Serviceability

• Methods have been developed to ensure that beams will have a

proper safety margin against failure in flexure or shear, or due to
inadequate bond and anchorage of the reinforcement.
• It is also important that member performance in normal service
be satisfactory, when loads are those actually expected to act. This
is not guaranteed simply by providing adequate strength.
• Service load deflections under full load may be excessively large,
or long-term deflections due to sustained loads may cause
damage.

2
 Serviceability
• Tension cracks in beams may be wide enough to be visually
disturbing, and in some cases may reduce the durability of the
structure. These and other questions, such as vibration or fatigue,
require consideration.

3
 Serviceability
• Serviceability studies are carried out based on elastic theory, with
stresses in both concrete and steel assumed to be proportional to
strain.
• The concrete on the tension side of the neutral axis may be
assumed uncracked, partially cracked, or fully cracked, depending
on the loads and material strengths

4
 Cracking in RC Members
• Crack Formation:
• All RC beams crack, generally starting at loads well below service
level, and possibly even prior to loading due to restrained
shrinkage.
• Flexural cracking due to loads is not only inevitable but actually
necessary for the reinforcement to be used effectively.

5
 Cracking in RC Members
• Crack Formation:
• Prior to the formation of flexural cracks, the steel stress is no more
than 𝑛 times the stress in the adjacent concrete, where 𝑛 is the
modular ratio 𝐸𝑠ൗ𝐸𝑐 .
• For materials common in current practice, 𝑛 is approximately 8.
Thus, when the concrete is close to its modulus of rupture of
about 500 psi, the steel stress will be only 8×500 = 4000 psi, far
too low to be very effective as reinforcement.
• At normal service loads, steel stresses 8 or 9 times that value can
be expected.

6
 Cracking in RC Members
• Crack Formation:
• In a well designed beam, flexural cracks are fine, so-called hairline
cracks, almost invisible to a casual observer, and they permit little
if any corrosion to the reinforcement.
• As loads are gradually increased above the cracking load, both the
number and width of cracks increase, and at service load level a
maximum width of crack of about 0.016 inch (0.40 mm) is typical.
• If loads are further increased, crack widths increase further,
although the number of cracks do not increase substantially.
• The limiting value of crack width both for interior and exterior
exposures is taken as 0.016 inch.

7
 Cracking in RC Members
• Crack Formation:
• Cracking of concrete is a random process, highly variable and
influenced by many factors. Because of the complexity of the
problem, present methods for predicting crack widths are based
primarily on test observations.
• Most equations that have been developed predict the probable
maximum crack width, which usually means that about 90 percent
of the crack widths in the member are below the calculated value.

8
 Cracking in RC Members
• Factors affecting cracking
• Bond between steel and concrete
• In general, beams with smooth round bars will display a relatively
small number of rather wide cracks in service, while beams with
good slip resistance ensured by proper surface deformations on
the bars will show a larger number of very fine, almost invisible
cracks.
• Because of this improvement, reinforcing bars in current practice
are always provided with surface deformations, the maximum
spacing and minimum height.

9
 Cracking in RC Members
• Factors affecting cracking
• Stress in the reinforcement
• A second variable of importance is the stress in the reinforcement.
Studies have confirmed that crack width is proportional to 𝑓𝑠𝑛 ,
where 𝑓𝑠 is the steel stress and 𝑛 is an exponent that varies in the
range from about 1.0 to 1.4.
• For steel stresses in the range of practical interest, say from 20 to
40 ksi, 𝑛 may be taken equal to 1.0.

10
 Cracking in RC Members
• Factors affecting cracking
• Concrete cover distance
• Experiments by researchers have shown that both crack spacing
and crack width are related to the concrete cover distance𝑑𝑐 ,
measured from the center of the bar to the face of the concrete.
• In general, increasing the cover increases the spacing of cracks
and also increases crack width.

11
 Cracking in RC Members
• Factors affecting cracking
• Distribution of the reinforcement in the tension zone
• Furthermore, the distribution of the reinforcement in the tension
zone of the beam is important. Generally, to control cracking, it is
better to use a larger number of smaller-diameter bars to provide
the required 𝐴𝑠 than to use the minimum number of larger bars,
and the bars should be well distributed over the tensile zone of
the concrete.
• For deep flexural members, this includes additional reinforcement
on the sides of the web to prevent excessive surface crack widths
above or below the level of the main flexural reinforcement.

