Gaurav.K.

Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

Website: https://gauravprajapatidot.wordpress.com
Email : [email protected]

Subject: C#- BCA-4 1

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

C#.Net
Chapter Chapter Name Topics
No.

 Introduction Microsoft .NET Framework

 Features of the .NET Platform:
 Components of the .NET Architecture:
CLR,CTS,CLS,BCL/BCL ,
Name Space,Assembly,
Meta Data,
.Net Managed code and Unmanaged code,
1 Framework & Visual  Reflection,
Studio IDE , Language  Just In Time Compilation,
Basics
 Garbage Collection
 Data Types (Value Type & Reference Type)
 Boxing and UnBoxing
 Operators (Arithmetic,Relational, Bitwise, etc.)
 Arrays (One Dimensional,Rectangular,
Jagged)
 Decisions (If types and switchcase)
 Loops (for, while, do..while,foreach
 Concept of Class, Object,Encapsulation,
Inheritance,Polymorphism
 Methods with ―ref‖ and ―out‖ parameters
 Static and Non-Static Members
 Constructors
 Overloading Constructor,
 Method Overloading
 Operator Overloading
Class &Inheritance,  Inheritance
2 Property, Indexer,  Sealed Class & Abstract Class
Pointers, Delegates,  Overriding Methods
Event,  Interface and Interface inheritance
Collections
 Creating and using Property
 Creating and using Indexer
 Creating and using Pointers
(unsafe concept)

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

 Creating and using Delegates

(Single / Multicasting)
 Creating and using Events with Event
Delegate
 Collections (ArrayList,
 HashTable, Stack, Queue, SortedList) and
their differences.

 Creating Windows Application

 MessageBox class with all types of Show()
method
 Basic Introduction to Form and Form
Properties
 Concept of Adding different Events with
Event Parameters
 Different Windows Controls
 Label
3  TextBox
 RadioButton
Windows  CheckBox
Programming  ComboBox
 ListBox
 PictureBox
 ScrollBarTreeView
 Menu (MenuStrip, ContextMenuStrip)
 ToopStrip
 Timer
 Panel and GroupBox
 Dialog Boxes (ColorDialog, FontDialog,
ShowFileDialog and OpenFileDialog)
 MDI Concept with MDI Notepad
 Concept of Inheriting Form

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

 Concept of Connected and Disconnected

Architecture
 Data Providers in ADO.NET
 Connection Object
 Connected Architecture
4  Command
 Data Reader
Database
 Disconnected Architecture
Programming with
 Data Adapter
ADO.NET
 DataSetDataSet
 DataTable
 DataRow
 DataColumn
 DataRelation
 DataView
 Gridview Programming
 Creating User Controls with :
 Property
 Event
 Method
5  Creating Crystal Reports
User
 Report Sections
Controls(Components),
Crystal Reports,  Formula, Special Fiend and Summary in
Setup Project Report
 Creating Setup Project
 File System Editor
 User Interface Editor
 Launch Conditions Editor

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

Chapter-1 :- Framework & Visual Studio IDE , Language Basics

.NET Framework :

 The .NET Framework is a service or platform for building, deploying, and running
applications. The .NET Framework consists of 2 main parts: common language
runtime and class libraries

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

What are the features of .NET Platform / .NET Framework?

 There are many features provided by .NET Framework which has made .NET
popular and reliable in software development and web development industry.
Following are features of .NET Platform / .NET Framework.

1) Multilanguage Development
C#.NET supports multiple languages. This is definitely one of the biggest
advantages of .NET Framework because programmers having ability in
their own languages, can use their skills in their languages. Another
advantage of Multilanguage is that all are developed under same basic
environment.

2) Multi-Device Development
Apart from that .NET supports multiple developments. You can create
Mobile Application, PDA Application, etc.

3) Platform and Processor independence

Generally when you compile a code written in some language, it is

converted directly to Native Code i.e. EXE or DLL. In C#.NET execution of
programs is done in two process. First program is converted from
language code to IL Code and then from IL Code to Native Code, which
makes .NET application to become Platform and Processor
independence.

4) Automatic memory management

Memory managed is always one of biggest headache of Developers.
C#.NET handles memory managed by itself. Under Garbage Collection
method, it automatically collects the objects which are no longer needed
and removes it from memory

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
5) Easy Deployment
In many languages, Deployment is one of the tedious task. Using C#.NET
application becomes easy to deploy. You can create Deployment project
easily which helps to deploy application on target machines.

6) Distributed Architecture
C#.NET applications have capability to be executed on Distributed
Architecture. You can create applications which can be executed on
Distributed Architecture.

7) Interoperability with Unmanaged code

Because interaction between new and older applications is commonly
required, the .NET Framework provides means to access functionality that
is implemented in programs that execute outside the .NET environment.
So, Interoperability with Unmanaged Code is provided.

8) Security
The design is meant to address some of the vulnerabilities, such as buffer
overflows, that been exploited by malicious software. Additionally, .NET
provides a common security model for all applications.

9) Performance and Scalability

As far as Performance and Scalability is concerned, .NET based
applications give better performance in terms of memory, device
management, etc. You can create Robust Application with full scalability
provided by application.

10) XML Support

Today XML is used widely for the transportation of data between Client
and Server via HTTP. Because XML works in Text which can be
understood by all OS and Hardwares. .NET supports writing, manipulating
and transforming of XML documents.

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
Components Of .NET Architecture:

CLR (Common Language Runtime):

 It is the execution engine for .NET Framework applications.

 It is the heart or backbone of the .NET.

 It's is the runtime engine provided by the .NET framework.

 It provides an infrastructure for run programs and allows them to

communicate with other parts of the .NET framework.

 It provides a number of services, including the following:

 Code loading and execution

 Application memory isolation

 Verification of type safety

 Conversion of IL to native code

 Access to metadata

 Managing memory for managed objects

 Enforcement of code access security

 Exception handling, including cross-language exceptions

CTS (Common Type System):

 CTS allow programs written in different programming languages to easily

share information.
 A class written in C# should be equivalent to a class written in vb.
 Languages must agree on the meanings of these concepts before they
can integrate with one another.
 CTS forms a subset of CLS. This implies that all the rules that apply to
CTS apply to CLS also.

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

 It defines rules that a programming language must follow to ensure that

objects written in different programming languages can interact with each
other.
 CTS provide cross language integration.
 The common type system supports two general categories of types:
1) Value types
2) Reference types Value types

CLS (Common Language Specification):

 CLS includes basic language features needed by almost all the

applications.
 It serves as a guide for library writers and compiler writers.
 The Common Language Specification is a subset of the common type
system.
 The Common Language Specification is also important to application
developers who are writing code that will be used by other developers.

Assembly:

 An assembly is the primary building block of a .NET Framework

application.
 An Assembly is a logical DLL.
 It consists of DLLs or executables.
 It is a collection of functionality that is built, versioned, and deployed as a
single implementation unit (as one or more files).
 All managed types and resources are marked either as accessible
only within their implementation unit or as accessible by code
outside that unit.

 There are mainly two types of assemblies:

1) Private Assembly

2) Shared Assembly

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

 A private assembly is used only by a single application, and is stored in

that application's install directory (or a subdirectory therein).

 A shared assembly is one that can be referenced by more than one

application.

 In order to share an assembly, the assembly must be explicitly built for this
purpose by giving it a cryptographically strong name (referred to as a
strong name).

 By contrast, a private assembly name need only be unique within the

application that uses it.

Meta Data:

 Metadata stored within the Assembly.

 NET records information about compiled classes as Metadata.
 Metadata means data about data.
 A .NET language compiler will generate the metadata and store this in the
assembly.
 On the .NET Platform programs are compiled into .NET PE (Portable
Executable) files.
 The header section of every .NET PE file contains a special new section for
Metadata.
 Metadata is nothing but a description of every namespace, class, method,
property etc. contained within the PE file.
 The CLR uses this metadata to

Locate classes
Load classes
Generate native code
Providesecurity

Subject: C#- BCA-4 10

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
FCL (Framework Class Library):

 In C, <conio.h>, <stdio.h> etc. are header files. We add those header

files in our program to use inbuilt functions.
 Same here, the .NET Framework are collection of classes or
namespace that can be used to develop applications.
 The class library consists of data classes, XML classes, Web Forms
classes and Windows Forms classes, Smart device classes, Input
Output classes.
 Other name of FCL is BCL - Base class library.

Namespace:

 As above, the .NET Framework class library is collection of namespaces.

 Namespace is a logical naming scheme for types that have related

functionality.

 Namespace means nothing but a logical container or partition.

 It's like Drives of our computer.

 Like my computer contain C:, D:, E: and F: . My F: contains songs and

videos my C: contains installed file so on.

 For example, my friend wants songs. So I will directly go to my

computer's F: because songs are placed there.

Subject: C#- BCA-4 11

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
o Common Namespaces

Garbage Collection (GC):

 Garbage Collection is a mechanism that allows the computer to detect

when an object is no longer needed.
 It then automatically free up the memory used by that object.
 One of the advantages of CLR is automatic memory management that
uses the garbage collection mechanism.
 The CLR’s garbage collector (GC)manages the allocation and release of
memory for an application.
 We do not have to write code to perform memory management tasks
when you develop managed applications.
 There are some steps that are carried out while executing C#.NET
program. They are :

Subject: C#- BCA-4 12

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

Program Execution of C#.NET

Select Compiler

Compile Code to MSIL

Convert MSIL to Native Code

Execute Code

Step-1 :

First of all C#.NET finds that which program is being compiled. According to the
program, C#.NET selects compiler. For C#.NET it selects C#C (C#Compiler), For
C# it selects CSC (CSharpCompiler), and similar to different languages which
are supported.

Step-2 :

After selecting compiler, it will convert the language code to Intermediate

Language. So that, can be clubbed together with other ILs which are produced
by other languages. This Intermediate Language (Code) is known as MSIL
(MicroSoft Intermediate Language), CIL (Common Intermediate Language) or IL
(Intermediate Language).

Subject: C#- BCA-4 13

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
Step-3 :

After converting program to MSIL. It is converted to Native Code (Binary Code)

so that it can be executed on machine.

Step-4 :

Now as MSIL is converted into Native Code (Binary Code), it can be executed.

Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL):

 MSIL is the CPU-independent instruction set into which .NET Framework

programs are compiled.
 It contains instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and calling methods
on objects.
 Combined with metadata and the common type system, MSIL allows for true
cross-language integration.
 MSIL also known as CIL - Common Intermediate Language or IL-
Intermediate Language

Just In Time Compiler (JIT):

 It stands for "just-in-time".

 It's a smart compiler.
 JIT does not compile whole
program each time and every time.
It compiles only that portion of the
program which functions are called
that time.And suppose Native code
is already present then that data
will not again compiled. If changes
are made then possible that it will
again generates MSIL to Native.
 Firstly any program compile by its own compiler then it will convert into MSIL

Subject: C#- BCA-4 14

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

then with the help of JIT; MSIL compile into Native code but CLR does not
convert whole MSIL code to Native code on Load time of that application;
instead of it compiles the MSIL instructions as they are called.
 There are 3 types of JIT
o Pre-JIT - It compiles complete program into native code in a single
compilation cycle. This work is done at the time of deployment of the
program.
o Econo-JIT - It compiles only those methods that are called at runtime.
o Normal-JIT - It's like Econo-JIT. The methods are compiled the 1st
time they are stored in cache. When the same methods are called
again the- compiled code from cache is used for execution.

Managed & Unmanaged Code:

Managed Code

 Managed Code is what C#.NET,J# and vb.net Compilers create.

 Code that targets the CLR (Common Language Runtime), the
foundation of .NET Framework, is known as Managed Code.
 It compiles IL (Intermediate Code), not to machine code that could run
directly on your computer. The IL is kept in a file called an Assembly
which is known as AssemblyInfo.C# file., along with metadata that
describes the classes, methods, and attributes of the code which you
have created. You can copy it to another server / pc to deploy the
assembly there – and often that coping is the only step required in the
deployment.
 Managed code runs in the CLR. The runtime offers a wide variety of
services to your running code.
 The managed code is always executed by a managed runtime
execution environment rather than the operating system directly.
 Applications written in Java, C#, vb.NET, etc. target a runtime
environment which manages the execution and the code written using
these types of languages is known as Managed Code.

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

 Managed Code is always compiled to IL, so it provides platform

independence.
 Managed Code provides information to allow the CLR to locate
methods encoded in assembly modules, store and retrieve security
information, handle exception, and walk the program stack.
 Managed code can access both managed data and unmanaged data.

Unmanaged Code

 Code that does not target the CLR (Common Language Runtime) is
known as Unmanaged Code.

 Unmanaged code is what you use to make before C#.NET 2003 was
released.

 Code that is directly executed by the OS is known as Unmanaged

Code.

 Typically applications written in C# 6, C++, C, COM components,

ActiveX components are an example of Unmanaged Code.

 Unmanaged Code typically targets the processor architecture and is

always dependent on the computer architecture.

 Unmanaged code is always compiled to target a specific architecture

and will only run on the intended platform, this means if you want to
execute the same application on different machines, you need to
recompile your program again.

 Unmanaged code is always compiled to the native code which is

architecture specific.

Subject: C#- BCA-4 16

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
Reflection:

 Reflection is a feature that enables you to obtain information about a

type.

 Using this information you can construct and use objects at runtime.

 Reflection is the ability of managed code to read its own metadata for
the purpose of encapsulates the type information.

 In other words, Reflection is a powerful mechanism because it allows

learning and using the capabilities of types that are known only at
runtime.

 Reflection is similar to C++ RTTI (Run Time Type Information).

 The ―System.Reflection‖ namespace contains classes and interfaces

that provide a value of methods, fields and types.

 C# code for reflection uses the type of operator and GetTypes()

method.

 There are four key Reflection techniques :

1. Obtaining information about methods.

2. Invoking methods.
3. Constructing objects.
4. Loading types from assemblies.

Subject: C#- BCA-4 17

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

o Example :

using System.Reflection ;

class MyClass

public int Add(int a, int b)

return (a+b);

class Demo

public static void Main( )

MyClass obj = new MyClass( );

Type t = obj.GetType( );

MethodInfo m = t.getMethod(“Add”);
o In above example GetType( ) is used to get the information of class type.
Object[ ] arr = new Object[ ]{3,5};
o So, it is possible to check whether the class is an abstract class or regular class
by :Console.WriteLine(“Type Name=”+t.FullName+”\nSum=”+ m.Invoke(obj,arr));

Console.ReadKey( ) ;

Subject: C#- BCA-4 18

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

 Why we need Reflection (Use of Reflection) :

o To create an instance of a class whose name is not known until the runtime.
o To invoke a method of an object even method is not known until the runtime.
o To create a new array whose size and component type is not known until the
runtime.
o To define and execute dynamic method.
o So, Reflection is a powerful mechanism because it allows to learn and use the
capability of types that are known only at runtime

 C # Data Types :
Data Types (15)

Value Type(13) Reference Type(2)

Integer Float Character Boolean String Object

Signed

Unsigned

Subject: C#- BCA-4 19

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Signed Integers (Value Type):

Name Full Name Size Range

Sbyte System.Sbyte 8-Bits -27 to 27-1

Short System.Int16 16-Bits -215 to 215-1

Int System.Int32 32-Bits -231 to 231-1

Long System.Int64 64-Bits -263 to 263-1

 Unsigned Integers (Value Type):

Name Full Name Size Range

Byte System.Byte 8-Bits 0 to 28-1

Ushort System.UInt16 16-Bits 0 to 216-1

Uint System.UInt32 32-Bits 0 to 232-1

Ulong System.UInt64 64-Bits 0 to 264-1

 Floating Point (Value Type):

Name Full Name Size Range

Float System.Single 32-Bits Single precision No.

