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CHAPTER I

The Problem

Introduction

Sleep is a crucial physiological process that is essential for human health and well being. It plays

a vital role in cognitive function, memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and physical restoration.

Yet, being among the most sleep-deprived populations, college students often have erratic sleep patterns,

resulting in sleep deprivation, which can adversely affect their academic performance. Being a topic of

concern globally, sleep deprivation has become a common problem among college students due to

various factors, such as academic pressure, social activities, and irregular schedules. Therefore,

understanding the impact of sleep deprivation on academic achievement is crucial to improving students'

overall performance, despite of the limited research has been conducted in the Philippine setting to

determine the extent of the problem and its impact on students’ academic performance.

The National Sleep Foundation (2021) defines sleep deprivation as getting less than the needed

amount of sleep, and this is a growing concern among college students worldwide, affecting their

academic performance and overall health. As the demands of college life increase, students often

prioritize their academic responsibilities over their sleep, leading to insufficient and irregular sleep

patterns. In the Philippines, the issue of sleep deprivation has become prevalent, with college students

experiencing chronic sleep deprivation due to various factors such as academic workload, extracurricular

activities, and social engagements. The consequences of sleep deprivation on academic performance can

be severe, leading to poor grades, lower GPAs, and even dropping out of college (Pandolfo, 2022; Chen

& Chen, 2019).

Furthermore, academic achievement is a multifaceted concept that encompasses various domains,

including cognitive abilities, learning outcomes, and academic motivation. Research studies have
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established a significant correlation between sleep deprivation and academic achievement. Sleep

deprivation can impair cognitive function, attention, and memory, which are essential skills for academic

success. Studies have shown that students who experience sleep deprivation perform poorly in academic

tasks that require cognitive flexibility and decision-making skills. Furthermore, sleep-deprived students

often experience a decline in their academic motivation, resulting in decreased interest in academic

pursuits.

Several studies have investigated the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic

achievement among college students. A study conducted by Gayarthri et al. (2023) reported that students

who slept for less than six hours per night had lower GPAs than those who slept for more than eight

hours per night. Similarly, a study by Chervin and Hershner (2022) found that college students who

experienced sleep deprivation had lower academic performance, as measured by their grades and

standardized test scores. Furthermore, it was revealed that sleep-deprived students performed poorly on

cognitive tasks such as memory recall, attention, and reaction time.

The negative impact of sleep deprivation on academic achievement may be attributed to several

factors. Firstly, sleep deprivation can impair cognitive function, which affects students' ability to process

information, retain it in memory, and apply it to academic tasks. Secondly, sleep deprivation can lead to

a decline in academic motivation, resulting in decreased interest in academic pursuits and reduced

engagement in academic tasks. Thirdly, sleep deprivation can lead to emotional and psychological

problems, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, which can further impair academic achievement (Chen

& Chen, 2019).

According to Ramanan and Rose (2018), sleep deprivation can affect the academic performance

of college students in several ways. For instance, sleep-deprived students may have difficulty attending

classes, participating in group projects, and completing assignments on time. Sleep deprivation can also

affect students' ability to concentrate and absorb information, leading to poor performance on exams and
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quizzes. Additionally, sleep-deprived students may experience physical and mental fatigue, making it

difficult to stay alert and focused during lectures and academic activities.

Also, the existing condition of sleep deprivation among college students in the

Philippines is alarming. According to a study conducted by the Philippine Society of Sleep Medicine in

2019, around 70% of Filipino college students report poor sleep quality, with an average of 6 hours of

sleep per night. Showing that the lack of sleep among college students can lead to a range of negative

outcomes such as memory impairment, reduced cognitive function, and decreased motivation, all of

which can impact academic performance (Chen & Chen 2019).

Thus, the interest in this study is driven by the need to determine the extent of sleep deprivation

among 2nd-year BEED college students at the Philippine College Foundation and its impact on

academic achievement. Since sleep is a fundamental aspect of human life, its importance cannot be

overstated, and since it plays a crucial role in memory consolidation, information processing, and

cognitive function, understanding the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance

can help educators and students take appropriate measures to improve academic performance and overall

well-being.

