FUNCTIONS [225 marks]

x2−x−12 15
Consider the function f(x)= 2x−15
, x ∈ R, x ≠ 2 .

Find the coordinates where the graph of f crosses the

1a. x-axis. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Note: In part (a), penalise once only, if correct values are given instead
of correct coordinates.

attempts to solve x2 − x − 12 = 0 (M1)

(−3, 0) and (4, 0) A1

[2 marks]
1b. y-axis. [1 mark]

Markscheme
Note: In part (a), penalise once only, if correct values are given instead
of correct coordinates.

(0, 45 ) A1

[1 mark]

1c. Write down the equation of the vertical asymptote of the graph of f . [1 mark]

Markscheme
15
x= 2 A1

15
Note: Award A0 for x≠ 2 .
15
Award A1 in part (b), if x= 2 is seen on their graph in part (d).

[1 mark]

= +
1d. The oblique asymptote of the graph of f can be written as y = ax + b [4 marks]
where a, b ∈ Q .
Find the value of a and the value of b .

Markscheme
METHOD 1
(ax + b)(2x − 15)≡ x2 − x − 12
attempts to expand (ax + b)(2x − 15) (M1)
2ax2 − 15ax + 2bx − 15b ≡ x2 − x − 12
1
a= 2 A1
equates coefficients of x (M1)
−1 = − 15
2 + 2b
13
b= 4
A1
13
(y = x
2 + 4
)

METHOD 2
x2−x−12
attempts division on 2x−15
M1
13
x
2 + 4
+… M1
1
a= 2 A1

13
 13
b= 4
A1
13
(y = x
2 + 4
)

METHOD 3
1
a= 2 A1
x2−x−12
2x−15
≡ x
2 +b+ c
2x−15
M1
( 2x−15 ) x
x2 − x − 12 ≡ 2 +(2x − 15)b + c
equates coefficients of x : (M1)
−1 = − 15
2 + 2b
13
b= 4
A1
13
(y = x
2 + 4
)

METHOD 4
x2−x−12
attempts division on 2x−15
M1
13x
−12
x2−x−12
2x−15
= x
2 + 2
2x−15
1
a= 2 A1
13x
−12
13
2
2x−15
= 4
+… M1
13
b= 4
A1
13
(y = x
2 + 4
)

[4 marks]

−30 ≤ ≤ 30
1e. Sketch the graph of f for −30 ≤ x ≤ 30, clearly indicating the points of [3 marks]
intersection with each axis and any asymptotes.
Markscheme

two branches with approximately correct shape (for −30 ≤ x ≤ 30) A1

their vertical and oblique asymptotes in approximately correct positions with
both branches showing correct asymptotic behaviour to these asymptotes
A1
their axes intercepts in approximately the correct positions A1

Note: Points of intersection with the axes and the equations of

asymptotes are not required to be labelled.

[3 marks]

1
1f. Express 1 [3 marks]
in partial fractions.
f (x)

Markscheme
attempts to split into partial fractions: (M1)
2x−15 B
( x+3 ) ( x−4 )
≡ A
x+3
+ x−4

2x − 15 ≡ A(x − 4)+B(x + 3)
A=3 A1
B = −1 A1

( x+3
3
− 1
x−4
)

[3 marks]
1g. 3 [4 marks]
∫
1
Hence find the exact value of 0
f (x)
d x, expressing your answer as
a single logarithm.

Markscheme
3
∫
0( 3 − 1
)d x
x+3 x−4

attempts to integrate and obtains two terms involving ‘ln’ (M1)

= [3 ln|x + 3|− ln|x − 4|]30 A1
= 3 ln 6 − ln 1 − 3 ln 3 + ln 4 A1
= 3 ln 2 + ln 4 (= ln 8 + ln 4)
= ln 32 (= 5 ln 2) A1

Note: The final A1 is dependent on the previous two A marks.

[4 marks]

3
2a. Prove the identity (p + q)3 − 3pq(p + q)≡ p3 + q 3 . [2 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1

(p + q)3 − 3pq(p + q)≡ p3 + q 3

attempts to expand (p + q)3 M1
p3 + 3p2 q + 3pq 2 + q 3
(p + q)3 − 3pq(p + q)≡ p3 + 3p2 q + 3pq 2 + q 3 − 3pq(p + q)
≡ p3 + 3p2 q + 3pq 2 + q 3 − 3p2 q − 3pq 2 A1
≡ p3 + q 3 AG

Note: Condone the use of equals signs throughout.

