L AB

7 Finding the Line of Best Fit

Graphing Calculator Lab (Use with Lesson 71)

A graphing calculator is often the easiest and most accurate method for
making a scatter plot from a data set and then finding the equation of the
line of best fit.

The following table gives the total number y in billions of movie admissions
for x years after 1993.

Year (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Admissions (y) 1.29 1.26 1.34 1.39 1.48 1.47 1.42 1.49 1.63 1.57

Find a line of best fit for the data. According to the model, about how
many billion movie admissions were there in 2004 (x = 11)?
Graphing
Calculator Tip 1. Press and choose 1:Edit. Clear any old
For help with entering
data by pressing the key until the list
data into a list, see the name is selected. Press and then .
graphing calculator
keystrokes in Graphing
Calculator Lab 4 on 2. Enter the x-values as L1. Use the key to
page 343.
move to the next column and enter the
y-values as L2.

3. Press and select 1:Plot1… to

open the plot setup menu.

4. Press to turn Plot1 On. Then press the

key once and then to select the
first Type.

5. The default settings for Xlist: and Ylist: are

L1 and L2, respectively. If these are not the
current settings, then move the cursor next
to Xlist:. Press . Select the list of
independent variables, 1:L1. To change the
Ylist: setting, press and select
2:L2, the list of dependent variables.

Online Connection 6. Create a scatter plot by pressing and

www.SaxonMathResources.com selecting 9:ZoomStat.

464 Saxon Algebra 1

 7. Find the linear regression for the scatter plot.
Press and the key to highlight the
CALC menu. Select 4:LinReg(ax+b).
8. Set the parameters for the linear regression.
Press and choose 1:L1. Then press

and choose 2:L2.

9. To view the line of best fit with the scatter plot, press and
the key to highlight Y-VARS. Then press twice to select Y1 as
the destination for the equation.
10. Press . To write the equation of the line
of best fit, the values of a and b are 0.036 and
1.236, respectively. The equation for the line of
best fit is y = 0.036x + 1.236.

11. Press to view the line of best fit with the

scatter plot.

12. Predict the value of y when x = 11. Since

x = 11 is outside the viewing window, press
and the key and type 11.

13. Press and select 1:value. Type 11 and

press . When x = 11, the value of
y is 1.632.

Therefore, according to the line of best fit, there would

be about 1.632 billion movie admissions in the year 2004.

Lab Practice

The table gives solar energy cell capacity y in megawatts for x years after
1989. Use a graphing calculator to create a scatter plot and to graph the
line of best fit for the data. What is an equation for the line of best fit? Use
the model to predict the solar-energy cell capacity in 1996 (x = 7).

Year (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Capacity (y) 13.8 14.9 15.6 21.0 26.1 31.1

Lab 7 465
LES SON Making and Analyzing Scatter Plots
71
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary The constant m in the __________ form y = mx + b is the
(49)
slope of the line.
2. The equation of a line is y = -2x + 6. What is the slope of the line?
(49)
3. Write the equation x - 2y = 4 in slope-intercept form.
(49)
4. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for a line with slope = _8 and
3
(49)
y-intercept = -4.

New Concepts One type of graph that relates two sets of data with plotted ordered pairs is
called a scatter plot. Scatter plots are considered discrete graphs because their
points are separate and disconnected. The points on scatter plots sometimes
form a linear pattern. In these situations, a line can be drawn to model the
pattern, which is called a trend line. A trend line is a line on a scatter plot, which
shows the relationship between two sets of data.

Example 1 Graphing a Scatter Plot and a Trend Line

Caution Use the data in the table.

A trend line does not x 1 2 3 4 5 6

have to go through any
of the points on the y 4 10 12 18 23 29
scatter plot. It has to be
drawn equally as close to
one point as to another a. Make a scatter plot of the data. Then draw a trend line
so that it models the on the scatter plot.
approximate slope of the
points. SOLUTION Plot the points on a coordinate plane. y
40
Then draw a straight line as near to as many of the
points as possible. 30

20
Math Reasoning b. Find an equation for the trend line.
10
Predict Using the SOLUTION Use two points on or near the trend
table, the graph, or the x
line to write an equation for the line.
equation from Example 1, 2 4 6
y2 - y1
m=_
what do you think would
be a reasonable y-value x -x 2 1
for an x-value of 7?

=_
29 - 4
Find the slope of the line; use (1, 4) and (6, 29).
6-1
=5
(y - y1) = m(x - x1) Write the equation for the line.
(y - 4) = 5(x - 1) Substitute m = 5 and (1, 4) for (x1, y1).
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com y = 5x - 1 Solve for y.

466 Saxon Algebra 1

 Trend lines may vary. However, a trend line that shows the linear relationship of
a scatter plot the most accurately is called the line of best fit. The equation of the
line of best fit can be calculated on a graphing calculator. The line of best fit is
also referred to as the regression line.

Example 2 Calculating a Line of Best Fit

The table shows the averages for homework grades and test scores for nine
students. Use a graphing calculator to find the equation of the line of best fit.

Graphing Homework Grades and Test Scores

Calculator Tip Average
75 85 94 88 91 95 76 84 90
Homework Grade
For help with calculating
a line of best fit, see Average Test
83 87 95 93 88 91 83 80 92
Graphing Calculator Scores
Lab 7 on page 464.
SOLUTION

Step 1: Enter the data into your graphing calculator by pressing

to EDIT the data. Enter the average homework grades into L1 and
the average test scores into L2. Then return to the home screen.

Hint Step 2: Calculate the equation for the line of best fit by pressing
to access the CALC menu. Then press to choose LinReg (ax + b).
The calculator uses the
variable a instead of m Type in L1, L2 and press to calculate the values used for writing the
to represent the slope in equation.
the slope-intercept form
of a line. Step 3: Round the values for a and b to the nearest thousandth and
write the equation for the line of best fit in slope-intercept form:
y = 0.558x + 39.792

Two sets of data may be related to each other. A correlation is a measure of the
strength and direction of the association between data sets or variables. When
the points tightly cluster in a linear pattern, then the correlation is strong.
Data can be positively correlated or negatively correlated. There is a positive
correlation when the data values for both variables increase. There is a negative
correlation when the data values for one variable increase while the data values
for the other variable decrease.
Strong positive correlation Strong negative correlation No correlation
between x and y between x and y between x and y
y y y

x x x

The direction of the association can be determined for scatter plots that have
correlation. If the slope of the trend line is positive, then there is a positive
correlation between the data values. If the slope of the trend line is negative,
then there is a negative correlation between the data values.

Lesson 71 467
 Example 3 Identifying Correlations
State whether there is a positive correlation, a negative correlation, or no
correlation between the data values.

a. y

SOLUTION As the trend line rises from left to right, there is a positive
correlation. Both sets of data values are increasing.

b. x 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
y 60 63 72 75 77 81 83 89 92

SOLUTION Negative correlation: As x-values decrease the

y = values increase.
c. height and shoe size
SOLUTION Positive correlation: Taller people tend to have larger feet.

d. date of birth and shoe size

SOLUTION No correlation: date of birth and shoe size are not related to
each other.

Example 4 Matching Situations to Scatter Plots

Match each situation with the scatter plot that models it best.

a. number of trucks on the road and number of days in a month

b. time spent driving and distance traveled

Math Reasoning
c. number of months you own a car and the value of the car
Generalize Explain the
similarities between Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3
a positive or negative
y y y
slope of a line and a
positive or negative
correlation among data.

x x x

468 Saxon Algebra 1

 SOLUTION

a. Graph 3, as there is no correlation between the number of trucks on the

road and the number of days in a month
b. Graph 1, as there is a positive correlation between time spent driving
and distance traveled
c. Graph 2, as there is a negative correlation between the age of a car and
its value
Estimations and predictions can be determined when there is a correlation, or
a trend, between data values. Interpolation is a process of determining data
points between given data points. Extrapolation is a process of determining
data points that are beyond the given data points.

Example 5 Application: Population Growth

The table shows the population of the United States from the year 1960
through the year 2000.
U. S. Population
Year 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Population
180 194 205 215 228 238 250 267 282
(in millions)

Math Reasoning a. Draw a scatter plot and a trend line for the data.
Analyze Why might a SOLUTION Plot the points with the year on
prediction determined by
the horizontal axis and the population on the 280

Population (in millions)

an equation for the line
of best fit, be better than vertical axis. Draw a straight line as near to as
a prediction determined 260
many of the points as possible.
by a trend line?
240
b. Use the trend line to make a prediction for
the population in the year 2005. 220

SOLUTION From the graph, the population in 200

the year 2005 will be about 290 million people. 180
0
c. Find the equation for a line of best fit
1960

1970

1980

1990

2000
using a graphing calculator. Round
Year
the values for a and b to the nearest
thousandth.
SOLUTION Use the LinReg (ax + b) feature on a graphing calculator to
compute the values for the line of best fit.
The equation for the line of best fit is y = 2.467x - 4655.222.

d. Use the equation for the line of best fit to estimate the population in
the year 2005. Round the answer to the nearest million.
SOLUTION

y = 2.467x - 4655.222
y = 2.467(2010) - 4655.222
y ≈ 291 million
Lesson 71 469
 Lesson Practice
Use the data in the table.
(Ex 1)

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 14 27 43 53 70 85

a. Make a scatter plot from the data in the table. Then draw a trend line on
the scatter plot.
b. Find an equation for the trend line.
c. Use a graphing calculator to find the equation of the line of best fit for
(Ex 2)
the data in the table.

x 10 12 14 16 18 20
y 25 28 30 35 36 40

State whether there is a positive correlation, a negative correlation, or no

correlation between the data values.
(Ex 3)
d. y
8

2
x
0 2 4 6 8

e. x 2 5 6 8 9 11 13 16 20
y 10 12 13 15 17 20 21 24 26

f. the outdoor temperature and the number of sweaters sold in a store

g. hair color and height
Match each situation with the scatter plot that models it best.
(Ex 4)
h. time spend exercising and calories burned.
i. the number of dishes washed and the number of ounces of
detergent remaining in a bottle.
j. the population of a country and the number of states in the
country.
Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3
y y y

x x x

470 Saxon Algebra 1

 The table shows the number of people employed in agriculture in the United
States from the year 1940 to the year 2000.
U. S. Agricultural Employment
Year 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Employment
9.5 7.2 5.5 3.5 3.4 3.2 2.5
(in millions)

k. Draw a scatter plot and a trend line for the data.

(Ex 5)
l. Use the trend line to make a prediction for the population in the
(Ex 5)
year 2010.
m. Find the equation for a line of best fit using a graphing calculator.
(Ex 5)
Round the values for a and b to the nearest thousandth.
n. Use the equation for the line of best fit to estimate the population in the
(Ex 5)
year 2010. Round the answer to the nearest half million.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

1. Make a scatter plot from the data in the table. x 1 2 3 4 5 6

(71)
y 26 24 21 14 9 5

Is the ordered pair (5, 2) a solution to the following systems?

2. y = 7 - x 3. 5y - x = 5
(55) (55)

y=_ 1x + 1 y = 2x - 8
5

Subtract.
4. 31 √
5 - 13 √
5 27 - √
*5. √ 12
(69) (69)

Find the common solution for each system of equations.

6. -y = x + 8 *7. 6y - x = 12
(67) (67)
y = -x + 1 y=_1x + 2
6

Write an inverse variation equation relating x and y.

8. x = _
2 , y = 33 9. x = 6, y = 14
(64) 3 (64)

*10. Error Analysis Two students solved the inequality 14 < -0.2k as shown below.
(70)
Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
14 < -0.2k 14 < -0.2k
_
14 > _
-0.2 k _
14 > _
-0.2 k
0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2
70 > k -70 > k

Lesson 71 471
*11. Multiple Choice When one set of data values increases as the other set of data values
(71)
decreases, what type of correlation does this represent?
A positive B negative C constant D none

*12. Elections The table shows the voter turnout for National Federal Elections.
(71)

U.S. Voter Turnout (in millions)

Year 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Number of Voters
68 104 75 96 73 106 80 122
(in millions)
a. Use the data to make a scatter plot.
b. Does the scatter plot show any trend in the data?

*13. Generalize If a scatter plot shows a negative correlation, what can you say about
(71)
the relationship between the two sets of data values?

14. Error Analysis Student A and Student B combine the radicals. Which student is
(69)
correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B

8 √
4y2z3 - 3yz √49z
 8 √
4y2z3 - 3yz √49z

= 8 · 2yz √z - 3yz · 7 √z = 8 · 4yz √z - 3yz · 7 √z
= 16yz √z - 21yz √z = 32yz √z - 21yz √z
= -5yz √z = 11yz √z

*15. Biking Randy biked √27 miles on the bike trail. He backtracked √ 3 miles, and
(69)
then proceeded √
12 miles to finish the trail. How far is Randy from his starting
point?

16. Multiple Choice Which of the following situations describes inclusive events?
(68)
A rolling a sum of 5 or a sum of 4 with two number cubes
B rolling a sum of 3 or a factor of 6 with two number cubes
C rolling two 5’s or a sum of 8 with two number cubes
D rolling two 4’s or a sum of 9 with two number cubes

17. Write If a fair coin is used, what is the probability that one toss will result in either
(68)
heads or tails? Explain why your answer makes sense.

*18. Nutrition Each day Paolo tries to consume at least 40 grams of protein. One day
(66)
he has two soy shakes, each with 15 grams of protein, as well as a bowl of peanuts,
containing 5 grams of protein. Write an inequality describing how much more
protein Paolo should consume that day.

19. Line 1 passes through the points (2, -6) and (4, 6). Line 2 passes through the
(65)
points (0, 1) and (6, 0). Are the lines parallel or perpendicular?

472 Saxon Algebra 1

 20. Data Analysis Use the table of values to draw a scatter plot.
(71)

x 72 60 65 50 56 69
y 32 31 30 28 28 38

21. Determine if the inequality symbol in the inequality 11b < 5 needs to be reversed,
(70)
and then solve.
*22. Geometry JoAnna is making a banner the shape of an equilateral triangle. She has
(70)
36 inches of cording to put around the banner. Write and solve an inequality to
find the range of measures of one side of the banner.

23. Multi-Step A company spends 2% of its sales on marketing. How much money does
(70)
the company need to earn to spend at least $250,000 on marketing?
a. Write an inequality to represent the situation.
b. Solve the inequality.
c. How much money is needed to spend $250,000 on marketing?