This research will not only contribute to the existing literature on sleep deprivation among

college students and provide insights into the Philippine context, but also seek to provide a

comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon to enable stakeholders to develop strategies to mitigate

the problem.

Theoretical Framework

College students frequently struggle with sleep deprivation, which can negatively affect their

academic performance. Poor academic performance can result from physiological, psychological, and

cognitive variables being influenced by sleep deprivation.

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Physiological factors include changes in the body's natural circadian rhythm, which can affect the

release of hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate sleep, appetite, and mood. Lack of sleep can lead

to fatigue, headaches, and poor concentration, which can interfere with learning and memory.

Psychological factors, such as stress and anxiety, can also be affected by sleep deprivation. Lack

of sleep can increase levels of stress hormones, such as cortisol, which can negatively impact academic

performance.

Cognitive factors can also be impacted by sleep deprivation. Sleep is critical for consolidating

memories and processing information. Lack of sleep can impair cognitive functions such as attention,

concentration, and problem-solving skills, which are essential for academic success.

Academic achievement, the dependent variable, is impacted by the physiological, psychological,

and cognitive factors that are influenced by sleep deprivation. Poor sleep quality and quantity can lead to

lower grades, decreased motivation, and reduced academic performance.

A schematic diagram is provided to show that there is a potential correlation between these

factors. The diagram hypothesizes that sleep deprivation has negative impacts on academic achievement

in college students through physiological, psychological, and cognitive factors. These variables can be

taken into account when creating interventions to encourage good sleeping practices and enhance college

students' academic performance.

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Independent Variable Depende nt Variable

Physiological Health Academic Achievements

Sleep
Psychological Health
Deprivation

Cognitive Function

Figure 1: The schematic diagram showing the independent and dependent variables in the study.
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 7

Statement of the Problem

This study deals with the exploration of the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic

performance as well as determining whether sleep deprivation has a significant impact on the academic

performance among Philippine College Foundation 2nd-year BEED students and identifying the factors

contributing to sleep deprivation among students. It aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the extent of sleep deprivation among Philippine College Foundation 2 nd-year BEED

students?

2. How does sleep deprivation affect the academic performance of Philippine College Foundation

2nd-year BEED students in terms of physiological health, psychological health, and cognitive

function?

3. What are the underlying factors that contribute to sleep deprivation among Philippine College

Foundation 2nd-year BEED students?

4. What interventions can be implemented to address the negative impacts of sleep deprivation on

academic achievements?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the impact of sleep deprivation on the Academic

Achievement of BEED students of Philippine College Foundation?

Hypothesis of the Study

The researchers formulate the following hypothesis:

A. Alternative Hypothesis: Sleep deprivation has a significant relationship that may affect the

Philippine College Foundation 2nd-year BEED students' academic achievements.

B. Null Hypothesis: Sleep deprivation has no significant relationship between the impact to

academic achievement of BEED students in Philippine College Foundation.

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Objectives of the Problem

The researchers aim to investigate the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic

achievement among PCF students and contribute to the understanding of the impacts of sleep deprivation

on academic achievement. The study specifically aims to:

1. Know the extent of sleep deprivation among Philippine College Foundation 2nd-year BEED

students.

2. Determine how sleep deprivation affects academic performance among Philippine College

Foundation 2nd year BEED students in terms of physiological health, psychological health, and

cognitive function.

3. Find the underlying factors that contribute to sleep deprivation among Philippine College

Foundation 2nd year BEED students.

4. Cite interventions that can be implemented to address the negative impacts of sleep deprivation

on academic achievements.

Significance of the Study

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This study has profound implications for both the academic community and students. Not only

does the study identify the widespread concern among college students, but this research can also assist

in determining the scope of the problem and raising awareness among students, parents, and educators.

This study further emphasizes the significance of sleep. Because sleep is essential for normal

brain function and academic performance, this study has the potential to emphasize the relevance of

sleep for academic accomplishment, encouraging students to prioritize sleep as part of their overall

academic success.

The research also provides an in-depth understanding of the consequences of sleep deprivation.

The research sheds light on the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on academic performance. The

findings act as a wake-up call for students who may overlook the value of enough sleep.

