Slide 2 - What is an Operating System?

• The most important program that runs on your computer. It manages all other programs on
the machine.

- The most important program that runs on your computer is the operating system. It
is responsible for managing all other programs and resources on the machine. The
operating system actually a linkperson between the hardware and software,
providing an interface for users to interact with the computer and ensuring that the
different programs can run smoothly and efficiently. It handles tasks such as memory
management, process scheduling, file system management, and device drivers. In
reality, the operating system is the foundation upon which all other software
operates, making it important for the proper function of a computer.

• Every PC has to have one to run other applications or programs. It’s the first thing “loaded”.

- The "first thing loaded" on every PC is the operating system. Every computer requires
an operating system to function and run other applications or programs. The
operating system is the foundational software that manages all the hardware and
software resources of the computer. It provides an interface for users to interact with
the machine and serves as a platform on which other programs can be executed.
When you turn on your PC, the operating system is the initial software that loads,
allowing you to perform various tasks and use different applications.
- So we can say that, without an operating system, a computer cannot work and would
not be able to run any other programs or applications.

Slide 3 - It performs basic tasks, such as

• Recognizing input from the keyboard or mouse,

- Recognizing input from the keyboard or mouse is a fundamental task performed by

the operating system. When a user interacts with a computer, the operating system
is responsible for capturing and interpreting the input from the keyboard or mouse.

• Sending output to the monitor,

- The operating system coordinates with the display driver, a component that
communicates with the monitor hardware, to ensure proper rendering of the output.
 It converts the visual information into signals that the monitor can understand and
display as images, text, graphics, videos, or any other visual elements.

• Keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and

- Keeping track of files and directories on the disk is an essential function performed
by the operating system. It involves managing the organization, storage, and
retrieval of data stored on the computer's disk or storage devices.
- The operating system maintains a file system, which is arranged in order of rank
structure to organize files and directories. It keeps track of the location, size, and
attributes of each file and directory on the disk.

• Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

- Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers refers to the operating
system's ability to manage and open the door for communication between computer
and these external devices.

Slide 4 - Is There More Than One Type of OS?

• Generally, there are four types, based on the type of computer they control and the sort of
applications they support.

• Desktop Operating Systems

- Desktop Operating Systems: These operating systems are designed to run on

personal computers (PCs) and workstations that are commonly used in homes,
offices, and educational institutions. They support a wide range of applications and
provide a graphical user interface (GUI) for users to interact with the system.
Examples of desktop operating systems include Windows, macOS, and Linux
distributions like Ubuntu and Fedora.

• Server Operating Systems

- Server operating systems are specifically tailored to run on servers, which are
powerful computers that serve multiple clients or handle extensive data processing
and storage. These operating systems prioritize stability, security, and scalability to
efficiently manage network resources, facilitate client-server communications, and
handle high volumes of requests. Examples include Windows Server, Linux server
distributions like CentOS and Debian, and enterprise-grade Unix-based systems.
 • Embedded Operating Systems
- One of the Examples of embedded operating systems is RTOS are used to control
machinery, scientific instruments, and industrial systems. There is typically very little
user- interface capability and these operating systems are lightweight and highly
efficient.
• Mobile operating systems
- Mobile operating systems are designed for smartphones, tablets, and other mobile
devices. These operating systems are optimized for touchscreens and provide a user-
friendly interface that accommodates mobility. They typically support a wide variety
of mobile applications and offer features like app stores, messaging, and multimedia
capabilities. Popular mobile operating systems include Android (developed by
Google), iOS (developed by Apple), and Windows 10 Mobile.

Slide 9 - OS’s Manage Applications

• Application programs must be written to run on a particular operating system means that

- Application programs must be written to run on a particular operating system means

that Different operating systems have their own unique set of APIs (Application
Programming Interfaces), libraries, and system calls that allow developers to interact
with the underlying resources and services of the operating system. Application
programs need to be written using the appropriate programming languages and
tools supported by the target operating system.
- So, your choice of operating system determines what application software you
can run.

Slide 10 - Operating System Functions

• Besides managing hardware and software resources on the system, the OS must manage
resources and memory

There are two broad tasks to be accomplished

Slide 11 OS- Memory Storage and Management

- Memory management is a critical function of an operating system that is responsible

for efficiently managing the computer's memory resources. It involves allocating
memory to processes, tracking memory usage, and ensuring optimal utilization of
available memory.
 - Memory Allocation: The operating system allocates memory to processes when they
are created or when they request additional memory during their execution. It
maintains a record of allocated and free memory blocks and determines the best-fit
or first-fit strategies to assign memory to processes.

