IT Review (1) 2
IT Review (1) 2
Zafira 12Soc
IT Review
Chapter 18 (Graphics Creation)
18.1 Type of images
Vector images
• A vector image is created using shapes and coordinates
è An image that uses geometric points and shapes; calculations are used to draw
the image
• Mathematical formulas and calculations are used to draw the image and fill areas
with colour
• If you change the size of the image, the computer recalculates and redraws it. This
means it does not go blurry (pixelate)
• The image itself is not saved. Only instructions on how to create the image are
saved.
For example, coordinates for a line and a calculation for drawing the line are stored,
including the colour, width, and so on
A vector image An enlarged vector image
Bitmap images
è A bitmap image is made up of small squares called pixels
Bitmap
è An image made up of small squares, called pixels; each individual pixel can only be
one colour
Pixels
è A small square of one colour; these are combined to create a bitmap image
• Each pixel can have one colour
• If you change the size of the image, the pixels are enlarged or made smaller
• By enlarging the pixels you pixelate an image and it goes blurry
A bitmap image A pixelated bitmap image
The use of vector and bitmap images
• The most common form of a bitmap image is a photograph. When you take a photo,
the camera records the colours as pixels and the quality of an image depends on the
resolution
• Other common bitmap images include ones that have been scanned, or produced
using painting software
• Resolution is the number of pixels per measurement
Resolution example, 800 x 600 px (width x height) = 480,000 px
For example dots per inch (DPI), the larger the DPI, the more pixels and therefore the
è The resolution of an image (density of pixels)
more precise your images is
Example:
8 in x 6 in 8 in x 6 in 8 in x 6 in
DPI = 100 DPI = 10 DPI = 1,000
800 x 600 px 80 x 60 px 8,000 x 6,000
= 480,000 px = 4,800 px = 48,000,000
• Different images have different requirements for their resolution. If an image is
going to be small and will not need enlarging then a smaller resolution will be
acceptable. If you are going to enlarge an image to allow you to see more detail,
then you need to have a higher resolution otherwise it might pixelate if it is a bitmap
image
• The resolution also impacts the file size of the image – the higher the resolution, the
larger the file size. This is important if you have limited storage space, or if you are
uploading images to a website. The larger the file size is, the longer it will take to
download the image
• Selecting a resolution depends on both the image requirements and the file size
For example, a bitmap photograph is taken that has a resolution of 1600 x 1200 pixels.
Each pixel is 2 bytes in size, so the image will take up 3.84 megabytes
Example:
800 x 600 = 480,000 If 2 mega pixel -‐> 1920 x 1080 px = 2 MP
1 pixel = 2 bytes
480,000 x 2 = 960,000 bytes 32 MP = 32,000,000 x 2
960 kb -‐> 0.96 Mb 64,000,000 Bytes -‐> 64 Mb
• One possible use: The image is going to be modified and then enlarged to print as a
posted. This image will need a high resolution because it needs the detail and is
going to be enlarged. The file size is not necessarily relevant here
• A second possible use: The photograph will be uploaded to a website for other
people to view and then purchase. The full detail is not necessarily required here, it
is more important that users can download it, and to save storage space on the
server. Therefore the resolution could be lowered.
• Vector graphics are created using a computer, often with specialist drawing
software, but word processors usually provide some vector tools, such as drawing
shapes and speech bubbles.
They could be used, for example, to create a logo or an animation where characters can
be drawn using a graphics tablet
Deciding between vector or bitmap graphics
• If you scan a document (for example a photo), then you will create a bitmap image
• As increasing the size of this image may result in pixelation, you must be careful to
è When a bitmap image is
enlarged, the pixels are
enlarged and become visible
causing the image to appear
blurry
ensure the resolution is high enough
• These pictures cannot be created as vector images, so if you want to use a photo of
you and your friends, it will be a bitmap graphic
• If you are creating a graphic using a computer, then you can choose between a
bitmap and a vector image.
o If you produce a bitmap image, such as a photo, it may pixelate when
enlarged.
