114. PARTIAL WAVE ANALYSIS 631 where 1 barn = 10- m2 11.4 Partial Wave Analysis So far we have considered only en approximate calculation of the differential cross section ‘where the interaction between the projectile prticle end the scattering potential IF) is con- sidered smell compared with the energy ofthe incident particle In this section we are going to calculate the cross section without placing eny imitation on the strength of 7°) 114.1 Partial Wave Analysis for Elastic Scattering We assume here the potential to be spherically symmetric. The anguler momentum of the incident particle will therefore be conserved, a particle scattering from « central potential will hhave the same angular momentum before and after collision. Assuming thet the incident plane wave is in the s-direction and hence gine(") = exp(ihr cos@), we may express it in terms of « supesposition of angular momentum eigenstates, each with a definite angular momentum suumber! Chapter 6) otf = etireos _ Nl 4 yr )F(co89), arsi & We can then exemine how each of the pastiel waves is distorted by I"(") after the particle scatters from the potential. The most general solution of the Selodinger equation (11 30) is Ww) =>" Cm Rul Yin (0, 9). a1sy fr Since ”(¢) is central, the system is symmetrical (cotationelly iwerien!) about the =-exis, The scattered wave function must not then depend on the eaimuthel angle g; hence m = 0. Thus, a Yio(@, 9) ~ Fi(cosd), the scattered wave function (11 $2) becomes wt.8) = aR) (e088), 183) fe wwhere Ru(r) obeys the following radial equation (Chapter 6) iz pen zt Jomo FP ey Rue) ais Eachterm of (11.83), whichis known as « partial wave, is joint eigenfunction of Z? and Le Acsibsitution of (1.81) anto (11 34) with » =O gives aus) 0,0) = SAL +10 )A (e080) +50) & ‘The scattered wave function is given, on the one hand, by (11.83) and on the other hand, by args.632 CHAPTER 11. SCATTERING THEORY In amos al reatesing experiment, detectors ce losted at itance fom the eget ht sce much lenge thn th Sara the tg tea, te mensuemets taken Oy dtectrs fev tosaeedeeave factions e luge velues ofr Inv! alors we ws gangto Se tha by eating comecion between the ast fommeof(1 83) end (L185), oe can Sete the seating enplitae tnd ence the fetal coe section ance the int of Ue Bese! Rincon 0) fr large vues fr (Chapter) i given ¥ sin(kr — In /2) nr) 6 0), 1186) the asymptotic form of (11.85) is aisy sin 2 vo) > Dilar+ 1) (cosa) St IAP) & snd since single =I 2) = [(-1)}e!* —HeHr]/21, because et"? = can vite (11.87) as aiiswe eo ee, ke So a1H1)A(cos8)+5 0,0) > -S & Le [vm +R DEY el + vnc ak ES dish Second, to find the asymptotic form of (11.83), we need first to determine the asymptotic foam of the sadil function Ry(?). At lege values of r, the scattering potentil is effectively 2210, for itis short renge. In ths case (11 84) becomes 2 (ga +¥) eRe =0 1.89) ‘As seen in Chapter 6, the gener solution ofthis equation is given by «linear combination of the sphusicl Bessel and Neumenn functions Rar) = Arji(kr) + Bu (kr), (11.90) ‘where the asymptote form of the Neu ena functions cos(tr —In/2) m(r) — & — 00). aust Inseting of (11.86) end (L1 91) into (11.90), we obten the asymptotic form ofthe radial Aane- tion sn(le —1n/2) __p costle —In/2) Ruf) > aS) ga If V¢¢) = 0 fox allr (eee putcle), the solution of (11 84), r Ry(?), must vanish atr = 0, thus Ru(?) must be finite af the origin. Since the Neumann function dveiges at =O, the cosine tem in (11 92) does not represent a physically acceptable solution, hence it aeeds to be disenrded nee the onigin By rewriting (11 92) in the form indie ¢ aisy 0), ais114. PARTIAL WAVE ANALYSIS 633 weave Ay = Creosd and B; = Cy sind, hence Cy = [4 BF and 5, eat (2 a G) ais ‘We see that, with j = 0, the radial function Ru (r) of (11 93) is finite atr =O, since (11.93) seduces to j1(kr). So dy is real angle which vanishes for all values of'! in the absence of the scattering potential (.e, ” = 0), dy is celled the phase slat. It measwes, at large values of 7, the deggee to which Ruy) fers from jp (er) (cecall that jl) isthe rake ction when there is no scattering). Since this “distortion” or the difference between Ru(r) and ja(kr), is due to the potential ’(r), we would expect the cross section to depend on &. Using (11 93) we can-wsite the asymptotic limit of (11 83) as +4) w08) —» Sar (cosa) 2 > ~) 195) 6 ‘This wave fimetion is known as a distorted plane wave, for it differs from a plane wave by having phase shifts &. Since sin(lr — In /2 + 4) = [(—1 ete — alee] 24, we can sewsite (11.95) es a 2 thr ee tle F(cos8) + —— —iyfel (cos ae 2 Fi + ae Dy Fi(cosa). (11.96) wea — Up to now we have shown that the asymptotic forms of (11.83) and (11.85) are given by (11.96) end (11 88), respectively. Equeting the coefficients of e~ /r in (11.88) end (11.96), we obtein (21 +11 = qi/e“ and hence a = Ql styles isn Substituting (1197) into (11.96) end this ime equating the coefficient of ™ /r inthe resulting expression with thet of (11 88), we have Le 1S SO+ eS HCMI AI + 1YACoHO) = Fy Fo el +I aFeM Aor), 19H which, when combined with (e —1)/2i =e" sind andi!