12
 Cracking in RC Members
• Factors affecting cracking
• Cyclic and Sustained Load Effects
• Both cyclic and sustained loading account for increasing crack
width.
• While there is a large amount of scatter in test data, results of
fatigue tests and sustained loading tests indicate that a doubling
of crack width can be expected with time

13
 Cracking in RC Members
• ACI Code provision for crack control:
• Crack width is controlled in the ACI Code by following:

(Whichever is lower)

• The center-to-center spacing between the bars in a concrete section shall not
exceed “s” as given by the above equation.

14
 Cracking in RC Members
• ACI Code provision for crack control:

• The ACI code permits 𝑓𝑠 to be taken as 60 percent of the specified

yield strength 𝑓𝑦 (because seldom will be reinforcing bars stressed
greater than 60 % of 𝑓𝑦 at service loads).
• The condition "𝑓𝑠 = 0.6𝑓𝑦 “ is for full service load condition. For
loading less than that, 𝑓𝑠 shall be actually calculated.

15
 Cracking in RC Members
• ACI Code provision for crack control:
• For beams with relatively deep webs, some reinforcement should
be placed near the vertical faces of the web to control the width of
cracks in the concrete tension zone above the level of the main
reinforcement.
• Without such steel, crack widths in the web wider than those at
the level of the main bars have been observed.

16
 Cracking in RC Members
• ACI Code provision for crack
control:
• According to ACI Code 9.7.2.3,
if the total depth of the beam
ℎ exceeds 36in., longitudinal
“skin” reinforcement must be
uniformly distributed along
both side faces of the member
for a distance ℎ/2 from the
tension face, as shown in
Figure.

17
 Cracking in RC Members
• ACI Code provision for crack control:
• The spacing s between longitudinal bars or wires is as specified in
Eq. given above.
• The size of the bars or wires is not specified, but as indicated in
ACI, No. 3 to No. 5 bars or welded wire reinforcement with a
minimum area of 0.1 𝑖𝑛2 per foot of depth are typically used.
• The contribution of the skin steel to flexural strength is usually
disregarded.

18
 Cracking in RC Members
• Example 7.1:
• Check crack control criteria.
• Following figure shows the main
flexural reinforcement at
midspan for a T girder in a high-
rise building that carries a
service load moment of 8630 in-
kips. The clear cover on the side
and bottom of the beam stem is
2 3Τ4 𝑖𝑛. 𝑓𝑦 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖. Determine
if the beam meets the crack
control criteria in the ACI Code.

19
 Cracking in RC Members
• Example 7.1:
• Solution.
• Since the depth of the beam equals but does not exceed 36 in.,
skin reinforcement is not needed. To check the bar spacing criteria,
the steel stress can be estimated closely by taking the internal
ℎ𝑓
lever arm equal to the distance 𝑑 − :
2

20
 Cracking in RC Members
• (Alternately, the ACI Code permits using 𝑓𝑠 = 0.6𝑓𝑦 , giving 36 ksi.)

• By inspection, it is clear that this requirement is satisfied for the

beam. If the results had been unfavorable, a redesign using a
larger number of smaller-diameter bars would have been
indicated.

21
 Deflections
• Deflection Effects
• It is important to maintain control of deflections so that members
designed mainly for strength at prescribed overloads will also
perform well in normal service.
• Excessive deflections can lead to cracking of supported walls and
partitions, ill-fitting doors and windows, poor roof drainage,
misalignment of sensitive machinery and equipment, and visually
offensive sag etc.

22
 Deflections
• Deflection Types
• Immediate (short-term)
• Due to applied loads on the member.

• Long-term
• Due to creep and shrinkage of concrete.

23
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Immediate deflection at a given load in a structure is calculated
using equations of elastic deflection.

𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠, 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠, 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠

∆=
𝐸𝐼

• 𝐸𝐼 is the flexural rigidity.

• 𝑓(𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠, 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠, 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠) is a function of particular load, span
and support arrangement.

24
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Deflections can be directly computed for different conditions of
loading and end conditions as below:

25
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Determination of 𝑙:
• In elastic deflection formulae, 𝑙 is the span length and is least of:

26
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Determination of 𝐸𝑐 (modulus of elasticity of concrete)
• Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,
immediate deflection shall be computed with the modulus of elasticity
(𝐸𝑐 ) of section as given in ACI 19.2.2.1.