Double precision
Double System.Double 64-Bits No.

Decimal System.Decimal 128-Bits High precision No.

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

 Character (Value Type):

Name Full Name Size Range

Char System.Character 8-Bits Any one character

 Boolean (Value Type):

Name Full Name Size Range

Bool System.Boolean 1-Bit True(1) / False(0)

 String (Reference Type):

Name Full Name Size Range

String System.String - -

 Object (Reference Type):

Name Full Name Size Range

Object System.Object - -

 Boxing and UnBoxing :

o Boxing : when an object refers to a value type, a process is known as ―boxing‖.

- In simple words, casting of value type to object type is called ―boxing‖.
- No explicit type casting is required, it occurs automatically.
- It causes the value of value type tobe stored in object type.
- Thus, value type is boxed inside the object.

Subject: C#- BCA-4 21

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

o UnBoxing : the reverse process of ―boxing‖ is called ―unboxing‖.

- In simple words, casting of object type to value type is called ―unboxing‖.
- This action is performed using explicit cast from object type to corresponding
value type.
- It is necessary to unbox object type to only that value type from which it was
boxed.
- Attempting to unbox an object into different type will result in runtime error

o Example of Boxing/UnBoxing is shown below.

class Demo

Static void Main()

int X ;

object Obj ;

X = 10 ;

Obj = x ; // box int x into an object

int Y = (int) obj ; //unbox obj to int by casting

Subject: C#- BCA-4 22

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Operators in C# :

o Arithmetic Operators :

Operator Meaning

+ Addition

- Subtraction / Unary minus

* Multiplication

/ Division

% Modulus

++ Increment

-- Decrement

Relational and Logical Operators :

Operator Meaning

== Equal to

!= Not Equal to

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or Equal to

<= Less than or Equal to

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
o Bitwise Operators :

Operator Meaning

& Bitwise AND

| Bitwise OR

^ Bitwise exclusive OR (XOR)

>> Shift right

<< Shift left

~ One’s complement (NOT)

 Array in C# :

Arrays

One- Multi-
DimensionalArrays DimensionalArrays

o An array is a collection of variables of the same type that are referred to by a

common name.
o In c#, array can have one or more dimensions.
o Arrays are used for variety of purposes because they offer a convenient means of
grouping together related variables.
o The advantage of an array is that it organizes data in such a way that it can be
easily manipulated.

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 One-dimensional Array :

o A one-dimensional array is a list of related variables.

o Because arrays in c# are implemented as objects, two steps are needed to obtain
an array for use it in program.
o First, declare a variable that can refer to an array.
o Second, create an instance of an array by use of ―new‖.
o Syntax or general form to declare one-dimensional array is as follows :

type[] array-name = new type [size] ;

o Example : conceptually, the sample one-dimensional array looks like this :

J
A B C D E F G H I
Index : [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

 Multi-dimensional Array :If array has more then one row and column, its called Multi
Dimension Array. There are two kinds of Multi Dimension Array In C# :
o Rectangular Array
o Jagged Array
o A multi-dimensional array is an array that has two or more dimensions, and an
individual element is accessed through the combination of two or more indices.
o In two-dimensional array the location of any specific element is specified by two
indices (x,y).
o Two-dimensional array can be same as table, one index indicates the row, the
other index indicates the column.
o Syntax or general form to declare two-dimensional array is as follows :

type[ , ] array-name = new type [row-size,column-size] ;

o To declare a two-dimensional array table of size 3, 5 :

int[ , ] table = new int [3,5] ;

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
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0 1 2 3 4
0 [0,0[0,0] [0,1] [0,2] [0,3] [0,4]

1 [1,0[1,0] [1,1] [1,2] [1,3] [1,4]

2 [2,0[2,0] [2,1] [2,2] [2,3] [2,4]

Array-name[row-index,column-index] = value ;

 Jagged Array :
o C# allows creating special type of two-dimensional array called Jagged Array.
o Jagged array is an ―array of array‖ in which the length of each array can differ.
o Thus, a jagged array can be used to create a table in which the lengths of the
rows are not same.
o Jagged array are declared by using sets of square brackets to indicate each
dimension.
o To declre two-dimensional jagged array :
type[ ][ ] array-name = new type [row-size][ ] ;

o The size indicates number of rows in the jagged array.

o Length of each row is vary :
array-name[0] = new type [column-size] ;

o Example :
Int [ ][ ] table = new int [3][ ] ;
table[0] = new int [3] ;
table[1] = new int [2] ;
table[2] = new int [4] ;

o This example will make a table of varing row size as shown below :

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

[0][0] [0][1] [0][2]

[1][0] [1][1]

[2][0] [2][1] [2][2] [2][3]

 Control Structure of C# :

Control Structure

Decision Structure Loop Structure

If …Else … For Loop

If ..ElseIf…Else While Loop

Do While Loop
Nested If
For each Loop
Switch Case

o The if statement :
- If statement checks the condition, if the condition is true, the target
statement of if will be executed, otherwise if exists, and the target
statements of else will be executed.
- At no time both of them will be executed.
- Either the statements of ―if‖ or ―else‖ will be executed.
- ―else‖ clause is optional.
- The general form or syntax of ―if‖ is as follows :

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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
if (condition)
{
statements;
}
else
{
statements;
}

o The if-else-if Ladder :

- This type of conditional structure is used to check multiple conditions.

- The conditional expressions are evaluated from the top to downward.
- As soon as a true condition is found, the statement associated with it is
executed and the rest of statements are bypassed.
- If none of the conditions is true, then the final ―else‖ clause will be executed.
- The final ―else‖ is like a default condition.
- If there is no final ―else‖ and all other conditional tests fails, then no action will
take place.
- The general form or syntax is as follows :

if (condition1){ statement; ……}

else if (condition2)
{
statement;
…….
}
else if (condition3)
{
statement;
…….
}
…….
…….
else
{
statement;
}
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 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

o Nested ifs :
- A nested if is an if statement that is the target of another if or else.
- In general nested if is a ―if within if‖.
- The if which contains another if is called ―Outer if‖.
- The if which is inside another if is called ―Inner if‖.
- The general form or syntax is as follows :

if (condition)
{
if (condition)
{
statement;
……
}
else
{
statement;
……. statement :
o The switch
- The} swich case provides for a multiway branch.
- }It enables a program to select among several alternatives.
- else
The value of an expression is successively tested against a list of constants.
- {When match is found, the statement sequence associated with that match is
statement;
executed.
- }The general form or syntax is as follows :

Subject: C#- BCA-4 29

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

switch (expression)
{
case constant1 :
Statements;
break ;
case constant2 :
Statements;
break ;
case constant3 :
Statements;
break ;
…..
…..
default :
Statements;
break ;
}

- The switch expression must be of an integer,char,byte,or string type.

- The ―default case‖ is executed if no ―case‖ constant matches the expression.
- The ―default case‖ is optional.
- The statements associated with any case are executed until the break is
encountered.

o The for loop :

- For loop is used to repeatedly execute a sequence of code.

- The general form or syntax is as follows :

Subject: C#- BCA-4 30

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

for (initialization ; condition ; increment)

Statements;

- The ―initialization‖ portion of the for loop sets a loop control variable to an initial
value.
- The ―condition‖ is a Boolean expression that tests the loop control variable.
- If test is ―true‖, the for loop continues to iterate.
- If it is ―false‖, the loop terminates.
- The ―increment‖ expression determines how the loop control variable is
changed each time the loop iterates.

o The while loop :

- Like other loop ―while loop‖ is also used to repeatedly execute statements.
- The general form or syntax is as follows :

while (condition)

Statements;

Subject: C#- BCA-4 31

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
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- Statement can be a single statement or a block of statements.
- Condition defines the condition that controls the loop and may be valid
Boolean
expression.
- The statement is executed while the condition is ―true‖.
- When the condition becomes ―false‖, program control passes to the line
immediately
following the loop.

o The do-while loop :

- Unlike the for and while loops, in which the condition is tested at the top of the
loop, the do-while loop checks its condition at the bottom of the loop.
- This means that a do-while loop will always execute at least once.
- The do-while loop executes as long as the conditional expression is true.
- The general form or syntax is as follows :

do

Statements;

while (condition) ;

o The for each loop :

- for each loop is used to cycle through the elements of a collection.
- A collection is a group of objects.
- C# defines several types of collections, of which one is an array.
- The general form or syntax of for each loop is as follows :

Subject: C#- BCA-4 32

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

Foreach (type loopvariable in collection)

Statements;

- The ―type‖ and ―loopvariable‖ specifies the datatype and the name of loop
variable.
- The variable receives the value of next element in the collection each time the
foreach loop iterates.
- When loop begins, the first element of the collection is obtained and assigned
to loopvariable.
- Each subsequent iteration obtains the next element from the collection.
- The loop ends when there is no more elements to obtain.
- Thus, ―foreach‖ loop cycles through the collection one element at a time, from
start to finish.

 Exception Handling in C# :
o Exception means runtime errors.
o Exception handling is a technique to handle runtime errors without terminating
execution of program.
o In c#, Exception Handling is managed via four keywords : try, catch, throw and
finally.
o Program statements that are supposed to generate errors are contained within a
try block.
o If an exception occurs within the try block, it is thrown.
o Exception is catched and handled by using catch block.
o System generated exceptions are automatically thrown by the c# runtime system.
o To manually throw an exception, the keyword ―throw‖ is used.
o The general form of ―try-catch‖ is shown below.

Subject: C#- BCA-4 33

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

try

//block of code to monitor for errors

catch (ExceptionType1 object)

//handler for ExceptionType1

catch (ExceptionType2 object)

o Catch can not be used without try, and more than one catch clause can be
{
associated with a try.
o The type of exception
//handler determines which catch is executed.
for ExceptionType2
o When exception is caught, the exception variable ―object‖ will receive its value.
o} If no exception is thrown, then a try block ends normally, and all of the catch
clauses are bypassed.
o… To catch all exception with the use of single catch following syntax is used

…
try
{
…
//block of code to monitor for errors
}
catch
{
//handler for Exceptions
}

Subject: C#- BCA-4 34

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Using “finally” :
o Sometimes when a try/catch block is left and exception might teminates the
current block.
o To specify a block of code to execute when an exception can not catched by
perticular ―catch‖ clause and exception must be handled, the ―finally‖ is used.
o The general form of ―try/catch‖ which includes ―finally‖ is shown below

try
{
//block of code to monitor for errors
}
catch
{
//handler for Exceptions
}
…
…
finally
{
// finally code
}

o The nested try blocks means one try within another is also possible.

 “throw” an exception manually :

o It is also possible to throw an exception manually by using the ―throw‖ statement.
o The general form is shown below :

try
{
throw exception-object;
}
catch(exception-type)
{
//handler for Exceptions }
Subject: C#- BCA-4 35
 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
o Commonly used exceptions are :
 DivideByZeroException
IndexOutOfRangeException
 OverflowException
 InvalidCastException ,etc…

Subject: C#- BCA-4 36

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

Chapter :-2 Class &Inheritance, Property, Indexer,Pointers,

Delegates,Event,Collections

 Class :
o Classes are the basic ingredients of Object-Oriented languages.
o It is used to define custom data and methods.
o Classes can be declared by using the ―class‖ keyword followed by the name of
class and the brackets surrounding the body of the class.
o Supports member variables and methods.

 Object :
o An object is a variable or an instance of the type Class.
o It can access all the members or properties of class by using dot (.) Operator.

 Structure :
o It is the user defined datatype provided by c#.
o Like classes, structures can also contain both data and method definitions.
o Also like a class, a structure can contain constructors, constants, fields, methods,
properties, indexers, operators and nested types.

 Namespace :
o Namespace is used to organize classes and other types into a single hierarchical
structure.
o Namespace is the logical collection of related classes.
o The proper use of namespaces will make classes easy to use and prevent
collisions with classes written by other authors.
o The namespace can contain classes and other namespaces.
o In C# ―System‖ is the root namespace.
o All the data related classes are within System.Data namespace.
o All Input/Output related classes are within System.IO namespace, etc.

 “using” Keword :
o To use the classes within the particular namespace, the namespace must be
inherited before the use.

Subject: C#- BCA-4 37

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
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o The namespace is inherited in C# program by using ―using‖ keyword.
o EX : using System.IO;

 Encapsulation means that a group of related properties, methods, and other

members are treated as a single unit or object..
 Polymorphism means that you can have multiple classes that can be used
interchangeably, even though each class implements the same properties or
methods in different ways.

 Properties & Fields:

o Fields and properties represent information that an object contains. Fields are
like variables because they can be read or set directly.
o Both C# and Visual Basic allow you either to create a private field for storing the
property value or use so-called auto-implemented properties that create this field
automatically behind the scenes and provide the basic logic for the property
procedures.

 Methods & Events:

o A method is an action that an object can perform. A class can have several
implementations, or overloads, of the same method that differ in the number of
parameters or parameter types.
o Events enable a class or object to notify other classes or objects when something
of interest occurs. The class that sends (or raises) the event is called the
publisher and the classes that receive (or handle) the event are called
subscribers. For more information about events, how they are raised and
handled.

o To declare an event in a class, use the event (C# Reference) keyword.

o To raise an event, invoke the event delegate.
o To subscribe to an event, use the += operator; to unsubscribe from an event, use
the -= operator.

Subject: C#- BCA-4 38

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Methods with “ref” and “out” parameters:

Ref

The ref keyword is used to pass an argument as a reference. This means that
when value of that parameter is changed in the method, it gets reflected in the calling
method. An argument that is passed using a ref keyword must be initialized in the
calling method before it is passed to the called method.

Out

The out keyword is also used to pass an argument like ref keyword, but the
argument can be passed without assigning any value to it. An argument that is passed
using an out keyword must be initialized in the called method before it returns back to
calling method.

Example:

public class Example

{
public static void Main() //calling method
{
int val1 = 0; //must be initialized
int val2; //optional

Example1(ref val1);
Console.WriteLine(val1); // val1=1

Example2(out val2);
Console.WriteLine(val2); // val2=2
}
static void Example1(ref int value) //called method
{
value = 1;
}
static void Example2(out int value) //called method
{
value = 2; //must be initialized
}
}

Subject: C#- BCA-4 39

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Static and Non-Static Members:

Static Members Non-Static Members

1) Static members are one 1) Non-Static members are one
per class per instance

2) Static members are 2) Non-Static members are

accessed by their class accessed by object
name which reference
encapsulates them

3) Static members can not 3) Non-Static members can use

use non-static methods static members directly.
without instantiating an
object

 Constructor:

o Constructors are class methods that are executed automatically when an object
of a given type is created. Constructors usually initialize the data members of the
new object. A constructor can run only once when a class is created.
Furthermore, the code in the constructor always runs before an other code in a
class. However, you can create multiple constructor overloads in the same way
as for any other method.

public class SampleClass

{
public SampleClass()
{
// Add code here
}
}

Subject: C#- BCA-4 40

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Overloading Constructor:

Constructor overloading in c# is one type of static polymorphism. Using

constructor overloading, any number of constructors can be defined for same class. But
ensure each constructor must have different number and type of parameters defined.

using System;
namespace ConsoleApplication3
{
class Sample
{
public string param1, param2;

public Sample() // Default Constructor

{
param1 = "Hi";
param2 = "I am Default Constructor";
}
public Sample(string x, string y) // Declaring Parameterized
constructor with Parameters
{
param1 = x;
param2 = y;
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Sample obj = new Sample(); // Default Constructor will Called
Sample obj1=new Sample("Welcome","C#-GauravKSardhara"); //
Parameterized Constructor will Called
Console.WriteLine(obj.param1 + ", "+obj.param2);
Console.WriteLine(obj1.param1 +" to " + obj1.param2);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

Subject: C#- BCA-4 41

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Inheritance in C# :
o Inheritance is the process by which one object can acquire the properties of
another object.
o Inheritance is one of the principle of object-oriented programming supports the
concept of hierarchical(top-down) classification.
o Using inheritance the object can inherits its general attributes from its parent.
o It is the concept of reusing something that is already exists rather than to create
the same again and again.
o The class that is inherited is called ―base class‖ or ―parent class‖ and the class
that does the inheriting is called ―derieved class‖ or ―child class‖.

