝑵 ≯ 𝒎∠𝑨𝑹𝑻.
3. Consider: ∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 ≅ ∠𝐴𝑅𝑇. 3. SAS
If ∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 ≅ ∠𝐴𝑅𝑇, then ∆𝐹𝑈𝑁 ≅ ∆𝐴𝑅𝑇.
4. ̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝑁 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑇 . 4. CPCTC
5. The assumption that ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝑇
5. 𝐹𝑁 ̅̅̅̅̅ contradicts the given that
∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 ≅ ∠𝐴𝑅𝑇 is false. |𝐹𝑁| > |𝐴𝑇|.
6. Consider 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 < 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇.
6. Hinge Theorem
If 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 < 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇, then |𝐹𝑁| < |𝐴𝑇|.
7. The assumption that ∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 < ∠𝐴𝑅𝑇 is 7. |𝐹𝑁| < |𝐴𝑇| contradicts the given
False. that |𝐹𝑁| > |𝐴𝑇|.
8. Therefore, 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 > 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇 must be 8. Assumption that 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 ≯ 𝑚∠𝐴𝑅𝑇
True. is proven to be false.

Hurray! All theorems on inequalities in triangles have already been proven.

You are now equipped with skills on how to write proofs in two-column form.
Always remember that in writing proofs, the properties of equality and congruence
will be used as bases for reasoning. Moreover, you should be equipped with the
needed knowledge such as undefined terms, definitions, postulates, and theorems
in geometry since these are essential to support the statement of a proof.

18
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 Having proven all the theorems on triangle inequalities, you can now take a
closer look on the applications of these theorems in any aspects of real-life
situations. You can use these skills in identifying unknown quantities in triangle
inequalities and in justifying them. This time, let us apply what you know about
inequalities to solve problems about triangles. Learn how to compare the lengths of
sides and angle measures without knowing the actual measures. Here is a math
problem you might have encountered in real life that will make use of one of the
triangle inequality theorems. It will help you gain ideas and hints on how to justify
real life problems regarding inequalities in triangles.
Illustrative Example:
Ellaine is going to the market. She can choose one of the walking routes,
either the wide roads or the narrow one as illustrated. Ellaine was told by her
mother to go back home as fast as possible.
1. If you were Ellaine, which road will you choose? What is your basis in
choosing which road to take when the measures of the roads are not given in
the illustration? Which among the theorems will support your answer?

2. If Ellaine were not told by her mother to go back home as fast as possible, do
you think Ellaine would have taken the wide roads? Justify your answer.

Ellaine’s residence

Market

In this problem, we do not know the lengths of the roads, but we can see
that the wide and the narrow roads together form a triangle. Here, let us represent
the wide roads as the first two sides of the triangle and the narrow one represents
the third side. If you were Ellaine, it would be better to take the narrow road. It can
be justified by Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (𝑆1 + 𝑆2 > 𝑆3), which states that the
sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side. If Ellaine was not told to go back home as fast as possible, she could
have taken the wider roads for more walking exercise.

19
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 What’s More

Activity 1: Complete Me!

Directions: Write the statement or reason in the two-column proof. Use the
different definitions, postulates, theorems in geometry to support the
given statement.
P B
Given: ̅̅̅̅
𝑇𝑃 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐴 , ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑅 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 , |𝑇𝑅| > |𝐴𝐶|
Prove: 𝑚∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 > 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
C