METHOD 2

(p + q)3 − 3pq(p + q)≡ p3 + q 3

attempts to factorise (p + q)3 − 3pq(p + q) M1

≡(p + q)((p + q)2 − 3pq) (≡(p + q)(p2 − pq + q 2 ))

≡ p3 − p2 q + pq 2 + p2 q − pq 2 + q 3 A1
≡ p3 + q 3 AG

Note: Condone the use of equals signs throughout.

METHOD 3

p3 + q 3 ≡ (p + q)3 − 3pq(p + q)
attempts to factorise p3 + q3 M1
≡(p + q)(p2 − pq + q 2 )

≡(p + q)((p + q)2 − 3pq) A1

≡ (p + q)3 − 3pq(p + q) AG

Note: Condone the use of equals signs throughout.

[2 marks]
2b. The equation 2x2 − 5x + 1 = 0 has two real roots, α and β. [6 marks]
1
Consider the equation x2 + mx + n = 0, where m, n ∈ Z and which has roots α3
and 13 .
β
Without solving 2x2 − 5x + 1 = 0, determine the values of m and n.
Markscheme
Note: Award a maximum of A1M0A0A1M0A0 for m = −95 and n = 8
5±√17
found by using α, β = 4
(α, β = 0. 219 … , 2. 28 …).
Condone, as appropriate, solutions that state but clearly do not use the values
of α and β.
Special case: Award a maximum of A1M1A0A1M0A0 for m = −95 and n = 8
obtained by solving simultaneously for α and β from product of roots and sum
of roots equations.

product of roots of x2 − 52 x + 1
2 =0
1
αβ = 2 (seen anywhere) A1

considers ( 13 )( 13 ) by stating 1
(= n) M1
α β ( αβ ) 3

1
Note: Award M1 for attempting to substitute their value of αβ into .
( αβ ) 3

1 1
=
( αβ ) 3 ( )
1 3

n=8 A1
sum of roots of x2 − 52 x + 1
2 =0
5
α+β= 2 (seen anywhere) A1

considers 13 and 13 by stating

α β
3
(( )(=
3
)
( α+β ) −3αβ ( α+β ) α+β 3 ( α+β )
3 − −m) M1
( αβ ) αβ ( αβ ) 2

Note: Award M1 for attempting to substitute their values of α + b and αβ into

3
their expression. Award M0 for use of (α + β) − 3αβ(α + β) only.

3
( ) −( ) ( )
5 3 5

= 2
1
2 2
(= 125 − 30 = 95)
8

m = −95 A1
(x2 − 95x + 8 = 0)

[6 marks]
3. The cubic equation x3 − kx2 + 3k = 0 where k > 0 has roots α, β and [5 marks]
α + β.
2
Given that αβ = − k4 , find the value of k.
 Markscheme
α + β + α + β = k (A1)
k
α+β= 2
αβ(α + β)= −3k (A1)
(− k4 )( k2 )= −3k(− k8 = −3k) M1
2 3

3
attempting to solve − k8 + 3k = 0 (or equivalent) for k (M1)

k = 2√6(= √24)(k > 0) A1

Note: Award A0 for k = ±2√6(±√24).

[5 marks]

3x+2
The function f is defined by f(x)= 4x2−1
, for x ∈ R, x ≠ p, x ≠ q.

4a. Find the value of p and the value of q. [2 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to solve 4x2 − 1 = 0 e.g. by factorising 4x2 − 1 (M1)
p = 12 , q = − 12 or vice versa A1
[2 marks]

'( )
4b. Find an expression for f'(x). [3 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to use quotient rule or product rule (M1)
EITHER

(= ) A1A1
3 ( 4x2−1 ) −8x ( 3x+2 ) −12x2−16x−3
f'(x)=
( 4x2−1 ) 2 ( 4x2−1 ) 2

Note: Award A1 for each term in the numerator with correct signs, provided
correct denominator is seen.
OR
−2 −1
f'(x)= −8x(3x + 2)(4x2 − 1) + 3(4x2 − 1) A1A1
Note: Award A1 for each term.
[3 marks]

= ( )
 The graph of y = f(x) has exactly one point of inflexion.