 Types of Inheritance :

(1) Single Inheritance :

Base Class

Derived Class

(2) Multi-Level Inheritance :

Base Class

Derived Class

Derived Class

Subject: C#- BCA-4 42

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
(3) Multiple Inheritance :

Base1 Class Base2 Class Base3 Class

Derived Class

(4) Hierarchical Inheritance :

Base Class

Derived Class Derived Class Derived Class

(5) Hybrid Inheritance :

Base Class

Derived Class Derived Class Derived Class

Derived Class
Subject: C#- BCA-4 43
 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

 Multiple inheritances are not supported directly by c#.

o The general form of inheritance is shown below.
o In following example Class A is a ―base‖ class and class B is ―derived‖ class.
o The object of Class B has accessibility of members(variables and methods) of
Both Class A and Class B.

class A

Variables and Methods of Class A;

class B : A

Variables and Methods of Class B;

 Sealed class :
o It is a powerful concept used when you want to prevent the concept of
―Inheritance‖.
o If you want to create a class which will never inherited by any derived class then
the class must be declared as ―Sealed‖ class.
o To prevent a class from being inherited, precede it declaration with ―sealed‖
keyword.
o Sealed class is totally opposite of ―Abstract‖ class.
o So it is illegal to declare a class as both ―sealed‖ and ―abstract‖.
o Sealed can also be used on virtual methods to prevent further overrides.
o The example of sealed class is :

Subject: C#- BCA-4 44

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
Sealed class A

Variables and Methods of Class A;

o Now, inheriting above class A will causes the error.

 Abstract class :
 The abstract keyword enables you to create classes and class members that are
incomplete and must be implemented in a derived class
 Classes can be declared as abstract by putting the keyword abstract before the
class definition. For example:

public abstract class A

{
// Class members here.
}

 An abstract class cannot be instantiated. The purpose of an abstract class is to

provide a common definition of a base class that multiple derived classes can
share.
 For example, a class library may define an abstract class that is used as a
parameter to many of its functions, and require programmers using that library to
provide their own implementation of the class by creating a derived class.
 Abstract classes may also define abstract methods. This is accomplished by
adding the keyword abstract before the return type of the method.
 For example: abstract methods have no implementation, so the method definition
is followed by a semicolon instead of a normal method block.
 Derived classes of the abstract class must implement all abstract methods.
When an abstract class inherits a virtual method from a base class, the abstract
class can override the virtual method with an abstract method. For example:

Subject: C#- BCA-4 45

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
public class D
{
public virtual void DoWork(int i)
{
// Original implementation.
}
}

public abstract class E : D

{
public abstract override void DoWork(int i);
}

public class F : E
{
public override void DoWork(int i)
{
// New implementation.
}
}

 Overriding Methods:
 Creating a method in derived class with same signature as a method in base
class is called as method overriding.
 Same signature means methods must have same name, same number of
arguments and same type of arguments.
 Method overriding is possible only in derived classes, but not within the same
class.
 When derived class needs a method with same signature as in base class, but
wants to execute different code than provided by base class then method
overriding will be used.
 To allow the derived class to override a method of the base class, C# provides
two options, virtual methods and abstract methods.

Subject: C#- BCA-4 46

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Examples for Method Overriding in C#
using System;
namespace methodoverriding
{
class BaseClass
{
public virtual string YourCity()
{
return "New York";
}
}

class DerivedClass : BaseClass

{
public override string YourCity()
{
return "Rajkot";
}
}
class Program
{

static void Main(string[] args)

{
DerivedClass obj = new DerivedClass();
string city = obj.YourCity();
Console.WriteLine(city);
Console.Read();
}
}
}
 Output

Rajkot

Subject: C#- BCA-4 47

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Overloading Methods :
o Overloading is the concept of polymorphism.
o In c#, two or more methods within the same class can share the same name, as
long as their parameter declarations are different.
o C# supports several versions of the method that have different
signatures(argument list and return type).
o They must differ in their type and number of parameters.
o When the method is called by its name, the method is called whose return type
and parameter list is matched.
o The example of method overloading is shown below.

class MyClass
{
int add(int x, int y)
{
return (x+y);
}
float add(float x, float y)
{
return (x+y);
}
}
class Demo
{
static void Main( )
{
MyClass obj=new MyClass( );

int result = obj.add(10,20); // calling first method

float answer = obj.add(10.5,20.5); // calling second method

}
Subject: C#- BCA-4 48
 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Overloading Operators :
o Operator overloading is closely related to method overloading.
o Operator overloading is a concept of polymorphism, used to expand the usage of
operator.
o To overload an operator the ―operator‖ keyword is used to define an ―operator
method‖ which defines the action of the operator.
o When operator is overloaded, none of its original meaning is lost.
o There are two forms of operator methods :
1. For ―unary‖ operators.
2. For ―binary‖ operators.

 Overloading “unary” operator :

o Operators which take single Operand are known as ―unary‖ operators.
o Ex. Unary + (++ Increment), Unary Minus (- - Decrement), etc.
o The general form for unary operator overloading is shown below :

public static ret-type operator op(type operand)

// operations

o The ―ret-type‖ in above syntax specifies the type of value returned by operation.
o ―ret-type‖ can be any type, but it is often of the same type as the class for which
the operator is being overloaded.
o For unary operator, the operand is passed in ―operand‖.
o Operand must be of the same type of class.
o Note : operator methods must be both ―public‖ and ―static‖.

Subject: C#- BCA-4 49

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Overloading “binary” operator :
o Operators which take two Operands are known as ―binary‖ operators.
o Ex. Binary + (Addition), Binary Minus (Subtraction), etc.
o The general form for binary operator overloading is shown below :

public static ret-type operator op(type1 operand1,type2 operand2)

// operations

o The ―ret-type‖ in above syntax specifies the type of value returned by operation.
o ―ret-type‖ can be any type, but it is often of the same type as the class for which
the operator is being overloaded.
o For binary operator, the operands are passed in ―operand1‖ and ―operand2‖.
o Atleast one of the Operands must be of the same type of its class.
o Note : operator methods must be both ―public‖ and ―static‖.

Properties, Events and Methods in C# :

o It is a one type of class member.

o Property combines the field (variable) with the methods that access it.
o A property consists of a name along with get and set accessors.
o The accessors are used to get and set the value of variable.
o Accessors are similar to the method except that it does not declare a returen type
or parameters.
o The key benefit of property is that its name can be used in expressions and
assignments like a normal variable, and get and set are automatically invoked.
o General form of property is :

Subject: C#- BCA-4 50

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

type name
{
get
{
// get accessor code
}
set

// set accessor code

}
 Indexers :
o } An indexer allows an object to be indexed like an array.
o The main use of indexers is to support the creation of specialized arrays supports
one or more constraints.
o Indexers can have one or more dimensions.

 Creating One dimensional Indexers :

o The general form of One-dimensional indexer is :

element-type this[int index]

{
get
{
// return the value specified by index
}
set
{
// set the value specified by index
}
}

Subject: C#- BCA-4 51

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

o The ―element-type‖ is the datatype of element of the indexer.

o So, each element accessed by the indexer will be of the type element-type of an
array.
o The parameter ―index‖ receives the index of the element being accessed.
o Because of index of an array is generally of type integer, the parameter ―index‖ is
of type ―int‖.
o Inside the body of indexer two accessors ―get‖ and ―set‖ are defined.
o Accessors are similar to the method except that it does not declare a returen type
or parameters.
o The Accessors are automatically called when the indexer is used, and both the
accessors receive index as a parameter.
o If the indexer is on the left side of an assignment statement, then ―set‖ accessor is
called and the element specified by the index must be set by the implicit
parameter called ―value‖.
o Otherwise, the ―get‖ accessor is called and the value associated with index must
be returned.

 Creating Multi dimensional Indexers :

o It is also possible to create indexer for multi-dimensional array.
o The general form of One-dimensional indexer is :

element-type this[int index1,int index2]

{
get
{
// return the value specified by [index1,index2]
}
set
{
// set the value specified by [index1,index2]
}

Subject: C#- BCA-4 52

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)

 Overloading Indexers :
o An indexer can also be overloaded.
o The version of an indexer is invoked which matches the number of parameter and
type.

element-type this[int index]

get {

// get accessor code }

set {

// set accessor code }

element-type this[double index]

get {

// get accessor code }

set {

// set accessor code }

Subject: C#- BCA-4 53

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
 Creating and Using Pointers (Unsafe Concept)

 A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable i.e., the
direct address of the memory location. Like any variable or constant, you must
declare a pointer before you can use it to store any variable address.

 Unsafe keyword denotes an unsafe context, which is required for any operation
involving pointers. You can use unsafe modifier in the declaration of a type or a
member . The entire textual extent of the type or member is therefore considered
an unsafe context.

 The general form of a pointer variable declaration is:

type *var-name;

 Following are valid pointer declarations:

int *ip; /* pointer to an integer */

double *dp; /* pointer to a double */
float *fp; /* pointer to a float */
char *ch /* pointer to a character */

 The following example illustrates use of pointers in C#, using the unsafe modifier:

using System;
namespace UnsafeCodeApplication
{
class Program
{
static unsafe void Main(string[] args)
{
int var = 20;
int* p = &var;
Console.WriteLine("Data is: {0} ", var);
Console.WriteLine("Address is: {0}", (int)p);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Subject: C#- BCA-4 54

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
Output:

Data is: 20
Address is: 99215364

 Creating and using Delegates (Single / Multicasting):-

 In C#, delegates represent methods that are callable without knowledge of
the target object. Delegates enable scenarios that some other languages
have addressed with function pointers. However, unlike function pointers,
delegates are object-oriented and type-safe.

 There are three steps in defining and using delegates: declaration,

instantiation, and invocation.

 Delegate Declaration:

public class DeligateClass

{
public DeligateClass()
{
}
}
// Declare a delegate
public delegate void MessageHandler(string message);
// The use of the delegate.

public void Process(MessageHandler handler)

{
if (handler != null)
handler("Begin Message");
if (handler != null)
handler("End Message");
}
}

Subject: C#- BCA-4 55

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
Function Class:

This class contains the functions will be called by delegates

public class FunctionClass

{
public FunctionClass()
{
}
//This method will show alert message to user
public static void AlertMessage(string s)
{
System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show(s);
}
//This method will write output to console
public static void ConsoleMessage(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
}

Instantiation and Invocation:

Client Application to use the defined Delegate

Simple Delegate

Create a windows form and add one button to it and paste the following code on its
click event.

private void button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{
//Instantiating a delegate
DeligateClass dc = new DeligateClass();
DeligateClass.MessageHandler ll = null;
ll += new DeligateClass.MessageHandler(FunctionClass.AlertMessage);

//Calling a delegate
dc.Process(ll);
}

Subject: C#- BCA-4 56

 Gaurav.K.Sardhara
(Affiliated to Saurashtra University)
When you will click on button1, it will show 'Begin Message' and 'End Message'
message box.

Multicast Delegate

Add one more button to form with following code.

private void button2_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{
DeligateClass dc = new DeligateClass();
DeligateClass.MessageHandler ll = null;
ll += new DeligateClass.MessageHandler(FunctionClass.AlertMessage);
ll += new
DeligateClass.MessageHandler(FunctionClass.ConsoleMessage);
dc.Process(ll);
}

 Creating and using Events with Event Delegate:-

 A delegate in C# is similar to a function pointer in C or C++. Using a delegate

allows the programmer to encapsulate a reference to a method inside a delegate
object. The delegate object can then be passed to code which can call the
referenced method, without having to know at compile time which method will be
invoked.

 The Event model in C# finds its roots in the event programming model that is
popular in asynchronous programming. The basic foundation behind this
programming model is the idea of "publisher and subscribers."

 In this model, you have publishers who will do some logic and publish an
"event." Publishers will then send out their event only to subscribers who have
subscribed to receive the specific event.

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 In C#, any object can publish a set of events to which other applications can
subscribe. When the publishing class raises an event, all the subscribed
applications are notified. The following figure shows this mechanism.

Conventions

 The following important conventions are used with events:

 Event Handlers in the .NET Framework return void and take two
parameters.

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 The first paramter is the source of the event; that is the publishing object.
 The second parameter is an object derived from EventArgs.
 Events are properties of the class publishing the event.
 The keyword event controls how the event property is accessed by the
subscribing classes.

 Collections (ArrayList, HashTable, Stack, Queue, SortedList) and their

differences.

 ArrayList - automatically growing array. Adds more overhead. Can enum.,

probably slower than a normal array but still pretty fast. These are used a lot in
.NET
 Hashtable - plain old hashtable. O(1) to O(n) worst case. Can enumerate the
value and keys properties, and do key/val pairs.
 Stack. We push and pop elements onto the top of a Stack. With this
functionality, we implement certain kinds of parsers. An array would work, but
the Stack has a clearer interface.
 Queue. This removes elements that were added first (FIFO, first-in-first-out). So
we keep items in order and service the ones that were added first, like a line at a
government agency.
 SortedList - a sorted generic list. Slowed on insertion since it has to figure out
where to put things. Can enum., probably the same on retrieval since it doesn't
have to resort, but deletion will be slower than a plain old list.

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Chapter-3 :- Window Programming

Windows Forms :
o In C# .Net it’s these Forms with which we work. They are the base on which we
build/ develop all our user interface and they come with a rich set of classes.

o Forms allow us to work visually with controls and other items from the toolbox.

o In C# .NET forms are based on the System.Windows.Forms namespace and the

form class is System.Windows.Forms.Form.

o The form class is based on the Control class which allows it to share many
properties and methods with other controls.

o Forms can be standard windows, multiple document interface (MDI) windows,

dialog boxes, or display surfaces for graphical routines. The easiest way to define
the user interface for a form is to place controls on its surface.

o Forms are objects that expose properties which define their appearance, methods
which define their behavior, and events which define their interaction with the
user.

o By setting the properties of the form and writing code to respond to its events, you
customize the object to meet the requirements of your application.

MessageBox() :
o It will display message or string in another window.
o The following argument of messagebox can be given in the Msgbox().

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o Properties Of Msgbox :
Name Description
Text It will display text given in this argument on the messagebox.

Caption The text in this argument is display in the titlebar of the Msgbox.

Button The argument values will be buttons to be displayed in the Msgbox.

Icon The icon name even in the argument is displayed on the msgbox.

DefaultButton The value set will specify each default button is to be display in the
msgbox.

o Button property can have following values:

1. AbortRetryIgnore
2. Ok
3. OkCancel
4. RetryCancel
5. YesNo
6. YesNoCancel

o Icon can have following values:

1. warning 4. Stop 7. Question
2. None 5. Error 8. Astrik
3. Exclamation 6. Hand 9. Information

o Default Button can have following values:

o DefaultDesktopOnly 3. RTLReading
o RightAlign 4. ServiceNotification

 Dialog boxes interrupt users. They force users to respond before further action is
taken. This is necessary in some situations.

