5.

1 ELECTRON
What information can we get from
the graph on the cardiograph
screen?

How the picture is formed on the

screen?
 LEARNING
STANDARD 1
5.1.1 Explain thermionic
emission and cathode
rays
Activity 1 Aim: To explain thermionic emission

1. The surface of metal contains a

large amount of free electrons.
What are free electrons?
• Metal consists of a large number of
electrons which are free to move.
……………….
• At room temperature, the electrons are
free
……………….. to move but remain inside
the metal.
• The electrons cannot escape at the
surface because they are held back by the
force of the atomic nucleus.
attractive ………..
2. What happen to the energy of the
electron if the metal is heated?
Energy increases

3. What happens to the free electrons

if the metal is heated at a high
temperature?

Electrons gain sufficient energy to escape

from the metal.

4. What is the name of this process of Thermionic Emission is the

electrons emission? emission of electrons from the
Thermionic emission surface of a heated metal.
 When a coil is heated, electrons are emitted.

What will happen to the electrons The electrons will be

emitted if an anode is placed in the accelerated to the anode!
vacuum tube?
Activity 2 Aim: Explain cathode rays

1. What is a vacuum tube?

It consists of a tungsten filament,
a cathode and an anode. The
filament is connected to a 6 V
power supply.

2. State the correct terminal

connection for anode and
cathode.
Cathode is connected to negative
terminal and anode to positive
terminal of a high voltage d.c power
supply.
Activity 2 Aim: Explain cathode rays

3. What happens to the

milliammeter pointer if you
click the 6 V power supply
switch, S1?
No deflection.

4. What does this indicate?

No current flows
Activity 2 Aim: Explain cathode rays

5. Click switch S1 and S2 (the EHT

switch). What happens to the
milliammter reading?
The pointer deflects

6. What does this indicate?

Current flows
7. Explain your answer in question 6.
• When switch S1 is closed, current flows and heats up the filament.
• Electrons are emitted.
• High potential difference between cathode and anode cause the
electrons to accelerated to anodes.
• When electrons reach anode, the circuit is completed and current
flows.
Activity 2 Aim: Explain cathode rays

What will happen to the milliammeter pointer when

the connection is reversed?
The pointer does not deflects.
Electrons are emitted when the filament is heated. But they
will not attract to cathode which is also negatively charge.
No current flow.
Activity 2 Aim: Explain cathode rays

Thermionic Emission occurs

when electrons have
enough energy to escape
from the surface of a heated
cathode.

CATHODE RAYS is a high

speed electron beam
 Thermionic emission and the production of cathode rays in a
vacuum tube.

When cathode is connected to an anode by a high tension power supply

(EHT), a beam of electrons is accelerated to anode.
Activity 2 Aim: Explain cathode rays

Electron Gun
9. Diagram shows an electron gun

(a) What is an electron gun?

A vacuum tube to produce cathode
rays.

(b) Why the space in the electron

gun is vacuumed?
So no collision between electrons
with air molecules and no ionization
occurs.
 ⑩
Working principle of Electron gun ⑭ Anode
a. C Accelerate electrons
6 V-
a.u
from cathode
Heats up the filament

②
Pendarflour
screen
Filament / cathode
Convert kinetic
Emit electrons
energy of
after being heated
electrons to light
energy.

⑤
Extra high tension
Produce high potential difference
between cathode and anode to
accelerate electrons to anode.
Cathode rays can be used in picture
tube of a television, a cathode ray
oscilloscope and the visual display on a
radar screen.
 LEARNING
STANDARD 2
5.1.2 Explain the effect of
cathode rays in
electric field and
magnetic field.
 Tube
Deeing

Tiub pemesongan

Maltese Cross tube

The characteristics of cathode ray

can be studied by using Maltese
Cross tube and deflecting tube.
Activity 3 Investigate the properties of electron streams in a Maltese
cross cathode ray tube

Apparatus: Maltese cross tube, Extra

High tension (E.H.T) power supply,
connecting wires, a strong magnet.
Activity 3 Investigate the properties of electron streams in a Maltese
cross cathode ray tube
Procedure
6 V heater supply
is connected

Observation:
A shadow of cross
is seen. Yellow
light is produced
on the screen

nation:
Eplanation: Conclusion
The shadow is formed Light travels in a
because light from the straight line
heated filament is blocked
by the Maltese cross.
Activity 3 Investigate the properties of electron streams in a Maltese
cross cathode ray tube
Procedure
6 V heater supply and 3 kV
power supply are
connected.

Observation:
A dark shadow of
the Maltese cross
is surrounded by
green light.
Conclusion
Explanation
Cathode rays travel in
Electrons emitted are accelerated
a straight line and
to anode and to screen. The
can cause
shadow is formed by the cathode
fluorescene effect.
rays blocked by the cross.
Characteristic
of cathode ray:

⑬ Cathode rays travel in a straight line.

Cathode rays cause fluorescence
Cathode rays carry kinetic energy which is
converted to light energy when they hit the
screen.
Activity 3 Investigate the properties of electron streams in a Maltese
cross cathode ray tube
Procedure
6 V heater supply & 3 kV
EHT are connected.
Two bar magnets are
placed by sides of the
tube.
Observation:
The cathode ray shadow
is deflected downward.
Observation Conclusion
A magnetic force is produced Cathode rays can be
because the cathode rays deflected by
carry a negative charge. magnetic field.
Name the rule used to determine the Fleming’s left hand
direction of deflection of the shadow
between the magnetic fields.
rules.
Magnetic field is upward from north to south
Current to the left (opposite from electrons)
Shadow moves to B

/
CANCEL
The direction of motion is Magnetic field to right from north to south
determined by using Fleming’s Current into (opposite from electrons)
left hand rules.
Shadow moves downward
The direction of motion is determined by using
Fleming’s left hand rules.