24. Generalize How would you choose which variable to eliminate when solving a
(63)
system of linear equations?

25. Use the table to determine if there is a positive correlation, a negative correlation,
(71)
or no correlation between the data sets.

x 3 6 10 13 15 17
y 100 88 73 62 51 38

26. Write Is it possible to determine the mode of a data set using a histogram?
(62)
Explain.

27. Pendulum The period of a pendulum is equal to 2π √ _l , where l is the length of

g
(61)
the pendulum and g is the acceleration due to gravity. If the length of the pendulum
is 40 m and the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2, what is the period of the
pendulum?
*28. Demography The population of Fremont, California in 2005 was 200,770 and
(55)
increased by 921 people by 2006. The population of Amarillo, Texas in 2005 was
183,106 and increased by 2419 people by 2006.
a. Write a system of linear equations to represent the population of these cities
assuming that they continued to grow at these yearly rates. Let x be the number
of years after 2005 and y be the population.
b. Use a graphing calculator to solve the system of equations. At what year would
the populations be equal?

29. Write an equation for a direct variation that includes the point (6, 42).
(56)

30. Multi-Step A cereal box is in the shape of a rectangular prism. Find the volume of
(58)
a cereal box that has a width of (2x + 2) inches, a length of (5x + 1) inches, and a
height of (6x + 4) inches.
a. Multiply the length times the width.
b. Multiply the height times the product found in part a.

Lesson 71 473
LES SON Factoring Trinomials: x2 + bx + c
72
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A polynomial with two terms is a
(53)
.
Simplify.
2. (5x + 3)(2x - 4)
(58)
3. (5x - 6)2
(60)
4. (x + 1) (x2 + 3)
(58)

New Concepts The polynomial x2 + bx + c is a trinomial. Like numbers, some trinomials

can be factored. One way to learn how to factor a trinomial is to model the
Math Reasoning terms of a trinomial with algebra tiles.

Generalize Why is
x2 + bx + c classified as Exploration Representing Trinomials with Algebra Tiles
a trinomial?
The following tiles represent terms in the trinomial x2 + 3x + 2.
x +1 +1 +1

x x x x +1 +1
+1 +1

The tiles that represent some trinomials can be placed side by side to
form rectangles. The tiles can be arranged to form a rectangle that has the
dimensions (x + 2) and (x + 1).
(x + 2)
x +1 +1

x
(x + 1)

+1

The area of the rectangle formed by the tiles can be represented as

(x + 2)(x + 1). By simplifying the product, the result will be the trinomial
x2 + 3x + 2. The binomials x + 2 and x + 1 are the factors of x2 + 3x + 2.
a. Model Draw the tiles that represent the trinomial x2 + 4x + 3.

b. Arrange the tiles into a rectangle.

c. Analyze What are the dimensions of the rectangle?

d. Formulate Use the dimensions of the rectangle to calculate the area of

the rectangle.
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com e. Analyze What are the factors of x2 + 4x + 3?

474 Saxon Algebra 1

Hint Tiling is a method for modeling the factoring of trinomials, but it is a slow
method for finding the factors. Thinking about how factors are multiplied
FOIL stands for First,
Outer, Inner, Last. leads to a quicker method.
First Last Binomials can be multiplied using the FOIL method. In each case, the
(x + a)(x + b) product is a trinomial.
Inner
Outer
This procedure can be reversed to factor a trinomial into the product of two
binomials. There is a pattern for factoring trinomials that are written in the
standard form ax2 + bx + c; that is, when a = 1.
1. The last term of the trinomial, c, is the product of the last terms of the
binomials.
2. The coefficient of the middle term, b, is the sum of the last terms of the
binomials.

Example 1 Factoring when c is Positive

Factor each trinomial.

a. x2 + 9x + 18
SOLUTION

In this trinomial, b is 9 and c is 18. Because b is positive, it must be the sum

of two positive numbers that are factors of c.
Caution Three pairs of positive numbers have a product of 18.
Pairs of numbers can (1)(18) = 18 (2)(9) = 18 (3)(6) = 18
have the same product
but different sums. Only one pair of these numbers has a sum of 9.
(1) + (18) = 19 (2) + (9) = 11 (3) + (6) = 9
The constant terms in the binomials are 3 and 6.
x2 + 9x + 18 = (x + 3)(x + 6)
The factored form of x2 + 9x + 18 is (x + 3)(x + 6).

b. x2 - 5x + 4
SOLUTION

In this trinomial, b is −5 and c is 4. Because b is negative, it must be the

sum of two negative numbers that are factors of c.
Two pairs of negative numbers have a product of 4.
(-1)(-4) = 4 (-2)(-2) = 4
Only one pair of these numbers has a sum of −5.
(-1) + (-4) = -5 (-2) + (-2) = -4
The constant terms in the binomials are −1 and −4.
x2 - 5x + 4 = (x - 1)(x - 4)
The factored form of x2 - 5x + 4 is (x - 1)(x - 4).

Lesson 72 475
 Example 2 Factoring when c is Negative
Factor each trinomial.

a. x2 + 3x - 10

Math Reasoning SOLUTION

Analyze How can the In this trinomial, b is 3 and c is −10.

absolute value of the
factors of c be used to Four pairs of positive and negative numbers have a product of −10.
find the last terms of the
binomial factors?
(-1)(10) (1)(-10) (-2)(5) (2)(-5)
The sum of only one of these pairs is 3.
(-1) + 10 = 9 1 + (-10) = -9 (-2) + 5 = 3 2 + (-5) = -3
The constant terms in the binomials are -2 and 5. So,
x2 + 3x - 10 = (x - 2)(x + 5)

b. x2 - 7x - 8
SOLUTION

In this trinomial, b = −7 and c = −8.

Four pairs of positive and negative numbers have a product of -8.
(-1)(8) (1)(-8) (-2)(4) (2)(-4)
The sum of only one of these pairs is -7.
(-1) + 8 = 7 1 + (-8) = -7 (-2) + 4 = 2 2 + (-4) = -2
The constant terms in the binomial are 1 and -8. So,
x2 - 7x - 8 = (x + 1)(x - 8)

Example 3 Factoring with Two Variables

Factor each trinomial.

a. x 2 + 5xy + 6y 2
SOLUTION In this trinomial, b and c have values of 5y and 6y 2, respectively.
Because both b and c are positive, b must be the sum of two positive terms
that are factors of c.
Six pairs of positive terms have a product of 6y2.
(1y 2)(6) (1y)(6y) (1)(6y 2) (2y 2)(3) (2y)(3y) (2)(3y 2)
Reading Math
The middle term of the
Eliminate pairs of terms that contain y 2 because their sums cannot yield a
trinomial is written 2xy, term containing y. For example, (1y 2)(6) has the sum (y 2 + 6).
not 2yx, even though 2y
is the value of b in the Only the pair 2y and 3y has a sum of 5y, which is the value of b. So,
trinomial x2 + bx + c.
x 2 + 5xy + 6y 2 = (x + 2y)(x + 3y)

476 Saxon Algebra 1

 b. x 2 + 2xy - 3y 2
SOLUTION

In this trinomial, b is 2y and c is -3y 2.

Four pairs of positive and negative terms have a product of -3y 2.
(-1)(3y2) (1)(-3y2) (-1y)(3y) (1y)(-3y)
Only the pair -1y and 3y has a sum of 2y, which is the value of b. So,
x 2 + 2xy - 3y 2 = (x - y)(x + 3y)

Hint Example 4 Rearranging Terms before Factoring

The terms of a trinomial Factor the trinomial.
are written in standard
form when the terms -21 - 4x + x 2
contain descending
powers of the variable. SOLUTION

Write the trinomial in the standard form as x 2 - 4x - 21, where b is -4

and c is -21.
Four pairs of numbers have a product of -21.
(1)(-21) (-1)(21) (3)(-7) (-3)(7)
Only the pair 3 and -7 has a sum of -4. So,
x2 - 4x - 21 = (x + 3)(x - 7)

Example 5 Evaluating Trinomials

Evaluate x 2 + 5x - 14 and its factors for x = 3.
SOLUTION

In this trinomial, b is 5 and c is -14.

The number pair -2 and 7 has a sum of 5 and a product of -14.
So, x 2 + 5x - 14 = (x - 2)(x + 7)
Now evaluate x2 + 5x - 14 and (x - 2)(x + 7) for x = 3.
Trinomial Factors
2
x + 5x - 14 (x - 2)(x + 7)
= (3)2 + 5(3) - 14 = (3 - 2)(3 + 7)
= 9 + 15 - 14 = (1)(10)
= 10 = 10
The results are the same. The trinomial is equal to the product of its
binomial factors.

Lesson 72 477
 Lesson Practice
Factor each trinomial.
a. x 2 + 3x + 2 b. x 2 - 10x + 16
(Ex 1) (Ex 1)
c. x 2 + 4x - 12 d. x 2 - 5x - 36
(Ex 2) (Ex 2)
e. x 2 + 9xy + 20y 2 f. x 2 - xy - 12y 2
(Ex 3) (Ex 3)
g. 12x + 20 + x 2 h. 7x + x 2 - 44
(Ex 4) (Ex 4)
i. Evaluate x 2 + x - 6 and its factors for x = 4.
(Ex 5)

Practice Distributed and Integrated

1. Solve the inequality x + 2 + 3 > 6. Then graph and check the solution.
(66)

Find the probability of the following events.

2. choosing a vowel or a consonant from the alphabet
(68)

3. rolling a sum that is a multiple of 4 or a set of doubles with two number cubes
(68)

Factor.
*4. x 2 + 11x + 24 *5. k 2 - 3k - 40
(72) (72)
2
*6. m + 9m + 20 *7. x 2 + 33 + 14x
(72) (72)

*8. Error Analysis Two students are factoring the following trinomial. Which student is
(72)
correct? Explain the error.

x 2 - 5x - 6

Student A Student B
(-6)(1) = -6 (-6)(-1) = -6
(-6) + 1 = -5 (-6) - (-1) = -5
x 2 - 5x - 6 = (x + 1)(x - 6) x 2 - 5x - 6 = (x - 1)(x - 6)

*9. Baking The area of the sheet-cake pans at a bakery are described by the trinomial
(72)
x 2 + 15x + 54. What are the dimensions of a pan if x = 11?

*10. Analyze How many possible pairs of number factors does c have in the following
(72)
trinomial?
x 2 + bx + 36

478 Saxon Algebra 1

*11. Model These tiles represent the trinomial x 2 + x - 6.
(72)

What does each of the shaded rectangles represent?

12. Make a scatter plot from the data in x 5 10 15 20 25 30

(71)
the table. y 11 13 16 20 21 25

13. Error Analysis Two students are describing a trend line for a scatter plot but have
(71)
different definitions. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
A trend line is a line on A trend line is a line on
a scatter plot that goes a scatter plot that models
through two data points the slope of the data
and indicates a trend in points and indicates
the data. a trend in the data.

*14. Geometry Ten groups of students were given different circular objects. They
(71)
measured the circumference and the diameter of the object. The table shows the
results for each group.

Diameter
4 3.75 8 6.25 5.5 5 7 1.5 3 9
(in.)
Circumference
12.1 12 25 19 16 16 21 4.5 9.5 28
(in.)
a. Make a scatter plot of the data and draw a trend line.
b. Write an equation that models the data.
c. How does your equation compare to the formula for the circumference of a
circle, C = πd ?

15. Multi-Step Use the scatter plot. y

(71)
a. Use the trend line to estimate the corresponding y-value for an x-value 60
of 18.
40
b. Use the trend line to estimate the x-value for a y-value of 50.
20
x
0 4 8 12

16. Write Can a perfect square have a negative square root? Explain.
(69)

Lesson 72 479
 17. Air Traffic Control An airplane approaching from the north is flying along a flight
path of y = 6x + 2. The airport runway lies on the path _2 y = 3x + 1. Will the
(67) 1

airplane be able to land on the runway if it contiunes on its current path? Explain.

18. Coordinate Geometry The triangle shown at right is formed by the y

(67)
intersection of three lines. The lines can be paired to form three separate
systems of two equations. Classify these systems.
x
19. Determine if the lines described are parallel or perpendicular.
(65)

Line 1 passes through the points (-6, 3) and (6, 1).

Line 2 passes through the points (-6, -2) and (6, -4).

20. Model Make a table that relates the length and width of a rectangle with a constant
(64)
area of 100 square feet.

*21. Multi-Step Yoon has a number of dimes and quarters she wants to put into rolls.
(63)
She has 124 coins in all that add up to $20.50. If a roll of quarters is equal to
ten dollars, how many extra quarters does she have that will not fill up a roll?

22. Find the LCM of (5x - 9) and (3x + 8).

(57)

23. Multiple Choice Simplify 20 √

7 - 12 √
7 + 2 √
7.
(69)
A 10 √ 7 B 18 √ 7 C 34 √
7 D -12 √
7

24. Hobbies Enrique recorded his personal best times in minutes for Personal Best Times
(62) for Completing Levels
completing different levels of a computer game in the stem-and-leaf
of Computer Game
plot shown. What is his median time for completing a level?
Stem Leaves
0 8, 9
25. Multi-Step The sum of two numbers is 36. Their difference is 8. Find 1 1, 2, 3, 3, 8, 9
(59)
each of the numbers. What is their product? 2 2, 2, 5, 6
3 0, 3
26. Write an equation for a direct variation that includes the point 4 1
(56)
(13, 13).

27. Physics The distance an object travels in a certain amount of time is directly
(56)
proportional to its rate of travel. An object travels 105 meters at a rate of
3 meters per second. How far will an object travel if it travels at 5 meters per
second for the same amount of time?

29. Solve _ < _

-1 -1 p.
28. Solve 2 < - 4a.
(70) (70) 3 9
30. Real Estate Donna and James have to pay 20% of the cost of a house as a down
(70)
payment. They have $35,000 saved for the down payment. Write and solve an
equation to determine the range for the sale price of a house they can make a
down payment on.

480 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Solving Compound Inequalities
73
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A(n) __________ is a mathematical statement comparing
(45)
quantities that are not equal.