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 Menu (MenuStrip, ContextMenuStrip) :

 Strip is a relatively narrow piece of something. Dot net has three important strip
controls namely MenuStrip, StatusStrip and ToolStrip. In this article we will
start with the menustrip control.
 All the strips controls accommodate some other UI elements in it. A menu strips
allows you to add Menu and Menu allows you to add menu items. Similarly the
toolstrip control allows you add one or more tool bar buttons in it. OK, let us go to
the MenuStrip. Look at the below screen shot:

 A Menubar, dot net calls it Menu strip can accommodate multiple Menus. In the
above picture only File menu is added to it. Menu items are usually added to the
menu. Say for example in the above picture, the Exit and Just for Demo are
menu items. Menu items are usually linked to the command handler and when
you click the menu item the corresponding handler gets called.
 If a menu item is linked with one more menu, then the resulting menu is called as
Sub-Menu. The above picture shows one such sub-menu with two menu items in
it.

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 In this example, we will create the above shown form with menu and menu
items. Then we will provide some simple handler for it.

2. Adding menu Strips control

 The menu strip is grouped in the toolbox under the Menus & Toolbars group.
This is shown in the below picture. To use menustrip in the form drag the
menustrip from the toolbox and drop it to the form.

 In the below video, a menu strip is added to the form. To add a separator in the
menu just type the hyphen (-) for the menu name.

 The placement ampersand (&) in the menu item name displays underline for
letter next to it.

 This under line is displayed at runtime when alt key is pressed and typing the
letter with underline (alt key is still kept down) will call the menu item handler.

 The usage of ampersand in the menu item with alt key is shown below:

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 So in the above picture in place of clicking the Exit menu item, you can call the
handler by using keys Alt+F,X

 MDI Concept with MDI Notepad

 The multiple-document interface (MDI) allows you to create an application that

maintains multiple forms within a single container form. Applications such as
Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word for Windows have multiple-document
interfaces.
 An MDI application allows the user to display multiple documents at the same
time, with each document displayed in its own window. Documents or child
windows are contained in a parent window, which provides a workspace for all
the child windows in the application. For example, Microsoft Excel allows you to
create and display multiple-document windows of different types. Each individual
window is confined to the area of the Excel parent window. When you minimize
Excel, all of the document windows are minimized as well; only the parent
window's icon appears in the task bar.
 A child form is an ordinary form that has its MDIChild property set to True. Your
application can include many MDI child forms of similar or different types.
 At run time, child forms are displayed within the workspace of the MDI parent
form (the area inside the form's borders and below the title and menu bars).

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When a child form is minimized, its icon appears within the workspace of the MDI
form instead of on the taskbar, as shown in Figure 6.4.

Figure 6.4 Child forms displayed within the workspace of the MDI form

Note Your application can also include standard, non-MDI forms that are not contained
in the MDI form. A typical use of a standard form in an MDI application is to display a
modal dialog box.

 An MDI form is similar to an ordinary form with one restriction. You can't place a
control directly on a MDI form unless that control has an Align property (such as
a picture box control) or has no visible interface (such as a timer control).

Creating an MDI Application

Use the following procedure to create an MDI form and its child forms.

To create an MDI application

1. Create an MDI form.

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From the Project menu, choose Add MDI Form.

Note An application can have only one MDI form. If a project already has an
MDI form, the Add MDI Form command on the Project menu is unavailable.

2. Create the application's child forms.

To create an MDI child form, create a new form (or open an existing one) and set
its MDIChild property to True.

 Concept of Inheriting Form:-

 Creating new Windows Forms by inheriting from base forms is a handy way to
duplicate your best efforts without going through the process of entirely
recreating a form every time you require it.
 For more information about inheriting forms at design time using the Inheritance
Picker dialog box and how to visually distinguish between security levels of
inherited controls, see How to: Inherit Forms Using the Inheritance Picker Dialog
Box.
 Note In order to inherit from a form, the file or namespace containing that form
must have been built into an executable file or DLL. To build the project, choose
Build from the Build menu. Also, a reference to the namespace must be added to
the class inheriting the form. The dialog boxes and menu commands you see
might differ from those described in Help depending on your active settings or
edition. To change your settings, choose Import and Export Settings on the Tools
menu. For more information, see Customizing Development Settings.

To inherit a form programmatically

1. In your class, add a reference to the namespace containing the form you wish to
inherit from.
2. In the class definition, add a reference to the form to inherit from. The reference
should include the namespace that contains the form, followed by a period, then
the name of the base form itself.

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 Controls used in Form :

 Controls are an extremely important part of any interactive application.

 They give information to the user (Label, ToolTip, TreeView, PictureBox, etc.) and
organize the information so that it’s easier to understand (GroupBox, Panel,
TabControl).
 They enable the user :
o To enter data (TextBox, RichTextBox, ComboBox, MonthCalendar)
o To select options (RadioButton, CheckBox, ListBox)
o To control the application (Button, MenuStrip, ContextMenuStrip)
o To interact with objects outside of the application (OpenFileDialog,
SaveFileDialog, PrintDocument, PrintPreviewDialog)
o Some controls also provide support for other controls (ImageList, ToolTip,
ContextMenuStrip, and ErrorProvider).

Before going for specific control, here is the list of some common Properties, Methods
and Events.

o Common Properties :

Name Description

ContextMenuStrip Gets or sets the ContextMenuStrip associated with this control.

Dock Gets or sets which control borders are docked to its parent control
and determines how a control is resized with its parent.

Enabled Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control can respond to
user interaction.

Font Gets or sets the font of the text displayed by the control.

Name Gets or sets the name of the control.

TabIndex Gets or sets the tab order of the control within its container.

TabStop Gets or sets a value indicating whether the user can give the focus
to this control using the TAB key.

Visible Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control and all its child

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controls are displayed.

Size Gets or sets the height and width of the control.

o Common Methods :

Name Description

Focus( ) Sets input focus to the control.

o Common Events :

Name Description

FontChanged Occurs when the Font property value changes.

GotFocus Occurs when the control receives focus.

LostFocus Occurs when the control loses focus.

MouseDown Occurs when the mouse pointer is over the control and a mouse button
is pressed.

MouseEnter Occurs when the mouse pointer enters the control.

MouseMove Occurs when the mouse pointer is moved over the control.

MouseUp Occurs when the mouse pointer is over the control and a mouse button
is released.

MouseWheel Occurs when the mouse wheel moves while the control has focus.

Resize Occurs when the control is resized.

 Basic GUI Controls :

 Label :

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o You use labels for just what they sound like—to label other parts of your
application. Labels usually are used to display text that cannot be edited by the
user. Your code can change the text displayed by a label.
o The caption for a label is stored in the Text property. Because you can change
that caption in code, labels can act a little like non-editable text boxes, displaying
text and messages to the user. The TextAlign (formerly Alignment) property
allows you to set the alignment of the text within the label.

o Properties of Label :

Name Description

AutoSize Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control is automatically

resized to display its entire contents.

Left Gets or sets the distance, in pixels, between the left edge of the control
and the left edge of its container's client area.

Text Gets or sets the text associated with this control.

TextAlign Gets or sets the alignment of text in the label.

o Methods of Label :

Name Description

ResetText( ) Resets the Text property to its default value.

o Events of Label :

Name Description

AutoSizeChanged Occurs when the value of the AutoSize property changes.

VisibleChanged Occurs when the Visible property value changes.

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 TextBox :
o Windows users should be familiar with textboxes. This control looks like a box and
accepts input from the user.
o The TextBox is based on the TextBoxBase class which is based on the Control
class.
o TextBoxes are used to accept input from the user or used to display text.
o By default we can enter up to 2048 characters in a TextBox but if the Multiline
property is set to True we can enter up to 32KB of text.
o The TextBox control allows the user to enter text in an application. This control
has additional functionality that is not found in the standard Windows text box
control, including multiline editing and password character masking.

o Properties of TextBox :

Name Description

MaxLength Gets or sets the maximum number of characters the user can type
or paste into the text box control.

Multiline Gets or sets a value indicating whether this is a multiline TextBox

control.

PasswordChar Gets or sets the character used to mask characters of a password

in a single-line TextBox control.

ReadOnly Gets or sets a value indicating whether text in the text box is read-
only.

ScrollBars Gets or sets which scroll bars should appear in a multiline TextBox
control.

Text Gets or sets the current text in the TextBox.

TextAlign Gets or sets how text is aligned in a TextBox control.

WordWrap Indicates whether a multiline text box control automatically wraps

words to the beginning of the next line when necessary.

SelectedText Gets or sets a value indicating the currently selected text in the

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control.

SelectionLength Gets or sets the number of characters selected in the text box.

o Methods of TextBox :

Name Description

Clear( ) Clears all text from the text box control.

Copy( ) Copies the current selection in the text box to the Clipboard.

Cut( ) Moves the current selection in the text box to the Clipboard.

Paste( ) Replaces the current selection in the text box with the contents of the
Clipboard.

SelectAll( ) Selects all text in the text box.

DeselectAll( ) Specifies that the value of the SelectionLength property is zero so that
no characters are selected in the control.

Undo( ) Undoes the last edit operation in the text box.

o Event of TextBox :

Name Description

KeyDown Occurs when a key is pressed while the control has focus.

KeyPress Occurs when a key is pressed while the control has focus.

KeyUp Occurs when a key is released while the control has focus.

MultilineChanged Occurs when the value of the Multiline property has changed.

TextChanged Occurs when the Text property value changes.

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 RichTextBox :

o The RichTextBox control is one of the most powerful controls provided in C#.Net.
o In a nutshell, it's a text box that's able to display text stored in Rich Text Format
(RTF), a standard format recognized by virtually all word processors, including
Microsoft WordPad (not surprisingly, since WordPad internally uses the
RichTextBox control).
o This control supports multiple fonts and colors, left and right margins, bulleted
lists, and more.
o The RichTextBox control is data-aware and therefore exposes the usual Dataxxxx
properties that let you bind the control to a data source. In other words, you can
write entire TXT or RTF documents in a single field of a database.
o Changing character attributes :

o The RichTextBox control exposes many properties that affect the attributes of the
characters in the selected text: These are FontName, FontSize, Color, Bold, Italic,
Underline, etc.
o Their names are self-explanatory, so won't describe what each one does. You
might find it interesting to note that all of the properties work as they would within
a regular word processor.
o It supports the properties, events, and methods of TextBox control.

 RadioButton :
 The RadioButton control can display text, an Image, or both.
 When the user selects one option button (also known as a radio button) within a
group, the others clear automatically. All RadioButton controls in a given
container, such as a Form, constitute a group.
 To create multiple groups on one form, place each group in its own container,
such as a GroupBox or Panel control.
 RadioButton and CheckBox controls have a similar function: they offer choices a
user can select or clear.
 The difference is that multiple CheckBox controls can be selected at the same
time, but option buttons are mutually exclusive. Use the Checked property to get
or set the state of a RadioButton.

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 The option button's appearance can be altered to appear as a toggle-style button
or as a standard option button by setting the Appearance property.

 Properties of RadioButton :

Name Description

Checked Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control is checked.

Enabled Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control can respond to user
interaction.

 Methods of RadioButton :

o RadioButton supports all the general methods, which are already discussed in the
beginning.

o Events of RadioButton :
Name Description

CheckedChanged Occurs when the value of the Checked property changes.

Click Occurs when the control is clicked.

 CheckBox :
o Checkboxes are also familiar controls—you click a checkbox to select it, and click
it again to deselect it. When you select a checkbox, a check appears in it,
indicating that the box is indeed selected. You use a checkbox to give the user an
option, such as true/false or yes/no. The checkbox control can display an image
or text or both.
o RadioButton and CheckBox controls have a similar function: they offer choices a
user can select or clear. The difference is that multiple CheckBox controls can be
selected at the same time, but option buttons are mutually exclusive.

o Properties of CheckBox :

Name Description

Checked Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control is checked.

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Enabled Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control can respond to user
interaction.

o Methods of CheckBox :

Name Description

AddText( ) Adds a specified text string to the CheckBox.

Enabled( ) Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control can respond to user
interaction.

o Events of CheckBox :

Name Description

Checked Occurs when the Checkbox is checked.

Unchecked Occurs when the Checkbox is unchecked.

 ListBox :
- As you know, list boxes display a list of items from which the user can select one
or more. If there are too many items to display at once, a scroll bar automatically
appears to let the user scroll through the list.
- The items in list boxes are stored in the Items collection; the Items.Count
property holds the number of items in the list. (The value of the Items.Count
property is always one more than the largest possible SelectedIndex value
because SelectedIndex is zero-based.) To add or delete items in a ListBox
control, you can use the Items.Add, Items.Insert, Items.Clear, or Items.Remove
methods. You also can add a number of objects to a list box at once with the
AddRange method. Or you can add and remove items to the list by using the
Items property at design time.

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- You also can support multiple selections in list boxes. The SelectionMode
property determines how many list items can be selected at a time; you can set
this property to None, One, MultiSelect, or MultiExtended:

o MultiExtended— Multiple items can be selected, and the user can use the
Shift, Ctrl, and arrow keys to make selections.
o MultiSimple— Multiple items can be selected.
o None— No items may be selected.
o One— Only one item can be selected.

o When you support multiple selections, you use the Items property to access the
items in the list box, the SelectedItems property to access the selected items,
and SelectedIndices property to access the selected indices.

o Properties of ListBox :

Name Description

DataSource Gets or sets the data source for this ListBox.

DropDownStyle Gets or sets a value specifying the style of the combo box. The
DropDownStyle property specifies whether the list is always
displayed or whether the list is displayed in a drop-down. The
DropDownStyle property also specifies whether the text portion can
be edited.

SelectionMode As listboxes can be used for Multiple selection. This specified how
many list items can be selected at a time. You can set this property
to None, One, MultiSelect, or MultiExtended.

SelectedIndex Gets or sets the index specifying the currently selected item. If more
then one items are selected it gives index no. of first item.

SelectedItem Gets or sets currently selected item in the ListBox. If more then one
items are selected it gives first selected item.

SelectedText Gets or sets the text that is selected in the editable portion of a
ListBox.

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SelectedIndices Similar to SelectedIndex property. SelectedIndex property gives

index no. of first selected item where as SelectedIndices gives you
index nos of all the selected items in the ListBox.

SelectedItems It gives list of all selected item. By using loop of SelectedItems you
can find the selected items in ListBox.

SelectionLength Gets or sets the number of characters selected in the editable

portion of the combo box.

SelectionStart Gets or sets the starting index of text selected in the combo box.

Sorted Gets or sets a value indicating whether the items in the combo box
are sorted.

Items.Count Displays the no. of items available in ListBox.

o Methods of ListBox :

Name Description

FindString(String) Returns the index of the first item in the ListBox that starts with the
specified string.

Items.Add Allows you to add item to the ListBox. The added item is kept last
if sorted property is not set to true.

Items.Insert Inserts (Adds) the item at specified position in ListBox.

Items.Remove Allows you to remove particular item by specifying text of item.

Items.RemoveAt Allows you to remove particular item by specifying index of item.

Items.Clear Clears the items which are available in ListBox.

Items.IndexOf Gives the index no. of specified item in ListBox

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o Events of ListBox :

Name Description

Click Occurs when the control is clicked.

SelectedIndexChanged Occurs when the SelectedIndex property has changed.

SelectedValueChanged Occurs when the SelectedValue property changes.

TextChanged Occurs when the Text property value changes.

 CheckedListBox :
o CheckedListBox is the ordinary ListBox with checkbox for each items in the list.
o It supports all properties, methods, and events of ListBox.
o It provides the facility to check the item from the list.

 ComboBox :
o The Windows forms combo box control is used to display data in a drop-down
combo box. The combo box is made up of two parts: The top part is a text box
that allows the user to type in all or part of a list item. The other part is a list box
that displays a list of items from which the user can select one or more. You can
allow the user to select an item from the list, or enter their own data.
o ComboBox is called as List Control which is used to display list of items.

o Properties of ComboBox :

Name Description

DataSource Gets or sets the data source for this ComboBox.