o If you produce a vector image, it will not pixelate but will require a lot of
work to look realistic
• Software exists that can turn bitmaps into vectors, and vectors into bitmaps
For example, if you scan a document, you can vectorise it. Most image manipulation
software has this option
The use and impact of image editing on society
• This section explains some of the tools available to manipulate images. These tools
can be used to edit images to both improve the image and make the image look
worse
For example, in magazines, photos may be edited (airbrushed) to make people appear
thinner or to remove blemishes, such as wrinkles and spots
• Another way image manipulation software may be used is to put people in scenarios
(for example memes) that have never actually happened
For example, using a selection tool to copy a person from one image and place them in
another. The image of the person can be edited, and the colors manipulated, so they
appear to belong in the new scene
o Positive aspects: Memes can be used to draw attention to an advert or create
humorous effects
o Negative aspects: They can also be used negatively to make fun of people and
situations, and may be used without the consent of the person in the image
• Vector images can be used on their own or added to a bitmap image
For example in the meme, vector text has been added to the bitmap photo
• Image manipulation have their positive and negative aspects
Magazines
o Positive aspects: The company using the image may increase sales by
showing a perfect model
o Negative aspects: The image is not real and people may strive to achieve this
impossible vision, which can contribute to mental-‐health problems
Memes
o Positive aspects: Memes can be used to draw attention to an advert or create
humorous effects
o Negative aspects: They can also be used negatively to make fun of people
and situations, and may be used without the consent of the person in the
image
• Image editing can be used in politics both to promote a political agenda
For example, enhancing images so they look more favourable, and to put people into
situation where they have not actually been
• Image editing may mean that false versions of real events can be presented in a
positive way in order to mislead the audience intentionally
• Image editing can also be used in a negative way, to put opposing party members I
unfortunate situations or to use memes to mock them, which can cause offence and
influence people by creating images that are not real
• As well as being used for political purposes, image editing can also be used in the
entertainment industry. Image editing is used to create posters, signs, CD and DVD
covers, all of which are enhanced to increase their attractiveness and appeal. This
can increase sales as the images are attractive, but it does not portray an image of
real life
18.2 Common graph skills
Layers
è A ‘surface’ onto which an image or object is placed; each object is placed on a
separate layer and they are stacked on top of each other (as though on different
pieced of paper)
• Layers contain parts of an image, or an effect, that can be built up on top of each
other to create the final image
• By using layers, you can move or edit elements of an image independently without
affecting other elements of the image
• Imagine that each layer is an individual piece of paper and you can move them above
and below each other
• On the right-‐hand side of the screen is the layers menu
• To create a new layer, click the new layer symbol, then double click the layer name
to change it
• To delete a layer drag the layer, using the left mouse button, to the bin
• They layer that is on the top is in front. In this example the blue ellipse is in front of
the rectangle, because the layer is higher up
• To reverse these, and make the red rectangle come to the front, drag it above the
circle layer
• To raise a layer, drag it one position up
• To lower a layer, drag it one position down
• To bring to front, drag the layer to the very top
• This allows you to order layers
• An alternative way is select the layer, then from the top menus select Layer, then
Arrange. In this menu there are option to bring forward (raise), send backward
(lower), bring to front, and send to back
Transform tools
Shortcut for Transform (Cntrl + T)
• Transform tools are used to change the size, rotation, distortion and skew of an item
• To transform an item, you first need to select its layer and then the part of the
object you want to change. You can do this using any of the selection tools
For example, lasso, magic wand, rectangle select tool
1) Scale/resize
è Scale, or resize, lets you change the size of an object to make it larger or
smaller
• Once you have selected the object, click Edit from the top menu, then
Transform and Scale
• The squares will appear on the object and you can drag these to resize the
object
2) Move
è This tool lets you move the shape you have selected
• Click the Move tool from the toolbar, then drag the shape to where you
want it
3) Flip
è This lets you create a mirror image of the shape, either horizontally or
vertically
• From the top menu select Edit, then Transform. There are two options:
Flip Horizontal and Flip Vertical
4) Shear/skew
è Skew allows you to edit the edges of a shape while keeping it in proportion
For example, the rectangle has had both of its edges skewed
• Skew is in the Edit - Transform menu. Once selected, move the
squares on the object to skew the object
5) Rotate
è This lest you turn a shape
• Click the Edit menu then Transform and select Rotate. Put your cursor
near the corner of your object and you can free rotate it