4c. Find the x-coordinate of the point of inflexion. [2 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to find the local min point on y = f'(x) OR solve f ''(x)= 0 (M1)
x = −1. 60 A1
[2 marks]

= ( ) −3 ≤ ≤3
4d. Sketch the graph of y = f(x) for −3 ≤ x ≤ 3, showing the values of any [5 marks]
axes intercepts, the coordinates of any local maxima and local minima, and giving
the equations of any asymptotes.
Markscheme

A1A1A1A1A1
Note: Award A1 for both vertical asymptotes with their equations, award A1
for horizontal asymptote with equation, award A1 for each correct branch
including asymptotic behaviour, coordinates of minimum and maximum points
(may be seen next to the graph) and values of axes intercepts.
If vertical asymptotes are absent (or not vertical) and the branches overlap as
a consequence, award maximum A0A1A0A1A1 .
[5 marks]

4 2−1
 4x2−1
The function g is defined by g(x)= 3x+2
, for x ∈ R, x ≠ − 23 .

4e. Find the equations of all the asymptotes on the graph of y = g(x). [4 marks]

Markscheme
x = − 23 (= −0. 667) A1
(oblique asymptote has) gradient 43 (= 1. 33) (A1)
appropriate method to find complete equation of oblique asymptote M1
4
−8
3x 9

3x + 2 4x2 + 0x − 1
8
4 x 2+ x
3
8
− x−1
3

− 83 x − 16
9
7
9

y = 43 x − 89 (= 1. 33x − 0. 889) A1
Note: Do not award the final A1 if the answer is not given as an equation.
[4 marks]

= ( )− ( )
4f. By considering the graph of y = g(x) − f(x), or otherwise, solve [4 marks]
f(x) < g(x) for x ∈ R.

Markscheme
attempting to find at least one critical value
(x = −0. 568729 … , x = 1. 31872 …) (M1)
− 23 < x < −0. 569 OR −0. 5 < x < 0. 5 OR x > 1. 32 A1A1A1
Note: Only penalize once for use of ≤ rather than < .
[4 marks]

( )
 ), x ∈ R.
2
A function f is defined by f(x)= arcsin( xx2−1
+1

5a. Show that f is an even function. [1 mark]

Markscheme
EITHER

)= arcsin( xx2−1
( −x ) 2−1
)= f(x) R1
2
f(−x)= arcsin(
( −x ) 2+1 +1

OR
a sketch graph of y = f(x) with line symmetry in the y-axis indicated R1

THEN
so f(x) is an even function. AG
[1 mark]
5b. By considering limits, show that the graph of y = f(x) has a horizontal [2 marks]
asymptote and state its equation.

Markscheme
π
as x → ±∞, f(x)→ arcsin 1(→ 2 ) A1
so the horizontal asymptote is y = π2 A1
[2 marks]

2
R
 2x
5c. Show that f'(x)= for x ∈ R, x ≠ 0. [6 marks]
√ x2 ( x2+1 )
 Markscheme
attempting to use the quotient rule to find dd ( 2 ) M1
x2−1
x x +1

d ( x −1 )= 2x ( x +1 ) −2x ( x −1 ) (= ) A1
2 2 2
4x
d x x2+1 ( x2+1 ) 2 ( x2+1 ) 2

attempting to use the chain rule to find dd (arcsin( 2 )) M1

x2−1
x x +1
x2−1 dy 1
let u= x2+1
and so y = arcsin u and du
=
√ 1−u2
1 4x
f'(x)= × M1
2 ( x2+1 ) 2
√1− (
x 2−1
)
x 2+1

4x 1
= × ( x2+1 )
A1
√ ( x2+1 ) − ( x2−1 )
2 2

4x 1
= × ( x2+1 )
A1
√4x2
2x
= AG
√ x2 ( x2+1 )
[6 marks]

5d. By using the expression for f'(x) and the result √x2 =|x|, show that f [3 marks]
is decreasing for x < 0.
Markscheme
2x
f'(x)= | x | ( x2+1 )

EITHER
for x < 0, |x|= −x (A1)
so f'(x)= − x22+1
x A1

OR
|x|> 0 and x2 + 1 > 0 A1
2x < 0, x < 0 A1

THEN
f'(x)< 0 R1

Note: Award R1 for stating that in f'(x), the numerator is negative, and the
denominator is positive.

so f is decreasing for x < 0 AG

Note: Do not accept a graphical solution

[3 marks]

( )
 ), x ∈ R, x ≥ 0.
2
A function g is defined by g(x)= arcsin( xx2−1
+1

5e. Find an expression for g −1 (x), justifying your answer. [5 marks]

 Markscheme
x = arcsin( y2+1 ) M1
y2−1

y2−1
sin x = y2+1
⇒ y 2 sin x + sin x = y 2 − 1 A1
1+sin x
y2 = 1−sin x
A1

domain of g is x ∈ R, x ≥ 0 and so the range of g −1 must be y ∈ R, y ≥ 0

hence the positive root is taken (or the negative root is rejected) R1

Note: The R1 is dependent on the above A1 .

so (g −1 (x)=)√ 1+sin x
1−sin x
A1

Note: The final A1 is not dependent on R1 mark.