Solve.
2. x + 7 < 0 3. x - 3 ≥ -5
(66) (66)

4. -x ≥ 5 5. _
-x
≤3
(70) (70) 4

New Concepts Sometimes inequalities are described using two inequalities instead of just
one. In these instances, a compound inequality is written to represent the
situation. A compound inequality is two inequalities combined with the word
AND or OR. A conjunction is a compound inequality that uses the word
Reading Math AND.
Read -3 ≤ x ≤ 5 as “x is The statement x ≥ -3 AND x ≤ 5 is a conjunction. Because the word
greater than or equal to “AND” connects the two inequalities, the conjunction can also be written
-3 and less than or equal
to 5,” or as “x is between
-3 ≤ x ≤ 5.
-3 and 5, inclusive.” The graph of a conjunction is the intersection of the graphs of the two
inequalities. That is, it includes all points common to both inequalities.
For example, consider the graph of x ≥ -3 AND x ≤ 5.
x ≥ -3
x≤5
-3 ≤ x ≤ 5
-4 -2 0 2 4 6

Common Points

Math Language Example 1 Writing and Graphing Conjunctions

The phrase “less than” Write and graph a compound inequality to represent the statement.
and “is less than” are
often confused. For a. all real numbers that are greater than 1 and less than 4
example, “six less than x”
is translates to x - 6 SOLUTION
while “six is less than x”
translates to 6 < x. x > 1 AND x < 4 or 1 < x < 4
0 2 4 6
b. The winds of a hurricane range from 75 miles per hour to 200 miles
per hour.
SOLUTION
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com x ≥ 75 AND x ≤ 200 or 75 ≤ x ≤ 200
0 50 100 150 200 250

Lesson 73 481
 Reading Math Any number that satisfies both inequalities is a solution of a conjunction. A
conjunction can be solved as two inequalities connected with AND or as an
< means is less than.
> means is greater than
inequality with three parts, such as 8 ≥ x ≥ 3.
and is more than.

≤ means is less than or Example 2 Solving Conjunctions

equal to, is at most, is no
more than. A cellular phone contract includes a monthly usage fee of $10 plus an
≥ means is greater than additional $0.10 per minute of talk time. Suppose that the monthly cell
or equal to, is at least, is phone bill is between $30 and $40. Write a compound inequality that
no less than.
describes the situation. Solve the inequality to find the number of minutes
≤ and ≥ are used with that can be used to keep the monthly bill within the desired amounts.
the word inclusive while
< and > are used with SOLUTION
the word between.
Write and solve the conjunction as two separate inequalities connected
with AND.
Method 1:

Math Reasoning 30 ≤ 10 + 0.10x AND 10 + 0.10x ≤ 40

Justify Why is there 20 ≤0.10x | 0.10x ≤ 30
no solution for the
conjunction x < -2 AND
200 ≤ x AND x ≤ 300
x > 3?
The solution is 200 ≤ x ≤ 300. Between 200 and 300 minutes, inclusive, can
be used monthly.
Method 2:
Write and solve the conjunction as 30 ≤ 10 + 0.10x ≤ 40.
30 ≤ 10 + 0.10x ≤ 40
20 ≤ 0.10x ≤ 30 Subtract 10 from each part of the inequality.
200 ≤ x ≤ 300 Divide each part of the inequality by 0.10.

The solution is 200 ≤ x ≤ 300. Between 200 and 300 minutes, inclusive, can
be used monthly.

A disjunction is a compound inequality that uses the word OR. Disjunctions

must be written as two separate inequalities connected with the word OR. A
solution to these inequalities is any number that makes either inequality true.

Example 3 Writing and Graphing Disjunctions

Write and graph a compound inequality to represent the statement.

a. all real numbers greater than 9 or less than 3

SOLUTION

x < 3 OR x > 9
0 2 4 6 8 10

b. all real numbers no more than 7 and no less than 11

SOLUTION

x ≤ 7 OR x ≥ 11
4 6 8 10 12 14

482 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 4 Solving Disjunctions
Solve the disjunction x - 3 < -5 OR -2x < -6.
SOLUTION

Hint Solve the two inequalities separately.

Remember that dividing x - 3 < -5 OR -2x < -6
by a negative number in
an inequality reverses the x < -2 OR x>3
order of the inequality.
The solution is x < -2 OR x > 3.

Math Reasoning
Example 5 Writing a Compound Inequality from a Graph
Justify Why is “all real
numbers” the solution of Write a compound inequality that describes each graph.
the disjunction x > -2
OR x < 3?
a. -4 -2 0 2 4 6

SOLUTION

The compound inequality is -1 < x ≤ 5 or x > -1 AND x ≤ 5.

b.
-4 -2 0 2 4 6

SOLUTION

The compound inequality is x ≤ -2 OR x ≥ 4.

Lesson Practice
Write and graph a compound inequality to represent the statement.
(Ex 1)
a. all real numbers that are greater than 5 and less than 10
b. a recommended cooking time for lasagna from 16 minutes to 20 minutes

c. A cellular phone company has a policy that charges a monthly fee of

(Ex 2)
$20 plus $0.05 per minute of usage or text message. The monthly cell
phone bill must be between $40 and $50. Write a compound inequality
that describes the situation. Solve the inequality to find the number of
minutes that can be used to keep the monthly bill within the desired
amounts.

Write and graph a compound inequality to represent the statement.

(Ex 3)
d. all real numbers greater than 6 or less than 1
e. all real numbers greater than or equal to 5 or less than or equal to 0

f. Solve the disjunction 5x > -5 OR 6x < -18.

(Ex 4)

Write a compound inequality that describes each graph.

(Ex 5)
g.
-2 0 2 4 6 8

h.
4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Lesson 73 483
Practice Distributed and Integrated

Determine if the systems of equations are consistent and independent, consistent and
dependent, or inconsistent.

1. - _
1x + y = 5 2. y = 5x - 3
(67) 2 (67)

x+y=5 2y - 10x = 8

Solve the inequalities.

3. x + 2 - 3 ≤ 6 4. z + 5 ≥ 1.5
(66) (66)

*5. -15 ≤ 2x + 7 ≤ -9 *6. x - 3 ≥ 4 OR x + 2 < -5

(73) (73)

*7. Graph the compound inequality -4 ≤ x ≤ 5.

(73)

*8. Write a compound inequality that represents all real numbers that are no more
(73)
than 1 or no less than 6.

*9. Multiple Choice Which inequality describes the graph?

(73)

-4 -2 0 2 4 6
A x < -1 OR x > 3 B x > -1 OR x < 3
C x < -1 AND x > 3 D x > -1 AND x < 3

*10. Noise A human being cannot hear sound that is below 0 decibels and has a pain
(73)
threshold of 120 decibels. Write a compound inequality that describes the decibel
levels that human beings cannot hear or are too painful to hear.

*11. Write Explain the difference between the use of the words AND and OR in a
(73)
compound inequality.

12. Factor x2 - 12x + 32. 3

13. Add x √ xy 3
 + x √xy
.
(72) (69)

*14. Geometry A rectangle is described by the trinomial x 2 + 12x + 27. What are the
(72)
dimensions of the rectangle?

15. Multi-Step Factor the polynomial 8x + x2 - 4 - 5x.

(72)

16. Multiple Choice In which of the trinomials are the binomial factors equal?
(72)
A (x 2 + 7x - 8) B (x 2 + 6x + 9) C (x 2 + 9x + 8) D (x 2 + 7x + 12)

*17. Use the scatter plot and the trend line to write an equation of the line.
(71)
y

15

10

5
O x
5 10 15 20

484 Saxon Algebra 1

18. Error Analysis Two students are analyzing the data in the table and
(71)
have drawn different conclusions. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

x 4 1 3 6 2 5
y 12 2 9 21 7 15

Student A Student B
There is no correlation There is a positive correlation
among the data because among the data because
there is no constant increase both sets of data values
or decrease in the data. increase.

19. Chemistry The table shows atomic numbers and atomic mass for the first
(71)
10 elements of the periodic table of the elements. Make a scatter plot using the
data values.

Atomic
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne
Symbol
Atomic
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number
Atomic
1.01 4.003 6.94 9.01 10.81 12.01 14.01 15.999 18.998 20.18
Weight

20. Which inequality is the solution of - _

n
12
< 36 ?
(70)
A n < -432 B n > -432 C n < 432 D n > 432

21. Analyze Consider the equation and inequality below. What parts of the solution
(70)
steps are similar? What parts are different?
-2t = 4 -2t > 4

22. Marketing Four different collectible cards are being offered inside a cereal box. The
(68)
probabilities of choosing a box with a given card are as follows: Card #1 (1 in 4),
Card #2 (1 in 10), Card #3 (1 in 20), and Card #4 (6 in 10). If a box is chosen at
random, what is the probability of getting either Card #3 or Card #4?

23. Probability In some games, a single regular solid with 20 sides, labeled from 1 to 20,
(68)
is used instead of a dot cube. What is the probability of rolling either a multiple of
2 or a multiple of 3 with a 20-sided solid?

24. Multi-Step Draw a coordinate grid, and number it from -6 to +6 along the x- and
(65)
y-axis. Will a line that passes through the points (-5, 1) and (-2, 4) be
perpendicular to the line that passes through the points (-2, 2) and (2, -2)?
a. Model Line 1 passes through the points (-5, 1) and (-2, 4) and Line 2
passes through the points (-2, 2) and (2, -2). Graph the lines.
b. Write an equation for both lines.
c. Justify Are the lines perpendicular? Explain.

Lesson 73 485
 25. Multi-Step There is an inverse square relationship between the electrostatic force
(64)
between two charged objects and the distance between the two objects, meaning
that F = _k
. If two objects are 10 centimeters apart and have an attractive force
d2
of 0.512 newtons, how far apart are the two objects when they have an attractive
force of 0.0142 newtons? Round to the nearest centimeter.

*26. Jewelry Appraisal Maria has a white gold ring with a mass of 10.3 grams and a
(63)
volume of 0.7 cubic centimeters. White gold is made of nickel and gold. Nickel’s
mass is 9 grams per cubic centimeter and gold’s mass is 19 grams per cubic
centimeter. What is the volume of each metal in the ring?

27. Multi-Step Jack is building a rectangular barn. Write an expression for the area of
(60)
the region. Then find the area.
(x - 3)

(x + 3)

28. Find the product of (x + 2)(x 2 + 2x + 2) using the Distributive Property.

(58)

29. Find the LCM of (24r - 6d) and (20r - 5d ).

(57)

30. Books Every 14bn books donated to the library are nonfiction. Every 38b 9n books
(57)
donated are new. How many books have been donated when a new, nonfiction
book is donated?

486 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Solving Absolute-Value Equations
74
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary The
(5)
of a number n is the distance from n to 0 on
a number line.

Solve.
2. -5m + 6 = 8 3. _
2x - _
3 =_
1
(23) (23)5 10 2
4. 3m - 7m = 8m - 6 5. -m - 6m + 4 = -2m - 5
(28) (28)

New Concepts The absolute value of a number n is the distance from n to 0 on a number line.
⎪-5 ⎥ = 5 ⎪7⎥ = 7
Math Reasoning 5 units 7 units

Verify Use the definition

of absolute value to -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
verify that the absolute
value of a number is
An equation that has one or more absolute-value expressions is called an
never negative. absolute-value equation. There are two numeric values for x that have an
absolute value of 5.
If |x| = 5, then x = 5 or x = -5.
⎪-5 ⎥ = 5 ⎪5⎥ = 5
5 units 5 units

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

solution set: {5, -5}

In the equation |x + 2| = 6, |x + 2| represents a distance of 6 units from
the origin. The two numeric values for (x + 2) that have an absolute value of
6 are 6 and -6.
If |x + 2| = 6, then (x + 2) = 6 or (x + 2) = –6.
x = -8
units
x=4
+2 units

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

6 units 6 units
⎪ x + 2⎥ = 6 ⎪ x + 2⎥ = 6
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com solution set: {4, -8}

Lesson 74 487
 Example 1 Solving Absolute-Value Equations
Solve.

a. ⎢x = 7
SOLUTION Using the definition of absolute value, x is a number that is
Caution
7 units from 0. So, ⎢x⎥ = 7 means that x = 7 or that x = -7.
When rewriting the
absolute-value equation The solution is {7, -7}.
as two equations, do not
use the absolute-value
Check
symbols.
⎪x⎥ = 7 ⎢x⎥ = 7
⎪7⎥  7 ⎪-7⎥  7
7=7 ✓ 7=7 ✓

b. ⎢x + 3 = 16
SOLUTION Write ⎪x + 3 = 16 as two equations.

Math Reasoning x + 3 = 16 or x + 3 = -16

Write Use the definition x = 13 Subtract 3 from both sides. x = -19
of absolute value to
give the meaning of The solution is {13, -19}.
⎢x + 3 = 16.
Check

⎪x + 3 = 16 ⎪x + 3 = 16
⎪13 + 3  16 ⎪-19 + 3  16
⎪16  16 ⎪-16  16
16 = 16 ✓ 16 =16 ✓
In some equations it is necessary to first isolate the absolute-value term.

Example 2 Isolating the Absolute Value

Solve.

a. 5⎢x = 20
SOLUTION
5⎢x _
_ = 20
5 5
⎢x = 4.

The equation ⎢x = 4 means that x = 4 or that x = -4.

The solution set is {4, -4}.

Check

5⎪x = 20 5⎪x = 20
5⎪4  20 5⎪-4  20
5 · 4  20 5 · 4  20
20 = 20 ✓ 20 = 20 ✓
488 Saxon Algebra 1
 b. 4⎢x - 2 = 80
SOLUTION

Isolate the absolute value.

4⎪x - 2 _
_ = 80 Division Property of Equality
4 4
⎪x - 2 = 20 Simplify.
Write ⎢x - 2 = 20 as two equations.
x - 2 = 20 or x - 2 = -20
x = 22 Add 2 to both sides. x = -18

The solution is {22, -18}.

Check

4⎪x - 2 = 80 4⎪x - 2 = 80
4⎪22 - 2  80 4⎪-18 - 2  80
4⎪20  80 4⎪-20  80
4 · 20  80 4 · 20  80
80 = 80 80 = 80

Example 3 Solving Special Cases

Solve.

a. ⎢x - 6 - 2 = -2
SOLUTION
Math Reasoning
Isolate the absolute value.
Analyze Why does the
absolute-value equation ⎢x - 6 - 2 = -2
⎢x - 6 = 0 have only
one solution? ⎢x - 6 = 0 Add 2 to both sides.
The absolute-value equation can be written as one equation: (x - 6) = 0.
x-6=0
x=6

The equation has only one solution. The solution is {6}.

b. ⎢x + 4 = -8
SOLUTION

The expression ⎪x + 4 is equal to a negative value. Absolute value is a

distance from 0, so it cannot be equal to a negative number. There is no
solution. The solution is written as {} or Ø, meaning that the solution set
is empty.