Magnetic field to the left from north to

south.
Current into (opposite from electrons)

Shadow moves upward to C

Deflecting tubes
Activity 4 Investigate the properties of cathode rays in an electric field by
usinga deflecting cathode ray tube.
Activity 4 Investigate the properties of cathode rays in an electric field by
using a deflecting cathode ray tube.

Procedure
Connect to the 6 V ac
power supply. Connect
the anode and cathode to
EHT 1 power supply.

Observation
Observation
No deflection

Conclusion
Cathode rays travels in a
straight line.
Aktiviti 4 Mengkaji kesan sinar katod di bawah pengaruh medan magnet
Prosedur
Sambungkan ke bekalan
kuasa 6.0 V a.u.
Sambungkan anod dan
katod ke bekalan kuasa
VLT 1.

Pemerhatian Penerangan
Tiada pemesongan

Kesimpulan
Sinar katod bergerak
lurus
Activity 4 Investigate the properties of cathode rays in an electric field by
usinga deflecting cathode ray tube.

Procedure
Connect to the 6 V ac
power supply. Connect
the anode and cathode to
EHT 1 and EHT 2 power
supply

Observation
Observation
The path deflects upward
to +ve EHT 2.
Conclusion
Cathode rays deflects in
an electric field and
negatively charged.
Activity 4 Investigate the properties of cathode rays in an electric field by
usinga deflecting cathode ray tube. VLT 2
EHT 2
Procedure
Repeat the experiment by
connecting top plate to the
-ve EHT2 and lower part is VLT 1
connected to the +ve EHT 1
terminal.

Observation Explanation
The path traced is still parabola but is
deflected downward towards +ve terminal

conclusion
Cathode rays deflects in an
electric field and is negatively
charged.
 Characteristics of cathode rays

1. Travel in a straight line in vacuum.

2. Posses kinetic energy and momentum.
3. Negatively charged.
4. Deflected by magnetic field and electric field.
5. Produce fluorescent effect: kinetic energy convert to
light when it hits the screen.
 LEARNING
STANDARD 3
5.1.3 Determine the
velocity of electrons in
a ray tube.
 When a potential difference is applied across the
cathode and anode, the electrons will gain an
electrical potential energy, eV
The kinetic energy
will change to light
and heat energy
Energy changes in when it hit the screen
cathode ray tube

The emitted electrons will gain kinetic energy,

½ mv2 and will be accelerated to the maximum
velocity, v
 Energy changes in cathode rays tube

Electrical energy
E = eV
Heat + Light

Electrical energy Kinetic energy Heat + Light

E = eV E = ½ mv2
Activity 5 Halaju electron dalam tiub sinar katod
1. State the type of energy and
motion of the cathode rays in a
Electric
cathode rays tube.
potential
Kinetic energy

Light & Heat

acceleration

Constant velocity
2. Name the energy which is 5. Given that m = mass of electron,
supplied to the cathode rays by v = speed of electron, write an
the power supply EHT between equation to relate energy, E, m
cathode and anode and v.
Electric potential energy E = ½ mv2
3. Given that Q = e, charge for 1
6. Energy in question 4 is
electron, 1.6 x 10-19 C, V = voltage
transferred to energy in question
across cathode and anode. Write
5. State the physics principle
an equation to relate between the
which relates these energies.
energy, E, e and V
Principle of conservation of
eV = E
energy
4. Name the energy gains by the
electron when it accelerates from
cathode to the screen.
Kinetic energy
 7. Write an equation to relate both
10. If the voltage across cathode
energis based on the principle
and anode in a vacuu tube is 4500
stated in question 7.
V, what is the speed of electron
eV = ½ mv2 as it reaches the anode?
ev= I mv2
8. State the energy changes gains eV = 1.6 x 10-19 x 4500
by the electron from cathode to = ½ x 9.1 x 10-31 x v2
the screen.
v2 = 2 x 1.6 x 10-19 x 4500
Electrical energy to kinetic energy 9.1 x 10-31
and to light and heat energy
= 1.58 x 1015
9. The voltage between the cathode v = 3.98 x 107 m/s
and anode is 3000 V. The charge
of an electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C.
Calculate the kinetic energy
posses by an electron as it KE = eV = 1.6 x 10-19 x 3000
reaches the anode. = 4.8 x 10-16 J
 Example 1
1. Voltage across the across the anode and
cathode in an electron gun is 8 kV. Calculate
the kinetic energy of the electron.

kinetic energy = eV
= 1.6 x 10-19 x 8000
= 12.8 x 10-16 J
 Example 2
Electron gun in a television set has a potential
difference between the anode and cathode is 5 kV.
What is the speed of the electron?
e = charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10-19 C
m = mass of an electron = 9 x 10-31 kg

v2 = 2 x 1.6 x 10-19 x 5000

eV = ½ mv2
9 x 10-31
= 2.84 x 1015
= 28.4 x 1014
v = 4.22 x 107 m/s
TUTORIAL 5.1
 Q = It = 0.01 x 5 = 0.05 C

Thermionic emission

Accelerates electrons
Cathode rays is negatively charged
 The cathode rays is blocked by the
cross.

The kinetic energy of the

cathode rays is converted to
light energy.
Thermionic emission
eV = ½ mv2
4.8 x 10-16 = ½ x 9.0 x 10-31 v2
v2 = 1.07 x 1015
v = 3.27 x 107 m/s
Fleming’s left hand rules.