Gets or sets a value specifying the style of the combo box. The
DropDownStyle property specifies whether the list is always
DropDownStyle displayed or whether the list is displayed in a drop-down. The
DropDownStyle property also specifies whether the text portion can
be edited.

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SelectedIndex Gets or sets the index specifying the currently selected item.

SelectedItem Gets or sets currently selected item in the ComboBox.

Gets or sets the text that is selected in the editable portion of a

SelectedText
ComboBox.

Gets or sets the number of characters selected in the editable

SelectionLength
portion of the combo box.

SelectionStart Gets or sets the starting index of text selected in the combo box.

Gets or sets a value indicating whether the items in the combo box
Sorted
are sorted.

Items.Count Displays the no. of items available in ComboBox.

o Methods of ComboBox :

Name Description

FindString(String) Returns the index of the first item in the ComboBox that starts with
the specified string.

Items.Add Allows you to add item to the Combobox. The added item is kept
last if sorted property is not set to true.

Items.Insert Inserts (Adds) the item at specified position in ComboBox.

Items.Remove Allows you to remove particular item by specifying text of item.

Items.RemoveAt Allows you to remove particular item by specifying index of item.

Items.Clear Clears the items which are available in ComboBox.

Items.IndexOf Gives the index no. of specified item in ComboBox

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o Events of ComboBox :

Name Description

Click Occurs when the control is clicked.

SelectedIndexChanged Occurs when the SelectedIndex property has changed.

SelectedValueChanged Occurs when the SelectedValue property changes.

TextChanged Occurs when the Text property value changes.

 ListView :

o If tree views are all about displaying node hierarchies, like the folder hierarchy on
a disk, then list views are all about displaying lists of items. You can see a list
view in the right pane in the Windows Explorer (the part that displays what files
are in a folder).
o You can add list views to a Windows form just like any other control—just drag it
from the toolbox to the form at design time. To add items to a list box, open the
Items property in the Properties window.
o There are four views you can use in a list view. You select one by assigning a
value (View.LargeIcon, View.SmallIcon, View.List, or View.Details) to the list
view's View property:
o Large icon mode—displays large icons (large icons are 32×32 pixels) next to the
item text.
o Small icon mode—is the same as the large icon mode except that it displays
items using small icons (small icons are 16×16 pixels).
o List mode—displays small icons, and always in one column.
o Report mode (also called the details mode)—displays items in multiple columns,
displaying column headers and fields.

o Properties of ListView :

Name Description
CheckBoxes Gets/sets if every item should show a checkbox.
CheckedIndices Gets the indices of currently checked items.
CheckedItems Gets the currently checked items.
Columns Gets a collection of columns.

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FullRowSelect Gets/sets whether selecting an item will select the entire row.
GridLines Gets/sets whether grid lines are drawn between items and their
subitems.
Items Gets the list items.
LargeImageList Gets/sets the ImageList for large icon view.
MultiSelect Gets/sets whether multiple items can be selected.
SelectedIndices Gets the indices of the selected items.
SelectedItems Gets the selected items.
SmallImageList Gets/sets the small icon image list.
Sorting Gets/sets the sort order for the items.
View Gets/sets the current view mode.

o Methods of ListView :

Name Description
ArrangeIcons Arranges the displayed items in Large Icon or Small Icon view.
Clear Removes all items from the list view.
GetItemAt Gets the item corresponding to the given X,Y coordinate.

Events of ListView :

Name Descrption
ColumnClick Occurs when a column is clicked.
ItemCheck Occurs when an item is checked.
SelectedIndexChanged Occurs when the selected index changes.

 TreeView :
o A TreeView control displays a hierarchical list of Node objects, each of which
consists of a label and an optional bitmap. A TreeView is typically used to display
the headings in a document, the entries in an index, the files and directories on a
disk, or any other kind of information that might usefully be displayed as a
hierarchy.
o You use a tree view to display a hierarchy of nodes. Each node is not only
displayed visually, but also can have child nodes. An example of this is the
Windows Explorer, which uses a tree view in its left pane to display the hierarchy

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of folders on disk. You can expand and collapse parent nodes by clicking them;
when expanded, their children are also visible.
o There are 3 types of nodes in tree view as follows :
o Root Node : The node which is at root level is called as Root Node
o Parent Node: The node which is a child of Root Node and has got its children is
called Parent Node.
o Child Node : The node which comes under Parent Node and is the leaf node, is
Called as Child Node. It is also known as Leaf Node.
o After creating a TreeView control, you can add, remove, arrange, and otherwise
manipulate Node objects by setting properties and invoking methods. You can
programmatically expand and collapse Node objects to display or hide all child
nodes. Three events, the Collapse, Expand, and NodeClick event, also provide
programming functionality.

o Properties of TreeView :

Name Description

HasChildren Gets a value indicating whether the control contains one or more
child controls.
CheckBoxes Gets/sets whether checkboxes should be displayed next to tree
nodes.
ImageList Gets or sets the ImageList that contains the Image objects that
are used by the tree nodes.
Nodes Gets the collection of tree nodes that are assigned to the tree
view control.
PathSeparator Gets or sets the delimiter string that the tree node path uses.
SelectedNode Gets or sets the tree node that is currently selected in the tree
view control.
ShowLines Gets or sets a value indicating whether lines are drawn between
tree nodes in the tree view control.
ShowPlusMinus Gets or sets a value indicating whether plus-sign (+) and minus-
sign (-) buttons are displayed next to tree nodes that contain child
tree nodes.
ShowRootLines Gets or sets a value indicating whether lines are drawn between
the tree nodes that are at the root of the tree view.
TopNode Gets or sets the first fully-visible tree node in the tree view
control.
VisibleCount Gets the number of tree nodes that can be fully visible in the tree
view control.

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o Methods of TreeView

Name Description
BeginUpdate Disables redrawing of the tree view.
CollapseAll Collapses all nodes.
EndUpdate Enables redrawing of the tree view.
ExpandAll Expands all the nodes.
GetNodeAt Gets the node that is at the given location.
GetNodeCount Gets the number of nodes.

o Methods of Nodes Collection :

Name Description
Nodes.Add Used to add a node in tree view. The new node is added at
last.
Nodes.Insert Used to add a node at specific position.
Nodes.Remove Used to remove node from tree view

Nodes.RemoveAt Used to remove specific node by specifying index no.

Nodes.Clear Used to clear all the nodes of specific node.

Nodes.Contains Used to check whether specified node exists or not.

Nodes.IndexOf Used to know index no. of specific node. If specific node does
not exist it returns -1.

o Events of TreeView

Name Description
AfterCheck Occurs when a node checkbox is checked.
AfterCollapse Occurs when a tree node is collapsed.
AfterExpand Occurs when a tree node is expanded.
AfterLabelEdit Occurs when a tree node label text is edited.
AfterSelect Occurs when a tree node is selected.
BeforeCheck Occurs before a node checkbox is checked.
BeforeCollapse Occurs before a node is collapsed.
BeforeExpand Occurs before a node is expanded.
BeforeLabelEdit Occurs before a node label text is edited.

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BeforeSelect Occurs before a node is selected.

ItemDrag Occurs when an item is dragged into the tree view.

o The Nodes collection for a node holds the node's child TreeNode objects. You
can add, remove, or clone a TreeNode, and when you do, all child tree nodes are
added, removed, or cloned at the same time. Each TreeNode can contain a
collection of other TreeNode objects, which means you can use expressions like
this: MyNode.Nodes(3).Nodes(5) to refer to child nodes (in this case, actually
grandchild nodes). You also can use the FullPath property to specify nodes in
terms of their absolute, not relative, locations. And you can use the Nodes
collection's Add or Remove methods to add or remove nodes in code.

 PictureBox :
o Picture boxes are used to display graphics from a bitmap, icon, JPEG, GIF or
other image file type.
o To display an image in a picture box, you can set the Image property to the image
you want to display, either at design time or at run time. You can clip and position
an image with the SizeMode property, which you set to values from the
PictureBoxSizeMode enumeration:
o Normal— Standard picture box behavior (the upper-left corner of the image is
placed at upper left in the picture box).
o StretchImage— Allows you to stretch the image in code.
o AutoSize— Fits the picture box to the image.
o CenterImage— Centers the image in the picture box.
o You also can change the size of the image at run time with the ClientSize
property, stretching an image as you want. By default, a PictureBox control is
displayed without any borders, but you can add a standard or three-dimensional
border using the BorderStyle property. And you can even handle events such as
Click and MouseDown to convert an image into an image map.

o Properties of PictureBox :

Name Description

BorderStyle Gets/sets the border style for the picture box.

Image Gets/sets the image that is in a picture box.

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o Methods of PictureBox :
(There are no specific methods for PictureBox apart from common methods)

o Events of PictureBox :

Name Description

Resize Occurs when the picture box is resized.

SizeModeChanged Occurs when SizeMode changes.

 Panel :
o Panels are those controls which contain other controls, for example, a set of radio
buttons, checkboxes, etc. Panels are similar to Groupboxes but the difference,
Panels cannot display captions where as GroupBoxes can and Panels can have
scrollbars where as GroupBoxes can't.
o If the Panel's Enabled property is set to False then the controls which the Panel
contains are also disabled. Panels are based on the ScrollableControl class.
o Notable property of the Panel control in the appearance section is the BorderStyle
property. The default value of the BorderStyle property is set to None. You can
select from the predefined list to change a Panels BorderStyle.
o Notable property in the layout section is the AutoScroll property. Default value is
set to False. Set it to True if you want a scrollbar with the Panel.

o Difference between Panel and GroupBox :

Panel GroupBox

Panel can not be used to display GroupBox can be used to display

Caption/Text. Caption/Text.
Panels can have scroll bars. GroupBox can not have scrollbar
Generally Panel is used if you don’t want Generally GroupBox is used to display
to show different groups under Border. group along with Border.
Although they have BorderStyle property
but bydefault BorderStyle is set to None.

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o Properties of Panel :

Name Description

AutoScroll Gets or sets a value indicating whether the container enables the
user to scroll to any controls placed outside of its visible
boundaries.

BorderStyle Indicates the border style for the control.

Enabled Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control can respond to
user interaction.

o Methods of Panel :
(Apart from general methods Panel control does not have any special methods)

o Events of Panel :
(Apart from Scroll event all other events are common to Panel control)

Name Description

Scroll Occurs when the user or code scrolls through the Panel.

 ScrollBar :
o Windows Forms ScrollBar controls are used to provide easy navigation through a
long list of items or a large amount of information by scrolling either horizontally or
vertically within an application or control. Scroll bars are a common element of the
Windows interface, so the ScrollBar control is often used with controls that do not
derive from the ScrollableControl class. Similarly, many developers choose to
incorporate the ScrollBar control when authoring their own user controls.
o The HScrollBar (horizontal) and VScrollBar (vertical) controls operate
independently from other controls and have their own set of events, properties,
and methods. ScrollBar controls are not the same as the built-in scroll bars that
are attached to text boxes, list boxes, combo boxes, or MDI forms (the TextBox
control has a ScrollBars property to show or hide scroll bars that are attached to
the control).

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o The ScrollBar controls use the Scroll event to monitor the movement of the scroll
box (sometimes referred to as the thumb) along the scroll bar. Using the Scroll
event provides access to the scroll bar value as it is being dragged.
o Value Property :
o The Value property (which, by default, is 0) is an integer value corresponding to
the position of the scroll box in the scroll bar. When the scroll box position is at the
minimum value, it moves to the left-most position (for horizontal scroll bars) or the
top position (for vertical scroll bars). When the scroll box is at the maximum value,
the scroll box moves to the right-most or bottom position. Similarly, a value
halfway between the bottom and top of the range places the scroll box in the
middle of the scroll bar.

o LargeChange and SmallChange Properties :

o When the user presses the PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN key or clicks in the scroll-
bar track on either side of the scroll box, the Value property changes according to
the value set in the LargeChange property. When the user presses one of the
arrow keys or clicks one of the scroll-bar buttons, the Value property changes
according to the value set in the SmallChange property.

o Properties of HScrollBar / VScrollBar :

Name Description

Maximum Gets or sets the upper limit of values of the scrollable range.

Minimum Gets or sets the lower limit of values of the scrollable range.

LargeChange Gets or sets a value to be added to or subtracted from the Value

property when the scroll box is moved a large distance.

SmallChange Gets or sets the value to be added to or subtracted from the Value
property when the scroll box is moved a small distance.

Value Gets or sets a numeric value that represents the current position of the
scroll box on the scroll bar control.

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o Methods of HScrollBar / VScrollBar :
(There are no specific methods used for HscrollBar or VScrollBar instead of
general methods)

o Events of HScrollBar / VScrollBar :

Name Description

Scroll Occurs when the scroll box has been moved by either a mouse or
keyboard action.

ValueChanged Occurs when the Value property is changed.

 Tooltip :
o A ToolStrip is a container for ToolStripItem elements. Each individual element on
the ToolStrip is a ToolStripItem that manages the layout and event model for the
type it contains. For example, elements visible on the toolbar, such as buttons,
text boxes, labels, or combo boxes, or visible on the menu bar.
o ToolStrip is a container for ToolStripItem elements. Each individual element on
the ToolStrip is a ToolStripItem that manages the layout and event model for the
type it contains. . The ToolStrip controls provide a common interface for Menus
and Strips in Windows Forms.
o Following is a list of ToolStripItem controls you can place within a ToolStrip.

Control Implementation Description

ToolStripLabel Used to display normal text, hyperlinks, and images.

ToolStripButton Provides a typical pushbutton that you can configure to

support both text and images.

ToolStripComboBox A ComboBox with methods/properties to configure

various styles.

ToolStripSeparator A separator that you can use to visually separate groups

of ToolStripItem elements.

ToolStripDropDownButton This control provides a button which, when clicked,

displays a ToolStripDropDown control. You'll implement

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a sample of this to get a better idea of how to use it.

ToolStripTextBox A normal textbox which can be used to enter text.

ToolStripMenuItem A special menu control built specifically for use with the
MenuStrip and ContextMenuStrip controls.

ToolStripProgressBar A specialized progress bar implementation for use within

a ProgressBar control.

ToolStripSplitButton A combination of normal button and a DropDownButton.

ToolStripControlHost A control that acts as a host to your customized

implementations or any other Windows Form controls.

o All these controls are usual controls which you use in developing Windows Forms.
The only difference is they appear under ToolStrip. ToopStrip is just a container of
all these controls. All the related properties, methods and events are used as we
use in programming.
o Toolstrip has got one important property called ―Items‖ which is collection of all the
items (toolbar items) which are placed under.

 DialogBox:
o There are a number of built-in dialog boxes in Visual Basic, which is great,
because developing your own file open, file save, and other dialog boxes not only
takes a lot of work, but gives your program a different look from what Windows
users are already used to. They are listed as follows

 Color Dialog Box (ColorDialog)

 Font Dialog Box (FontDialog)
 Open File Dialog Box (OpenFileDialog)
 Save File Dialog Box (SaveFileDialog)
 Print File Dialog Box (PrintDialog)

o There are also other built-in dialog boxes like Print Preview Dialog Box, Page
Setup Dialog Box, etc. which are used as per requirement.
o You use the ShowDialog method to display the dialog at run time and can check
its return value (such as DialogResult.OK or DialogResult.Cancel) to see which

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button the user has clicked. Here are the possible return values from this method,
from the DialogResult enumeration:

Name Description

Abort The dialog box return value is Abort (usually from a button labeled
Abort).
Cancel The dialog box return value is Cancel (usually from a button labeled
Cancel).
Ignore The dialog box return value is Ignore (usually from a button labeled
Ignore).
No The dialog box return value is No (usually from a button labeled No).
None Nothing is returned from the dialog box. This means that the modal
dialog
Continues running.
OK The dialog box return value is OK (usually from a button labeled OK).
Retry The dialog box return value is Retry (usually from a button labeled
Retry).
Yes The dialog box return value is Yes (usually from a button labeled Yes).

o Now all the dialog boxes are explained in detail.