• For normal weight concrete 𝐸𝑐 = 57000 𝑓𝑐′ (psi)

27
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Determination of 𝐼
• When moment is lower than 𝑀𝑐𝑟 , deflection can be calculated as

𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠, 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠, 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠

∆=
𝐸 𝐼𝑐𝑟

• When moment exceeds 𝑀𝑐𝑟 and reaches a maximum moment 𝑀𝑎 , the

deflection can be calculated using the effective moment of inertia 𝐼𝑒 ,
given as under(ACI 24.2.3.5a):

28
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Determination of 𝐼

3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
𝑀𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑.
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑟 = 7.5 𝑓𝑐′ )
𝑦𝑡
𝐼𝑔 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎

𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐼𝑢𝑡 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

29
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Variation of 𝐼𝑒 with moment ratio
• It is seen that, for values of
maximum moment 𝑀𝑎 less than
the cracking moment 𝑀𝑐𝑟 , that is, or 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 Τ𝑀𝑐𝑟 less than 1.0, 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 .
• With increasing values of 𝑀𝑎 , 𝐼𝑒
approaches 𝐼𝑐𝑟
• For values of 𝑀𝑎 Τ𝑀𝑐𝑟 of 3 or more,
𝐼𝑒 is almost the same as 𝐼𝑐𝑟 .
• Typical values of 𝑀𝑎 Τ𝑀𝑐𝑟 at full
service load range from about 1.5
to 3.
30
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Determination of 𝐼𝑔 , 𝐼𝑢𝑡 and 𝐼𝑐𝑟 Determination of 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑏 ℎ3
• 𝐼𝑔 =
12

Determination of 𝐼𝑢𝑡

31
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Determination of 𝑀𝑐𝑟

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡

32
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Long-term deflection
• Shrinkage and creep due to sustained loads cause additional
long-term deflections over and above those which occur when
loads are first placed on the structure.
• Such deflections are influenced by:
• Temperature,
• Humidity,
• Curing conditions,
• Age at the time of loading,
• Quantity of compression reinforcement, and
• Magnitude of the sustained load.

33
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Long-term deflection
• Additional Long-term deflection resulting from the combined
effect of creep and shrinkage is determined by multiplying the
immediate deflection caused by the sustained load with the factor
𝜆∆ as given in ACI table 24.2.1.3.

34
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Long-term deflection
• It is important to note here that long term deflections are function
of immediate deflections due to sustained load only i.e.,

• Sustained loads are loads that are permanently applied on the

structure e.g., dead loads, superimposed dead loads and live loads
kept on the structure for long period.

35
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Deflection Control according to ACI code:
• Two methods are given in the code for controlling deflections.
• Deflections may be controlled directly by limiting computed
deflections [ACI Table 24.2.2] or indirectly by means of minimum
thickness [ACI Table 7.3.1.1 and 9.3.1.1] for one-way systems.
• In direct approach, the deflections are said to be within limits if the
combined effect of immediate and long term deflections does not
exceed the limits specified in ACI table 24.2.2.

36
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Deflection Control according to ACI code:
• ACI table 24.2.2.

37
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Deflection Control according to ACI code:
• The deflections may be controlled indirectly if the thickness of
beams and one-way slabs are greater than the minimum
requirements given in ACI table 7.3.1.1 and 9.3.1.1

38
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Deflection Control according to ACI code:
• However, this method is applicable only to the cases of loadings
and spans commonly experienced in buildings and cannot be
used for unusually large values of loading and span.

39
 Example 7.2
16"
24′

• Cover = 2” 10"
• 𝑓𝑐′ = 5𝑘𝑠𝑖
• 𝑓𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑠𝑖
• D.L = 1 ksi
• L.L = 0.75 ksi

40
 Example 7.2
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷. 𝐿 + 1.6 𝐿. 𝐿 • Width of beam cross section
𝑏𝑤 = 10"
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 1 + 1.6 0.75 • Depth of beam, ℎ = 16"
• 𝑑 = 16 − 2 = 14“
𝑊𝑢 = 2.4 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠/𝑓𝑡 • We need to find the required
amount of steel
𝑊𝑢 𝑙 2 2.4 × 242
𝑀𝑢 = =
8 8

𝑀𝑢 = 172.8 𝑘′

41
 Example 7.2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑅𝑏𝑑2

172.8 × 12000 = 0.9 × 𝑅 × 10 × 142

𝑅 = 1175 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Now, using Table from Annex, we can find 𝜌

42
 Example 7.2
• 𝜌 = 0.023 (𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥. )
• Check against 𝜌0.005 and
𝜌0.004
• 𝜌0.005 = 0.0213
• 𝜌0.004 = 0.0243
• Now
𝜌0.005 < 𝜌 < 𝜌0.004