This article cites implications for policy and practice, providing insights into policies and

practices that can help address sleep deprivation among college students. This can include

recommendations for universities and colleges to offer resources and support for students who may

struggle with sleep.

For future research, the study can serve as a foundation on the topic of sleep deprivation and

academic achievement among college students. It can also encourage researchers to investigate the

underlying causes of sleep deprivation and potential interventions to improve sleep quality and quantity

among students.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study primarily focuses on the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic

performance among 2nd-year BEED students at the Philippine College Foundation, which may not be

typical of the general population of college students. Furthermore, its intent involves looking at the

effects and causes of sleep deprivation on academic accomplishments as well as the implications for

students' academic performance, cognitive ability, physiological, and psychological health.

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Definition of Terms

Sleep deprivation: This refers to a condition where an individual does not get enough sleep to

meet their body's needs (National Institutes of Health, 2022). It can be caused by a variety of factors,

including lifestyle choices, medical conditions, and sleep disorders.

Physiological health: This term refers to the overall health of an individual's body, including their

physical functioning, bodily systems, and overall wellness (Ayres, 2020). It can be impacted by a variety

of factors, such as diet, exercise, sleep habits, and medical conditions.

Psychological health: This refers to an individual's overall mental and emotional wellbeing. It

encompasses a wide range of factors, such as one's mood, stress levels, ability to cope with challenges,

and overall mental functioning (World Health Organization, 2022).

Cognitive function: This refers to an individual's ability to process and use information, including

things like attention span, memory, and problem-solving skills (Kiely, 2014). It is an important aspect of

overall brain functioning and can be impacted by a variety of factors, including sleep deprivation and

other lifestyle factors.

Academic achievement: This term refers to an individual's success in educational pursuits, such

as grades, test scores, and overall academic performance. It can be impacted by a wide range of factors,

including cognitive function, motivation, and other personal and environmental factors (Meibner et al.,

2020).

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

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Emerging adults benefit greatly from the college experience because it gives them a controlled

setting where they can develop the knowledge, skills, and independence they need to choose their own

paths, find successful employment, and give back to society. However, given growing tuition rates and

ballooning student debt, this experience comes at a high cost, and it is critical that the college years be as

productive as possible. In this connection, the lack of sleep that college students experience is one

possible barrier to their academic progress.

Sleep is an essential component of overall wellness that cannot be stressed enough. It has been

demonstrated that it has an impact on many facets of human life, including academic achievement.

College students are especially susceptible to sleep loss because they frequently must balance scholastic

duties with social and employment obligations. As a result, the purpose of this literature review is to

investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on college students' academic success.

According to the National Sleep Foundation, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, and the

Sleep Research Society, young adults should get 7 to 9 hours of sleep every night. However, at least

60% of college students sleep poorly and get only 7 hours of sleep every night on average (Dwibedi et

al., 2022). The National Institutes of Health report from 2022 also discusses the prevalence of daytime

sleepiness among college students, which is "defined as the inability or difficulty in maintaining

alertness during the major wake period of the day, resulting in unintended lapses into drowsiness or

sleep." According to the NIH report, more than 70% of college students get less than eight hours of sleep

per day, 60% of college students are "dragging, tired, or sleepy" at least three days per week, and more

than 80% of college students say sleep deprivation has a negative impact on their academic performance.

According to Emerson (2022), college students regard sleep issues as the second most common reason

for academic performance problems, with stress being the top.

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Sleep Deprivation and Physiological Health

This category contains articles about sleep and how it impacts physiological health. Furthermore,

the articles in this part are significant because they address a variety of facets of sleep, as sleep

deprivation can have a severe impact on one's health and performance.

Kawaguchi et al. (2015) examined the function of the autonomic nervous system in 121 nursing

students at the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine in "Assessment of Autonomic Nervous System

Function in Nursing Students Using an Autonomic Reflex Orthostatic Test by Heart Rate Spectral

Analysis." Participants' standing loads were tested and evaluated using an autonomic reflex orthostatic

tolerance test, which included an analysis of their heart rate variability. It was predicted that fourth-year

students would face increased academic loads (Kawaguchi et al., 2015). Therefore, the autonomic

nervous system would not be operating normally in these people.

