GROUP 1 MEMBERS IS 158

1.NDAGA, MSAMBILI BENJAMIN - 2020-04-09307 - Bsc in TE

2.KOWERO, WALIDI WAZIRI - 2020-04-04390 - Bsc in EE
3. MASSAWE, MARIA HENRY – 2021-04-06104 – Bsc in CEIT
4. MPEPO, ROMANUCE KELVIN – 2021-04-07822 -Bsc in CS
5. NYORORO, SUMAIYA IBRAHIM – 2021-04-10116 – Bsc in CEIT
6. SHINE, PHILIPINA FELICHISM – 2021-04-11635 – Bsc in CS

Question 1: Bus Architecture and Introduction, the history

and nomenclature, types and functions , and the structures
of each type(how they look like ?)
 INTRODUCTION OF BUS ARCHITECTURE
BUS: a bus is set of electrical wires (lines) that connects the various hardware components of
computer system.
Bus works as a communication pathway through which information flows from one hardware
component to the other hardware component.

Why do we need bus in computer system?

A computer system is made by different component such as memory, ALU, I/O component,
register and CU. In order for it function properly each component should be able to communicate
with each other.so we need common component to connect each necessary component i.e. bus.
A bus that connects major components (CPU, Memory and I/O devices) of a computer system is
called as a System bus
 INTRODUCTION OF BUS ARCHITECTURE

Consider the Diagram Below .
The History and Nomenclature
 In computer architecture, a bus (shortened form of the Latin omnibus, and historically also called data
highway or databus) is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer,
or between computers. This expression covers all related hardware components (wire, optical fiber, etc.)
and software, including communication protocols.
 Early computer buses were parallel electrical wires with multiple hardware connections, but the term is
now used for any physical arrangement that provides the same logical function as a parallel electrical
busbar. Modern computer buses can use both parallel and bit serial connections, and can be wired in either
a multidrop (electrical parallel) or daisy chain topology, or connected by switched hubs, as in the case of
Universal Serial Bus (USB).
 First generation
 Early computer buses were bundles of wire that attached computer memory and peripherals. Anecdotally
termed the "digit trunk",[6] they were named after electrical power buses, or busbars. Almost always, there
was one bus for memory, and one or more separate buses for peripherals. These were accessed by separate
instructions, with completely different timings and protocols
 The History and Nomenclature
Second generation

"Second generation" bus systems like NuBus addressed some of these problems. They typically separated the computer
into two "worlds", the CPU and memory on one side, and the various devices on the other. A bus controller accepted data
from the CPU side to be moved to the peripherals side, thus shifting the communications protocol burden from the CPU
itself. This allowed the CPU and memory side to evolve separately from the device bus, or just "bus". Devices on the bus
could talk to each other with no CPU intervention. This led to much better "real world" performance, but also required
the cards to be much more complex. These buses also often addressed speed issues by being "bigger" in terms of the size
of the data path, moving from 8-bit parallel buses in the first generation, to 16 or 32-bit in the second, as well as adding
software setup (now standardised as Plug-n-play) to supplant or replace the jumpers

Third generation
"Third generation" buses have been emerging into the market since about 2001, including HyperTransport and InfiniBand.
They also tend to be very flexible in terms of their physical connections, allowing them to be used both as internal buses,
as well as connecting different machines together. This can lead to complex problems when trying to service different
requests, so much of the work on these systems concerns software design, as opposed to the hardware itself. In general,
these third generation buses tend to look more like a network than the original concept of a bus, with a higher protocol
overhead needed than early systems, while also allowing multiple devices to use the bus at once.
TYPES OF BUS
There are three types of bus in computer architecture which are: -
1. Data bus
2. Control bus
3. Address bus
TYPES OF BUS

Consider the diagram below
TYPES OF BUS
 1. Data Bus
 The data bus is bi-directional.

It can carry data to main memory from the processor and vice versa.
 The data bus will transfer data to/from the address that is held on the address
bus.
 Function of a data bus is to send data from one device to another.

Data is passed in parallel or serial manner–Parallel will normally pass in a
multiple of 8-bits at a time–Serial passes one bit at a time
 DATA BUS
 The CPU uses a data bus to transfer data. It may be a 16-bit or 32-bit data
bus. It is an electrical path that connects the CPU, memory, and other
hardware devices on the motherboard. These lines are bidirectional, data
flow in both directions between the processor and memory and peripheral
devices.
 CONTROL BUS
The Control Bus is used to transfer the control signals from one component to another
component.