Proof: T R A

Statements Reasons
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
1. 𝑇𝑃 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐴 , 𝑃𝑅 ̅̅̅̅̅, |𝑇𝑅| > |𝐴𝐶| 1. Given
2. ∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 or 𝑚∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 < 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶. 2. Assumption: 𝑚∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 ≯ 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
3. Consider: ∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶. 3. _______________
If ∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶, then ∆𝑇𝑃𝑅 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 .
4. ̅̅̅̅
𝑇𝑅 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 . 4. ______________
5. The assumption that ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝐶
5. 𝑇𝑅 ̅̅̅̅̅ contradicts the given that
∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 is false. |𝑇𝑅| > |𝐴𝐶|.
6. Consider 𝑚∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 < 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.
6. ____________
If 𝑚∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 < 𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐶, then |𝑇𝑅| < |𝐴𝐶|.
7. The assumption that 𝑚∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 < 7. |𝑇𝑅| < |𝐴𝐶| contradicts the given
𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 is ___________. that |𝑇𝑅| > |𝐴𝐶|.
8. Therefore, 𝑚∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 > 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 must be 8. Assumption that 𝑚∠𝑇𝑃𝑅 ≯ 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
___________. is proven to be false.
Activity 2: Proving
Directions: Write the statements supported by the reasons on the right side of the
two-column proof. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
E
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑂𝐸
Given: 𝑀𝑂 ̅̅̅̅̅

Prove: |𝐸𝑅| + |𝑅𝑂| > |𝑀𝑂| R

M

Proof: O

Statement Reasons
1. 1. Given
2. 2. Definition of congruent segments
3. |𝐸𝑅| + |𝑅𝑂| > |𝑂𝐸|. 3.
4. |𝐸𝑅| + |𝑅𝑂| > |𝑀𝑂|. 4.

20
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
Activity 3: Reasoning
Directions: Observe and notice the congruent sides and congruent angles shown in
the illustration below. Write the reasons for the statements in the two-
column proof.
T
Given: ∆𝑇𝐸𝑀
1
2
Prove: 𝐸𝑇 + 𝐸𝑀 > 𝑇𝑀

M
S E
Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. |𝐸𝑆| = |𝐸𝑇|. 1.
2. ∆𝑇𝑆𝐸 is isosceles triangle. 2.
3. ∠𝐸𝑇𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑇𝑆𝐸. 3.
4. ∠𝑇𝑆𝐸 ≅ ∠𝑇𝑆𝑀. 4.
5. ∠𝐸𝑇𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑇𝑆𝑀. 5.
6. 𝑚∠𝑆𝑇𝑀 = 𝑚∠𝑆𝑇𝐸 + 𝑚∠𝐸𝑇𝑀. 6.
7. 𝑚∠𝑆𝑇𝑀 = 𝑚∠𝑇𝑆𝑀 + 𝑚∠𝐸𝑇𝑀. 7.
8. 𝑚∠𝑆𝑇𝑀 > 𝑚∠𝑇𝑆𝑀. 8.
9. |𝑆𝑀| > |𝑇𝑀|. 9.
10. |𝐸𝑆| + |𝐸𝑀| = |𝑆𝑀|. 10.
11. |𝐸𝑆| + |𝐸𝑀| > |𝑇𝑀|. 11.
12. |𝐸𝑇| + |𝐸𝑀| > |𝑇𝑀|. 12.

Activity 4: Justifying
Directions: Read and understand the problem and answer the questions that
follow.
Two bikers Chris and Rey have uniform biking speed and are headed in
opposite directions from their school. Chris is headed to the east while Rey is to the
west. After biking 5 kilometers each, both of them took right turns at different
angles. Chris turned at 300 while Rey at 400. Both continued biking and covered
another 6 kilometers before taking a rest.

Questions:

1.Who is farther from the school, Chris or Rey? Justify your answer.
2. Which inequality theorem justifies your answer? Explain.

21
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 What I Have Learned

Directions: In your own words, complete each statement below based on the
concepts you have learned in the topic.
1. I have learned that the different theorems of triangle inequalities are
________________________________________________________________.
2. I have learned that the theorems on inequalities in triangle or triangles can be
justified through ______________________________________________.
3. I need to be equipped with the knowledge of
________________________________________________________ to support the
statement of my proofs.
4. I learned that proofs on theorems on inequalities can be written in many ways,
but a two-column proof is _________________________________________.
5. In writing proofs, I developed my skills in

___________________________________________________________.

22
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 What I Can Do

Directions: Observe your surroundings and make a design where triangle

inequalities are applied. Make justifications that the triangle inequality
exists in the created design.