It was discovered that fourth-year students' parasympathetic nervous system caused hypotension

despite their low resting state (Kawaguchi et al., 2015). In contrast to first-year students, the fourth-year

students had strong sympathetic nervous system function and a high standing state with regard to

autonomic nervous system function. Stress caused the parasympathetic nervous system to be suppressed

while activating the sympathetic nerves. The standing posture, on the other hand, produced a strong

autonomic nervous system reaction to weariness. Stress also has a significant impact on the autonomic

nervous system, particularly in fourth-year students. Additionally, it has been discovered that sleep

reduces sympathetic nerve activity (Kawaguchi et al., 2015).

Brown et al. (2010) examined the sleeping patterns of night-shift nurses in their study, "Sleep

Deprivation and Psychomotor Performance Among Night-Shift Students Nurses." The nurses were

assessed under typical work settings to better understand how sleep affects psychomotor performance. It

is theorized that sleep-deprived health care practitioners are more likely to make mistakes at work. Poor

performance was indicated by a large number of mistakes. A significant result of this study was that 56%

of the nurses were sleep deprived, with an average of 3.9 hours of sleep. In contrast, 43% of the study's
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nurses, who slept an average of 6.78 hours, reported getting an appropriate night's rest. A higher

performance score indicated poor psychomotor performance and was associated with nurses who slept

insufficient hours. However, poor psychomotor performance was seen in both sleep-deprived and non-

sleep-deprived subjects.

Nurses working 24-hour shifts experienced physiological alterations, which reduced their

psychomotor performance. Sleep loss affects physiological changes by inhibiting neural transmission of

neurotransmitters and impairing psychomotor function. As a result, the d2 Test of Attention results were

low (Brown et al., 2010). In this regard, naps can help nightshift students nurses enhance their

psychomotor performance. Because it helps to maintain ideal psychomotor performance and brain

function, napping may increase patient safety. It was also mentioned that chronic sleep deprivation was

said to have resulted in an underestimation of how much sleep is required to be well refreshed.

Sleep Deprivation, Physiological Health and Sleep Hygiene

This category contains articles about sleep and how it impacts psychological health as well as

sleep hygiene (creating an environment conducive to sleep). The following studies examine sleep

quality, lifestyle choices, and sleep hygiene in greater depth. Because they look at how sleep affects

general health, all of these papers are related to the study issue.

Duarte et al. (2020) analyzed university students to determine anxiety levels, sleep quality, and

various chronotypes in their study, "Quality of Sleep and Anxiety are Related to Circadian Preference in

University Students." In 103 undergraduate student participants, the link between these traits was

examined. Even though there were 103 volunteers, only 96 students between the ages of 18 and 25 took

part in the activities from seven in the morning until six in the evening. Other requirements included

abstaining from consuming controlled substances and not having a history of mental illness or a

diagnosis of it.

The investigation came up with a number of conclusions. Those with an evening chronotype

tended to have worse anxiety and sleep quality. Evening students experienced higher alert levels, which
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peaked at 10 hours as opposed to seven hours. Nearly 90% of students claimed to have partial sleep

deprivation on workdays, with weekday daytime drowsiness being more common. Due to this, the

students subsequently made up for their weekend lack of sleep, often known as social jet lag (Duarte et

al., 2020). Those with an early work schedule were shown to compensate for lack of sleep throughout

the week. In contrast to the evening individuals, morning students were shown to have lower anxiety

levels and improved sleep quality. Evening students, on the other hand, exhibited a more irregular

sleepwake cycle and an apprehensive personality characteristic (Duarte et al., 2020).

Binks et al. (2020) investigated the relationship between bad lifestyle habits and sleep in their

study, "Associations Between Sleep and Lifestyle Behaviors Among Australian Nursing Students: A

Cross-Sectional Study." Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and alcohol usage were among the lifestyle

habits studied. According to their findings, around 77.8% of nursing students sleep poorly. Overall,

students who often missed meals, ate non-nutritious foods, drank alcohol, and smoked had poor sleep

quality. However, this study did not find a significant association between physical activity and sleep.