It is used by CPU to communicate with the device that are connected to the computer system
with help of cables and printed circuits such as motherboard.

It is a part of system bus and is bi-directional
CONTROL BUS
Typically Control Signals held by Control Bus.
 1. Memory Read- Data from memory address location to be placed on data Bus
 2. Memory write – Data from data bus to be placed on memory address location
 3. I/O Read – Data from I/O address location to be placed on data Bus
 4. I/O Write – Data from data Bus to be placed on I/O address location
CONTROL BUS

Consider the Diagram
ADDRESS BUS

This is type of a bus which is responsible for locating and reallocating data in the memory.

Its is used by cpu to fetch data unidirectionally from any memory location in the main
memory by sending the address location of a memory data. Then, memory sends the data
through the data bus.
 The width(amount of bits in parallel lines) in address bus represent the number of the
locations that the cpu can access in the memory.

Example for 20 address lines may be able to access up to 1048576 locations. (one
megabytes)

The address bus can also be used to creates new sources and destination on the data buses.
ADDRESS BUS

Consider the diagram:
Conclusion

1. Data Sharing. All types of buses found on a computer must be able to

transfer data between the computer peripherals connected to it
2. Addressing. A bus has address lines, which match those of the processor.
This allows data to be sent to or from specific memory locations
3. Power. A bus supplies power to various peripherals that are connected to it.
4. Timing. The Bus supplies power to various peripherals that are connected
to it.
 UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
IS 158: COMPUTER HARDWARE AND MAINTENANCE
GROUP ASSIGNMENT

1 MAKILAGI, ERICK D. 2021-04-05516 Bsc. CS

2 KYAMBA, DAUDI A. 2020-04-04494 Bsc. TE

3 MALISA,OPRAH LEONARD 2021-04-05645 Bsc. CEIT

4 MKWE, CRASIANA ALFRED 2021-04-07332 Bsc. CS

5 IBRAHIMU, DAUDI S. 2021-04-02488 Bsc. CEIT

6 TAMAKILILO, ELIUD ELIA 2021-04-12129 Bsc. CS

 TASK:
PREPARE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON
BUS PROTOCOL, STANDARD
AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP AMONG EACH
OTHER
 BUS PROTOCOL

• Refers to the rules and regulations applies or established in a computer architecture and organization so
as to facilitate communication of different computer components correctly in different devices that share
information and resources.

• Different computer components have their own way of transmitting information and resources via any
kind of variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics and
synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented
by hardware, software, or a combination of both software and hardware.
 BUS PROTOCOL

• For example:- Serial bus communication protocol I2C.

• I2C Bus communication uses only simplifies the number of connections and provides a common
way (protocol) of connecting different or same type of I/O devices using synchronous serial
communication.

• Any device that is compatible with a I2C bus can be added to the system assuming an appropriate
device driver program is available, and a I2C device can be integrated into any system that uses that
I2C bus. E.g. USB devices

• In other way we can say that Protocol defines the way on how data can be transmitted from one
component to another in a computer.
 BUS STANDARD

• Is the level used model in comparative evaluations of different Bus Architecture of a computer. This might be
wired buses of On Board buses(Printed buses on Motherboard)

• For example:-

• Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is one of the latest developments in bus architecture and is the
current standard for PC expansion cards

• Small Computer System Interface(SCSI)-is a parallel interface standard used by Apple Macintosh computers,
PCs and Unix systems for attaching peripheral devices to a computer

• Universal Serial Bus (USB) This is an external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps.
 HOW DO BUS PROTOCOL AND STANDARD
RELATES TO EACH OTHER.

• Bus standard and protocols they both depends to each other, whereby Different institutions and
Organization sets a specific standards for different types of Buses tat are to be used in Computer
Architecture and design.

• These standard enabled architects and Engineers to set different protocols that enables components
and devices connected to a computer or on Motherboard to communicate and shares resources
without any interference if one operation with another operation.