Lesson 74 489
 Example 4 Application: Technology
The thermostat in a classroom is set at 21°C. The thermostat will turn on
(or off ) if the recorded temperature is ±1.2°C of this setting. What are the
maximum and minimum temperatures for this classroom?
SOLUTION

Understand The thermostat will turn on or off if the difference between the
recorded temperature, x, and the set temperature, 21°C, is 1.2° or -1.2°.
This difference (x - 21) can be thought of as the distance between the
maximum (or minimum) temperature and the set temperature.

Plan The distance between the thermostat setting and the maximum (or
minimum) temperature can be expressed by ⎪x - 21 = 1.2.

Solve ⎪x - 21 = 1.2

x - 21 = +1.2 or x - 21 = -1.2
x = 22.2 x = 19.8

The solution is {22.2, 19.8}. With the thermostat set at 21°C, the
temperature in the room could rise to a maximum of 22.2°C or fall to a
minimum of 19.8°C.

Check 21°C + 1.2°C = 22.2°C 21°C – 1.2°C = 19.8°C

Lesson Practice
Solve.
a. ⎪x ⎪= 11 b. ⎪q + 3⎪= 6 c. 4 ⎪y ⎪ = 24
(Ex 1) (Ex 1) (Ex 2)
d. 5⎪z - 3⎪= 20 e. ⎪x - 5⎪+ 3 = 3 f. ⎪x - 5⎪ = -1
(Ex 2) (Ex 3) (Ex 3)
g. Agriculture A strawberry grower ships berries to a processing plant
(Ex 4)
in 30-pound cases. The plant will not accept cases that differ from this
weight by more than ±0.4 pound. Write and solve an absolute-value
equation to find the minimum and maximum weights that the processing
plant will accept.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Factor.
1. x2 + 12x - 28 2. 15x + 50 + x2
(72) (72)

3. 18 + x2 + 11x *4. 3x - 18 + x2
(72) (72)

Solve.
*5 n = 13 *6 Solve x + 7 = 3.
(74) (74)

490 Saxon Algebra 1

 *7. Find the common solution for the system of equations: -2y + 3x = 4 .
(67)

-y + _3x = 2
2
*8. Carpentry The shelf in a cabinet is set into a notch at a height of 12 inches. So
(74)
that the shelf can be adjusted to different heights, the cabinetmaker cuts notches
at one-inch intervals above and below the shelf. Write and solve an absolute-value
equation for the maximum and minimum heights of a shelf set two notches above
or below the 12-inch height.

*9. Write Why does the equation ⎢x - 6⎢ = 2x - 3 have no solution for x = -3?
(74)

*10. Model Use a number line to diagram the solution of the absolute-value equation
(74)
⎢x - 3 = 5. Then write the solution set to the absolute-value equation.

*11. Measurement The diameter of a circular clamp is 10 centimeters. Its diameter can
3 4

(74)
be changed by changing its circumference.
a. If the circumference of the clamp is changed by ± 5cm, write an equation to
find the clamp’s minimum and maximum diameters.
b. Solve the equation.

12. Graph the compound inequality x ≥ 5 OR x < 0.

(73)

13. Solve the inequality 6x < 12 OR 3x > 15.

(73)

*14. Error Analysis Two students are solving ⎢z + 3⎢ = 5. Which student is correct? Explain
(74)
the error.

Student A Student B
⎢z + 3⎢ = 5 ⎢z + 3⎢ = 5
⎢z⎢ + 3 = 5 z+3=5 z + 3 = -5
⎢z⎢ = 5 - 3 = 2 z=5-3 z = -5 - 3
z=2 z = -2 z=2 z = -8
The solution set is {2, -2}. The solution set is {2, -8}.

*15. Geometry The third side of a triangle must be greater than the difference of the
(73)
other two sides and less than the sum of the other two sides. Suppose that two
sides of a triangle have lengths 6 inches and 11 inches. Write a compound inequality
that describes the possible values for the third side of the triangle.

16. Multi-Step Use the compound inequality 3x > 45 OR -2x ≥ 24.

(73)
a. Solve the compound inequality.
b. Graph the solution.

17. Factor the trinomial x2 - 3x - 40.

(72)

18. Landscaping To beautify a city park, landscapers use two sets of plans to lay out
(72)
rectangular flower beds. One set of plans for the area is described by the trinomial
x2 + 9x + 20. The other set is described by the trinomial x2 + 21x + 20.
a. Determine the binomial factors of each set.
b. Which set can be used to lay out longer, narrower beds? Explain.

Lesson 74 491
 19. Multiple Choice A is a graph made up of separate, disconnected points.
(71)
A discrete graph B continuous graph C trend graph D linear graph

20. Determine if the inequality symbol in the expression - _23 c ≤ 6 needs to be

(70)
reversed, and then solve.
21. If a square measures √
144 inches on one side, what is the perimeter of the square?
(69)

22. Determine the probability of rolling a sum of 9 or an odd number with two
(68)
number cubes.

23. Multi-Step The library charges a late fee based on the number of days a book is
(67)
overdue. The equation for the fee is y = $0.25d + $0.05.
a. What is the fee for a book that is 10 days overdue?
b. Thirty days is the maximum number of days for which the library charges.
What is the maximum amount the library charges?
c. Classify the system of equations for the library fee and y = $7.55.

24. Justify If a, b, x, and y are all greater than 0 and x > a and y < b, how does
(66) _
x _a
y compare to b ? Justify your answer.

*25. Predict Use the trend line to predict the corresponding y-value for an x-value of 40.
(71)
y
8

2
x
10 20 30 40

26. Justify True or False: The lines represented by y = _

x
(65) 4 - 2 and 4y = x + 8 are
parallel. Explain.

27. Construction To build Ariane’s house will take a constant number of individual
(64)
work days. If a construction crew of 15 people can build the house in 20 days, how
many people does it take to finish the house in 5 days?

28. Multi-Step A container has a square base. The area is 800 cm2. The size of a book is
(61)
25 cm by 30 cm. Can the book lie flat on the base of the container?
a. Find the side length of the container.
b. Compare the side length with the dimensions of the book.
c. Use the comparison to determine if the book will fit.

29. Solve the system by substitution: 3x + y = 13.

(59)
2x - 4y = 4

30. Sue purchases a rectangular billboard sign for her new business. The length can
(58)
be represented by 6x2 + 6x + 6 and the width is (x + 8). What is the area of Sue’s
new billboard?

492 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Factoring Trinomials: ax2 + bx + c
75
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A
(53)
is a polynomial with three terms.
Factor.
2. x2 + 3x - 10 3. x2 - x - 42
(72) (72)

Simplify.
4. (4x + 5)(3x - 2) 5. (2x + 5)2
(58) (60)

New Concepts Recall that a pattern is used when factoring trinomials of the form x2 + bx + c.
A pair of numbers is found whose product is c and whose sum is b. When a
trinomial takes the form ax2 + bx + c, the pattern no longer works. When
the leading coefficient a is not equal to 1 another pattern emerges.

Example 1 Factoring when b and c are Positive

Hint Factor completely.
When c is positive, the 2x2 + 7x + 5
second term in both
binomials will have the SOLUTION
same sign (negative or
positive) depending on Since 2x2 is the product of (2x) and (x), write (2x )(x ).
the sign of b.
The third term of the trinomial, 5, is the product of the last terms in the
binomials. List the pairs of numbers that result in a product of 5.
(1)(5) (5)(1) (-1)(-5) (-5)(-1)

Because the middle term, 7x, is positive, eliminate the pairs of negative
numbers. Check each of the other pairs to see which gives you 7x.
(2x + 1)(x + 5) (2x + 5)(x + 1)
1x 5x
_
+10x _
+2x
11x 7x

So, 2x2 + 7x + 5 = (2x + 5)(x + 1).

Check Use FOIL to “undo” the factoring.

(2x + 5)(x + 1)  2x2 + 2x + 5x + 5

Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com = 2x2 + 7x + 5 ✓

Lesson 75 493
 Example 2 Factoring when b is Negative and c is Positive
Factor 6x2 - 11x + 3 completely.
SOLUTION

The first term of the trinomial, 6x2, is the product of

(6x)(x) or (3x)(2x). So, write (6x )(x ) and (3x )(2x ).
The third term of the trinomial, 3, is the product of the last terms in the
binomials. List the pairs of factors that result in a product of 3. Because b
is negative, both factors will be negative.
(-1)(-3) (-3)(-1)

Check each of the pairs to see which results in the middle term, -11x.
Caution Possibilities Middle Term
After finding the pair that (6x - 1)(x - 3) -19x
appears to work, check
the other possibilities. If (6x - 3)(x - 1) -9x
another answer is found,
double-check your work. (3x - 1)(2x - 3) -11x ✓
(3x - 3)(2x - 1) -9x

So, 6x2 - 11x + 3 = (3x - 1)(2x - 3).

Example 3 Factoring when c is Negative

Factor completely.

a. 4x2 + 4x - 3
SOLUTION

The first term of the trinomial, 4x2, is the product of (4x)(x) and (2x)(2x).
So, write (4x )(x ) and (2x )(2x ).
The third term, -3, is the product of the last terms in the binomials. List
the pairs of factors that result in the product -3.
(1)(-3) (-1)(3) (3)(-1) (-3)(1)

Check each of the pairs to see which results in the middle term, 4x.
Possibilities Middle Term
(4x + 1)(x - 3) -11x
(4x + 3)(x - 1) -x
(4x - 1)(x + 3) 11x
(4x - 3)(x + 1) x
(2x + 1)(2x - 3) -4x
(2x + 3)(2x - 1) 4x ✓

So, 4x2 + 4x - 3 = (2x + 3)(2x - 1).

494 Saxon Algebra 1

 b. 3x2 - 11x - 4
SOLUTION

Look at the first term of the trinomial. Since 3x2 = (3x)(x), write
(3x )(x ).
The last term is -4. List the pairs of factors whose product is -4.
(-1)(4) (1)(-4) (-2)(2) (-4)(1) (4)(-1) (2)(-2)
Check each of the pairs to see which results in the middle term, -11x.

Hint Possibilities Middle Term

With a negative last (3x - 1)(x + 4) 11x

term, if the middle term
has the wrong sign,
(3x - 4)(x + 1) -x
reverse the sign in both (3x + 1)(x - 4) -11x
binomials.
(3x + 4)(x - 1) x
(3x - 2)(x + 2) 4x
(3x + 2)(x - 2) -4x

So, 3x2 - 11x - 4 = (3x + 1)(x - 4)

Example 4 Factoring with Two Variables

Hint Factor 2x2 - 11xy + 5y2 completely.
If there are two variables SOLUTION
in the trinomial, one
variable should descend Since 2x2 = (2x)(x), write (2x )(x ).
in power while the other
ascends. The last term, 5y2, is the product of (-5y) and (-y). Both factors are
negative because the second term is negative.
Check the factors to see which order results in -11xy.
(2x - 5y)(x - y)

Add the product of the outer and inner terms to see if the sum is -11xy.
(2x)(-y) + (-5y)(x)
= -2xy - 5xy
= -7xy

Now check the middle term of (2x - y)(x - 5y).

(2x)(-5y) + (-y)(x)
= -10xy - xy
= -11xy ✓

So, 2x2 - 11xy + 5y2 = (2x - y)(x - 5y).

Lesson 75 495
 Example 5 Rearranging Before Factoring
Factor completely.

a. -17x + 5 + 12x2
SOLUTION

Before factoring, rearrange the terms so that they are in descending order
according to the exponent.
12x2 - 17x + 5
Math Reasoning
Analyze Why are the The first term, 12x2, can be factored as (12x)(x), (6x)(2x), and (4x)(3x).
terms rearranged before
factoring? The last term, 5, can be factored as (-5)(-1) and (-1)(-5).
Check each pair to see which results in the middle term, -17x.
Possibilities Middle Term
(12x - 5)(x - 1) -17x ✓
(12x - 1)(x - 5) -61x
(6x - 5)(2x - 1) -16x
(6x - 1)(2x - 5) -32x
(4x - 5)(3x - 1) -19x
(4x - 1)(3x - 5) -23x

So, 12x2 - 17x + 5 = (12x - 5)(x - 1).

b. -2 - 7x + 4x2
SOLUTION

Rearrange the terms in the expression to 4x2 - 7x - 2.

The first term, 4x2, can be factored as (4x)(x) and (2x)(2x).
The last term, -2, can be factored as (-2)(1), (-1)(2), (2)(-1),
and (1)(-2).
Check each pair to see which results in the middle term, -7x.
Possibilities Middle Term
(4x - 2)(x + 1) 2x
(4x - 1)(x + 2) 7x
(4x + 2)(x - 1) -2x
(4x + 1)(x - 2) -7x ✓
(2x - 2)(2x + 1) -2x
(2x - 1)(2x + 2) 2x
(2x + 2)(2x - 1) 2x
(2x + 1)(2x - 2) -2x

So, 4x2 - 7x - 2 = (4x + 1)(x - 2).

496 Saxon Algebra 1

 Lesson Practice
Factor completely.
a. 9x2 + 38x + 8
(Ex 1)
b. 10x2 - 23x + 12
(Ex 2)
c. 3x2 + 5x - 2
(Ex 3)
d. 6x2 - 5x - 4
(Ex 3)
e. 6x2 + 11xy + 4y2
(Ex 4)
f. -13x + 14x2 + 3
(Ex 5)

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Factor completely.
*1. 6x2 + 13x + 6 *2. 3x2 - 14x - 5
(75) (75)

2
*3. 18 - 15x + 2x *4. -15 + 7x + 2x2
(75) (75)

Simplify.
5. 22c √
de - 9 √
de 7 - 4 √
6. 8 √ 7 + 7 √
11 - 3 √ 11
(69) (69)

*7. Write Explain why b in ax2 + bx + c is not the sum of the factors of c.
(75)

*8. Justify Show that 7x2 - 12x + 10 is prime (cannot be factored).

(75)

*9. Multiple Choice Evaluate 2x2 - 10x + 14 if x = -2.

(75)
A 2 B 10 C 42 D 50

*10. For a situation that represents a direct variation, what does the graph of that situation
(Inv 7)
look like?