According to the study's findings, poor lifestyle choices and pre-existing medical disorders have a

detrimental influence on sleep, which eventually leads to worse clinical and academic performance

(Binks et al., 2020). This is due to the fact that sleep deprivation has been shown to impair cognitive

ability, daily functioning, job productivity, and attentiveness.

Furthermore, as stated by the Columbia University Department of Psychiatry (2022), sleep

deprivation or low-quality sleep might raise the risk of mental health issues. While insomnia can be a

symptom of psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety and sadness, it is now known that sleep disturbances

can also contribute to the start and exacerbation of a variety of mental health issues such as depression,

anxiety, and even suicidal ideation. Research on sleep deprivation shows that even healthy adults who

sleep poorly might suffer greater worry and unhappiness. Those suffering from mental health conditions

are more likely to suffer from persistent sleep difficulties, which can aggravate psychiatric symptoms

and even raise the risk of suicide.

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Sleep Deprivation, Cognitive Health, and Academic Performance

The articles in this category focus on the relationship between sleep and cognitive function as

well as academic success. Sleep quality, sleep disturbance, and sleep deprivation are all evaluated in

terms of their impact on academic performance.

Gregas et al. (2017) investigated how naps affect a person's nighttime sleep in their study

"Napping in College Students and Its Relationship with Nighttime Sleep." When researching the

association between naps and nocturnal sleep, it is critical to understand how frequently naps are taken,

how long they last, and when they occur during the day. Researchers will be better able to assess the

advantages and drawbacks of napping if they are aware of these issues, particularly how napping impacts

general health and academic performance. Short naps have been shown to increase alertness and

neurobehavioral function. Longer naps are also believed to encourage drowsiness and disorientation,

which might impair cognitive or academic performance (Gregas et al., 2017).

To investigate the connection between napping and the quality of sleep, 440 undergraduate

college students were randomly chosen for the study. According to this study, 59.7% of the sampled

students had insufficient sleep. The study's findings suggest that taking naps in the evening or for an

extended period of time might be detrimental since they can impair cognitive function and subjective

alertness. The lowest sleep quality was reportedly experienced by people who napped more frequently

and for longer periods of time than three times per week. Additionally, students who napped between the

hours of six and nine in the evening slept for shorter durations of time. In general, individuals who often

slept late in the day reported having poor sleep quality at night as well as signs of sleep deprivation.

These subjects showed worse daily function and cognitive ability as a result, which had an adverse effect

on their academic success (Gregas et al., 2017).

Altmann et al. (2019) investigated how sleep deprivation impacts mistake rates in procedural

tasks in their article, "Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Procedural Errors. Journal of Experimental

Psychology: General. This study looked at sleep deprivation and procedural mistakes in 234 Michigan

State University students aged 18 to 25. These students were undergraduates who spoke fluent English.
 16

Furthermore, none of the subjects had any previous memory or sleep issues, were colorblind, had no

severe sleep disruptions, or had a strong preference for either the morning or the evening. This study

discovered that persons who are sleep deprived should not conduct procedural activities, especially when

they are connected with interruptions and expensive mistakes. Participants who had not gotten enough

sleep were less inclined or unable to execute the identical activities they had performed the night before.

Higher rates of mistakes were seen in the sleep-deprived people who were able to complete the tasks.

Memory issues were the major cause of the mistakes, especially when timed activities were involved

(Altmann et al., 2019).

According to one study cited by Madison (2019), sleep deprivation is common and has a negative

relationship with GPA. Students who reported chronic sleep deprivation solely during their final year or

during their freshman and senior years had a lower likelihood of graduating than students who did not

report chronic sleep deprivation. Students who were sleep deprived in their final year were 40% less

likely to graduate, while those who were sleep deprived in both their freshman and senior years were

25% less likely to graduate. The study's findings demonstrated that prolonged sleep deprivation had a

detrimental impact on academic success among the participants. Learning was shown to be most

effective when students were well rested. When sleepiness appeared to hamper their capacity to learn,

sleepdeprived individuals over relied on habitual control.