 Color Dialog Box (ColorDialog)

o Color dialogs let the user select a color in an easy way. The principal property you
use of these dialogs is the Color property, which returns a Color object, ready for
use.
o If you set the AllowFullOpen property to False, on the other hand, the Define
Custom Colors button is disabled and the user can select colors only from the
predefined colors in the palette. Note also that if you set the SolidColorOnly
property to True, the user can select only solid (not dithered) colors.

o Properties of ColorDialog :

Property Description
AllowFullOpen Gets/sets whether the user can use the dialog box to define
custom colors.

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AnyColor Gets/sets whether the dialog box displays all available colors in
the set of basic colors.
Color Gets/sets the color selected by the user.
CustomColors Gets/sets the set of custom colors shown in the dialog box.
FullOpen Gets/sets whether the controls used to create custom colors are
visible when the dialog box is opened
ShowHelp Gets/sets whether a Help button appears in the color dialog box.
SolidColorOnly Gets/sets whether the dialog box will restrict users to selecting
solid colors only.

o Methods of ColorDialog :

Method Means
Reset Resets all dialog options to their default values.
ShowDialog Shows the dialog.

o Event of ColorDialog :

Event Means
HelpRequest Occurs when the user clicks the Help button.

 Open File Dialog Box(OpenFileDialog) and Save File Dialog Box (SaveFileDialog)

o As you'd expect from its name, the Open File dialog and Save File dialog lets the
user select a file to open or save. In fact, it's the same Open File dialog and Save
File dialog used by Windows itself.
o There is no difference between OpenFileDialog and SaveFileDialog except
OpenFileDialog is used to open a file and SaveFileDialog is used to save a file.
o Open File dialogs are supported with the OpenFileDialog class. And Save File
dialogs are supported with the SaveFileDialog class. You can let users select
multiple files with the Multiselect property. You can use the ShowReadOnly
property to determine if a read-only checkbox appears in the dialog box. The
ReadOnlyChecked property indicates whether the read-only checkbox is
selected.
o The Filter property sets the current file name filter string, which determines the
choices that appear in the "Files of type" box in the dialog box. The name and
path the user selected is stored in the FileName property of the OpenFileDialog

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or SaveFileDialog object—and there's a neat shortcut here: you can use the
OpenFile method to open the selected file directly.
o Properties of OpenFileDialog / SaveFileDialog :

Property Means
CheckFileExists Gets/sets if the dialog box displays a warning if the user
specifies a nonexistent file.
CheckPathExists Gets/sets whether the dialog box displays a warning if the
user gives a path that does not exist.
DefaultExt Gets/sets the default file extension.
FileName Gets/sets the file name selected in the file dialog box.
FileNames Gets the file names of all selected files.
Filter Gets/sets the current file name filter string, which sets the
choices that appear in the "Save as file type" or "Files of type"
box.
FilterIndex Gets/sets the index of the filter selected in the file dialog box.
InitialDirectory Gets/sets the initial directory used in the file dialog box.
Multiselect Gets/sets whether the dialog box allows multiple file
selections.
ShowHelp Gets/sets whether the Help button should be displayed.
ShowReadOnly Gets/sets whether the dialog displays a read-only check box.
Title Gets/sets the file dialog box title.
o Methods of OpenFileDialog / SaveFileDialog :

Method Means
OpenFile Opens the file selected by the user, with read-only permission. The
file is specified by the FileName property.
Reset Resets all options to their default values.
ShowDialog Shows the dialog box.
o Events of OpenFileDialog / SaveFileDialog :

Event Means
FileOk Occurs when the user clicks the Open or Save button.
HelpRequest Occurs when the user clicks the Help button.

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 Font Dialog Box (FontDialog)

o Font dialogs let the user select a font size, face, color, and so on. To display the
font dialog box, call the ShowDialog method. This dialog shows list boxes for
Font, Style, and Size, checkboxes for effects like Strikeout and Underline, and
a sample of how the font will appear. You can recover these settings using
properties of the same names of the Font object returned by the Font property.
o The FontDialog class displays a dialog box that lets the user select a font. It
returns a Font object in the Font property, and a Color object in the Color
property. Font dialogs are supported by the FontDialog class.

o Properties of FontDialog :

Property Description
Color Gets/sets the selected font color.
FixedPitchOnly Gets/sets whether the dialog box allows only the selection of
fixed-pitch fonts.
Font Gets/sets the selected font.
FontMustExist Gets/sets whether the dialog box specifies an error condition if
the user attempts to select a font or style that does not exist.
MaxSize Gets/sets the maximum point size a user can select.
MinSize Gets/sets the minimum point size a user can select.
ShowApply Gets/sets whether the dialog box contains an Apply button.
ShowColor Gets/sets whether the dialog box displays the color choice.
ShowEffects Gets/sets whether the dialog box contains controls that allow the
user to specify strikethrough, underline, and text color options.
ShowHelp Gets/sets whether the dialog box displays a Help button.

o Methods of FontDialog :

Method Description
Reset Resets all dialog options to default values.
ShowDialog Shows the dialog.

o Events of FontDialog :

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Event Description
Apply Occurs when the user clicks the Apply button.
HelpRequest Occurs when the user clicks the Help button.

 Print Dialog Box (PrintDialog)

o Print dialogs let the user print documents, and these dialogs are supported with
the PrintDialog class. Before displaying a Print dialog, you set the Document
property of a PrintDialog object to a PrintDocument object, and the
PrinterSettings property to a PrinterSettings object of the kind set by Page
Setup dialogs.
o When the dialog is closed, you can print the document by assigning the
PrintDialog object's PrinterSettings property (which returns a PrinterSettings
object as configured by the user, indicating the number of copies to print, the
printer to use, and so on) to the PrinterSettings property of the PrintDocument
object and use the PrintDocument object's Print method to actually print the
document.

o Properties of PrintDialog :
Property Means
AllowPrintToFile Gets/sets whether the Print to file checkbox is enabled.
AllowSelection Gets/sets whether the Selection radio button is enabled.
AllowSomePages Gets/sets whether the From... To... Page radio button is
enabled.
Document Gets/sets the PrintDocument used to obtain
PrinterSettings.
PrinterSettings Gets/sets the PrinterSettings dialog box to modify.
PrintToFile Gets/sets whether the Print to file checkbox is checked.
ShowHelp Gets/sets whether the Help button is displayed.
ShowNetwork Gets/sets whether the Network button is displayed.
Method Means
Reset Resets all dialog options.
ShowDialog Shows the dialog.

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o Methods of PrintDialog :
Method Means
Reset Resets all dialog options.
ShowDialog Shows the dialog.
o Event of PrintDialog :
Event Means
HelpRequest Occurs when the user clicks the Help button.

 MDI Concept:

o A Multiple Document Interface (MDI) programs can display multiple child

windows inside them.
o This is in contrast to single document interface (SDI) applications, which can
manipulate only one document at a time.
o Visual Studio Environment is an example of Multiple Document Interface (MDI)
and notepad is an example of an SDI application.
o MDI applications often have a Window menu item with submenus for switching
between windows or documents.

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Any windows can become an MDI parent, if you set the IsMdiContainer property to
True.

IsMdiContainer = true;

The following C# program shows a MDI form with two child forms. Create a new C#
project, then you will get a default form Form1 . Then add two mnore forms in the
project (Form2 , Form 3) . Create a Menu on your form and call these two forms on
menu click event. Click here to see how to create a Menu on your form How to Menu
Control C#.

NOTE: If you want the MDI parent to auto-size the child form you can code like this.

form.MdiParent = this;
form.Dock=DockStyle.Fill;
form.Show();

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 MDI Notepad Concept:

o The MDI NotePad sample application is a simple text editor similar to the
NotePad application included with Microsoft Windows.
o The MDI NotePad application, however, uses a multiple-document interface
(MDI). At run time, when the user requests a new document (implemented with
the New command on the application's File menu), the application creates a new
instance of the child form.
o This allows the user to create as many child forms, or documents, as necessary.
To create a document-centered application in Visual Basic, you need at least two forms
— an MDI form and a child form.
At design time, you create an MDI form to contain the application and a single child
form to serve as a template for the application's document.
To create your own MDI NotePad application

1. From the File menu, choose New Project.

2. From the Project menu, choose Add MDI Form to create the container form.

The project should now contain an MDI form (MDIForm1) and a standard form
(Form1).

3. Create a text box (Text1) on Form1.

4. Set properties for the two forms and the text box as follows.

Object Property Setting

MDIForm1 Caption MDI NotePad

Form1 Caption Untitled

MDIChild True

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Text1 MultiLine True

Text (Empty)
Left 0
Top 0

5.
6. Using the Menu Editor (from the Tools menu), create a File menu for
MDIForm1.

Caption Name Indented

&File mnuFile No

&New mnuFileNew Yes

7.
8. Add the following code to the mnuFileNew_Click procedure:
9. Private Sub mnuFileNew_Click ()
10. ' Create a new instance of Form1, called NewDoc.
11. Dim NewDoc As New Form1
12. ' Display the new form.
13. NewDoc.Show
14. End Sub
This procedure creates and then displays a new instance (or copy) of Form1,
called NewDoc. Each time the user chooses New from the File menu, an exact
duplicate (instance) of Form1 is created, including all the controls and code that it
contains.

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15. Add the following code to the Form_Resize procedure for Form1:

Private Sub Form_Resize ()

' Expand text box to fill the current child form.
Text1.Height = ScaleHeight
Text1.Width = ScaleWidth
End Sub

Press F5 to run the application.

 Timer :
o Timers are very useful controls, because they let you create periodic events.
Strictly speaking, timers are no longer controls but components, and they do not
appear in a window at run time. At design time, they appear in the component tray
under the form you've added them.
o Windows timers are designed for a single-threaded (as opposed to multithreaded)
environment; you set how often you want the timer to generate Tick events by
setting the Interval property (in milliseconds, one thousandths of a second). Each
time a Tick event happens, you can execute code in a handler for this event, just
as you would for any other event.

o Properties of Timer :

Name Description

Enabled Gets/sets whether the timer is running.

Interval Gets/sets the time (in milliseconds) between timer ticks.
o Methods of Timer :

Name Description

Start Starts the timer whenever called.

Stop Stops the timer whenever called.

o Event of Timer

Name Description

Tick Occurs when the timer interval has elapsed (and the timer is

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enabled).

 Handling Mouse Events :

o Mice can do a lot more than nibble cheese. In a Windows UI, they can let you
know when one of their buttons has been clicked or released, or when the
mouse pointer leaves or enters some part of the application.
o This information is provided in the form of MouseDown, MouseUp,
MouseMove, MouseEnter, MouseLeave, and MouseHover events.
o When wiring up mouse events, you can also change the mouse cursor. You
typically marry the ability to change the cursor to the MouseEnter and
MouseLeave events. These are used to provide feedback to the user that
something is happening, not happening, or that certain areas are offlimits or
welcome to the explorative nature of your cursor.
o Mouse events occur in the following order:
1. MouseEnter 2. MouseMove

3. MouseHover/MouseDown/MouseWheel 4. MouseUp

5. MouseLeave

Property Purpose

Button Tells you which mouse button was pressed

Clicks Tells you how many times the mouse button was pressed and
released

Delta o Retrieves a signed count Keyboard events are fired when a

key is pressed in a control that has the focus.
o The key event handler receives an argument of type
KeyPressEventArgs containing data related to this keypress
event. Table lists the KeyPressEventArgs properties that
provide information related to the event received.
o KeyPressEvenArgs Properties :
of the number of detents the mouse wheel has rotated. A

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detent is one notch of the mouse wheel.

X Retrieves the X coordinate of a mouse click

Y Retrieves the Y coordinate of a mouse click

 Handling Key Events :

o KeyPress events also bubble up from the OS and are made available to you in
KeyPress, KeyDown, and KeyUp events. Mouse event handlers receive an
argument of type EventArgs containing data related to their events; however,
key−press event handlers receive an argument of type KeyEventArgs (a
derivative of EventArgs) containing data specific to the keypress or key release
events.

Property Purpose
Handled Retrieves or returns a value to the property indicating whether the
KeyPress event was handled
KeyChar Retrieves the KeyChar (character pressed) value corresponding to
the key pressed Key events occur in the following order:

1.KeyDown 2.KeyPress 3. KeyUp

Link Label:

 A Link Label control is a label control that can display a hyperlink. A Link
Label control is inherited from the Label Class so it has all the functionality
provided by the windows form label control.
 Link Label control does not participate in user input or capture mouse or
keyboard events.

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Chapter-4 :- Database Programming With ADO.NET

o ADO .NET :
ADO.NET provides excellent support for reading data from a DBMS, including a set of
classes for fast, efficient access to data in SQL Server databases and another set of
classes to support OLE DB data sources. Of course you can also use other database
under ADO.NET.

ADO.NET is a large set of .NET classes that enable us to retrieve and manipulate data,
and update data sources, in very many different ways.

ADO.NET has several advantages. They are as follows :

 You can use ADO.NET to connect with any type of database.

 ADO.NET supports Connected as well as Disconnected Architecture.
Disconnected Architecture is a new invention since ADO.NET is introduced.
 XML is supported by ADO.NET which is widely used for data transformation
widely today. This makes your data transformation much more faster.
 You can create Fast, Scalable and Secured applications using ADO.NET
 Cross Language support is provided by ADO.NET as Multilanguage is a
prime feature of .NET framework.

o Architecture of ADO .NET :

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- There are two types of Architecture under ADO.NET.

 Connected Architecture
 Disconnected Architecture

1) Connected Architecture :

 Connected Architecture simply means, you are connected with the database
throughout your operations.
 Although connected architecture is faster then disconnected architecture, It has
one main problem of creating more traffic at database end.
 Because you are constantly connected to database. And so do all other users.

 In Connected Architecture, you are blocking a memory portion of database which

makes performance slower at some extent. Client’s memory is not utilized in this.
 DataReader is Connected Architecture since it keeps the connection open untill all
rows are fetched one by one.
 Following set of classes are used while using Connected Architecture method :
- Connection : This allows you to connect with database.
- Command : This allows you to give commands like Insert, Update, Delete,
Select, etc.
- DataReader : This allows you to read data directly from the database..
2) DisConnected Architecture

 Disconnected Architecture is the new concept / feature introduced in ADO.NET.

The ―Disconnected‖ name itself is the answer.
 Disconnected architecture is a method of retrieving a record set from the
database and storing it giving you the ability to do many CRUD (Create, Read,
Update, Delete) operations on the data in memory, then it can be re-
synchronized with the database when reconnecting. A method of using
disconnected artitecture is using a DataSet.
 DataSet is DisConnected Architecture since all the records are brought at once
and there is no need to keep the connection alive.
 Following set of classes are used while using Disconnected Architecture method
:

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- Connection : This allows you to connect with database.
- DataAdapter : This plays an important role in Disconnected Architecture.
DataAdapter is a mediator which provides (fills) data into DataSet / DataTable
and again updates the data back to database.
- DataSet : This is used if you want to load some group of tables into local
memory. You can also use DataSet to load single table data. DataSet is
collection of tables.
- DataTable : This is used if you want to load only one table into local memory.
- DataRow : This is used incase you want to add one new row into DataSet or
DataTable. You can also use DataRow to remove rows from DataSet or
DataTable.
- DataColumn : This is used incase you want to modify any column or you want
to add a new column to DataSet or DataTable.
 Difference between Connected and Disconnected Architecture

Connected Architecture Disconnected Architecture

In this, you are connected with
In this, you get the copy of data and then do
database throughout your operation.
operations in local memory. Data is stored
Data is stored in database while
in local memory while doing operation.
doing operation.
This creates Heavy Traffic at As data is loaded into local memory, does
database server side when no. of not create Heavy Traffic at database server
user increases. side even no. of user increases.
This utilizes memory of Database
This utilizes memory of client as the data is
server as the data remains in
loaded locally into client’s machine.
database itself.
Generally, transactional commands Generally, if you want to load data just for
like Insert, Update, Delete, etc. are display purpose. Disconnected Architecture
performed using Connected is best choice as you just want a copy of
Architecture, as they do not require data into local memory which makes faster
more time. data access.
DataAdapter, DataSet, DataTable,
Command and DataReader objects
DataRow and DataColumn objects are used
are used for connected architecture.
in this architecture.