11. Solve ⎢z = 5.

(74)

12. Geometry Sliding-glass tubes form a square with a perimeter of 36 inches.

(74)
Both the length and width of the square can be changed by ±1.5 inches.
a. Write an absolute-value equation to find the greatest and least perimeter of
the square.
b. What are the greatest and least perimeters?

Lesson 75 497
 *13. Multi-Step Given the equation ⎢x + 2 + 6 = 17, answer the questions below.
(74)
a. Isolate the absolute value expression.
b. Use the definition of absolute value to rewrite the absolute-value equation as
two equations.
c. What is the solution set?

*14. Physics A steel bar at a temperature of 300°C has the length L. If the temperature
(74)
of the bar is raised or lowered 100°C, its length will increase or decrease by 0.12%,
respectively. Write an absolute-value equation for the maximum and minimum
lengths of the bar when it is heated to 400°C or cooled to 200°C.

15. Solve the compound inequality -14 ≤ -3x + 10 ≤ -5.

(73)

16. Error Analysis Two students graph the compound inequality -2 < x < 1 as shown.
(73)
Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B

-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

17. Temperature The predicted high temperature for the day is 88°F and the predicted
(73)
low temperature for the day is 65°F. Write a compound inequality that shows the
range of temperatures predicted for the day.

18. Multiple Choice Which binomial is a factor of x2 + 5x - 6?

(72)
A x+1 B x+2 C x+3 D x+6

19. Verify Show that 2 is a solution of the compound inequality x < 3 OR x > 6.
(73)

20. Use the scatter plot and the trend line to write an equation of the line.
(71)
y

16

12

4
x
4 8 12 16

3 4
21. Measurement Tyrone bought 24 quarts of juice for a party. He plans to serve the
(70)
juice in _14 -quart cups. How many servings can he plan to make with the juice he
has available?

22. Fitness To make the swim team, Maria needs to swim 10 laps in under 8 minutes.
(70)
Write and solve an inequality to find the maximum average time per lap she could
swim to still make the team.

23. Suppose Carrie walks home from school at a rate of 4 miles per hour. Write an
(Inv 7)
equation that relates Carrie’s time to the distance traveled home. Is this a direct or
indirect variation? What represents the constant of variation?

498 Saxon Algebra 1

24. Find the probability of choosing an odd number card from a pack of cards
(68)
numbered 1 through 9 or the number 1.

25. Web Authoring A company designs web sites and charges a fee of y = $250 + $50w.
(67)
The charge includes a base fee of $250, plus a weekly fee based on the number
of weeks the client requires full support. If the equation y = 800 represents the
amount a company pays, for how many weeks do they receive full support?

26. Analyze The equation y = 4 describes a horizontal line with zero slope. The
(67)
equation x = 4 describes a vertical line with infinite slope. Classify the system
formed by these two equations.

27. Multi-Step Charlene is shopping for used DVDs. She buys some DVDs from Bin A
(66)
that cost $7 each and some from Bin B that cost $5 each. Charlene has $45.
a. Write an inequality representing the situation. (Hint: You must use two
different variables to represent DVDs from each bin.)
b. Can Charlene buy 4 DVDs from Bin A and 4 from Bin B?
c. Charlene decides to buy 3 DVDs from Bin A. How many can she choose
from Bin B?

28. Multi-Step The amounts of measurable rain (in inches) per day recorded
(62)
for Seattle in July 2007 are listed below.
0.06, 0.04, 0.01, 0.28, 0.01, 0.15, 0.21, 0.38, 0.30, 0.10
a. Create a histogram of the data.
b. Is this the best representation of the data for the entire
month? Why or why not?

29. Find the product: (4y - 4)(4y + 4).

(60)

30. Solve the system of equations by substitution.

(59)
5x + 3y = 1
8x + 4y = 4

Lesson 75 499
LES SON Multiplying Radical Expressions
76
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A
(61)
is an expression that contains a radical.
Simplify.
2. √
50,000 3. √
108
(61) (61)
4. 2 √
8 - 3 √
32 5. 2 √
18 + 4 √
300 - √
72
(69) (69)

New Concepts Product Property of Radicals

The square root of a product equals the product of the square roots
Math Reasoning of the factors.
Generalize Why must √
ab = √
a  √
b where a ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0.
a and b be greater than
or equal to zero when
finding √a  √b?
This means, for example, that √
(8)(2) is the same as √
8  √
2.

Example 1 Simplifying Radical Expressions

Simplify. All variables represent non-negative real numbers.

a. √8 √
2
SOLUTION
 √2 = √16
√8  Use the Product Property of Radicals.
=4 Simplify.

b. 6 √
2  4 √
3
SOLUTION

6  4 √2
·3 Use the Product Property of Radicals.
= 24 √6 Simplify.

c. (6 √3 ) 2
SOLUTION
(6 √3)2
2
= (6) 2( √3) Power of a Product Property
= 36 √9 Square each factor.
= 36  3 Simplify.
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com = 108 Multiply.

500 Saxon Algebra 1

 d. 2 √
6x  √
4x
SOLUTION

2 √6x
  √4x


= 2 √24x2 Multiply.
= 4x √6 Simplify.

Example 2 Applying the Distributive Property

Simplify.

6)
a. √2(3 + √
SOLUTION
Caution
(3 + √6)
√2
A number outside the
radical and the radicand = 3 √2 + √12
 Use the Distributive Property.
cannot be multiplied.
= 3 √2 + 2 √3 Simplify.
2  √
3 ≠ √6
2  √
3 = 2 √3
 b. √2( √ 9)
6 - √
SOLUTION
( √6 - √9)
√2
= √12
 - √18
 Use the Distributive Property.
= 2 √3 - 3 √2 Simplify.

Example 3 Multiplying Binomials with Radicals

Simplify.

a. (4 + √9 )(2 - √6 )

SOLUTION
(4 + √9)(2 - √6)
= 8 - 4 √6 + 2 √9 - √54
 Use the Distributive Property or FOIL.
= 8 - 4 √6 + 6 - 3 √6 Simplify the radicals.
= 14 - 7 √6 Simplify by combining like terms.

b. (6 - √3 )2
SOLUTION
(6 - √3)2
= 36 - 12 √3 + √9 Use the square of a binomial pattern.
= 39 - 12 √3 Simplify the radical and combine like terms.

Lesson 76 501
 Example 4 Application: Carpeting
Chavez wants to find the area of a rectangular throw rug. The rug has a
side length of 8 + √5 feet and a width of 2 + √2 feet. What is the area of
the rug?
SOLUTION

A = lw
= (8 + √5)(2 + √2)
= 16 + 8 √2 + 2 √5 + √10

 ) square feet.
The area of the rug is (16 + 8 √2 + 2 √5 + √10

Lesson Practice
Simplify. All variables represent non-negative real numbers.
5 √
a. √ 3
(Ex 1)
7 · 2 √
b. 3 √ 3
(Ex 1)
2
6)
c. (3 √
(Ex 1)
Caution d. 3 √
3x · √
2x
(Ex 1)
2
(4 - √7) ≠ 16 + √
49 e. √ 4)
7 (2 + √
(Ex 2)
Remember to either use 5 ( √
f. √ 3)
4 - √
the square of a binomial (Ex 2)
pattern, the Distributive 9 )(4 - √
g. (5 + √ 6)
Property, or the FOIL (Ex 3) 2
method when squaring a 7)
h. (4 - √
(Ex 3)
binomial.
i. The square dance floor at the local community building is being
(Ex 4)
replaced. The floor’s side length is 32 + √
13 feet. What is the area of
the dance floor?

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Solve.

1. _5 ≤ -2p 2. |x + 4| = 5
(70) 6 (74)

Factor.
3. 12x2 - 25x + 7 4. x2 + 10x - 39
(75) (72)

5. 5z2 + 2z - 7 6. 3x2 + 25x - 18

(75) (75)

Simplify.
3 · 6 √
*7. 4 √ 3 · 2 √
6 · 3 √ 2 8. -17 √
7s - 4 √
7s
(76) (69)

√
_3
2 x
5)
*9. (4 √ 2 · 4 √
*10. 3 √ 12 - 6 √
54 11.
(76) (76) (61) 60

502 Saxon Algebra 1

 12. Use mental math to find the product of 17 · 23.
(60)

*13. City Parks The City Works Department wants to build a new fence around 8 - √4 feet
(76)
the town’s park. Write an expression for the area of the figure at right. Find
the area. 8 - √4 feet

2 ( √
*14. Justify Explain how to find the product of √ 8 ).
3 - √
(76)

*15. Write Find two radical expressions that when multiplied together equal a
(76)
perfect square.

*16. Multiple Choice Which expression is not equivalent to √

48 ?
(76)
A √
3 · 16 B 16 √ 3 C √ 42 · 3 D 4 √
3

17. Vacation The cost of a vacation, in dollars, is represented by the expression

(9)
46x2 - 9x + 95, where x is the number of nights. What is the cost of a 3-night
vacation?

18. Error Analysis Two students factor 5x2 - 6x - 8. Which student is correct? Explain
(75)
the error.

Student A Student B
(5x + 4)(x - 2) (5x - 4)(x + 2)

*19. Geometry The sum of the squares of the two legs of a right triangle is
(75)
16x2 - 40x + 25. Factor the expression, and then take the square root to find the
expression that represents the length of the hypotenuse.

20. Multi-Step The area of a rectangular ottoman is represented by 2x2 + 3x - 27

(75)
square inches.
a. Evaluate the expression for x = 12.
b. Factor the expression completely.

21. Error Analysis Two students are solving |3x| = 6. Which student is correct? Explain
(74)
the error.

Student A Student B
|3x| = 6 |3x| = 6
3x = 6 3x = -6 3x = 6 3x = -6
3x - 3 = 6 - 3 3x - 3 = -6 - 3 _3x = _6 _=_
3x -6
x=3 x = -9 3 3 3 3
The solution set of |3x| = 6 is {6, -6}. x=2 x = -2
The solution set of ⎢3x = 6 is {2, -2}.

*22. Household Security A window guard is designed to be placed directly into windows
(74)
that are 27 inches wide. The guard can be compressed or expanded with a tension
spring to fit windows that are three inches narrower or wider than the standard
width. Write and solve an absolute-value equation for the maximum and minimum
width of windows in which the guard is designed to fit.

Lesson 76 503
 23. Multiple Choice Which inequality describes the graph?
(73)

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
A -3 < x < 1 B -3 ≤ x < 1 C -3 < x ≤ 1 D -3 ≤ x ≤ 1

24. Analyze What are the solutions to the compound inequality x > 3 OR x < 5? Explain
(73)
your answer.

*25. Climate The heat index displays apparent air temperatures in relation to the
(71)
actual air temperature. The table shows the apparent air temperature for different
humidity levels given that the actual air temperature is 85°.

Humidity Level (percent) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Apparent Air
80 82 84 86 88 90 93 97 102 108
Temperature (°F)
a. Use the data to make a scatter plot.
b. Do the data values show a positive correlation, a negative correlation, or
no correlation?

26. Data Analysis Use the values from the table to draw a scatter plot.
(71)

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 6 11 19 24 28 34

27. Analyze A book has 12 chapters about flying birds, 5 chapters about flying
(68)
insects, 4 chapters about land insects, and 4 chapters about land mammals. If
the probability of picking a chapter about certain types of animals is _
8
25 , what
type of animal is the chapter about?

28. Multi-Step A new exercise facility recently opened up. Its initial promotional rate
(67)
for new members, represented by y = $20 + $6x, includes a monthly fee plus an
additional amount for x services.
a. How many services do new members receive before paying the same amount as
a regular fee of $32?
b. Write an equation describing the regular rate for the facility.
c. Classify the system of equations for the promotional and regular facility rates.

29. Snowfall In 1947, Mount Locke, Texas, had 23.5 inches of snow—its greatest yearly
(66)
snowfall. The greatest monthly snowfall recorded was 20.5 inches, which occurred
in January, 1958. Since the record wasn’t broken in 1958, how many more inches of
snow could Mount Locke, Texas, have had that year?

30. Multi-Step The sum of Kaleigh and Dwayne’s ages is 30. Three times Kaleigh’s
(63)
age minus twice Dwayne’s age equals 5. How old is César if he is five years
younger than Kaleigh?

504 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Solving Two-Step and Multi-Step Inequalities
77
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A(n)
(21)
is a mathematical statement with two
equivalent expressions.

Solve and graph.

2. x - _
1 >2 3. x + 2.1 < 4.3
(66) 3 (66)

4. _ x ≤ -3
1
5. -5x ≥ 10
(70) 2 (70)

New Concepts Two-step and multi-step inequalities require more than one inverse operation
to isolate the variable.

Example 1 Solving Two-Step Inequalities

Reading Math Solve each inequality and graph the solutions.
< less than a. 8m - 12 ≤ -36
≤ less than or equal to
> greater than SOLUTION
≥ greater than or equal to
8m - 12 ≤ -36
8m ≤ -24 Add 12 to both sides.
m ≤ -3 Divide both sides by 8.

To graph the solutions, place a closed circle on -3 and shade the number
line to the left of the closed circle.

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4

b. 9 - 3m > 21
SOLUTION

9 - 3m > 21
-3m > 12 Subtract 9 from both sides.
m < -4 Divide both sides by -3 and reverse the direction
Math Reasoning of the inequality sign.
Write Why is an inequality
graphed on a number To graph the solutions, place an open circle on -4 and shade the number
line? line to the left of the open circle.

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4

Before using inverse operations to isolate the variable, simplify each side
of an inequality. Simplify by using the order of operations, distributing,
combining like terms, or multiplying by the LCM of the denominators.

Lesson 77 505
 Example 2 Solving Multi-Step Inequalities
Caution Solve each inequality and graph the solutions.
Use the inequality a. -8 + (-11) < -7d - 12
symbol to determine if
the circle is open or a SOLUTION
closed.
≤ or ≥: closed circle -8 + (-11) < -7d - 12
< or >: open circle
-19 < -7d - 12 Simplify the left side.
-7 < -7d Add 12 to both sides.
1>d Divide both sides by -7 and reverse the
direction of the inequality sign.

Place an open circle on 1. Shade the numbr line to the left of the circle.