• For example, USB drive transferring data from one computer to another the protocol sets enable
sharing of data simultaneously without any interference but standard sets make easy for USB drive to
be compatible with one computer and another even if the manufacturer are different companies
IMAGES
 University of Dar es Salaam
GROUP NUMBER 3

NO NAME REG NO
1 MAKYAO GODWIN FRANK 2020-04-05498
2 MARIKI WHITNEY GERALD 2021-04-05873
3 KIMARIO LAURYN METHOD 2021-04-04103
4 CONSTANTIN VICTORIA ALPONARY 2020-04-01316
5 MBUNDA MESHACK E 2020-04-06525
6 KASENGENYA AMANDA ADOLPH 2021-04-03560
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
Is a program that manages a computer’s resources, especially the
allocation of those resources among other programs. Typical resources
include the central processing unit (CPU), computer memory, file
storage, input/output devices, and network connection
An operating system brings powerful benefits to computer software and
software development. Without the operating system, every application
would need to include its own user interface (UI), as well as the
comprehensive code needed to handle all low-level functionality of the
underlying computer, such as disk storage, network interfaces and so om
KEY ELEMENT OF OPERATING SYSTEM

There are few elements that makes up an operating 3. Input/output. This is where all physical
system communication between computer hardware, such
as disk drives, keyboard, mouses, screens and so on
1. Kernel. It is the heart system of operating
take place.
system. This ensures that every running process
has adequate time to execute. It des this while 4. File management. It has the job to control how
controlling the amount of the computer’s files on your computer hard drive are stored and by
resources that every process can use. any application seeking to use them.
2. Memory management. This has the 5. The user Interface (UI). It has the responsibility of
responsibility of sharing computer physical providing a means for the user to actually interact
memory among the processes which want to with the rest of the layers and as such the system as
use it. whole. There are two different type of user interface
which are graphical user interface (GUI), and
command line interface (CLI)
TYPES OF OPERATIING SYSTEM

There are five types of operating system

which are, batch, time-sharing, distribution, BATC
network and real-time operating system. JOB
H
ONE
1. Batch OS.
This type of operating system does not
interact with the computer directly. This is an
operator which takes similar jobs having the JOB BATC
TWO OPERATIN H
same requirement and group them into G SYSTEM CPU
batches. It is the responsibility of the
operator to sort jobs with similar needs

JOB
BATCH
THREE
TIME-SHARING OS

Each task is given some time to execute so that all

the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time of
CPU as they use a single system. These systems are
also known as Multitasking systems.
The task can be form a single user or different users
also. The rime that each task gets to execute is
called quantum. After this time interval is over OS
switches over to the next task
 The major benefit of working with these types of the operating
Distributed Operating System system is that it is always possible that one user can access the
files or software which are not actually present on his system
but some other system connected within this network i.e.,
These types of the operating system is a recent remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that
advancement in the world of computer technology network.
and are being widely accepted all over the world
and, that too, with a great pace. Various Examples of Distributed Operating System is- LOCUS
autonomous interconnected computers
communicate with each other using a shared
communication network. Independent systems
possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are
referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed
systems. These system’s processors differ in size and
function.
Network Operating
Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft
Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX,

System
Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.
These systems run on a server and provide the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions. These types of operating systems allow
shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other
networking functions over a small private network. One more Client
important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the
users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all Client 1 3
other users within the network, their individual connections,
etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly known as
tightly coupled systems
File
serve

Client Client 4
2
. Real-Time Operating System
Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control
systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems,
These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval etc.
required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This
time interval is called response time. Real-time systems are
used when there are time requirements that are very strict like
missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.
Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as
follows: Hard Real-Time Systems, Soft Real-Time Systems:
Applications

RTOS-kernel
BSP

Custom hardware
 4. No coding lines. With the GUI operating system
Prons and cons of operating System allows to access hardware without writing programs.
5. Safeguard of data. A lot of data are stored within
Advantages the computer and with OS makes easily to access
them, and store them securely with encryption
1. Computing source.it is interface between user
and hardware, it allows input, process and 6. Multitasking. An operating system can handle
accessing output of data. tasks simultaneously. It allows users to carry out
different task at the same point in time.
2. User-Friendly Interface. Windows operating system,
when it came into existence, also introduces Graphical
User Interface (GUI), which made using computers much
more natural than earlier Command Line Interface.
3. Resource sharing. It allows sharing of resource
such as data via networks.
Disadvantages 4. Virus threats, threats to operating systems are
higher as they are to such virus attacks, many users
1. Expensive, some of operating systems are costly
download malicious software packages on the
and some such as Microsoft with GUI functionality
system which halts the functionality of OS and slow it
and other in-built features carry a costly price tag.
down
2. System failure, if the central operating systems
5.fragmentation, is the state memory breaks into
fails, it will affect the whole system, and the
pieces. Internal fragmentation occurs when the
computer will not work. Moreover an OS is the heart
method of process is larger than the memory size.
of computer system without which it cannot
External fragmentation occurs when the method or
function.
process eliminates.
3. High complex, operating system are highly
complex, and the language which used to establish
these OS are not clear and well defined, if there’s
an issue with OS users cannot directly understand ,
and it cannot be resolved quickly
 UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING.