Slide 12 - Memory Organization

- Memory Organization: The operating system organizes the memory into different
regions or partitions to store processes and data. It may use techniques like
segmentation or paging to divide memory into manageable units.

Slide 13 - Cache Memory

• Cache - A section of a computer’s memory which temporarily retains recently accessed data
in order to speed up repeated access to the same data.

• It provides rapid access without having to wait for systems to load.

Slide 14 - RAM Memory

• Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory.

• RAM is considered “random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you
know the row and column that intersect at that cell.

Slide 15 - RAM Memory

• The more RAM your computer has, the faster programs can function. The two main types are
called DRAM and SRAM. SRAM is faster than DRAM, but, more expensive.

• Remember, that if the power is turned off, then all data left in RAM, that has not been saved
to the hard drive, is lost.

Slide 16 - Virtual Memory

• Virtual Memory – a method of using hard disk space to provide extra memory. It simulates
additional RAM
• In Windows, the amount of virtual memory available, equals the amount of free RAM plus
the amount of disk space allocated to the swap file

Slide 17 - Virtual Memory – Swap File

• A swap file is an area of your hard disk that is set aside for virtual memory. Swap files either
temporary or permanent.
Slide 19 - OS - Wakeup call

• When you turn on the power to a PC, the first program that runs is a set of instructions kept
in the computer's read-only memory (ROM).

Slide 20 - OS - Wakeup call

• It checks to make sure everything is functioning properly.

• It checks the CPU, memory, and basic input-output systems (BIOS) for errors.

Slide 21 - OS - Wakeup call

• Once successful, the software will begin to activate the computer's disk drives.

• It then finds the first piece of the operating system: the bootstrap loader.

Slide 22 - OS - Booting the PC

• The bootstrap loader is a small program that has a single function: It loads the operating
system into memory and allows it to begin operation.

• Operating System Loading: Once the bootloader identifies the operating system, it is
loaded into memory from the storage device (such as a hard drive or solid-state
drive). The operating system's kernel and necessary system files are loaded, and the
system transitions from firmware control to the operating system's control.

Slide 23 - OS - Booting the PC

• The bootstrap loader sets up the small driver programs that interface with and control the
various hardware.

• It sets up the divisions of

- memory

- user information, and

- applications.

Slide 24 - OS - Booting the PC

• It establishes the data structures needed to communicate within and between the subsystems
and applications of the computer.
 - In addition to the functions described earlier, the operating system establishes the
necessary data structures for communication within and between the subsystems
and applications of the computer. These data structures facilitate efficient and
reliable communication and coordination among different components of the
system

Slide 26 - How Do I Tell The OS What I Want To Do?

• You must continue to give the operating system commands that are accepted and executed.

• The first command was pushing the “ON” button which started the “boot” process.

Slide 27 - Enter Commands

• Commands can be entered several ways:

- Through a keyboard.

- Pointing or clicking on an object with a mouse. (Graphical User Interface Or GUI)

- Sending a command from another program.

Slide 28 - Windows and Mac are GUI’s

• Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems are “graphical user interfaces” or
GUI’s.

- GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It is a type of user interface that allows users
to interact with a computer or electronic device using graphical elements such as
icons, windows, menus, buttons, and other visual controls.
- GUIs provide a visual representation of the system's functionalities and allow users to
navigate through different screens or windows, select options, manipulate objects,
and execute commands with the help of visual cues and feedback. This visual
approach simplifies the learning process and increase the user experience by
providing a more natural and user-friendly way to interact with the computer system
or software application.

Slide 29 - GUI – Standards

 • GUI interfaces have standards that are usually the same or similar in all systems and
applications.

• Standards apply to:

• Pointers and pointing devices

• Icons, desktops, windows and menus

Slide 30 - Windows- GUI Pointers

• GUI uses pictures, symbols, or icons rather than words to represent some object or function.
For example:

• A pointer or mouse pointer is a small arrow or other symbol that moves on the screen as you
move a mouse.

• An I-Beam pointer is used by many desktop publishing systems and word processors to mark
blocks of text and move the sliding point.

Slide 31 - GUI – Cursors / Pointers

• The term “cursor” typically is used to show where your typing will appear. Otherwise, the
term “pointer” is the better choice.

Slide 32 – Windows - GUI Icons Slide 33 - GUI – Standards

• Icon - A small picture that represents a command, object, file, or window.

• Point and click with a mouse to execute a command or convert the icon into a window.

• Icons are moveable around the display screen, just like moving things around on your desk.

Slide 33 - Object Icons & Shortcut Icons

• One type of icon is an object icon. It allows you to open applications and documents on
your PC.

• You can create and use a shortcut icon to open any application quickly. You don’t have to
use the Start Menu to access a program or document.