-4 -2 0 2 4

b. -6(4 - x) ≥ -122
Math Reasoning
SOLUTION
Verify Show that the
solution is the same -6(4 - x) ≥ -122
if both sides of the
inequality are divided -24 + 6x ≥ -144 Simplify both sides.
by –6.
6x ≥ -120 Add 24 to both sides.
x ≥ -20 Divide by 6.

Place a closed circle on -20. Shade the number line to the right of the circle.

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

c. _3 y + _1 < _
7
4 2 10
SOLUTION

_3 y + _1 < _
7
4 2 10
5 10 2
3(20)
_ 1(20) 7(20)
y+ _ < _ Multiply by the LCM, 20.
4 2 10
15y + 10 < 14 Simplify.
15y < 4 Subtract 10 from both sides.

y<_4 Divide both sides by 15.

15

Since _ _1
4
15 is a little less than 3 the distance between 0 and 1, estimate that
distance on the number line. Place an open circle on _
4
15 . Then shade the
number line to the left of the open circle.
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com -1 0 1

506 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 3 Application: Loans
Caution A student borrows $55 from his parents. They agree to subtract $3 from the
loan for each hour he works in the yard. To find the number of hours, x, he
Remember to change
the direction of the needs to work before he owes less than $30, solve the inequality 55 - 3x < 30.
inequality symbol when
multiplying or dividing SOLUTION
both sides by a negative
number. 55 - 3x < 30
-3x < -25 Subtract 55 from both sides.

x>_
25 Divide both sides by -3.
Hint
3

x > 8_
Explain the meaning of
1
Simplify.
the solution after solving 3
a real-world problem.
He must work more than 8_3 hours.
1

Lesson Practice
Solve each inequality and graph the solutions.
a. 4x + 29 ≤ 25
(Ex 1)
b. -36 - 7k < 6
(Ex 1)
c. -18 + (-3) < -4f + 11
(Ex 2)
d. -5(10 - 5p) > (-10)2
(Ex 2)

e. _
1
y+_
2 ≥_
5
(Ex 2) 12 3 6
f. Athletics A student runs a quarter-mile in 180 seconds. She improves
(Ex 3)
her time by 5 seconds each week. To find the number of weeks w
needed for her time to be at most 150 seconds, solve the inequality
180 - 5t ≤ 150.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Use the stem-and-leaf plot to find the following statistical measures. Average Milk Production
Stem Leaves
1. Find the median.
(62) 3 5, 7
4 1, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9
2. Find the mode. 5 0, 2, 3, 6
(62)
6 1, 1

Key: 6 1 means 61 pounds

3. Factor the expression 6x2 - 10x - 4 completely.

(75)

4. Solve 9 > 0.3r.

(70)

*5. Solve 5 + 4x > 37, and then graph the solution.

(77)

Lesson 77 507
Solve.
*6. _
x
-2≤1 *7. -3x + 2 ≤ 1
(77) -3 (77)

*8. _
x
-4>9 9. -5 < r - 6 < -2
(77) 5 (73)

Simplify.

(76)
3 x √
10. 4 √ 4x 11.
(61)
√
400g6

*12. Generalize Describe how solving inequalities is different from solving equations.
(77)

*13. Multiple Choice What is the solution to 6 - 7y < 48?

(77)
A y < -6 B y > -6 C y > -48 D y < -48

*14. Hobbies Building ships in a bottle is Jeff’s favorite hobby. He has $42 to purchase
(77)
two ship kits and two bottles. Each ship kit is $18. To find how much he can spend
on each bottle, solve the inequality 2(18) + 2b ≤ 42.

15. Body Surface Area Physicians can estimate the body surface area of an adult
(76)
(in square meters) using the formula x = _
HW
√3125 called BSA, where H is height in
inches and W is weight is pounds. Find the BSA of a person who is √5184 inches tall
and weighs √
32,400 pounds. Round to the nearest whole number.

16. The brightness of a photograph is represented by the expression 12x2 - 2x - 4.

(75)
Factor this expression completely.

75 · √
17. Error Analysis Students were asked to find the product of √ 2 . Which student is
(76)
correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
√75 · √
2 √75 · √
2
√
150 √
150
5 √
6 5 √
30

*18. Multi-Step A tsunami is a big ocean wave that can be caused by underwater
(76)
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, or hurricanes. The equation S = √ g · d models
the speed of a tsunami, where g is the acceleration due to gravity, which is
9.8 meters/second2, and where d is the depth of the ocean in meters.
a. Suppose a tsunami begins in the ocean at a depth of 1000 meters. What is the
speed of the tsunami?
b. Suppose a tsunami begins in the ocean at a depth of 2000 meters. What is the
speed of the tsunami?

*19. Geometry A triangle has a base of 3 + √

15 inches and a height of 5 - √
20 inches.
(76)
Find the area.

508 Saxon Algebra 1

 20. Error Analysis Two students factor 15x2 + 16x - 15. Which student is correct? Explain
(75)
the error.

Student A Student B
(3x + 5)(5x - 3) (3x - 5)(5x + 3)

21. Multiple Choice Solve ⎢x - 3 + 2 = 0.

(74)
A {5, 1} B {4, -1} C {1} D Ø

22. Write Why is there no solution for the absolute-value equation ⎢x + 11 + 3 = 1?
(74)

23. Weaving The area of rugs designed by a weaver are described by the trinomial
(72)
x2 + 30x - 400. What are the dimensions of a rug if x is 40?

24. State whether the data show a positive correlation, a negative correlation, y
(71)
or no correlation.
3 4
*25. Measurement A manufacturing company is making screws that have a
(73)
width of 4 millimeters. Each screw must be made so that the actual width
is ±0.03 millimeters of the desired width. Write a compound inequality to O x
represent this situation.

26. Verify Verify that 3gh √

275g7h9 can be simplified to 15g4h5 √
11gh .
(69)

27. Multi-Step Gwynedd’s piggy bank contains 57 quarters, 24 dimes, 35 nickels,

(68)
and 60 pennies. Gwynedd turns her piggy bank over and one coin falls out.
What is the probability that the coin will be worth more than 5 cents?
a. What is the probability that the coin is a quarter or dime?
b. What is the probability that the coin is a quarter or worth more than 5 cents?
c. Explain how the previous two answers are related.

28. Cell Phones Two different cell phone service plans are represented by the given
(67)
equations. Classify this system of equations.
p = 6x + 24
p = 8x + 20

29. Multi-Step Anya has a number of square bricks with a side length of 1 foot that
(64)
she wants to use to create a rectangular patio in her backyard. At first, she
arranges them so the rectangle is 12 bricks long by 3 bricks wide, but then she
decides she does not like that arrangement. How can Anya arrange the bricks if
she would rather have a square-shaped patio?

30. Error Analysis Two students simplified the expression as shown. Which student is
(61)
correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B

√
80y2z2 = 16yz √
5 √
80y2z2 = 4yz √
5

Lesson 77 509
LES SON Graphing Rational Functions
78
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A
(39)
expression is an expression where the
denominator contains a variable and the value of the variable cannot
make the denominator equal to zero.
2. True or False: The graph of the equation x = -2 is a vertical line.
(30)
3. True or False: The graph of the equation y = -x is a horizontal line.
(30)
4. Determine when the expression _ is undefined.
x+7
(43) 3x

New Concepts A rational function is a function whose rule can be given as a rational
expression. This means that a rational function has a variable in the
denominator. Rational functions, like rational expressions, are undefined
when the denominator is equal to zero.
A value of a variable for which an expression or a function is undefined is
called an excluded value. For the function y = _7
x+2
, -2 is an excluded value;
this is because when x = -2, the function is undefined.

Example 1 Determining Excluded Values

Find the excluded values.

y=_m-4
3m - 12

Math Reasoning SOLUTION

Verify Show that Simplify the denominator by factoring out the GCF.
m = 4 without factoring
out the GCF. 3m - 12 = 3(m - 4) The GCF is 3.

Set the denominator equal to zero and solve for m.

3(m - 4) = 0 Set the denominator equal to zero.
3(m - 4) _
_ =0 Divide both sides by 3.
3 3
Reading Math
m-4= 0 Simplify.
x ≠ 6 is read, “x is not
equal to 6” or “x cannot +4
__ +4
__ Add 4 to both sides.
equal 6”.
m=4 Simplify.

The denominator equals zero when m = 4, so 4 is an excluded value.

Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com m≠4

510 Saxon Algebra 1

 Rational functions are discontinuous functions. Discontinuous functions are
functions that have a break or jump in the graph. A break or jump in the
graph can be due to an asymptote. An asymptote is a boundary line that the
graph of a function approaches but never touches or crosses.
y
Caution 8
Horizontal Asymptote:
Students may draw
y=2 4
asymptotes as solid lines.
However, asymptotes O x
are usually shown with -8 -4 4 8
dashed lines because
-4 Vertical Asymptote:
asymptotes are not
x=3
part of the graph of the
-8
rational function.

When a graph of a rational function has a vertical asymptote, then there is

an excluded value for the function. To determine where vertical asymptotes
occur, find the excluded values for the function. Rational functions also have
horizontal asymptotes. When the function is in the form y = _ a
x-b
+ c, the
vertical asymptote occurs at x = b and the horizontal asymptote occurs at y = c.

Example 2 Determining Asymptotes

Hint Identify the asymptotes.

a. y = _
When c = 0 in the rational 2
function y = _ a
+ c,
x-b x-8
the horizontal asymptote
is the x-axis. SOLUTION

y=_2 a rational function in the form y = _a

x-b
+ c,
x-8
where a = 2, b = 8, and c = 0
Since b = 8, the equation of the vertical asymptote is x = 8.
Since c = 0, the equation of the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.

b. y = _ 4 +3
x + 10

Hint SOLUTION

Compare the equation y=_ 4 +3 a rational function in the form y = _a

x-b
+ c,
of the given rational x + 10
function to y = _ a
+c where a = 4, b = -10, and c = 3
x-b
to determine the correct
sign of the asymptotes. y=_ 4 + (3)
x - (-10)
Since b = -10, the equation of the vertical asymptote is x = -10.
Since c = 3, the equation of the horizontal asymptote is y = 3.

Lesson 78 511
 Math Reasoning The parent function for rational functions is y = _
1
x.

Connect What type of By identifying the asymptotes from the form y = _ a

+ c and plotting a few
x-b
variation is a rational points, the rational function can be graphed.
function? y
8
Horizontal Asymptote:
y=0 4
O x
-8 4 8

Vertical Asymptote:
-8 x=0

Example 3 Graphing Using Asymptotes

Identify the asymptotes and graph each function.

Math Reasoning y=_1 -2

x-4
Generalize State the
domain and range of the SOLUTION
function y = _1
x-4
- 2.
Step 1: Identify the vertical and horizontal asymptotes.

y=_1 -2 a = 1, b = 4, and c = -2
x-4
The equation of the vertical asymptote is x = 4.
The equation of the horizontal asymptote is y = -2.
Step 2: Graph the asymptotes using dashed lines.
Step 3: Make a table of values. x 0 2 3 5 6
-2 _ -2_ -1_2
1 1 1
y 4 2 -3 -1

Hint Step 4: Plot the points and connect them with smooth curves.
Choose points that lie on y
4
either side of the vertical Vertical
asymptote so that the Asymptote
2
curves of the graph will
be more accurate. O x
-4 -2 2 6 8

Horizontal
Asymptote
-4

-6

-8

512 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 4 Application: Soccer
The Soccer Administration plans to have 64 regular players on a team. The
players will be divided equally among the coaches. There will be one backup
player placed on each team at the beginning of the season in addition to the
regular players. The number of players on each team, y, is given by
Hint
y=_ 64
x + 1, where x is the number of coaches.

When a rational function a. Determine the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the function.
has no value for b in
y=_ a
x-b
+ c, the vertical SOLUTION
asymptote is the y-axis

y=_
64 + 1
or x = 0.
x a = 64, b = 0, and c = 1

The equation of the horizontal asymptote is y = 1.

The equation of the vertical asymptote is x = 0.

b. If there are 4 coaches, how many players will each team have?
SOLUTION

y=_
64 + 1
x

y=_
64 + 1 Replace x with 4.
4
y = 17 Divide 64 by 4 and then add 16 + 1.

There will be 17 players on each team.

Lesson Practice
Find the excluded values.
(Ex 1)

a. y = _4 b. y = _6m c. y = _m-3
6m m+2 4m - 8
Identify the asymptotes.
(Ex 2)

d. y = _4 e. y = _2 +6
x+1 x+7

Identify the asymptotes and graph each function.

f. y = _6 g. y = _ 1 - 5.
(Ex 3) x+4 (Ex 3) x - 6
A golf instructor has a budget of $5500 to buy new demonstration clubs. He
will receive 5 free clubs when he places his order. The number of clubs, y, that
he can buy is given by y = _5500
x + 5, where x is the price per club.
(Ex 4)
h. Determine the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the function.
i. If each club costs $100, how many clubs will he receive?

Lesson 78 513
Practice Distributed and Integrated

Solve each system of linear equations.

1. 3x - 2y = 17
(63)
-4x - 3y = 17

2. y = 2x + 4
(63)
-x - 3y = 9

Factor.
3. x2 + 10xy + 21y2
(72)

4. -30 - 13x + x2
(72)

*5. Find the excluded values for y = _

4
(78) 7m .

*6. Find the excluded values for y = _

m-2
(78) 3m + 9 .

*7. Find the vertical asymptote for y = _5

x-3
+ _25 .
(78)

8. Solve 3 - 9m < 30 and graph the solution.

(77)

4 + √
9. Use the Distributive Property to find the product of 5( √ 36 ).
(76)

*10. Awards Jason plans to buy 20 prizes for the next school carnival and to divide
(78)
them equally between the winners of the school trivia contest. There will also be
an additional 6 prizes given to each winner at the awards assembly. The number of
prizes for each winner, y, is given by y = _
20
x + 6, where x is the number of winners.
Find the asymptotes and graph the function.

*11. Verify Show that the value y = 5 will not satisfy the function y = _
1
x + 5.
(78)

*12. Justify What are the equations of the asymptotes in the graph of
(78)
y=_ 2.3
x + 1.9
+ 0.3?

*13. Multiple Choice What is the vertical asymptote for the rational function y = _ 6.1
x + 1.5
+ 3.1?
(78)
A x = 3.1 B x = 1.5
C x = -1.5 D x = 6.1

*14. Budgeting You have $30 to spend at the mall and your mother gives you an
(77)
additional $15. You must buy a new shirt that is on sale for $12. You also would
like to purchase 3 CDs. To find the maximum amount you can spend on each CD,
solve the inequality 30 + 15 ≥ 12 + 3c.