IS 158 : COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SYSTEM MAINTENANCE.

GROUP 4:
HIPOLITY, FRANCIS YUDA BSC. IN CS 2021-04-02401.
KOMBA, CASTORY RICHARD BSC. IN CS 2021-04-04447.
SANGA, SAMSON MICHAEL BSC. IN CEIT 2021-04-11241.
KAZYOBA, MARTHA B. BSC. IN CEIT 2021-04-03767.
MARWA, NSIKO JUMA BSC. IN TE 2020-04-05855.
MUSHI, THOMSON ARON BSC. IN EE 2020-04-08437.
 Relationship between the operating system and hardware, performance upon
choosing windows to use (Windows 11).

Computer hardware refer to the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor,
keyboard, computer data storage, graphic card, sound card and motherboard.

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software
resources and provides common services for computer programs. Examples of operating systems
include, Ubuntu, MacOS, Windows, Haiku, Parrot. For hardware functions such as input and output
and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the
computer hardware.

Functions of Operating System to Computer Hardware.

 Booting: Booting is a process of starting the computer. The operating system starts the computer to
work. It checks the computer and makes it ready to work.

 Memory Management: The memory cannot be managed without operating system. Different
programs and data execute in memory at one time. If there is no operating system, security can be
compromised and the system will not work efficiently.

 Loading and Execution: An application program is loaded in the memory before it can be executed.
Operating system provides the facility to load programs in memory easily and then execute it.

 Data security: Data is an important part of computer system. The operating system protects the data
stored on the computer from illegal use, modification or deletion.

 Disk Management: Operating system manages the disk space. It manages the stored files and
folders in a proper way.

 Process Management: CPU can perform one task at one time. If there are many tasks, operating
system decides which task should get the CPU.

 Device Controlling: operating system also controls all devices attached to computer. The hardware
devices are controlled with the help of small software called device drivers.

 Printing controlling: Operating system also controls printing function. If a user issues two print
commands at a time, it does not mix data of these files and prints them separately.

1
 Providing interface: It is used in order that user interface acts with a computer mutually. User
interface controls how you input data and instruction and how information is displayed on screen.

http://www.ijcttjournal.org

Timeline of windows.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING AN OPERATING SYSTEM

When choosing an operating system for a computer, the following factors should be considered:
1. Hardware configuration or provision of the computer e.g., memory size, hard disk capacity, type of
2
processor etc.
2.Basic design of the computer e.g.is it an IBM or IBM-Compatible, or an Apple computer.
3. Applications intended for the computer.
4. User friendliness or human computer interface i.e.is it command line based, menu driven or
graphical user interface based.

5.Availability in the market e.g., Microsoft Windows based operating systems are very common.
6. Cost-how expensive is the operating system?
7. Reliability i.e. can it run without crashing or hanging i.e .stop responding to commands.

The system requirements for windows 11:

1. Processor:
1GHz or faster with two or more cores on compatible 64-bit processor or system on a chip
(SoC)

2. RAM: at least 4GB

3. Storage:

at least 64GB of available storage

4. Security:

TPM (Trusted Platform module) version 2.0.

TPM is designed to provide hardware-based, security related functions. Atpm chip is secure
crypto-processor that is designed to carry out cryptographic operations. It includes multiple
physical security mechanisms to make it tamper-resistant and malicious software is unable to
tamper with the security functions of the TPM.

Secure boot capable.

Secure boot is an important security feature designed to prevent malicious software from loading
when your PC starts up (boots). Most modern PCs are capable of Secure Boot, but in some

3
 instances, there may be settings that cause the PC to appear to not be capable of Secure
Boot. These settings can be changed in the PC firmware. Firmware, often called BIOS (Basic
Input/Output System), is the software that starts up before Windows when you first turn on your
PC.

UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) firmware.

UEFI boot mode refers to the boot process used by UEFI firmware. During the POST
procedure, the UEFI firmware scans all of the bootable storage devices that are connected to the
system for a valid GUID Partition Table (GPT).