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DataReader is used to fetch the data DataSet or DataTable is used to fetch the
in Connected Architecture. data in Disconnected Architecture.

 Data Providers in ADO .NET :

o Data Providers are different set of classes which provide functionality to access
to different data sources like Access, Oracle, SQL Server, DB2, etc… databases.
o There are four types of Data Providers are provided by .Net.

 SQL Server Provider : This is special data provider which gives access to only
SQL Server database. It supports connection to SQL Server 7.0 or later. The
benefit of using this provider is it is faster as it directly deals with SQL Server.

 Oracle Provider : This is special data provider which gives access to only
Oracle Server or client. It supports connection to Oracle 8i or later. The benefit of
using this provider is it is faster as it directly deals with Oracle database.

 OLEDB Provider : This provider gives access to any database that has OLEDB
driver. The benefit of using OLEDB provider is you can connect with any
database using this.

 ODBC Provider : This provider gives access to any database that has ODBC
(Open DataBase Connectivity) driver.

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 Namespaces used in ADO.NET

Use of Namespaces depends on which provider you choose. Some of the classes
are obtained from some common namespaces. But in order to use specific provider
you need to import specific namespace. Following table shows list of some
namespaces used in ADO.NET

Namespace Description
System.Data Contains fundamental classes with the core ADO.NET
functionality. This includes DataSet and DataRelation,
which allow you to manipulate structured relational
data. These classes are totally independent of any
specific type of database or the way you use to
connect to it.
System.Data.SqlClient Contains the classes you use to connect to a Microsoft
SQL Server database (version 7.0 or later). These
classes, such as SqlCommand and SqlConnection,
provide all the same roperties and methods as their
counterparts in the System.Data.OleDb namespace.
The only difference is that they are optimized for SQL
Server and provide better performance by eliminating
the extra OLE DB layer (and by connecting directly to
the optimized TDS interface).
System.Data.OracleClient Contains the classes you use to connect to an Oracle
database, such as OracleCommand and
OracleConnection.
System.Data.OLEDB Contains the classes you use to connect to an OLE DB
data source, including OleDbCommand and
OleDbConnection.
System.Data.ODBC Contains the classes you use to connect to a data
source through an ODBC driver. These classes
include OdbcCommand and OdbcConnection.

Depending on the namespace which you have imported, you can use provider
specific classes in order to use ADO.NET. Consider following table for provider
specific classes.

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 Connection :
o The first thing we need to do with a database application is establish a connection
to the database. ADO.NET handles this by using connection classes. In this article,
Michael Youssef shows you how to start using connection classes, with examples.
o When developing database applications using .NET, the very first thing that we
need is a connection to the database. ADO.NET provides us with connection
classes like the SqlConnection class and OleDbConnection class. The
SqlConnection class is part of the SQL Server .NET Data Provider. This data
provider has been designed for performance optimization with SQL Server 7.0 and
later.
o The OleDbConnection is part of the OLEDB .NET Data Provider, which is used to
access a data source that has an OLEDB Provider. In this article (and actually most
of my articles on ADO.NET) I use the SQL Server .NET Data Provider. So let's talk
a little about the SqlConnection class before we write code.

o Properties of Connection Object

Property Description

CommandTimeout Sets or returns the number of seconds to wait while

attempting to execute a command

ConnectionString Sets or returns the details used to create a connection to a

data source

ConnectionTimeout Sets or returns the number of seconds to wait for a connection

to open

DefaultDatabase Sets or returns the default database name

Mode Sets or returns the provider access permission

Provider Sets or returns the provider name

State Returns a value describing if the connection is open or closed

Version Returns the ADO version number

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o Methods of Connection Object

Method Description

BeginTrans Begins a new transaction

Close Closes a connection

CommitTrans Saves any changes and ends the current transaction

Open Opens a connection

RollbackTrans Cancels any changes in the current transaction and ends the
transaction

o Events of Connection Object

Event Description

BeginTransComplete Triggered after the BeginTrans operation

CommitTransComplete Triggered after the CommitTrans operation

ConnectComplete Triggered after a connection starts

Disconnect Triggered after a connection ends

ExecuteComplete Triggered after a command has finished executing

RollbackTransComplete Triggered after the RollbackTrans operation

WillConnect Triggered before a connection starts

WillExecute Triggered before a command is executed

 Command :

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o The SqlCommand class is at the heart of the Data Provider’s namespace. It is
used to execute operations on a database and retrieve data.
o This is specially used under Connected Architecture. Command allows you to
specify different types of SQL Commands like Insert, Update, Delete, Select, etc.
It has several methods which help you to manipulate or fetch the data from
database.
o While using Command object, it is necessary to open the connection using
Open() method before attempting any operation. It will not open the connection
automatically like Disconnected Architecture. The same way after operation is
done, you need to close the connection using Close() method.
o Properties of Command Object

Property Description

CommandText Contains the text of a SQL query

CommandTimeout Contains the length of the timeout of a query, in seconds

CommandType Specifies the type of command to be executed

Connection Specifies the connection to the database

Parameters Specifies a collection of parameters for the SQL query

Specifies a transaction object, which enables developers

Transaction
to run queries in a transaction

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o Methods of Command Object

Method Description

Cancel() Cancels the running query

CreateParameter() Returns a new SQL parameter

Executes the CommandText property against the database

and does not return a result set.

This method is used incase you have given Transactional

ExecuteNonQuery() Commands like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc. This method
returns integer value as answer. If value is > 0, this means
command executed successfully. 0 means it did not have any
effect.

Executes the CommandText property and returns data in a

DataReader object .
ExecuteReader() This method is used if you have specified SELECT. This allows
command object to connect with DataReader which helps you
to read the data.

Executes the CommandText property and returns a single

value.

This method is also used when you have specified SELECT

command. But it returns only one value. It returns value of First
ExecuteScalar()
Row’s First Column.

For example your command was ―Select * from student‖, even

though entire table, it will give you value of first student’s first
column.

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o Event of Command Object

Event Description

StatementComplete This event occurs when the Transactional-SQL command

d is finished at database end.

 DataReader :
o The DataReader object defines a lightweight yet powerful object that is used to
read information from a database.
o This is used under Connected Architecture. DataReader is used with Command
object in order to read (fetch) the data. But remember that DataReader can be
used to only read the data in sequential manner (forward only manner). You can
not go back or go on particular record directly.

o Properties of DataReader Object

Property Description

FieldCount Contains the number of fields retrieved from the query

IsClosed Contains True if the DataReader object is closed

Contains A collection of values that are accessible both

Item
by field name and by ordinal number

Returns the number of records affected by an executed

RecordsAffected
query

Gets a value that indicates whether the DataReader

HasRows
contains one or more rows.

Methods of DataReader Object

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Method Description

Close() Closes the DataReader object

IsDBNull() Returns True if the field contains Null

Reads the next result in the result set into memory . The Read
method of the DataReader object is used to obtain a row from
the results of the query.
Read()
Each column of the returned row may be accessed by passing
the name or ordinal reference of the column to the
DataReader,

 DataAdapter :
o DataAdapter is used under Disconnected Architecture. It plays an important role
in disconnected architecture. It allows you to fetch the data from database to
local memory of client and also to save the updated data back to database.
o In Disconnected Architecture we use DataSet or DataTable to fill the data which
resides in local memory. DataAdapter object does two important tasks as follows
o Fill data from Database to DataSet or DataTable
o Update the data back to Database
o DataAdapter fills the specified data into DataSet or DataTable which is in our
(client’s) local memory. After filling the data connection is automatically
terminated (closed) with DataAdapter. But now the data has been loaded into
DataSet or DataTable. All types of operations like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
SELECT, etc. are performed locally in DataSet or DataTable.
o Properties of DataAdapter Object

Property Description

This property works in background which generates your Select

SelectCommand command automatically. OleDbCommandBuilder class works
behind this to generate Select command automatically.

DeleteCommand This property also works in background which generates your

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Delete command. If you have deleted some rows from DataSet or

DataTable, OleDbCommandBuilder automatically generates
Delete Command and stores in this.

This property also works in background which generates Insert

Command. If you have insert any new row in DataSet or
InsertCommand
DataTable, OleDbCommandBuilder automatically generates Insert
command and stores in this.

This property also works in background which generates Update

Command. If you have done some changes in DataSet or
UpdateCommand
DataTable data, OleDbCommandBuilder automatically generates
Update command and stores in this.

o Methods of DataAdapter Object

Method Description

Most important method of DataAdapter. This method helps you to fill

the data into DataSet or DataTable. Remember that in DataAdapter we
can give only SELECT command which is filled into DataSet or
DataTable.

Fill The Fill method is probably the DataAdapter method you will use most
frequently. Simply stated, the Fill method adds data from your data
source to a dataset. The Fill method accepts a variety of parameters
including the DataSet object to fill, a string representing the alias for the
newly created DataSet object, an integer representing the lower bound
of records to retrieve, and an integer representing the upper bound of
records to retrieve from our data source.

Update Most important method of DataAdapter. This method is used to save

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the changes back from DataSet / DataTable to actual database table.

Before using Update() method you need to use SqlCommandBuilder

class so that it can generate related INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
ALTER, etc. command automatically

The Update method calls the respective insert, update, or delete

command for each inserted, updated, or deleted row in the DataSet.
There are three different ways to call the Update method—you can
pass:

An array of DataRow objects

A DataSet object

A DataSet object and a string representing a table name

o Events of DataAdapter Object

Event Description

This event is raised when there is a problem in filling data into

FillError
DataSet or DataTable.

This event is raised while changes are being made in Row. When
you call Update() method, DataAdapter makes changes to actual
RowUpdating
database table. At that time, while being updating each row this
event is raised.

This event is raised after changes are done in Row. When you call
RowUpdated Update() method, DataAdapter makes changes to actual database
table. After changes have been done, this event is raised.

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 DataSet :
o The DataSet object represents an in-memory group of database tables. You can
have more then one tables under DataSet. It is collection of DataTables.
o The DataSet is the main in disconnected, data-driven application; it is an in-
memory representation of a complete set of data, including tables, relationships,
and constraints. The DataSet does not maintain a connection to a data source,
enabling true disconnected data management.
o The data in a DataSet can be accessed, manipulated, updated, or deleted, and
then reconciled with the original data source. Since the DataSet is disconnected
from the data source, there is less contention for valuable resources, such as
database connections, and less record locking.

o Properties of DataSet Object

Property Description

DataSetName Gets or sets the name of the current DataSet.

Gets a value indicating whether there are errors in any of the

HasErrors
DataTable objects within this DataSet.

IsInitialized Gets a value that indicates whether the DataSet is initialized.

Get the collection of relations that link tables and allow navigation
Relations
from parent tables to child tables.

Tables Gets the collection of tables contained in the DataSet.

 Methods of DataSet Object

Method Description

Commits all the changes made to this dataset since the last time
AcceptChanges()
AcceptChanges was called.

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Method Description

Clear() Clears all the DataTables of DataSet

Reads XML schema and data into DataSet using specified

ReadXml()
Stream or File

Reads an XML schema into the DataSet using the specified

ReadXmlSchema()
stream. or File

Rolls back all changes that have been made to the dataset since
RejectChanges
it was loaded, or the last time AcceptChanges was called.

Allows you to select group of data from dataset. It has different

Select methods to select the data. This is overloaded method which
allows you to filter the data in variety of ways.

Writes the current contents of the DataSet as XML using the

WriteXml()
specified Stream or File.

Writes the current data structure of the DataSet as an XML

WriteXmlSchema()
schema to the specified stream or file.

Events of DataSet Object

Method Description

Initialized Occurs after the DataSet is initialized.

 DataTable :
o The DataTable object represents an in-memory database table. You can add
rows to a DataTable with a DataAdapter.
o A DataTable is defined in the ―System.Data‖ namespace and represents a single
table of memory-resident data. It contains a collection of columns represented by

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the DataColumnCollection, which defines the schema and rows of the table. It
also contains a collection of rows represented by the DataRowCollection, which
contains the data in the table. Along with the current state, a DataRow retains its
original state and tracks changes that occur to the data.
o The DataTable class is a central class in the ADO.NET architecture; it can be
used independently, and in DataSet objects. A DataTable consists of a Columns
collection, a Rows collection, and a Constraints collection. The Columns
collection combined with the Constraints collection defines the DataTable
schema, while the Rows collection contains the data.

o Properties of DataTable Object

Property Description

Columns The Columns collection is an instance of the

DataColumnCollection class, and is a container object for zero
or more DataColumn objects. The DataColumn objects define
the DataTable column, including the column name, the data
type, and any primary key or incremental numbering
information.

The Constraints collection is an instance of the

ConstraintCollection class, and is a container for zero or more
ForeignKeyConstraint objects and/or UniqueConstraint objects.
Constraints The ForeignKeyConstraint object defines the action to be taken
on a column in a primary key/foreign key relationship when a
row is updated or deleted. The UniqueConstraint is used to
force all values in a column to be unique.

DataSet Gets the DataSet to which this table belongs.

Gets a value indicating whether there are errors in any of the

HasErrors rows in any of the tables of the DataSet to which the table
belongs.

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IsInitialized Gets a value that indicates whether the DataTable is initialized.

Gets or sets an array of columns that function as primary keys

PrimaryKey
for the data table.

The Rows collection is an instance of the DataRowCollection

class, and is a container for zero or more DataRow objects. The
Rows DataRow object contains the data in the DataTable, as defined
by the DataTable.Columns collection. Each DataRow has one
item per DataColumn in the Columns collection.

TableName Gets or sets the name of the DataTable.

o Methods of DataTable Object

Method Description

Commits all the changes made to this table since the last time
AcceptChanges()
AcceptChanges was called.

Clear() Clears the DataTable of all data.

NewRow() Creates a new DataRow with the same schema as the table.

Reads XML schema and data into the DataTable using the
ReadXml()
specified Stream or File

Reads an XML schema into the DataTable using the specified

ReadXmlSchema()
stream. or File

Rolls back all changes that have been made to the table since it
RejectChanges
was loaded, or the last time AcceptChanges was called.

Select Allows you to select group of data from table. It has different
methods to select the data. This is overloaded method which

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Method Description

allows you to filter the data in variety of ways.

Writes the current contents of the DataTable as XML using the

WriteXml()
specified Stream or File.

Writes the current data structure of the DataTable as an XML

WriteXmlSchema()
schema to the specified stream or file.

o Events of DataTable Object

Event Description

Initialized Occurs after the DataTable is initialized.

RowChanged Occurs after a DataRow has been changed successfully.

RowChanging Occurs when a DataRow is changing.

RowDeleted Occurs after a row in the table has been deleted.

RowDeleting Occurs before a row in the table is about to be deleted.

TableCleared Occurs after the Table is cleared.

TableClearing Occurs when then Table is being cleared.

TableNewRow Occurs when you insert a new Row in table.