6) Grouping or merging
è Group or merge items, which combines them into one item that can be
moved and resized together
• To group two or more objects, click one object, hold down shift on the
keyboard and select the other object; they will now become one
• To ungroup the object, click elsewhere on the screen and they will be
separated
• Flatten will combine all of the separate layers in an image into one layer. To
è Merge all layers into one single layer
do this, right click one of the layers and choose Flatten Image
Alignment and distribution tools
1) Align
è Make objects start at the same position
è This allows you to make two or more objects start at a set point
For example at the top, the left, the bottom or the right
• To align objects, first select them and then from the top menu choose
Layer, Align and then one of the options
2) Distribute
è Make the space between objects the same
• Distribute works on layers
• It evenly spaces out the three (or more) layers selected, based on horizontal
or vertical distances
• To use Distribute, highlight at least three layers. Select the Layer
menu, then Distribute and choose which edge you want the distribute
to use
Layout tools
1) Rulers
• You can view a ruler on the horizontal and vertical axes of the screen. This
lets you see how large an object is in inches
• To turn rulers on and off select the View menu and then click Rulers. The
tick indicates that rulers are visible
• Rulers can be in cm, inches or pixels
• To change the measurement, double click one of the rulers and then choose
the units you want
2) Grids
• You can put a grid on the background of the image to help you align objects
by using the lines to position them
• The grid does not appear on any printout or exporting of the image, it is
purely to help you create the image
• To turn the gridlines on or off, select the View menu, then Show and then
Grid
3) Guidelines
• You can set a line at a specific point
For example at 3.5 inches in
• These can then be used to align objects and make sure you are drawing
images of the correct size
4) Snapping
• Snap tries to help you by only allowing you to adjust, or draw, an object to
meet gridlines
• If you want more freedom to edit or draw the objects, you will need to turn
snap off
Crop tools
è Cropping lets you select only part of an image to keep and removes everything else
• To do this, select the crop tool from the menu and then drag the corners of the
image in to show only the area you want to keep
Colour systems (RGB, HSL, CMYK, CMS)
è A colour is developed by combining different colours in different quantities
1) RGB
è Red/Green/Blue colour systems; all colours are a combination of quantities of
red, green, and blue
• In Adobe Photoshop the amount of each colour is represented by a two-‐digit
number, from 0 to F. This is called hexadecimal, the higher the number, the
more of that colour is present
• The letters are used to represent two-‐digit number, so A = 10, B = 11, C = 12,
D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.
o To have as much of one colour as you possibly can have, use FF
o To have absolutely none of the colours, use 00
• Sometimes the number are replaces with whole numbers between 0 and
255. The most of a colour is 255, which is equivalent to FF. None of a colour
is 0, equivalent to 00
• RGB colour codes are RRGGBB, which is the amount of red, then green, then
blue
Example: Look at this colour code: FF0000. This shows RR = FF (the highest), and
no green or blue. So the colour is red
#XXYYZZ
#000000 = Black
#FFFFFFF = White
#FF0000 = Red
#00FF00 = Green
#0000FF = Blue
#FFFF00 = Purple
§ XX -‐> R 00 -‐ FF
§ YY -‐> G 00 -‐ FF
§ ZZ -‐> B 00 -‐ FF
2) HSL
è Hue/Saturation/Lightness colour systems; all colours are a combination of
the hue saturation and lightness selected
• The Hue represents the base colour (red, yellow, green)
• The saturation is the % of that colour being used, with 100% being the
highest
• Lightness is a % from white to black
For example, this is hue 100, with 50% saturation and 50% lightness
Hue 100, with 100% saturation and 50% lightness
Hue 100, with 100% saturation and 95% lightness
3) CMYK
è Cyan/Magenta/Yellow/Black colour systems; all colours are a combination of
these four colours
• By mixing these four colours you can create any colour
• Each colour is given a number as a percentage from 0 to 100, as to how
much of the colour is included
4) CMS
è Colour Matching System
• This is a way that a piece of software can select a colour from an image and
reproduce it
For example, if you have an image of a car and you want the shade of red used
in the car, you can click the colour and find out what its RGB/CMYK values are
and then use this later
• Adobe Photoshop has the magic wand tool that lets you click a colour and
then use it elsewhere
Colour picker tools
• Colour options appear in a sidebar. Click the small colour square
• In the new menu you can manually select the colour based on the RGB and
CMYK, and HSB (B for Brightness instead of Lightness)
• You can also use the eyedrop tool to select a colour
• Click the tool from the menu, and then on the colour you want to select and it
appears in the colour menu
Image resolutions
è The image resolution is the amount of detail that is within an image: the number of
pixels per inch.
o The more pixels you have, the more individual pieces of detail you can have
o However, this has an impact on other areas. The more pixels you have, the more
information you have to store, so the file size is larger
• The image has to be viewed in some way such as on a screen, or printed out.