514 Saxon Algebra 1

 15. Error Analysis Two students solve 8p - 7 ≤ 3p + 18. Which student is correct?
(77)
Explain the error.

Student A Student B
8p - 7 ≤ 3p + 18 8p - 7 ≤ 3p + 18
5p - 7 ≤ 18 -7 ≤ -5p + 18
5p ≤ 25 -25 ≤ -5p
p≤5 5≤p

16. Geometry The triangle inequality theorem states that the sum of any two sides of a
(77)
triangle must be greater than the third side. A triangle has sides 4g + 10, 3g - 13,
and 46 as the longest side. Therefore, (4g + 10) + (3g - 13) > 46. Solve for g.

17. Multi-Step You can hike the trails at 2.5 miles per hour. You break for 1 hour to rest
(77)
and eat lunch. You want to hike at least 15 miles. To find the number of hours you
will hike, solve the inequality 2.5(h - 1) ≥ 15.

2 (7 + √
18. Error Analysis Students were asked to find the product of √ 14 ). Which
(76)
student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
2 (7 + √
√ 14 ) 2 (7 + √
√ 14 )
√
14 + √28 2 + √
7 √ 28
√ √
14 + 2 7 √
7 2+2 √ 7

*19. Art Michael is submitting his first painting to the county fair art show. His
(76)
painting has a side length of 7 + √
32 inches and a width of 9 + √ 50 inches.
What is the area of Michael’s painting?

20. Verify Show that 10x2 - 11xy - 6y2 = (2x - 3y)(5x + 2y).
(75)

21. Multiple Choice Which expression is the factored form of 20x2 + 49x + 9?
(75)
A (10x + 3)(2x + 3)
B (20x + 3)(x + 3)
C (5x + 1)(4x + 9)
D (5x + 9)(4x + 1)
3 4
22. Measurement The area of a rectangular tray is represented by 4x2 - 16x + 16
(75)
square inches. Evaluate the expression for x = -3.

23. Solve ⎢n = 12.

(74)

24. Dining A restaurant offers discounted meals to children 12 years old and under or
(73)
to senior citizens who are at least 65 years old. Write a compound inequality that
represents this situation.

Lesson 78 515
 25. State whether the data show a positive correlation, a negative correlation, or no
(71)
correlation.
y

O x

26. Verify Solve the inequality _5 ≤ -3. Then select several values of n to substitute
n
(70)
into the inequality to verify the answer.

27. Multi-Step The larger square has an area of 216x2 and the smaller square has an area
(69)
of 125x2. What is the combined perimeter of the two squares?

28. Game Play Derek is playing a board game with three number cubes. What is the
(68)
probability of Derek rolling three of a kind or a sum that is an odd number?

29. Multiple Choice What slope would the line parallel to 3x - y = -3 have?
(65)
A -_ B _
1 1
3 3
C3 D -3

30. Create a histogram to display the following data representing average daily
(62)
milk production (in gallons) of seventeen dairies: 49, 41, 50, 47, 35, 47, 61,
49, 60, 46, 53, 48, 37, 47, 56, 52, 48. Use 35–39 as the starting interval.

516 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Factoring Trinomials by Using the GCF
79
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A
(53)
is the sum or difference of monomials.
Factor.
2. x2 + 3x - 10 3. -13p + p2 + 36
(72) (72)
4. -11x - 21 + 2x2 5. 5x2 - 13x - 6
(75) (75)

New Concepts The terms of a polynomial that is factored completely will have no common
factors other than 1. To factor completely, begin by factoring out the greatest
common factor, or GCF.

Example 1 Factoring Trinomials with Positive Leading

Coefficients
Factor completely.

a. x4 + 5x3 + 6x2
SOLUTION
Caution
Include the GCF in the Find the GCF of the terms. In this case, x2 is the GCF.
final factored form. The
factored form equals the x4 + 5x3 + 6x3
original trinomial if its
factors are multiplied.
x2(x2 + 5x + 6) Factor out the GCF.
Find two numbers that have a product of 6 and a sum of 5.
2 · 3 = 6 and 2 + 3 = 5
x2(x2 + 5x + 6) = x2(x + 2)(x + 3)
So, x4 + 5x3 + 6x2 = x2(x + 2)(x + 3).

b. 4x3 - 4x2 - 80x

SOLUTION
The GCF of the terms is 4x.
Math Language 4x3 - 4x2 - 80x
The leading coefficient 4x(x2 - x - 20) Factor out the GCF.
is the coefficient of the
term with the greatest Find two numbers that have a product of -20 and a sum of -1.
degree.
4 · -5 = -20 and 4 + (-5) = -1
4x(x2 - x - 20) = 4x(x + 4)(x - 5)
So, 4x3 - 4x2 - 80x = 4x(x + 4)(x - 5).

When the leading coefficient is negative, factor out a -1.

Lesson 79 517
 Example 2 Factoring Trinomials with Negative Leading
Coefficients
Factor completely.

a. -x2 + x + 56
SOLUTION
Math Reasoning
Analyze Explain why the The leading coefficient is -1, so factor out a -1.
product of
-(x + 7)(x - 8) and -x2 + x + 56
-1(x + 7)(x - 8) are the
same.
-1(x2 - x - 56) Factor out -1.
Find two numbers that have a product of -56 and a sum of -1.
7 · -8 = -56 and 7 + (-8) = -1
-1(x2 - x - 56) = -1(x + 7)(x - 8)
So, -x2 + x + 56 = -(x + 7)(x - 8).

b. -3x3 - 6x2 + 72x

SOLUTION

The leading coefficient is -3. The GCF of the terms is 3x. So, factor out
-3x, which is -1 · 3x.
-3x3 - 6x2 + 72x
-3x(x2 + 2x - 24) Factor out the GCF and -1.
Find two numbers that have a product of -24 and a sum of 2.
-4 · 6 = -24 and -4 + 6 = 2
-3x(x2 + 2x - 24) = -3x(x - 4)(x + 6)
So, -3x3 - 6x2 + 72x = -3x(x - 4)(x + 6).

Some polynomials have more than one variable. Factoring out the GCF first
may be helpful.

Example 3 Factoring Trinomials with Two Variables

Factor completely.

a. bx4 + 9bx3 + 20bx2

SOLUTION

The GCF is bx2.

bx4 + 9bx3 + 20bx2
bx2(x2 + 9x + 20) Factor out the GCF.
Find two numbers that have a product of 20 and a sum of 9.
4 · 5 = 20 and 4 + 5 = 9
bx2(x2 + 9x + 20) = bx2(x + 4)(x + 5)
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com So, bx4 + 9bx3 + 20bx2 = bx2(x + 4)(x + 5).

518 Saxon Algebra 1

Reading Math b. 5bx3 + 5bx2 - 60bx
In the polynomial SOLUTION
5bx3 + 5bx2 - 60bx, the
coefficient of x3 and x2 The GCF is 5bx.
is 5. The coefficient of x
is -60. 5bx3 + 5bx2 - 60bx
5bx(x2 + x - 12) Factor out the GCF.
Find two numbers that have a product of -12 and a sum of 1.
4 · -3 = -12 and 4 + (-3) = 1
5bx(x2 + x - 12) = 5bx(x + 4)(x - 3)
So, 5bx3 + 5bx2 - 60bx = 5bx(x + 4)(x - 3).

Rearrange the terms, if necessary, before factoring so that the polynomial is

in standard form.

Example 4 Rearranging Terms Before Factoring

Hint
Factor completely.
A polynomial is in
standard form when the -105k - 14pk + 7p2k
terms are ordered from
greatest to least degree. SOLUTION

Before factoring, write the polynomial in standard form.

-105k - 14pk + 7p2k = 7p2k - 14pk - 105k
7k(p2 - 2p - 15) Factor out the GCF, 7k.
Find two numbers that have a product of -15 and a sum of -2.
-5 · 3 = -15; -5 + 3 = -2
7k(p2 - 2p - 15) = 7k( p + 3)( p - 5)
So, 7p2k - 14pk - 105k = 7k( p + 3)( p - 5).

Example 5 Application: Golf

Math Reasoning
The height of a golf ball hit from an elevated tee 40 meters above the hole is
Verify Show that
-5(t + 1)(t - 8) is equal -5t2 + 35t + 40, where t represents time. Factor the expression completely.
to -5t2 + 35t + 40.
SOLUTION

The GCF of the terms is 5 and the leading coefficient is negative, so factor
out -5, which is -1 · 5.
-5t2 + 35t + 40
-5(t2 - 7t - 8) Factor out the GCF and -1.
Find two numbers that have a product of -8 and a sum of -7.
1 · -8 = -8 and (1) + (-8) = -7
-5(t2 - 7t - 8) = -5(t + 1)(t - 8)
So, -5t2 + 35t + 40 = -5(t + 1)(t - 8).

Lesson 79 519
 Lesson Practice
Factor completely.
a. p5 + 13p4 + 12p3
(Ex 1)
b. 6n4 - 6n3 - 12n2
(Ex 1)
c. -r2 + r + 30
(Ex 2)
d. -5d 3 - 25d 2 - 20d
(Ex 2)
e. y3x + 3y2x - 54yx
(Ex 3)
f. 5bx3 - 5bx2 - 60bx
(Ex 3)
g. 18fh - 240h + 6f 2h
(Ex 4)
h. Construction A box is to be built in the shape of a rectangular prism. Its
(Ex 5)
volume is represented by the expression 90x3 + 450x2 + 540x. Factor the
expression completely.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Assuming that y varies inversely as x, find the missing value.

1. If y = 6 and x = 9, what is y when x = 12?
(64)

Solve each system of linear equations.

2. 5x = 2y + 10 3. x - y = 2
(63) (63)
-3y = -2x + 4 y + 2x = 1

4. Solve the compound inequality 3b - 2 < -8 OR 4b + 3 > 11.

(73)

Factor.
5. x2 - 4x - 45 *6. k4 + 6k3 + 8k2
(72) (79)

7. 5x2 + 3x - 2 *8. 2x3 + 16x2 + 30x

(75) (79)

*9. abx2 - 5abx - 24ab 10. 15mx2 + 9mx - 6m

(79) (79)

11. Find the excluded values for y = _

9m
(78) m + 3.

12. Solve 16 + (-6) ≥ 2(d + 4) and graph the solution.

(77)

*13. Write Can you factor out the GCF after factoring a trinomial?
(79)

*14. Justify When asked to factor 3x2 + 45x + 132, one student writes 3(x + 4)(x + 11).
(79)
Another student writes 3(x + 11)(x + 4). Show that both answers are correct.
Explain your answer.

*15. Multiple Choice Which expression is factored completely?

(79)
A 2(5x - 10)(x - 5) B 10(x2 - 7x + 10)
C 5(2x - 4)(x - 5) D 10(x - 5)(x - 2)

520 Saxon Algebra 1

*16. Physics An object is thrown from inside a hole. Its height after x seconds
(79)
is represented by the expression -16x2 + 32x - 16. Factor the expression
completely.

17. Error Analysis Students were asked to find the vertical asymptote of the expression
(78)
y=_ 1
x+2
+ 8. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
x = -2 y=8

*18. Multi-Step A band teacher has a budget of $50,000 to buy new instruments. He
(78)
will receive 1 free instrument when he places his order. The number of
50,000
instruments, y, that he can get is given by y = _ x + 1, where x is the
price per instrument.
a. What is the horizontal asymptote of this rational function?
b. What is the vertical asymptote?
c. If the price per instrument is $1000, how many instruments will he receive?

19. Party Planning A party planner has a budget of $1350.00 to buy a steak dinner for
(78)
the entire guest list for a company retirement party. The planner will receive
15 free dinners when she places the order. The number of steak dinners, y, that the
planner can buy is given by y = _ 1350
x + 15, where x is the price per steak dinner.
a. What is the horizontal asymptote of this rational function?
b. What is the vertical asymptote?
c. If the price per dinner is $25, how many dinners will the planner receive?

*20. Geometry Write a rational function that shows the relationship between
(78)
the side lengths of the similar triangles shown.

5 x-8

21. Automotive Care Steve’s car is really dirty and is almost on empty. He has $20. A car
(77)
wash is $7 and gas is $3 per gallon. To find how many gallons of gas he can buy with
a car wash, solve the inequality 7 + 3g ≤ 20.

22. Error Analysis Two students solve 3h + 15 > 6. Which student is correct? Explain
(77)
the error.

Student A Student B
3h + 15 > 6 3h + 15 > 6
3h > -9 3h > -9
h < -3 h > -3

23. Write Explain the process for multiplying binomials with radicals.
(76)

Lesson 79 521
 24. Multiple Choice Between which two numbers does √
124 fall on a number line?
(76)
A 9 and 11 B 8 and 11 C 12 and 14 D 11 and 13
3 4
25. Measurement Lou is building a square sandbox. The sandbox has a side length of
(76)
6 √
36 inches. What is the area of the sandbox?

26. Fine Arts In an antique shop, a painting is inclined on a display easel at an angle
(74)
of 65°. The angle of inclination can be increased or decreased by a maximum of 8°
from the present setting by an adjustment screw. Write and solve an absolute-value
equation for the maximum and minimum angles of inclination for the easel.

27. Write Describe the characteristics of the trend line for scatter plots with a positive
(71)
correlation, a negative correlation, and no correlation.

28. Multi-Step The video store charges $4.80 per rental of a DVD. The store spends
(70)
$5100 on expenses each month. How many videos does the store have to rent to
make more money than it spends on expenses?
a. What are the total expenses of the store?
b. Write an inequality to show how many DVDs need to be rented to make a
profit.
c. Solve the inequality.
d. How many DVDs need to be rented a month to make a profit?

29. Sewing Deandra wants to put trimming around a rectangular tablecloth that
(69)
measures 2 √
49 feet by √
81 feet. How many feet of trimming will Deandra need?

*30. Multi-Step A fitness center has a small elevator for members to use and to move
(66)
fitness equipment. The elevator has a maximum capacity of 750 pounds.
a. Troy weighs 185 pounds. Write an inequality representing how much more
weight the elevator can carry if Troy uses the elevator.
b. Alicia needs to move weight equipment to the second floor. She has four
75-pound weights, four 50-pound weights, four 25-pound weights, and six
20-pound weights. Will she be able to bring all of the weights up in one elevator
trip? Explain.