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 DataRow :

o DataRow can contain any single row of any table. Whenever you store any
DataTables single row into object of DataRow, it automatically creates its column
as per source table.
o For example, your DataTable object has 6 columns, when you copy one row of
DataTable into DataRow object, DataRow object automatically creates 6 columns
for itself as per DataTable object.
o To populate a DataTable we add new DataRow objects to the DataTable.Rows
collection. Each DataRow can reference each DataColumn in the DataTable
schema. To create a new row in the DataTable, we invoke the
DataTable.NewRow method, which returns a DataRow using the DataTable's
current schema.
o DataRow objects represent rows in a DataTable object. You use DataRow
objects to get access to, insert, delete, and update the records in a table.
o To create a new DataRow object, you usually use the NewRow method of a
DataTable object, and after configuring the row with data, you can use the Add
method to add the new DataRow to the table. In addition, you also can call the
AcceptChanges method of the DataTable object to make that table treat the
new row as it would its original data.
o You can delete a DataRow from the Rows collection in a data table by calling
the Remove method, or by calling the Delete method of the DataRow object
itself. Note that the Remove removes the row from the collection, and the Delete
method simply marks the DataRow for deletion. (The actual deletion occurs
when you use the AcceptChanges method.)

o Properties of DataRow Object

Property Description

HasErrors Indicates if there are errors in the row.

Item Gets/sets data in a specified column.

RowError Gets/sets a row's error description.

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RowState Gets the current state of a row.

Table Gets the table that contains this row.

o Methods of DataRow Object

Method Description

AcceptChanges Accepts (commits) the changes made to the row.

Rolls back the changes made to the table since it was

RejectChanges
created or since the AcceptChanges method was called.

BeginEdit Begins an edit operation.

EndEdit Ends the current edit operation.

CancelEdit Cancels the current edit operation.

ClearErrors Clears the errors in the row.

Delete Deletes the row.

IsNull Indicates if a column contains a null value.

 DataColumn :

o DataColumn objects represent the columns, that is, the fields, in a data table. In
ADO.NET terms, the columns in a table specify its XML schema. When you
create a table and add columns to it, you specify the name of the column and the
type of data it stores.
o DataRow is collection of DataColumns. One DataRow can have multiple columns
within it because always a row contains multiple columns.

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o Properties of DataColumn Object

Property Description

AllowDBNull Gets/sets if null values are allowed.

Gets/sets if the column automatically increments the

AutoIncrement
column's value when new rows are added to the table.

AutoIncrementSeed Gets/sets the starting value for an autoincrement column.

AutoIncrementStep Gets/sets the increment for an autoincrement column.

Caption Gets/sets the caption for the column.

ColumnName Gets/sets the name of the column.

DataType Gets/sets the type of data in the column.

Gets/sets the default value for the column (used in new

DefaultValue
rows).

MaxLength Gets/sets the maximum length of a text column.

ReadOnly Gets/sets if the column is read-only.

Table Gets the table the column belongs to.

Unique Gets/sets if the values in this column must be unique.

o Methods of DataColumn Object

Method Description

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ToString Gets the Expression value for this column, if there is one.

GetType Gets the type of object.

 DataView :

o When you bind to a DataTable, you actually use another object called the
DataView. The DataView sits between the ASP.NET web page binding and your
DataTable. Usually it does little aside from providing the information from the
associated DataTable. However, you can customize the DataView so it applies
its own sort order. That way, you can customize the data that appears in the web
page, without needing to actually modify your data.
o You can create a new DataView object by hand and bind the DataView directly to
a data control.
o Data views are much like read-only mini-datasets; you typically load only a
subset of a dataset into a data view.
o Data views represent a customized view of a single table that can be filtered,
searched, or sorted. In other words, a data view, supported by the DataView
class, is a data "snapshot" that takes up few resources.
o To create a filtered and sorted view of data, set the RowFilter and Sort
properties. Then use the Item property to return a single DataRowView.
o Properties of DataView Object

Property Description

AllowDelete Sets or gets a value that indicates whether deletes are allowed.

AllowEdit Gets or sets a value that indicates whether edits are allowed.

Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the new rows can be
AllowNew
added by using the AddNew method.

Count Gets the number of records in the DataView after RowFilter and
RowStateFilter have been applied.

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IsOpen Gets a value that indicates whether the data source is currently
open and projecting views of data on the DataTable.
Item Gets a row of data from a specified table.

RowFilter Gets or sets the expression used to filter which rows are viewed in
the DataView.
Sort Gets or sets the sort column or columns, and sort order for the
DataView.
Table Gets or sets the source DataTable.

o Methods of DataView Object :

Method Description

AddNew Adds a new row to the DataView.

Close Closes the DataView.

Delete Deletes a row at the specified index.

Open Opens a DataView.

o Events of DataView Object

Events Description

ListChanged Occurs when the list managed by the DataView changes.

 GridView :
o The GridView is an extremely flexible grid control that displays a multicolumn
table. Each

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record in your data source becomes a separate row in the grid. Each field in the
record

becomes a separate column in the grid.

o GridView control is a grid control which displays data in a tabular format.

o That means you can bind table with GridView which can be displayed under
GridView.
o Each record of table becomes row of GridView and each column of table
becomes column of GridView control.
o GridView has inbuilt features that allows to Edit, Delete or Insert data directly into
GridView.
o The GridView control looks like follows :

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2

Abc Abc abc
Abc Abc abc

Abc Abc abc

Abc Abc abc

o Following is the list of properties supported by GridView control :

Property Description

Used to set paging if table data is too long. By

AllowPaging
default ―false‖.

Used to sort the data in GridView. By default

AllowSorting
―false‖.

Used to set the size of page if AllowPaging is

PageSize
―true‖. By default size is 10 rows per page.

AutoGeneragteDeleteButton Displays Delete link along with each rows of

GridView if set to ―true‖.

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Displays Edit link along with each rows of

AutoGenerateEditButton
GridView if set to ―true‖.

Displays Select link along with each rows of

AutoGenerateSelectButton
GridView if set to ―true‖.

Caption Used to set heading for GridView.

Runtime property used to display data from

DataSource
table.

o GridView supports following Methods :

Method Description

DataBind( ) : Used to bind data with specified data source.

DeleteRow( ) : Deletes specified row from GridView.

UpdateRow( )
Updates specified row from GridView.
:

Sorts GridView data depending on the two parameters passed :

Sort( ) : 1. Sort Expression
2. Sort Direction

o GridView has define following Events :

Event Description

Occurs if AllowPaging property is set to ―true‖ and page

PageIndexChanged
index is chaged.

Raised after index of selected link button is chaged in

SelectedIndexChaged
GridView control.

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Chapter-5:- User Controls(Components),Crystal Report,

Set up Projects

 Creating Crystal Reports:-

 Crystal Report is a Reporting Application that can generate reports from

various Data Sources like Databases , XML files etc.
 The Visual Studio.NET Integrated Development Environment comes with
Crystal Reports tools.
 The Crystal Reports makes it easy to create simple reports, and also has
comprehensive tools that you need to produce complex or specialized reports
in csharp and other programming languages.
 Crystal Reports is compatible with most popular development environments
like C# , VB.NET etc.
 You can use the Crystal Reports Designer in Visual Studio .NET to create a
new report or modify an existing report.
 Open Visual Studio .NET and select a new CSharp Windows project.

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 Now you will get the default Form1.cs.

 From the main menu in Visual Studio C# project select PROJECT-->Add
New Item . Then Add New Item dialogue will appear and select Crystal
Reports from the dialogue box.

 Select Report type from Crystal Reports gallery.

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 Accept the default settings and click OK.

 Next step is to select the appropriate connection to your database (here crstaldb).
Here we are going to select OLEDB Connection for SQL Server to connect Crystal
Reports in C#.

 Select OLE DB (ADO) from Create New Connection .

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 Select Microsoft OLE DB Provider for SQL Server.

 The next screen is the SQL Server authentication screen for connecting to
the database - crystalDB. Select your Sql Server name , enter userid ,
password and select your Database Name .

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 Click next , Then the screen shows OLE DB Property values , leave it as it
is , and then click finish button.

 After you click the finish button , the next window you will get your
Server name under OLEDB Connection, from there selected database
name (Crystaldb) and click the tables , then you can see all your tables
from your database.

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 From the tables list double click the Product table then you can see the
Product table will come in the right side list.

 Click Next Button

 Select all fields from Product table to the right side list .

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 Click Finish Button.

 Then you can see the Crystal Reports designer window in your C#
project.
 In the Crystal Reports designer window you can see the selected fields
from Product table.
 You can arrange the field Objects and design of the screen according
your requirements. After that your screen is look like the following
picture.

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 Now the designing part is over and the next step is to call the Crystal
Reports in your C# application and view it through Crystal Reports Viewer
control in C#.
 Select the default form (Form1.cs) you created in C# and drag a button
and a CrystalReportViewer control to your form .

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 After you drag the CrystalReportViewer to your form , it will look like the
following picture.

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 Report Sections:-

 Sections are the design areas which you use to build your report.
 Crystal Reports by default provides five main sections:

 Report Header – fields placed in this section are printed once, at the
beginning of the report
 Page Header - fields placed in this section are printed at the beginning of
each new page
 Details – fields in this section are printed with each new record
 Report Footer - fields placed in this section are printed once, at the end of the
report
 Page Footer - fields placed in this section are printed at the bottom of each
new page

More sections will appear if you add groups or simply insert new one.

Working with sections

To insert a new section you need to:

 Click Section Expert button in the top menu. Section Expert contains a list
of all sections in the report

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 Select section and click insert. New section will appear after the section
you have selected. If there are more than one section of a kind, there
appear with lettered a, b, c and so on

To delete a section:

 Open Section expert

 Select section you want to delete
 Click Delete. Note that you can only delete section if there are lettered. In
mean that you cannot delete sections originally provided by Crystal
Reports

To move a section (change sections' order):

 Open Section Expert

 Select section you want to move
 Use up and down arrows to change order of the sections. Although the
alphabetic order of sections is the same, their data and display order is
changed

To merge sections you need to:

 Open Section Expert

 Move sections so the sections you want to merge fallow each other
 Select the top section
 Click merge. Section will be merged with section that is next on the list

To split sections:

 Click on the on the boundary of the section you want to split. Horizontal
line that splits section will appear
 Drag-and-drop it to the place where you want to split section

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 Formula, Special Field and Summary in Report:-

Formula Field:

 The following C# - Crystal Reports section describes how to add a formula field
in the Crystal Reports .

 Next step is to create a Formula Field for showing the result of Qty X Price .
 Right Click the Formula Field in the Field Explorer and click New. Then you will
get an Input Message Box , type Total in textbox and click Use Editor.

 Now you can see the Formula Editor screen . Here you can enter which formula
you want . Here we want the result of Qty X Price . For that we select

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OrderDetails.Qty , the multipy operator (*) and Product.Price . Double click each
field for selection.

 Now you can see Total Under the Formula Field . Drag the field in to the Crystal
Reports where you want to display Total.

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Summary Field:

 The following C# - Crystal Reports section describes how to add a summary field
in the Crystal Reports.
 In the Crystal Reports designer view window, right click on the Report Footer ,
just below the Total field and select Insert -> Summary .

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 Then you will get a screen , select the Total from the combo box and select Sum
from next Combo Box , and summary location Grand Total (Report Footer) . Click
Ok button

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 Now you can see @Total is just below the Total field in the report Footer.

 Creating Setup Projects

 Setup projects are used to create Windows Installer (.msi) files, which are used
to distribute your application for installation on another computer or Web server.
There are two types of setup projects. Standard setup projects create installers
that install Windows applications on a target computer; Web setup projects
create installers that install Web applications on a Web server.

Note:

The dialog boxes and menu commands you see might differ from those described in
Help depending on your active settings or edition. To change your settings, choose
Import and Export Settings on the Tools menu. For more information, see Working with
Settings.

To create a new setup project

1. On the File menu, point to Add, then click New Project.

2. In the resulting Add New Project dialog box, in the Project Types pane, open the
Other Project Types node, open Setup and Deployment Projects, and select
Visual Studio Installer.
3. In the Templates pane, choose Setup Project for a standard setup, or Web Setup
Project for a Web application.

To add an existing setup project to a solution

1. On the File menu, point to Add, then click Existing Project.

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2. In the resulting Add Existing Project dialog box, browse to the location of the
setup project and click Open.

 File System Editor:

 The File System editor presents a graphic representation of the files, folders,
and shortcuts your product installation creates or modifies on the target machine.
Use this editor to:

 Add and delete files, folders, and shortcuts in the installer project.

 Control where to install folders and files on the target machine.

 Establish and modify the file structure of installer components.

 You can open this editor by either:

 Double-clicking File System in the Target Machine node in the Project

Explorer window.

–or–

 Selecting the File System option on the Project menu.

 As you work in the File System editor, you can add, modify, or delete folders,
files, and shortcuts with:

 The context menu.

Note : You can display the context menu by right-clicking in the File System
editor. Context menu activated options differ depending on what is selected when
you right-click.

 Options on the Actions menu.

Note Actions menu active options differ depending on your current file or folder
selection.

 The DELETE key (for item removal).

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Options

Left pane of File System editor

The left pane of the File System editor shows a folder view of the target machine. You
can add and delete folders your product installs by setting them up here. You can also
establish contents of target machine folders. Microsoft® Visual Studio® Installer provides
these initial folders for you to work with:

 Application Folder. Sets the root directory for your application on the target
machine.

 User's Desktop. Place items (such as files or shortcuts) you want to install to the
user's desktop in this folder.

 User's Start Menu. Place items (such as files or shortcuts) you want to install to
the user's Start menu in this folder.

Note If the installer project contains a Microsoft® Visual Basic® project with
dependencies that can't be mapped to merge modules, a fourth folder labeled
Windows System Folder is displayed in the left pane of the File System editor.

 User Interface Editor:

 "GUI Editor" or "GUI Builder" is a Software Development Tool. It has a kind of
WYSIWYG structure and helps the user to build a structure without coding or less
coding. Without GUI's we had to write code for everything.

STEP BY STEP BUILDING A "GUI EDITOR"

First of all, we are creating a new XNA 3.1 Game Project...

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Here it is..

1. Add a resource file that includes Skin images for controls.

2. A Structure that will help us export the control List as an XML File.
3. A "Screens" Folder that will help us to read this controls.
4. For Communication of Windows & XNA creating a class where we will declare
"public static" variables
5. A "Properties Panel" where we can change the properties of selected controls.
6. A "Toolbox Panel" where we can add controls.
7. Our Custom Controls

1. Add a resource file that includes Skin images for controls

We are adding 3-4 skin images for our Button control...

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First of all we're creating a Resource File that will help us storing the skins:

After that open the resource file and "Add Resource->Add Existing File..."

Then add 4 sample skins(you can create your own skins named 'disabled','down','over'
and 'up'):

Here they are added at Resources...

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2. A Structure that will help us export the control List as an XML File

First creating a new XML File:

Then make it similar to the codes below:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>

<GUI>
<Control Name="">
<Type></Type>
<AllowDrop></AllowDrop>
<Enabled></Enabled>
<ForeColor></ForeColor>
<LocationX></LocationX>
<LocationY></LocationY>
<SizeW></SizeW>

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<SizeH></SizeH>
<Text></Text>
</Control>
</GUI>

We are taking advantage of XML for the structure we will be building on GUI Editor & as
you can see we added elements as they are already properties of the controls.Actually it
would be a big mistake not to use XML in this kind of applications.

3. A "Screens" Folder that will help us to read this controls.

Just create a new Folder in the project and call it Screens.

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4. For Communication of Windows & XNA, creating a class where we will declare
"public static" variables

Create a new Class & name it Infos.cs...

It seems just like this:

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In this point we aren't writing any code.

5. A "Properties Panel" where we can change the properties of selected controls

We need to add a Properties Panel. First we need to create a Windows Forms:

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