Biomedical Signal Processing

Code: EC644
(Elective Course)
Syllabus
Course evaluation

• Mid Semester Exam (30%)

• End Semester Exam (30%)
• Group Project (40%)
Introduction
Introduction
Major Segments
Introduction
• Major Segments
two major fields
• Physiological
The physiological field concentrates more on measuring,
simulating, and analyzing bioelectrical signals as well as modeling
body parts and processes.
• Industrial automation.
The industrial automation field focuses on the automation of
labs and production lines along with the design and testing of medical
devices.
Introduction
• Sub-disciplines
• Bioinstrumentation
• Biomaterials
• Biomechanics
• Biomedical computing & signal processing
• Cellular, Tissue, and Genetic Engineering
• Clinical Engineering
• Medical Imaging
• Orthopaedic Bioengineering
• Rehabilitation Engineering
• Biometrics
Introduction
• Medical imaging
Imaging technologies are often essential to medical diagnosis, and are
typically the most complex equipment found in a hospital including:
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Projection Radiography such as X-rays and CT scans
• Tomography
• Ultrasound
• Electron Microscopy
Introduction
Introduction

Biomedical Signal Processing

The Nature of Biomedical Signals
• The living organism made up of many component system and each
system is made up of several subsystems that carry on many
physiological processes.
• Most physiological processes are accompanied by or manifest
themselves as signals that reflect their nature and activities.
-Signals: biochemical, electrical, physical etc.
• Diseases or defects in a biological system cause alteration its normal
physiological processes, leading to pathological processes.
• A pathological process is typicaaly associated with signals that are
different in some respects from the corresponding normal signals.
Sensing of Biological Signals
• The signals can be sensed by qualitative or quantitative manner.
• Measurement
• Scalar
• Function of time
• discrete x[n]
• continuous x(f)
• digital
• Multi-variant vector
Objectives of Biomedical Signal Analysis
• Information gathering
• measurement of phenomena to interpret a system
• Diagnosis
• detection of malfunction, pathology, or abnormality
• Monitoring
• obtaining continuous or periodic information about a system
• Therapy and control
• Modification of the behaviour of system based upon the outcome of the
activities listed above to ensure a specific result
• Evaluation
• Objective analysis to determinate the ability to meet functional requirements,
obtain a proof of performance, perform quality control, or qualify the effect
of treatment
Signal Acqusition Procedures
• Invasive
• placement of transducers or other devices inside the body
• Noninvasive
• minimize risk
• surface electrodes
• Active
• require external stimuli
• Passive
• not require external stimuli
The Components of Human-Instrument System
• The subject or patient
• Stimulus or procedure of activity
• Transducers
• electrodes, sensors
• Signal-conditioning equipment
• amplifier, filter
• Display equipment
• oscilloscopes, strip charts, computer monitors etc.
The Components of Human-Instrument System
• Recording, data processing, and transmission equipment
• Analog instrumentation tape recorders, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs),
digital-to-analog converters (DACs), digital tapes, CDs, computers, telemetry
systems etc.
• Control devices
• Power supply, isolation equipment, patient intervention systems
Properties of Biomedical Instruments
• Isolation of the subject or patient
• Range of operation
• The minimum to maximum values of the signal being measured.
• Sensitivity
• the smallest signal variation measurable (resolution)
• Linearity
• Hysteresis
• a lag in measurement due to the direction of variation of the entity being
measured.
Properties of Biomedical Instruments
• Frequency response
• represents of the variation of the sensitivity with frequency
• Stability
• an unstable system could preclude repeatability and consistency of
measurements
• Signal to noise Ratio (SNR)
• noises could compromise the quality of the signal being acquired.
• Accuracy
Difficulties of Biomedical Signal Processing
• Accessibility of the variables to measurement
• Variability of the signal source
• Inter-relationship and interactions among physiological systems
• Effect of the instrumentation or procedure on the system
• Physiological artifacts and interference
• Energy limitation
• Patient safety
Computer Aided Diagnosis and Therapy
Signal data acquisition

Amplifiers A/D
Transducers Isolation
& filters conversion

CAD & T

Pattern
Analysis of
recognition, Detection of Filtering
events of
classification, events & to remove
waves; feature
& diagnosis components artifacts
extraction
decision

Signal analysis Signal processing

Why CAD Systems
• Humans are highy skilled and fast in analysis of visual patterns and
waveforms, but are slow in arithmetic operations with large numbers
of values.
• Humans could be affected by fatigue, boredom and enviromental
factors.
• Computers are inanimate but mathematically accurate and consistent
machines can be designed to perform repetitive tasks.
• Analysis by humans is usually subjective and qualitative.
Why CAD Systems
• Analysis by humans is subject inter-observers and intra-observers
variation with time.
• The biomedical signals are fairly slow therefore these can be analised
on-line by low-end computers.
• Off-line analysis by the stored data.
Few Examples of Biomedical Signals
• Action potential
• Electroneurogram (ENG)
• Electromyogram (EMG)
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Electrogastrogram (EGG)
• Phonocardiogram (PCG)
 Book
Rangaraj M. Rangayyan:
Biomedical Signal
Analysis, IEEE
Press/Wiley, New York,
NY, 2002.

Ref: Slides from internet

Acknowledge: TAMUS, Zoltán Ádám, [email protected]