[5 marks]

5f. State the domain of g −1 . [1 mark]

Markscheme
domain is − π2 ≤ x < π
2 A1

Note: Accept correct alternative notations, for example, ⌊− π2 , π2 ⌊ or ⌊− π2 , π2 )

.
Accept [−1. 57, 1. 57[ if correct to 3 s.f.
[1 mark]

−1
5g. Sketch the graph of y = g −1 (x), clearly indicating any asymptotes with [3 marks]
their equations and stating the values of any axes intercepts.
 Markscheme

A1A1A1

Note: A1 for correct domain and correct range and y-intercept at y=1
A1 for asymptotic behaviour x → π2
A1 for x = π2
Coordinates are not required.
Do not accept x = 1. 57 or other inexact values.
[3 marks]

This question asks you to explore the behaviour and key features of
cubic polynomials of the form x3 − 3cx + d.
Consider the function f(x)= x3 − 3cx + 2 for x ∈ R and where c is a parameter,
c ∈ R.
The graphs of y = f(x) for c = −1 and c = 0 are shown in the following
diagrams.

c = −1 c = 0

On separate axes, sketch the graph of y = f(x) showing the value of the y-
 intercept and the coordinates of any points with zero gradient, for

6a. c = 1. [3 marks]
Markscheme

c = 1: positive cubic with correct y-intercept labelled A1

local maximum point correctly labelled A1
local minimum point correctly labelled A1
[3 marks]

=2
6b. c = 2. [3 marks]
 Markscheme

c = 2: positive cubic with correct y-intercept labelled A1

local maximum point correctly labelled A1
local minimum point correctly labelled A1
Note: Accept the following exact answers:
Local maximum point coordinates (−√2, 2 + 4√2).
Local minimum point coordinates (√2, 2 − 4√2).
[3 marks]

6c. Write down an expression for f'(x). [1 mark]

Markscheme
f'(x) = 3x2 − 3c A1
Note: Accept 3x2 − 3c (an expression).
[1 mark]

= ( )
 Hence, or otherwise, find the set of values of c such that the graph of y = f(x)
has

6d. a point of inflexion with zero gradient. [1 mark]

Markscheme
c = 0 A1
[1 mark]

6e. one local maximum point and one local minimum point. [2 marks]

Markscheme
considers the number of solutions to their f'(x) = 0 (M1)
3x2 − 3c = 0
c > 0 A1
[2 marks]
6f. no points where the gradient is equal to zero. [1 mark]

Markscheme
c < 0 A1
Note: The (M1) in part (c)(ii) can be awarded for work shown in either (ii) or
(iii).
[1 mark]

Given that the graph of y = f(x) has one local maximum point and one local
minimum point, show that

3
6g. the y-coordinate of the local maximum point is 2c 2 + 2. [3 marks]
 Markscheme
attempts to solve their f'(x) = 0 for x (M1)
x ± √c (A1)
Note: Award (A1) if either x = − √ c or x = √ c is subsequently considered.
Award the above (M1)(A1) if this work is seen in part (c).
correctly evaluates f(−√c) A1
3 3
f(−√c)= −c 2 + 3c 2 + 2(= −c√c + 3c√c + 2)
3
the y-coordinate of the local maximum point is 2c 2 + 2 AG
[3 marks]

3
6h. the y-coordinate of the local minimum point is −2c 2 + 2. [1 mark]

Markscheme
correctly evaluates f(√c) A1
3 3
f(√c)= c 2 − 3c 2 + 2(= c√c − 3c√c + 2)
3
the y-coordinate of the local minimum point is −2c 2 + 2 AG
[1 mark]

>0 = ( )
 Hence, for c > 0, find the set of values of c such that the graph of y = f(x) has

6i. exactly one x-axis intercept. [2 marks]

Markscheme
the graph of y = f(x) will have one x-axis intercept if
EITHER
3
−2c 2 + 2 > 0 (or equivalent reasoning) R1
OR
the minimum point is above the x-axis R1
Note: Award R1 for a rigorous approach that does not (only) refer to sketched
graphs.
THEN
0 < c < 1 A1
Note: Condone c < 1. The A1 is independent of the R1.
[2 marks]
6j. exactly two x-axis intercepts. [2 marks]