522 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Calculating Frequency Distributions
80
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A
(48)
is a value that describes the center of a data set
and includes the mean, median, and mode.

Find the theoretical probability of each outcome.

2. flipping one coin and having it land tails up
(14)
3. randomly choosing a yellow marble from a bag of 3 yellow marbles and
(14)
7 blue marbles
4. rolling a 1 on a number cube labeled 1-6
(14)
5. randomly choosing the letter A from the letters in MATH
(14)

New Concepts Discrete events have a finite number of outcomes. A compound event is an
event consisting of two or more simple events. A simple event could be
tossing heads on a coin. A compound event could be tossing heads and then
tails on a coin.
A frequency distribution shows the number of observations falling into
several ranges of data values. Tables, graphs, tree diagrams, and lists are used
to show frequency distributions.

Math Reasoning Exploration Displaying Frequency Distributions

Analyze Why is rolling
cubes with a sum of 7 The likelihood of a particular sum, when two number cubes are rolled, is
more likely than rolling determined by the number of different sums that can be made with the two
any other sum?
cubes.

a. Make a table or tree diagram to show the different possible sums, or

outcomes.

b. Complete the table showing the probability of each sum, or outcome.

Math Language
Sum 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency is how often
something happens. Probability

c. Roll two differently colored number cubes 50 times. Use a frequency

table to record the number of times each outcome occurs.

Sum 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency

d. Use a bar graph to display your results.

Online Connection e. Based on the theoretical probabilities you calculated, are your results
www.SaxonMathResources.com what you expected?

Lesson 80 523
 Example 1 Using Experimental Probability
A baseball player bats multiple times in a season. The table shows the results
of each at bat. Make a bar graph that shows the frequency distribution of
the data. Find the experimental probability of each outcome.

Out Walk Single Double Triple Home Run

30 36 20 9 3 1

SOLUTION

Understand A player bats multiple times. Make a bar graph showing the
number of times each outcome occurs. Then state the probability of each
outcome.
Hint
Plan Calculate the total number of times at bat. Then find the probability
Probability is
__
number of favorable outcomes of each outcome. Make a bar graph. Let each bar represent an outcome.
total number of outcomes.
Use this to write the The height of the bars will show the frequency of each outcome.
ratio for each result. For
example, for outs, write Solve The total number of times at bat is 30 + 36 + 20 + 9 + 3 + 1 = 99.
the ratio of 30 to 99

P(out) = _
30 = _
10 P(walk) = _
36 = _
4
because the player was
out 30 times in 99 at bats.
99 33 99 11

P(single) = _
20 P(double) = _9 =_
1
99 99 11

P(triple) = _
3 =_1 P(home run) = _1
99 33 99
Caution
Results of At Bat
In a bar graph, the bars
60
do not touch each
50
Frequency

other. All of the bars are

40
the same width. Their
30
heights may differ.
20
10
0
Out

Single

Double

Triple
Home
Run
Walk

Outcomes

Check To check the probabilities, the numerators should match the data
in the table. Each denominator is 99. Make sure fractions are reduced
correctly.
To check the graph, make sure the heights of the bars match the data in the
table. The sum of the heights of the bars should be 99, the total number of
times at bat.

524 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 2 Representing Data with a Table
Math Language A student spins the spinner and flips a fair coin.
Red Blue
A fair coin has an equally a. Make a table to show the possible outcomes in this
likely chance of coming
up heads or tails on the experiment.
Yellow Red
toss of the coin.
SOLUTION

The column headings are the possible colors for the

spinner. Since there are two red sections on the spinner, there are
two red columns.
The row headings are the possible sides of a coin, heads and tails.
The table is completed by recording all possible outcomes of a spin and a
flip. Abbreviate the outcomes.

Red Blue Red Yellow

Heads RH BH RH YH
Tails RT BT RT YT
Math Reasoning
Justify Why is the b. Find the theoretical probability of each possible outcome.
probability of spinning
“red” _12 ? SOLUTION

The table shows that there are 8 possible outcomes.

P(RH) = _
2 =_
1 P(BH) = _
1 P(YH) = _
1
8 4 8 8

Reading Math P(RT) = _

2 =_
1 P(BT) = _
1 P(YT) = _
1
8 4 8 8
P(RH) is the probability
of spinning “red” and
landing on “heads.” Example 3 Representing Data with a Graph
Suppose that eleven cards each contain one letter from the word
MISSISSIPPI.

Hint a. Make a bar graph to represent the frequency distribution for all
possible outcomes.
Although some letters
are on more than SOLUTION Letter Frequency
one card, there will be
6
only one bar on the
Frequency

graph for each letter.

4

0
M I S P
Letters

b. Find the theoretical probability of each outcome.

SOLUTION

P(M) = _1 P(I) = _
4 P(S) = _
4 P(P) = _
2
11 11 11 11

Lesson 80 525
 Lesson Practice
a. Bowling A man bowls five games. He keeps track of how many pins
(Ex 1)
he knocks down on the first try of each turn. Make a bar graph that
shows the frequency distribution of the data. Find the experimental
probability of each outcome.

Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
of Pins
Frequency 1 0 0 4 1 2 0 6 17 8 11

A student flips two coins.

(Ex 2)
b. Make a table to show the possible outcomes in this experiment.
c. Find the theoretical probability of each outcome.

A toddler tears off the labels on several soup cans. There were 6 cans of
vegetable soup, 3 cans of tomato soup, 2 cans of potato soup, and 1 can of clam
chowder. One can is randomly chosen to open.
(Ex 3)
d. Make a bar graph to show the frequency distribution for all possible
outcomes.
e. Find the theoretical probability of each outcome.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

1. Write an equation for a line that passes through (-1, 4) and is parallel to
(65)
2y + 10x = -36.

Assuming that y varies inversely as x, find the missing value for each problem.
2. If y = 108 and x = 3, what is x when y = 3?
(64)

3. If y = 56 and x = 7, what is x when y = 4?

(64)

4. Find the horizontal asymptote: y = _7

x+5
.
(78)

5. Find the horizontal asymptote: y = _ 3

2x + 3
-5.
(78)

Solve.
6. 11⎢x = 55 7. x - 5 ≥ 0 OR x + 1 < -2
(74) (73)

Factor.
*8. c12 + 11c11 + 24c10 9. 42x4 + 77x3 - 70x2
(79) (79)

*10. -3m2 - 30m - 48 *11. (x - 1)x2 + 7x(x - 1) + 10(x - 1)

(79) (79)

526 Saxon Algebra 1

*12. A student rolls a number cube, numbered 1-6, and spins the spinner.
(80)
Make a table of the possible outcomes.

Red Blue

Yellow Green

*13. Generalize Explain when you would choose a graph or a table to show a frequency
(80)
distribution.

14. Multiple Choice Which expression represents the probability of getting a 4 or 5 on

(80)
three number cubes, numbered 1-6, and heads on four coins?
A P=_ 4 ·_5 ·_
4 B P=_ 1 ·_1 ·_
1
6 6 2 6 6 2
2 4 3 4
C P= _
1
() () · _
1 D P= _
1
() () · _
1
6 2 3 2

*15. Chemistry Experiments in a chemistry lab either succeed or fail. They also can
(80)
be characterized as chemical or physical reactions. Make a table to show all the
possible outcomes.

*16. Probability A bag contains 3 red marbles and 7 blue marbles. A marble is drawn
(80)
and replaced. Use an equation to show the probability of drawing 3 red marbles
in a row.

17. Physics An object is thrown from a tower. The expression -16x2 + 32x + 48
(79)
represents its height after x minutes. Factor this expression completely.

18. Error Analysis Two students factor 2x2 - 2x - 12. Which student is correct? Explain
(79)
the error.

Student A Student B
(2x + 4)(x - 3) 2(x + 2)(x - 3)

*19. Geometry A square has area 9m4 - 54m3 + 81m2 square inches. What is its side length?
(79)

20. Multi-Step The volume of a rectangular cereal box is represented by the expression
(79)
3x3 + 3x2 - 18x.
a. Factor the expression completely.
b. What are the dimensions of the box?

21. Error Analysis Students were asked to find the excluded values for _
5m
(78) m + 3 . Which
student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
m+3≠0 m + 3 ≠0
m≠3 m ≠ -3
m ≠3 m ≠ -3

Lesson 80 527
*22. Bakery Erica plans to buy 100 cookies for the parent-teacher conference and
(78)
to divide them equally among the number of parents attending. There will also
be an additional dozen cookies given to each parent at the end of school party.
The number of cookies for each parent, y, is given by y = _
100
x + 12, where x is
the number of parents. Find the asymptotes and graph the function.

23. Analyze Explain why you would not reverse the inequality sign for 6x < -42 and
(77)
why you would for -6x < 42.

24. Multiple Choice What is the solution to 5 - 3(2 - m) ≥ 29?

(77)
A m ≤ -10 B m ≥ -10 C m ≤ 10 D m ≥ 10

6 ).
25. Use the Distributive Property to find the product of √4(3 + √
(76)

26. Softball The speed of a pitched ball is represented by the expression 9x2 - 36x - 13.
(75)
Factor the expression completely.

27. Justify Why would you eliminate the factor pair (5)(9z2) in determining the
(72)
binomial factors of x2 + 18xz + 45z2 ?

28. Multi-Step Use the table of values.

(71)

x 40 100 120 20 80 60
y 80 161 196 34 141 105
a. Enter the data into a graphing calculator and find an equation for the line of
best fit.
b. How can you tell if there is a positive or negative correlation for the data from
the equation?

29. Real Estate A realtor gets 6.5% commission for each house sold. Write and solve
(70)
an inequality to find the house prices that will give the realtor a commission of at
least $20,000.

30. Multi-Step Two trains leave the rail yard at the same time. One travels east and the
(67)
other west. The distance in miles traveled by the westbound train is d = 40t + 12.
The distance in miles traveled by the eastbound train is _4 d = 10t + 3.
1

a. Classify these two equations.

b. After a time of 10 hours, which train will have traveled farther?

528 Saxon Algebra 1

 INVESTIGATION

8 Identifying and Writing Joint Variation

Joint variation occurs when a quantity varies directly as the product of two
or more other quantities. When y varies jointly with a set of variables, y is
directly proportional to each variable taken one at a time. For example, if
y = kxz where k is the constant of variation and k ≠ 0, then y varies jointly
with x and z.
The equation b = 3ac is a joint variation in which b varies jointly with
a and c. The table of values below illustrates the relationship between the
variables. Use the table to complete the statements that follow.

a b c
1 3 1
2 6 1
1 6 2
2 12 2

1. Doubling a causes b to change by a factor of .

2. c causes b to change by a factor of two.
3. The statements above are true because b is proportional to
a, and b is directly proportional to .
4. Doubling both and causes to
quadruple.

In each case, you must hold one variable constant to calculate changes in
the other two variables.

If you know y varies jointly with x and z and also know one set of values,
you can use the equation y = kxz to find the equation of variation.
Suppose y varies jointly with x and z. Find y when x = 8 and z = 3, given
that y = 20 when x = 5 and z = 2.
5. Model Set up an equation in the form y = kxz using the given
values.
6. What is the value of k?
7. Use the value of k to write an equation of joint variation that relates
x, y, and z.
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com 8. Find y when x = 8 and z = 3.

Investigation 8 529
 Joint variation is found widely in scientific applications. An ideal gas can
be characterized by three stated variables: absolute pressure P, volume V,
and absolute temperature T. You can deduce the relationship between them
from kinetic theory. This is called the ideal gas law. It is written as PV =
nRT, where P is the absolute pressure in atmospheres, V is the volume of
the vessel containing n moles of gas, n moles is the amount of substance of
gas, R is the gas constant (0.08206), and T is the temperature in kelvins.
Since R is a constant, the equation can be written as PV = 0.08206nT.

Use the ideal gas law to answer the questions.

9. What is the constant of variation in the ideal gas law equation?

10. How many moles of gas does it take to occupy 120 liters at a pressure of
2.3 atmospheres and a temperature of 340 K? Round the answer to the
nearest tenth.
11. If a 50-liter container holds 45 moles of a gas at a temperature of
473.15 K, what is the pressure inside the container? Round the answer
to the nearest tenth.
12. Generalize Solve the ideal gas law for the absolute pressure P.
An equation in several variables can be written in terms of one variable,
as in the previous exercise. This will produce a quotient on one side of the
equal sign in the equation. You can describe the variation in terms of a
joint and an inverse variation.

13. Write State the ideal gas law solved for P in words using the phrases
jointly proportional to and inversely proportional to.
Caution By solving the ideal gas law for the absolute pressure P the equation
Sometimes there can be is written by as both a joint and an inverse variation. Many science
more than one type of applications involve more than one type of variation, as well as the square
variation in one situation.
The type of variation or square root of variable(s).
depends on whether
each variable is part of The load P in pounds that a horizontal beam can safely support varies
a product or quotient jointly with the product of the width of the beam W in feet and the square
within the equation of
variation. of the depth D in feet, and inversely with the length L in feet.

14. Write an equation relating P, W, D, L, and a constant k.

15. How does P change when the length of the beam is doubled?
16. How does P change when the width and the depth of the beam are cut
in half?

530 Saxon Algebra 1

Investigation Practice

a. Write an equation for the relationship where s varies jointly with r and t
and k = 4.
b. Write an equation for the relationship where m varies jointly with n and the
square root of p and k = _3 .
1

The value of y varies jointly with w and x and inversely with z. If w = 12, x = 9,
and z = 15, then y = 36.
c. Write an equation for the given relationship.
d. Find the constant of variation.
e. What is the value of y, when w = 16, x = 8, and z = 20?

The ideal gas law is PV = 0.08206nT.

f. How many moles of gas are in a 30 liter scuba canister if the temperature in
the canister is 300 K and the pressure is 200 atmospheres? Round the answer
to the nearest tenth.
g. Solve the ideal gas law for V. What type of variation exists between V and P?
between V and n?
The volume V of a right circular cone varies jointly with the square of the radius of
the base r and the height of the cone h.
h. Write an equation relating the radius, height, and volume of a right circular
cone.
i. The volume of a right circular cone with a radius of 2 centimeters and a height
of 4 centimeters is 16.76 cubic centimeters. Find the constant of variation to
the nearest hundredth.
j. What is the volume of the cone pictured below?

h=7

r=3

Investigation 8 531