However, screens and printers have their own maximum resolutions so the resulting
resolution is limited by the hardware being used to display or view it regardless of
how much detail is in the image
• To change the resolution in Adobe Photoshop you need to change the size of the
image. Click Image on the top menu bar and then Image Size
• You can then change the width and height of the image, and also the resolution
• The larger the number, the more pixels there are per inch
File formats
• There are a range of file types you can use to save your image
• These can be selected by choosing an option when saving or exporting the image
File formats
• There are two ways you can change the format
o First, is to Save As and select a different file type
o Second, is to Export the image. Click File then Export As to give you
the options of PNG, JPG, and so on
Opacity
è The lack of transparency of an image; at 0% opacity the image is fully transparent
è Being able to see through an object or surface
• Opacity means a lack of transparency, that is how solid and non-‐see-‐through the
image is
• Opacity is a percentage, which represents how transparent an image is
For example, 20 per cent opacity means that the image is 80 per cent transparent. This
can be added as a mask to the entire image, or a small area of an image can be selected
(using an appropriate selection tool) and then the opacity can be altered just in this area
• You can change the transparency (opacity) of a layer by selecting the layer in the
layer menu, and then using the drop-‐down menu next to Opacity and the slider to
adjust the value
18.3 Vector images
Vector drawing tools
1) Freehand drawing
• There are a range of freehand drawing tool, all selected from the Brush
Tool menu
• Hold the left mouse button down on the menu to see the additional options
• One you have selected your tool, and colour from the right-‐hand menu, draw
your image on the canvas
è The area in the software where you add and
edit your images
Freehand drawing tools
2) Bezier curves
è Smooth curves made of paths that can be scaled indefinitely
• Bezier curves are named after the person who developed the now common
way of drawing arcs in a computer
• A curve is created using the Curvature Pen Tool to draw a straight line
first
• Then select a midway point on the line and drag it outwards to create a
curve
Pen tool menu Curve ‘mid’ point
3) Straight line
• To draw in Adobe Photoshop hold the left mouse button down on the
Shapes Tool and select Line Tool
Line tool
4) Shape tools
• The Shape menu has inbuilt shapes to allow you to draw rectangles, ellipses
(e.g. circles) and polygons
• Arcs, starts and other shapes such as arrows are all accessed from the
Custom Shape Tool option. The drop-‐down menu gives other options
such as arcs, stars and spirals
Custom shape tool
5) Selection tools
è A selection tool lets you access, edit and manipulate just one part of an
image
• You can choose which parts to change. There may be a range of different
tools that you can access depending on your software
1. Lasso tool
Shortcut (L)
è The lasso tool lets you draw freehand around the area of an image you want
to select.
Lasso tool
2. Rectangular Marquee tool
è Provides you with a shape, such as a rectangle, that you can ‘draw’ over your
image to select a rectangular area
Selecting a rectangular area
3. Magnetic lasso tool
è Magnetic lasso tool will stick to an edge within an image
For example a line or a specific colour, which means you don’t need to follow
the line precisely
Magnetic lasso tool
Fill tools
è A fill tools lets you select a colour, then fill a selected area with that colour
For example, if you select red, then the Fill Tool, then click inside a rectangle, it will
change the rectangle to red. Some software may require you to select the Fill Tool,
then the colour
o To fill an image, select the Fill Bucket Tool, choose your colour and then click
the image you want to change
Fill tool options
o Fill gradient lets you select two colours and Adobe Photoshop will change the colour
from one to the second. First you need to select the area that you want the gradient
to be applied to, for example using the rectangle select tool. Select the first colour,
and then the second
o There are a range of pre-‐set gradient fills that you can select from. Once you have
chosen the Gradient Fill Tool these appear at the top of the screen
Pre-‐set gradient fills
Node and path editing
Existing shapes
• Shapes are made up of nodes (points that can be edited) and paths (between
nodes)
• You can change these by right clicking an object and selecting Warp. This
shows you the nodes and, by dragging these with the left mouse button, you
can change the shape
Warping option
Pen tool
• If you use the Pen Tool you can add new nodes and edit these to tailor you
shape
• When you have drawn your line, or shape, with the pen, right click where you
want a new node and select Add Anchor Point. This will give you,
Adding an anchor point
• Choose the Direct Selection Tool to select one of the nodes and
adjust it. This will give you a Bezier handle, which allows you to alter the curve
by moving the squares to adjust the angles
Direct selection tool
• Right clicking a node gives you the option to delete that node, which will
simplify the shape (there are fewer points to edit)
Menu option for deleting node
• You can align multiple paths by using the Path Selection Tool from
the left-‐hand menu. Hold down Shift to select two or more paths, then
choose the drop-‐down menu for Align. Distribute is also in this
menu, so you can create the same distance between the paths
Alignment and distribution options
Convert bitmap images into editable vector shapes
o First highlight the area that you want to export, for example by using the Magnetic
Lasso Tool
o Make sure the Paths menu is open (window from the top menu, then Paths)
o From the Paths menu, choose Make Work Path
Make work path menu
o Set the tolerance: the lower the number, the more precise the shapes are
o Once you have the path, you need to export it as a vector. To do this, click File,
Export and then Paths to Illustrator. This creates an illustrator vector
file with your image
Export menu
o Vector graphics are better for images that you need to create in different sizes
For example to enlarge for a poster, and make smaller for items such as business cards.