43
 Example 7.2
• 𝜌 = 0.023 (𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥. ) • 𝜌0.005 = 0.0213 → 𝑅 = 1073, 𝜙 = 0.9
• Check against 𝜌0.005 and 𝜌0.004 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 1073 × 10 × 142 = 157𝑘 ′ < 𝑀𝑢
• 𝜌0.005 = 0.0213
• 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0243 → 𝑅 = 1196, 𝜙 =?
• 𝜌0.004 = 0.0243
𝑀𝑛 = 1196 × 10 × 142 = 195𝑘 ′
• Now 𝜌0.005 < 𝜌 < 𝜌0.004
250
• If 𝜌 < 𝜌0.005 , we could have 𝜙 = 0.65 + 𝜀𝑡 − 0.002
designed as a singly reinforced 3
beam for sure. 𝜙 = 0.65 + 0.004 − 0.002 250ൗ3 = 0.812
• Now, designing it as a singly 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 195 = 158𝑘′ < 𝑀𝑢
reinforced beam may not be a
practical option Therefore, we have to design it as a doubly
reinforced beam

44
 Example 7.2
𝑀𝑢 = 173 𝑘 ′
16"
𝜌0.005 = 0.021
4#8
𝑅 = 1073 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑅𝑏𝑑2 11"

173 × 12000 = 0.9 × 1073 × 𝑏 × 142

𝑏 = 11“
𝐴𝑠 = 0.021 × 11 × 14 = 3.23 𝑖𝑛2
Provide 4#8 bars→ 3.16 𝑖𝑛2

45
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Deflection Control according to ACI code:
• The deflections may be controlled indirectly if the thickness of
beams and one-way slabs are greater than the minimum
requirements given in ACI table 7.3.1.1 and 9.3.1.1

46
 Example 7.2
𝑙
• So if ℎ of beam is ≥ (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) then no need to
16
check deflection, it is indirectly controlled

𝑙 24 × 12
= = 18“
16 16

𝑙
• As ℎ = 16" < , therefore deflection must be checked
16

47
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Deflections can be directly computed for different conditions of
loading and end conditions as below:

48
 Example 7.2
5 𝑊 𝑙4
∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
384 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒
• Here 𝑊 = 𝑈𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 𝐸𝑐 = 57000 𝑓𝑐′ (psi)
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
𝐸𝑐 = 57000 5000 (psi)

𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖

49
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Determination of 𝐼
3 3 3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑢𝑡 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎

𝑀𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑.
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑟 = 7.5 𝑓𝑐′ )
𝑦𝑡
𝐼𝑔 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎

𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐼𝑢𝑡 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

50
 Example 7.2
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎

𝑀𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑.

𝑊𝑎 𝑙 2 𝑊𝑎 = 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 = 1.75𝑘/𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝑎 =
8

1.75 × 242
𝑀𝑎 = = 126𝑘′
8

51
 Example 7.2
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 = 126𝑘′

𝑏 ℎ3 11 × 163
𝐼𝑔 = = = 3754 𝑖𝑛4
12 12

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡

𝑓𝑟 = 7.5 𝑓𝑐′ = 7.5 5000 = 530 𝑝𝑠𝑖

52
 Example 7.2
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 = 126𝑘′
11"
𝐸𝑠 29000 𝐼𝑔 = 3754 𝑖𝑛4
𝑛= = = 7.2"~7"
𝐸𝑐 4030 𝑓𝑟 = 530 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑦𝑡
𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠 = 6 × 3.16 = 18.96
16"

11 × 16 × 8 + 18.96 × 14
𝑦𝑡 = = 8.6"
11 × 16 + 18.96

53
 Example 7.2
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 = 126𝑘′

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 530 × 3754 𝐼𝑔 = 3754 𝑖𝑛4

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = = 22.4𝑘′
ℎ − 𝑦𝑡 16 − 8.6 𝑓𝑟 = 530 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑦𝑡 = 8.6"

54
 Example 7.2
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 = 126𝑘′

𝐼𝑐𝑟 =
1
× 11 × 5.83 + 7 × 3.16 × 8.22 = 2203 𝑖𝑛4
𝐼𝑔 = 3754 𝑖𝑛4
3
𝑓𝑟 = 530 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑘= 𝜌𝑛 2 + 2𝜌𝑛 − 𝜌𝑛
= 5.8" 𝑦𝑡 = 8.6"
𝑘 = 0.415
𝑘𝑑 = 5.8" 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 22.4𝑘′

8.2"

55
 Example 7.2
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 = 126𝑘′
3 3
22.4 22.4 𝐼𝑔 = 3754 𝑖𝑛4
𝐼𝑒 = × 3754 + 1 − × 2203 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
126 126
𝑓𝑟 = 530 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐼𝑒 = 2212 𝑖𝑛4 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐼𝑐𝑟 𝑦𝑡 = 8.6"

