AC TO AC CONVERTER (DIMMER)

Sana'a University

Faculty of Engineering

Mechatronics Department

AC TO AC CONVERTER (DIMMER)

DONE BY:
Zyad Abdullah Alshuja (233)
Mohammed Abdalnassr ALzaghir (211)
Amar Abduladef Alshahary (312) SOPERVISED BY:
Basher Ail Ahmed Albarawoui (48) Eng. Aymen Al syaghee
Mohamed Ali Alsharaby (69)
AC TO AC CONVERTER (DIMMER)

Contents
Table of Figures ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
❖ abstract: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
❖ Introduction : .................................................................................................................................................................. 3
What is the TRIAC?.................................................................................................................................................................. 3
❖ Equipment required: ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
❖ EXPERMENT STEPS: ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
❖ CONCIUSION: .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
❖ RECOMMENDATION: ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
❖ REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Table of Figures
Figure 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
AC TO AC CONVERTER (DIMMER)

❖abstract:
AC voltage controllers (ac line voltage controllers) are employed to vary the RMS value of the
alternating voltage applied to a load circuit by introducing Thyristors between the load and a
constant voltage ac source. The RMS value of alternating voltage applied to a load circuit is
controlled by controlling the triggering angle of the Thyristors in the ac voltage controller
circuits. In brief, an ac voltage controller is a type of thyristor power converter which is used to
convert a fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac input supply to obtain a variable voltage ac output.
The RMS value of the ac output voltage and the ac power flow to the load is controlled by
varying (adjusting) the trigger angle ‘α’

❖ Introduction :
The basic principle of on-off control technique is explained with reference to a single phase
full wave ac voltage controller circuit shown below. The thyristor switches T1 and T2 are
turned on by applying appropriate gate trigger pulses to connect the input ac supply to the
load for ‘n’ number of input cycles during the time interval ON t . The thyristor switches T1
and T2 are turned off by blocking the gate trigger pulses for ‘m’ number of input cycles during
the time interval OFF t . The ac controller ON time ON t usually consists of an integral number
of input cycles.

❖What is the TRIAC?

The TRIAC is a three terminal component that is used to control the current. It works based on
the thyristor. It gives AC switching for various electrical system applications such as the
TRIACS and the thyristor. These components can be found only in a particular light dimmer
circuit where they allow both halves of the AC cycle to be used. This makes them more
effective in terms of the power available. Whereas it is possible to use two thyristors back to
back, this is not always cost effective for low power and low cost applications. When the two
thyristors are connected back to back then it is possible to view the operation of the TRIAC.

❖ Equipment required:
▪ (1)* Resistor [100Ω].
AC TO AC CONVERTER (DIMMER)
▪ (1) TRIAC
▪ AC Power supply.
▪ (3)*capacity
▪ Breadboard.
▪ Function Generator.
▪ Oscilloscope.
▪ Some connecting wires.

a) Circuit diagram

Figure 1

❖With matlab:

Figure 2
AC TO AC CONVERTER (DIMMER)

❖ EXPERMENT STEPS:
• The basic principle of ac phase control technique is explained with reference to a single
phase half wave ac voltage controller (unidirectional controller) circuit shown in the
below figure. The half wave ac controller uses one thyristor and one diode connected in
parallel across each other in opposite direction that is anode of thyristor T1 is connected
to the cathode of diode D1 and the cathode of T1 is connected to the anode of D1

• The output voltage across the load resistor ‘R’ and hence the ac power flow to the load
is controlled by varying the trigger angle ‘α’. The trigger angle or the delay angle ‘α’
refers to the value of ωt or the instant at which the thyristor T1 is triggered to turn it
ON, by applying a suitable gate trigger pulse between the gate and cathode lead. The
thyristor T1 is forward biased during the positive half cycle of input ac supply.

• It can be triggered and made to conduct by applying a suitable gate trigger pulse only
during the www.getmyuni.com Page 226 positive half cycle of input supply. When T1 is
triggered it conducts and the load current flows through the thyristorT1 , the load and
through the transformer secondary winding.

• By assuming T1 as an ideal thyristor switch it can be considered as a closed switch when

it is ON during the period ωt =α to π radians. The output voltage across the load follows
the input supply voltage when the thyristor T1 is turned-on and when it conducts from
ωt =α to π radians. When the input supply voltage decreases to zero at ωt = π , for a
resistive load the load current also falls to zero at ωt = π and hence the thyristor T1
turns off at ωt = π .
AC TO AC CONVERTER (DIMMER)

Figure 3

Figure 4

❖ Single Phase Full Wave Ac Voltage Controller (Bidirectional Controller)

With RL Load
AC TO AC CONVERTER (DIMMER)
In this section we will discuss the operation and performance of a single phase full wave ac
voltage controller with RL load. In practice most of the loads are of RL type. For example if we
consider a single phase full wave ac voltage controller controlling the speed of a single phase ac
induction motor, the load which is the induction motor winding is an RL type of load, where R
represents the motor winding resistance and L represents the motor winding inductance. A
single phase full wave ac voltage controller circuit (bidirectional controller) with an RL load using
two thyristors T1 and T2 (T1 and T2 are two SCRs) connected in parallel is shown in the figure
below. In place of two thyristors a single Triac can be used to implement a full wave ac controller,
if a suitable Triac is available for the desired RMS load current and the RMS output voltage
ratings. Fig 6.11: Single phase full wave ac voltage controller with RL load

❖DISCUSSION:
In this experiment we have noticed that the voltage drop and the current do not change with the
different values of the frequency. They are constant as if the frequency does not make any
difference in then AC circuits. Moreover, we have realized that the two waveforms of the voltage
and the current have their zeros at the same time, and have their maximum values at the same
time. As a result, in resistor, the current and voltage are said to be [IN PHASE].

❖CONCIUSION:
Finally, this experiment is one of the easiest experiments. However, it is important .it is learning
you how sine wave behave with different types of tools electrons. And how can frequency and V
(peak-to peck) effect on amplitude and sinewave.

❖RECOMMENDATION:
✓ While making this experiment, you have to focus well and take all the values into account.
✓ Make sure of all your measurements to get the ideal values and low error percentages.
✓ Make sure that the connecting wires can connect really

❖REFERENCES

• https://www.electronicforyou.com
• www.wikipedia.com