o This is because they do not pixelate when you change the size. However, not all images
can be converted into exact vector graphics
For example, you can take some elements of a photo and convert it into a separate vector,
but a whole photograph cannot be converted and retained with the same content
18.4 Bitmap images
Selection tools
• The selection tools available with vector graphics can also be used with bitmaps,
such as the Lasso Tool, but there are other tools as well
• Magic Wand Tool allows you to select pixels based on their colour
• The tolerance lets you adjust which elements it selects. The tool works by selecting
pixels that are of a similar colour (RGB colour for example) to the one you have
clicked. The higher the tolerance, the wider range of colours it will select. The lower
the number, the more precise the colour needs to be.
For example, by selecting the red of the lighthouse there can be a high tolerance
because there are no other colours similar around it. However, to select the top part
of the lighthouse will need a very small number, because the white is very similar to
the clouds and if the tolerance is too high then the clouds will be selected as well
Colour levels
• An entire image, or just part of one, can be converted from colour into black and
white, or duotone
• greyscale can be selected by selecting the Image menu, then Mode and
Greyscale
Selecting Greyscale mode
• This changes the whole image. If you only want one part to be in greyscale, then
select the area you want using one of the selection tools. From the menus choose
Adjustments and then Desaturate. Only the are you selected will become
greyscale
Delecting desaturate in adjustments menu
• This menu has other colour changes, such as Hue/Saturation, Black &
White, and so on
• Colour Balance allows you to change the colour that you have selected. You
can add, or remove, the different colours to, or from, the image to change the
colour of the area you selected
• Adobe Photoshop will keep the shades as they are because each pixel will be
adjusted by the same amount, so if one was lighter to begin with, it will be lighter
after the change
Colour balance sliders
• Within the colour balance there are options for Shadows and Highlights.
These can be used to adjust images that may be too dark, or too bright. By adjusting
the shadows or highlights you can make the image brighter, or darker
• Brightness allows you to increase the brightness of the image, or the part of
the image selected.
• Contrast increases the difference between the different colours in the image.
• Both of these are selected from the Image menu, Adjustments and then
Brightness/Contrast
Brightness and contrast sliders
Tools/filters
There are a range of tools and filters that can be used to edit images
1) Clone
è Creates an identical copy or part of an image
For example, if you have a tree that you would like to duplicate, by using this
tool you can ‘paint’ a copy of the tree in a different place without having to trace
the outline and copy it
• To use the clone stamp, select the Clone Stamp button
Clone stamp button
2) Red Eye Tool
è Will automatically remove a red eye effect caused by a photo flash
• The red eye tool uses the other colours from the eye to fill in the pupil
Red eye tool
A filter can be used to add effects to an image or to change a small element of it. There are
numerous filter tools you can use including the Blur Tool, the Sharpen Tool, and
the Smudge Tool
Blur, sharpen and smudge tools
1) Blur Tool
è Reduces the focus on areas of the image
• You can adjust the strength of the blur, and the size using the top toolbar
• Drag the tool repeatedly over the area of the image you want to blur; the
more time you go over the one area, the more blurred it will become
Percentage of blur
2) Distort and Warp
è Both allow you to change the perspective of an image, or part of an image
For example if you have an image of a high-‐rise building and the perspective has
curved the lines
Warped images
• Both can be accessed from the Edit-Transform menu. Dragging in the
boxes on the edges of the image can be used to distort or warp the image
Selecting warp menu option
3) Sharpen tool
è Improves, or increases, the contrast between colours
For example, an edge between a light and dark area can be sharpened to make
it more defined
4) Smudge tools
è Let’s you change part of the image
For example expand it or stretch it out, almost as if you have dragged your finger
through the drawing. Used subtly you can edit the size and shape of images
Resize an image/canvas
• An image can be resized or scaled
• Bitmap images may pixelate if they are increased too much in size
• If part of an image needs to be resized, then you can use a selection tool to select
the pixels you want to change and then use Scale to change the size, the same way
as you would with a vector
• If the canvas needs to be enlarged, this can be done through the menu system by
selecting Image and then Canvas Size
Selecting canvas size menu
• You can then select the measurements (for example, pixels, cm or inches) and enter
your new dimensions
Canvas size measurement options
18.5 Compression
è Is a mechanism to reduce the file size on a file, in this case an image
• You may need to compress an image because the file size is too large
For example to email to someone, or to store on your computer if you have limited space
• There are two types of compression:
1) Lossless
è A method of compression where the decompressed image is identical to the
original
• Lossless compression uses an algorithm to reduce the size of the image.