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 22.4𝑘′

𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 2203 𝑖𝑛4

56
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Determination of 𝐼
3 3 3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑢𝑡 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎

𝐼𝑒 = 2212 𝑖𝑛4 ≤ 𝐼𝑔

57
 Example 7.2
3 3 𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑢𝑡 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 = 126𝑘′
11" 𝑓𝑟 = 530 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑛 = 7"
𝑦𝑡
𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠 = 18.96
16"
𝑦𝑡 = 8.6"

𝐼𝑔 = 3754 𝑖𝑛4

𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 2203 𝑖𝑛4

11 × 163 2 2
𝐼𝑢𝑡 = + 11 × 16 × 8.6 − 8 + 18.96 × 14 − 8.6 = 4370 𝑖𝑛4
12
58
 Example 7.2
3 3 𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑢𝑡 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 = 126𝑘′
𝑓𝑟 = 530 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑢𝑡 530 × 4370
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = = 26𝑘′
ℎ − 𝑦𝑡 16 − 8.6 𝑛 = 7"
𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠 = 18.96
𝑦𝑡 = 8.6"

𝐼𝑔 = 3754 𝑖𝑛4

𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 2203 𝑖𝑛4

𝐼𝑢𝑡 = 4370 𝑖𝑛4

59
 Example 7.2
3 3 𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑢𝑡 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 = 126𝑘′
3 3 𝑓𝑟 = 530 𝑝𝑠𝑖
26 26
𝐼𝑒 = × 4370 + 1 − × 2203 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
126 126 𝑛 = 7"

𝐼𝑒 = 2221 𝑖𝑛4 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠 = 18.96

𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑦𝑡 = 8.6"

𝐼𝑔 = 3754 𝑖𝑛4

𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 2203 𝑖𝑛4

𝐼𝑢𝑡 = 4370 𝑖𝑛4
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 26𝑘′
60
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Immediate (short-term) deflection
• Determination of 𝐼
3 3 3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑢𝑡 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎

𝐼𝑒 = 2212 𝑖𝑛4 ≤ 3754 𝑖𝑛4 𝐼𝑒 = 2221 𝑖𝑛4 ≤ 4370 𝑖𝑛4

𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 2203 𝑖𝑛4
• For conservative and approximate approach, 𝐼𝑒 can be taken as 𝐼𝑐𝑟
• 𝐼𝑒 will always be higher than 𝐼𝑐𝑟

61
 Example 7.2
5 𝑊 𝑙4 𝐸𝑐 = 4030 𝑘𝑠𝑖
∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
384 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 2203 𝑖𝑛4
• Here 𝑊 = 𝑈𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐼𝑒 = 2221 𝑖𝑛4
0.75 0.75
5× × 24 × 12 4 5× × 24 × 12 4
∆𝐿𝐿 = 12 12
384 × 4030 × 2221 ∆𝐿𝐿 =
384 × 4030 × 2203

∆𝐿𝐿 = 0.625“ ∆𝐿𝐿 = 0.63“

Compare it with ACI limit

62
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams
• Deflection Control according to ACI code:
• ACI table 24.2.2.

63
 Example 7.2
∆𝐿𝐿 = 0.625“

ACI limit
𝑙
∆𝐿𝐿 ≤
360

24 × 12
0.625" ≤
360

0.625" ≤ 0.8“
Section is good
64
 Example 7.2

24′ 16"
𝑀𝑢 = 173 𝑘 ′ 4#8
• Location @ which 2#8 bars will be enough?
11"

2#8

2#8 all the way

?

65
 Example 7.2
𝐴𝑠 𝑜𝑓 2# 8 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 1.58 𝑖𝑛2
𝑎 1.58 × 60
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 1.58 × 60 14 − →𝑎= = 2"
2 0.85 × 5 × 11
2
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 1.58 × 60 14 −
2
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 92.5 𝑘′
When moment is 92.5 k’, we just need 2 bars

92.5𝑘′ 172.5𝑘′

𝑥
66
 Example 7.2
𝑊𝑢 = 2.4 𝑘/𝑓𝑡

28.8 𝑘 24′ 28.8 𝑘

𝑊𝑢 = 2.4 𝑘/𝑓𝑡 Σ𝑀𝑥 = 0

92.5𝑘′ 𝑥2
28.8 𝑘
92.5 − 28.8𝑥 + 2.4 × =0
𝑥 2
𝑥 = 3.82′ (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠)

67
 Example 7.2

24′ 16"
𝑀𝑢 = 173 𝑘 ′ 4#8
• Location @ which 2#8 bars will be enough?
Theoretical cut off point 11"

2#8

8.18’ 2#8 all the way

68