(-1)' = 1, leads to = T= 12 JOSH) = A> Al + ALeos9V 6" —1)= PS C1 + Hel anh (oss), i aki LJ ar where (0) is known as the pastial wave amplitude From (1199) we can obtain the differential and the tatel cross sections x =|] adder +1) Ql + 1)et4~H9 sing sindy F1(c088)P)(co#8), Be 109)634 CHAPTER 11. SCATTERING THEORY . 2. . P sing dt dp =2n P sina a Yop areas [ap 2" [" Yerf anode Sar sner +e) sing sna [ Fi(cos0) Pr(cos0) sind ad. aio Using the relation f° Fi(cos0) Fr(cos0) sin d0 = [2/Cl +1)]éx, we can seduce (11.101) to 1.102) ‘where oy ate celled the partial cross sections corresponding to the scattering of pasticles in var- ious engular momentum states, The differential cross section (11.100) consists of « superposi- tion of terms with different angular momenta, this gives sise to interference patterns between different pastiel waves corresponding to different values of J. The interference terms go aay sn the total cross section when the integral over 0 is carried out. Note that when 1” =O every- ‘where, all the phase shifts dj vanish, and hence the partial and total cross sections, as indicated by (11.100) and(11.102), are zero. Note that, as shown in equations (11 99) and(11.102), /(0) and are given asinfimte series over the angular momentum |. We may recall that, for cases of practical importance with the exception of the Coulomb potential, these series converge after « finite number of terms. ‘We should note thet in the case where we have @ scattering between pattcles thet are in. theic respective s states, =0, the scattering amplitude (11.99) becomes ohne 0, ust where we have used Fo(cos8) = 1. Since fo does not depend on 8, the differential and total cxoss sections are given by the following simple relations| dopo 1 oy a_4n aleP=aanth, omar oP =Taw 0-0). L104 Animportant issue here isthe fact thet the total cross section can be seated to the forward scattering amplitude f 0). Since F,(cos0) = Fi(1) =1 when d = 0, equation(11.99) leadsto JQ) zoe + 1) (sna cost tisn’ 4), 1.105) i ‘which when combined with (11.102) yields the conection between fQ) and Im f(0) i in Yersyans 1.106) & ‘Thisisknowa as the optical theorem (itisreminiscent of a smiles theorem in optics which deals ‘with the scattering of light). The physical origin of this theorem is the conservation of pasticles (or probability). The beam emerging (after scattering) along the incidence direction (9 = 0)114. PARTIAL WAVE ANALYSIS 635 contens fewer particles than te incident beam, since « number of particles have scattered in various directions. ‘This decretse in the mmber of particles is measured by the total cross fection ; hit ig the number of psticles emoved fon the incident beam slong the incidence direction is proportional to ¢ om, equivalently othe imapinny past of (0). We shold note that although (11 106 was decived for laste settesng the opical term, a= wil be shown later, is also valid for inelastic satesing 1142. Partial Wave Analysis for Inelastic Scattering ‘The scattering amplitude (11.99) can be rewzitten as 10) = 01+ 1,409RC026), i907 & vwhece : : : ia 24 J = fel sng = (M1) =e, a0 with Sie) = 24 a1.109) Inthe case where there is no fluc Loss, we must have [5}(4)| = 1. However, this reqpirementis not valid whenever there is absorption of the incident beam. In this case of fx loss, i(k) is redefined by Sek) = moye™*, an) withO < qk) < 1;hence (11.108) and (11.107) become Lipantasvid—neoay, duit 1S $0) = 5, YCl-+ 1) Lm sin2s +1 — m c0s25)] F(cos0). qua 2 ‘The total elastic scattering cross section is given by oa = 4x Dear + DAP Bre +1)(1 + nf —2m cos24). a1.113) ‘The total inelastic scattering cross section, which describes the loss of flux, is given by Thus, if m(k) = 1 there is no inelastic scattering but if rp = 0 we have total absorption, although there is still elestic scattering in this partial wave. The sun of (11.113) end (11.114) gives the total exoss section ote = 00 + cin = 2 SA +1) 0 ~ m e0s28)) anus 6 @l +1) (1-09) quii4)