Points
Criteria Rating
4 3 2 1

The output The output The output The output

contains a contains a contains a contains a
design which design which design which design which
shows shows an show an shows an
concrete example of example of example not
Appropriate-
example of triangle triangle connected to
ness
triangle inequalities in inequalities triangle
inequalities in real life. but does not inequalities.
real life. show its
application in
real life

All parts of Some parts of Most parts of The drawing is

Clarity/ the design are the design are the design are unclear and
clear and unclear and unclear and not precise
precision
precise not precise not precise

Insight and Some depth of Lacks content Does not give

depth of content understanding a clear
Justification content understanding understanding
understanding are evident of the content
are evident

23
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 Assessment

Directions: Answer each of the following items accurately. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following statements is true about the figure?

A. m∠6 = m∠3 D
1
B. m∠5 < m∠3 2
R
C. m∠5 > m∠1 3 5
6
4
D. m∠4 > m∠2 E A

2. Study the figure in item 1. Notice that 𝑚∠5 > 𝑚∠3 and 𝑚∠5 > 𝑚∠1. Which
theorem justifies these observations?
A. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
B. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss→Aa)
C. Triangle Inequality Theorem 2 (Aa→Ss)
D. Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1 + S2 > S3)

3. In ∆𝑃𝐴𝑌, if |𝑃𝐴| = 4 𝑐𝑚, |𝐴𝑌| = 5 𝑐𝑚, and |𝑃𝑌| = 3 𝑐𝑚, which statement is true?
A. 𝑚∠𝐴 > 𝑚∠𝑌. C. 𝑚∠𝐴 > 𝑚∠𝑃.
B. 𝑚∠𝑌 > 𝑚∠𝑃. D. 𝑚∠𝑃 > 𝑚∠𝐴.

4. Which theorem justifies the statement/answer in item 3?

A. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
B. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss→Aa)
C. Triangle Inequality Theorem 2 (Aa→Ss)
D. Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1 + S2 > S3)

5. In ∆𝐺𝑂𝐷, |𝐺𝑂| = |𝐷𝑂| and |𝐺𝐷| > |𝐷𝑂|. Which of the following statements is
NOT true?
A. 𝑚∠𝐺𝑂𝐷 > 𝑚∠𝑂𝐷𝐺 C. 𝑚∠𝑂𝐷𝐺 = 𝑚∠𝐷𝐺𝑂
B. 𝑚∠𝐺𝑂𝐷 > 𝑚∠𝐷𝐺𝑂 D. 𝑚∠𝐺𝑂𝐷 < 𝑚∠𝑂𝐷𝐺

6. Using the lengths of the sides shown in the triangles below, what conclusion
can be formed using the Converse of Hinge Theorem?
A. |P𝑇| = |𝑃𝑇|. A
B. |P𝐴| = |𝑃𝐻|. 12 9
C. m∠APT > m∠HPT. P
T
D. m∠HPT > m∠APT. 12 7
H

24
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
 7. In the figure below, Khen concluded that 𝑚∠𝑇𝑃𝐴 > 𝑚∠𝑃𝑇𝐴. Which theorem
on inequalities in triangle justifies Khen’s conclusion?
A
A. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
B. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss→Aa)
C. Triangle Inequality Theorem 2 (Aa→Ss)
D. Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1 + S2 >S3) P T

8. Joan analyzed the triangles in the given figure at the right. Which of the
following is a correct observation? F
A. |𝐸𝐹| = |𝐼𝐹|. 9 10
B. |𝐼𝑁| > |𝐸𝑁|.
C. |𝐹𝑁| < |𝐹𝑁|.
I E
D. 𝑚∠𝐸𝑁𝐹 > 𝑚∠𝐼𝑁𝐹
5 5
9. Which theorem justifies Joan’s conclusion in item no. 8? N
A. Hinge Theorem
B. Converse of Hinge Theorem
C. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss→Aa)
D. Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1 + S2 > S3)

10. Using the given figure below, can you conclude that |𝐻𝑆| > |𝐻𝐹| if one of
the following statements is not established: ̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝐻 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝐻 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝐹 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝑆 ,
𝑚∠𝑆𝐼𝐻 > 𝑚∠𝐹𝐼𝐻?