5. Graphics card:

Compatible with DirectX 12 or later, with a WDDM (Windows Display Driver Model) 2.0
driver.

6. Display:

High definition (720p) display, 9" or greater monitor, 8-bits per color channel

4
 NAME REGISTRATION NO
JAMES FIDELIS KANGA 2021-04-03437

5
SHABAN NASSIB SAID 2021-04-10934
EDWIN CHIBOKO 2021-04-01202
GROUP NUMBER 5 IDDA RAULIAN 2020-04-1063
COLLIN WILFRED KAHUMUZA 2021-04-03260
DANIEL WINSOME MAWALLA 2021-04-06315
 5
GROUP NUMBER 5
FILE MANAGEMENT
 FR
INTRODUCTION
File management is the creation of an organised and properly arranged structure for
data, files and information storage, backup and tracking in order to facilitate an easy
access to the digital data. File management is administered by a system that handles
digital data called File management system also called File manager.

Data on every computer system is stored in a complex hierarchical system constituted

of directories and sub-directories. The file manager is the one that allocates the
installed files to the pre-determined hierarchical structures. However, a user might
w a n t t o m a n i p u l a t e d a t a a r r a n g e m e n t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r w i l l b y u s i n g a f i l e m a n a g e r.
File management allows the user to browse, move, and sort them the files according
to different criteria such as date of creation, file type/format, size, etc. through
using the file manager(software) which has features like Report generation, Assigning
queued document numbers for processing, Notes etc.

There are several file management software that are used like Windows Explorer for
Windows and Finder for Mac although the functionality offered by these file
management systems is pretty basic, they are usually enough for most users but some
o t h e r o r g a n i s a t i o n w a n t m o r e a d v a n c e d t o o l s l i k e D o c u Wa r e . 3
 TASKS PERFORMED BY FILE FR
MANAGEMENT & STRUCTURE
There are various tasks performed by the file management. Some of these
include;
- Provide I/O support for a variety of storage devices.
- Minimizes chances of lost or destroyed data.
- Help OS to standardize I/O interface routines for user preferences.
- Provides I/O support for multiple users in multiuser system environment.

File management can be achieved by various things such as file types,

attributes and structure.
File attributes include;
- Name, Identifier, Location, Type and Size.
- Protection.
- Time, date and security.
4
 FILE MANAGEMENT TASKS FR
File types include;
l Character Special File
l Ordinary Files
l Directory Files
l Special files
l Function files
Management is achieved in the ways below;
l Create file, find space on disk, make entry in directory.
l Write to file, requires positioning within file.
l Read from file, involves positioning within file.
l Delete directory entry, region disk space.
l Reposition; move, read/write position.
5
 FR
FILE MANAGEMENT PROCESS
l This refers to how files are managed in an Operating System
l It is based on the following concepts
- 1. File Attributes
l It provides metadata about the file like size,modification
date, location, type.
- 2. File Operations
l It specifies the task that can be performed on a file like
opening,deleting or closing

Add a footer 6
 FR
FILE MANAGEMENT PROCESS

- 3. File Access Permission

l It specifies the access permission on a file like read, write
- 4. File Systems
l specifies the logical method of file storage in a computer
system, some of the most commonly used file systems
include FAT and NTFS

7
 CONFIGURING SYSTEM FILES FOR FR
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS AND HARDWARE
Configuration of system files for specific application and hardware require the use of
configuration files.
Configuration files defines the parameter, option, setting applied to operating system,
hardware and applications. Example of this configuration files are like management.ini
and common.ini.
Application configuration are in XML files.
Configuration files information specifies where the log files from an application are
stored via the storage path, Also which plug-ins are allowed in a given program and color
scheme and dashboard widget preference in the user interface.
The configuration file goes with many file name extension like (.ini, .conf and .cfg).
The following are the steps on how to configure system file for specific application or
hardware.
A file ending with extension (.cfg) contains configuration setting used by the computer.
 STEPS TO FOLLOW FR

To find this file for specific application or hardware;

1. Open the "start" menu then on the search place type the name of the config. File
to be
edited.
2.Then, Right click on the file and on the pop-up menu click "Open with". Then
select
notepad or other text editor present.
3. View the file and edit any kind of configuration you want. Example common
configuration for most application is "property=value". Which enables to edit
various
property like display, height and others.
4. Then click "ctrl" and "s" to save the changes on the configuration file.
For some application file their configuration file might be application.ini,