To summarize, the evidence from the different research articles reveals that sleep deprivation can

negatively impact multiple health domains. Pertaining to physiological health, stress has an impact on the

autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Sleep deprivation also led to decreased psychomotor performance and cognitive function. To prevent the

physiological consequences of sleep deprivation, sleeping for a brief length of time early in the day can

be employed to preserve normal brain function. In terms of psychological health, those who are sleepy

during the day prefer to compensate by sleeping excessively on weekends. Sleep management is crucial

since it increases sleep quality. As a result, unhealthy lifestyle choices might affect sleep and eventually

worsen academic performance. Lack of sleep is known to impair cognitive function, lower academic
 17

performance, and increase procedural mistakes. It is more crucial to keep a regular and proper sleeping

routine than to get enough sleep just the night before a test.

Overall, getting enough sleep might enhance one's quality of life and academic achievement.
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CHAPTER III

Methodology

This chapter is dedicated to explaining the methodology used to conduct the research. This

chapter provides a detailed description of the research design, the locale of the study, the respondents,

the research instruments, data collection and analysis techniques, and the procedures followed to ensure

the validity and reliability of the study's results.

Research Design

The design of this study will be mixed methods, using both descriptive quantitative and

descriptive qualitative questions in the survey. First, demographic information will be obtained.

Questions will include age, gender, undergraduate level, and major area of study. Participants will also

be asked to provide their most up-to-date grade point average (GPA). Further, a Likert scale will be

utilized, wherein questions will be answered on a five-point scale.

Research Locale

The research will be carried out at the Philippine College Foundation in Purok 6Hagkol,

Barangay Poblacion, Valencia City, Bukidnon. It is a private school that was founded in 1988 by Atty.

Amable Pagonzaga. The institution offers various degree courses; however, the study will focus on

second-year BEED students. The researchers chose the Philippine College Foundation because of the

socioeconomic conditions that would be important to the study and because it is easily accessible to the
 19

researchers, which is much more convenient given that the researchers are also students at the above

mentioned institution.

Figure 2. Philippine College Foundation location.

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Respondent

The study involved 100 second-year BEED students as respondents from different sections of the

Philippine College Foundation. Participants will be asked to provide information about their sleep habits

and academic performance through a survey.

Research Instrument

The researchers distributed survey questionnaires that participants could answer to identify the

elements that should be emphasized in the study. The questionnaire contains both quantitative and

qualitative questions. Qualitative questions include the respondents’ demographics, while quantitative

questions are depicted through a 5-point Likert scale. The researchers chose questionnaires as this is a

convenient way of collecting information from a large number of people within a short period of time.

Data Gathering Procedure

A letter of permission is submitted to the school president before conducting the research. Upon

approval, the survey questionnaire is distributed to 100 2nd-year BEED students who will be randomly

selected from the student database. The survey is administered via a questionnaire that includes

qualitative and quantitative questions. The survey questions are designed to gather data on sleep patterns,

academic performance, and the effects of sleep deprivation on their academic achievements. The survey
 21

will be distributed to the students during a regular class session, and they will be given ample time to

complete it. Once the surveys have been collected, the responses will be analyzed to identify patterns

and trends in the data. The findings will be used to determine the extent to which sleep deprivation

affects academic achievement in college students and to identify any strategies that can be implemented

to mitigate the impact of sleep deprivation on academic performance.

Statistical Techniques

Researchers employ a variety of statistical tools to evaluate the impact of sleep deprivation on

academic success among Philippine College Foundation 2nd-year BEED students. To begin, researchers

do a correlation study to investigate the association between the number of hours students sleep every

night and their GPA. Second, researchers do a regression analysis to see if sleep deprivation is a

significant predictor of academic performance while adjusting for other factors like study habits and

extracurricular activities. Researchers might also employ ANOVA or t-tests to evaluate the academic

achievement of students who get adequate sleep versus those who are sleep deprived.
 22

References:

Altmann, E. M., Fenn, K. M., & Stepan, M. E. (2019). Effects of sleep deprivation on procedural errors.
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circadian preference in university students. PLoS ONE, 15(9).
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%2070%20percent%20of,negatively%20affects%20th eir%20academic%20performance
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