I
A. Yes, I will.
B. No, I will not. 38° 40°
C. It is impossible to decide.
D. It depends on which statement is left out.
F H S

11. In the figure below, Chris has proved that |𝐼𝑆| > |𝐼𝑊|. Which of the following
statements is NOT part of his proof?
A. ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝑆 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝑊 .
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝐼
B. 𝐸𝐼 ̅̅̅̅.
C. 𝑚∠𝑊 < 𝑚∠𝑆.
D. 𝑚∠𝑊𝐸𝐼 + 𝑚∠𝑆𝐸𝐼 = 1800 .

12. What theorem did Chris use to justify his statement/answer in item 11?
A. Hinge Theorem
B. Converse of Hinge Theorem
C. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss→Aa)
D. Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1 + S2 > S3)
13. Complete the statement: Even without actual measurements, inequalities in
triangles can be justified __________ using theorems on inequalities in
triangles.
A. inductively C. specifically
B. deductively D. generally

25
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
14. Based on the figure below, what should be the reason if the statement is
𝑚∠𝑆𝐴𝑁 = 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠3? S
A. Linear Pair Postulate
B. Substitution Property 2 D
C. Property of Inequality 1 3
D. Angle Addition Postulate A N

15. After a home study session, Khen and Khai went home heading different
directions from Chris’ house. Khen to the east and Khai to the west. After both
have walked 30 meters, Khen turned right at 70 0 and Khai to her right at 500.
After another 40-meter walk, they both arrived at their respective homes. Who
is farther from Chris’ house? What theorem supports your answer?
A. Khai, Hinge Theorem
B. Khen, Converse of Hinge Theorem
C. Khen, Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 (Ss→Aa)
D. Khai, Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 (S1 + S2 > S3)

Additional Activities

Directions: Observe and notice the congruent sides and angles shown in the
illustration below. Write the missing statement or reason in the two-
column proof.

Given: 𝐸 is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅

𝑅𝐴, D M
1 2
∠1 ≅ ∠2, 𝑚∠3 > 𝑚∠4

Prove: |𝑀𝐴| > |𝐷𝑅|

4 3
R E A
\

Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. ∠1≅∠2 1. Given
2. _____ is an isosceles triangle. 2. Definition of isosceles triangle
3. ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐸 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐸. 3. Legs of isosceles triangle are congruent.
̅̅̅̅.
4. E is the midpoint of 𝑅𝐴 4.
5. 5. Definition of a midpoint
6. 𝑚∠3 > 𝑚∠4. 6.
7. |𝑀𝐴| > |𝐷𝑅|. 7.

26
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
References
Abuzo, E.P., Bryant, M.L., Cabrella, J.B., Caldez, B.P., Callanta, M.M., Castro, A.I.,
Halabaso, A.R., et.al. Mathematics 8 – Learner’s Module. Pasig City,
Philippines: Department of Education, 2013.
Bernabe, Julieta G., et.al. (2009). Revised Edition Geometry, pp. 88-90, Gregoria
Araneta Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines. SD Publications, Inc.
Gabriel, J.L., Mallari, M.T.G. Mathematics for Grade 8. Quezon City, Philippines:
Educational Resources Corporation, 2017.
Orines, Fernando B., et.al. (2008). Second Edition Next Century Mathematics, pp.
201-203, Quezon Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines. Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.

Links
www.mathsisfun.com › geometry › triangles-inequalities
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https://study.com/academy/lessons/applying-Inequaliies-to-triangles,html

28
CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 3
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