When the image is decompressed, it is identical to the original. No data is
lost
For example, you may put an image into a zip file format; when you unzip the
image it will be identical. The effect of this is that the image you get is exactly
the same image that you sent. It will not, however make the file as small as lossy
compression will
2) Lossy
è A method of compression where the decompressed image is not identical to
the original
• Lossy compression uses an algorithm to reduce the size of the image by
removing some of the data. When the image is decompressed, it is not
identical to the original. Data is lost
• This means the image you get will not be identical to the original e.g. it may
have fewer colours, or a lower resolution, but the file size will be smaller
than lossless
• Lossy compression loses data, but it also compresses the image further (you
can get a smaller file size)
Two examples of lossy compression are changing the colour depth and changing
the resolution
Colour depth
è The number of colours that can be represented in the image
• The colour depth of an image is the number of different colours that can be
represented
• The higher the colour depth, the more colours you can use, but the larger the file
size will become. This is because the colour depth is related to the bit depth
• The bit depth is the number of bits allocated to each pixel
o If you have 1 bit per pixel, then there are two possibilities; 0 or 1
o Each number is allocated a colour, e.g. 0 is red and 1 is blue. Therefore, 1 bit
can only represent 1 colour
§ Increase the bit depth to 1 byte. 1 byte is 8 bits. In 1 byte there are
256 different unique numbers. If each unique number has a different
colour, then 1 byte gives you 256 colours
§ Increase it again to 2 byte (16 bits). Now there are 65536 different
colours
o This all affects the file size. If your image has 100 pixels, then with 1 bit each
pixel takes 1 bit of memory
100 x 1 = 100 bits, or 12 bytes
o If each pixel has 1 byte, then 100 x 1 byte = 100 bytes
• To change the colour depth, select Image and then Mode
• 8 bits means there are 8 bits per pixel; 16 means there are 16 bits per pixel, and
therefore a greater range of colours
Image/Mode menu
• Changing the resolution by making it smaller will reduce the number of pixels per
inch of the image
For example, for every square inch there might be 50 pixels instead of 100. This means
there are half as many pixels, and therefore half as much data to store
• To change the resolution select Image and then Image Size, and change the
number in the resolution box
Image size measurements
18.6 Text
• Add text to your image by selecting the Text Tool. You get the choice of
horizontal or vertical. Click the tool and then where you want the text, then type the
text
Text tool options
Font style
• By clicking your text, you then see font face and size options at the top of the screen
Inserted text and text tool options
• Adobe Photoshop has a character window with additional options. Select Window
and then Character if it is not already open
Inserted text and character options
• Adding space between letters is called Kerning
è The space between letters
• This can be changed by increasing or decreasing the number in the character space
box
Inserted text and kerning options
• Changing the amount of space between lines is also available on this menu
Inserted text and line spacing options
Fit text to path or shape
• When you have written your text, you can set it to match a shape. Choose the
Shape option from the top menu and then choose the shape from the menu. Change the
settings to adjust the size of the shape
Inserted text with warp text sliders
Set text in a shape
• To add text within a shape, you first need to draw the shape (for example, using the
custom shape tool). Click the Text Tool and then click inside the shape, and the
text will be within the shape
Convert text to curves
• You can convert text into an outline shape that you can then manually manipulate.
To do this, select the text you want to convert, and then from the top menu choose Type
and then Convert To Shape
Converting text to shape option