Markscheme
the graph of y = f(x) will have two x-axis intercepts if
EITHER
3
−2c 2 + 2 = 0 (or equivalent reasoning) (M1)
OR
evidence from the graph in part(a)(i) (M1)
THEN
c = 1 A1
[2 marks]

6k. exactly three x-axis intercepts. [2 marks]

Markscheme
the graph of y = f(x) will have three x-axis intercepts if
EITHER
3
−2c 2 + 2 < 0 (or equivalent reasoning) (M1)
OR
reasoning from the results in both parts (e)(i) and (e)(ii) (M1)
THEN
c > 1 A1
[2 marks]

3 R R
6l. Consider the function g(x) = x3 − 3cx + d for x ∈ R and where c, d ∈ R [6 marks]
.
Find all conditions on c and d such that the graph of y = g(x) has exactly one x-
axis intercept, explaining your reasoning.

Markscheme
case 1:
c ≤ 0 (independent of the value of d) A1
EITHER
g'(x) = 0 does not have two solutions (has no solutions or 1 solution) R1

OR
⇒ g'(x)≥ 0 for x ∈~ R1

OR

= ( )
the graph of y = f(x) has no local maximum or local minimum points, hence
any vertical translation of this graph (y = g(x)) will also have no local
maximum or local minimum points R1

THEN
x-axis intercept AG
therefore there is only one
Note: Award at most A0R1 if only c < 0 is considered.

case 2
c>0
(−√c, 2c 2 + d) is a local maximum point and (√c, −2c 2 + d) is a local
3 3

minimum point (A1)

Note: Award (A1) for a correct y-coordinate seen for either the maximum or
the minimum.
considers the positions of the local maximum point and/or the local minimum
point (M1)
EITHER
considers both points above the x-axis or both points below the x-axis

OR
considers either the local minimum point only above the x-axis OR the local
maximum point only below the x-axis

THEN
3
d > 2c 2 (both points above the x-axis) A1
3
d < −2c 2 (both points above the x-axis) A1
Note: Award at most (A1)(M1)A0A0 for case 2 if c > 0 is not clearly stated.
[6 marks]

1
R
 1
A function f is defined by f(x)= x2−2x−3
, where x ∈ R, x ≠ −1, x ≠ 3.

7a. Sketch the curve y = f(x), clearly indicating any asymptotes with their [6 marks]
equations. State the coordinates of any local maximum or minimum points and
any points of intersection with the coordinate axes.
Markscheme

y-intercept (0, − 13 ) A1

Note: Accept an indication of − 13 on the y-axis.

vertical asymptotesx = −1 and x = 3 A1

horizontal asymptote y = 0 A1
uses a valid method to find the x-coordinate of the local maximum point
(M1)

Note: For example, uses the axis of symmetry or attempts to solve f'(x)= 0.

local maximum point (1, − 14 ) A1

Note: Award (M1)A0 for a local maximum point at x = 1 and coordinates

not given.

three correct branches with correct asymptotic behaviour and the key
features in approximately correct relative positions to each other A1

[6 marks]

1
R
 1
A function g is defined by g(x)= x2−2x−3
, where x ∈ R, x > 3.

The inverse of g is g −1 .

7b. √ 4 x 2+ x [6 marks]
Show that g −1 (x)= 1 + x
.

Markscheme
1
x= y2−2y−3
M1

Note: Award M1 for interchanging x and y (this can be done at a later stage).

EITHER
attempts to complete the square M1

2
y 2 − 2y − 3 = (y − 1)2 − 4 A1
1
x=
( y−1 ) 2−4

(y − 1)2 − 4 = 1
x
((y − 1)2 = 4 + 1x ) A1

y − 1 = ± √4 + 1
x
(= ±√ 4xx+1 )

OR
attempts to solve xy 2 − 2xy − 3x − 1 = 0 for y M1
− ( −2x ) ±√ ( −2x ) 2+4x ( 3x+1 )
y= 2x
A1

Note: Award A1 even if − (in ±) is missing

2x±√ 16x2+4x
= 2x
A1

THEN
√ 4 x 2+ x
= 1± x
A1
√ 4 x 2+ x
y > 3 and hence y = 1 − x
is rejected R1

Note: Award R1 for concluding that the expression for y must have the ‘+ ’
sign.
The R1 may be awarded earlier for using the condition x > 3.

√ 4 x 2+ x
y= 1+ x
√ 4 x 2+ x
g −1 (x)= 1 + x
AG

[6 marks]

−1
7c. State the domain of g −1 . [1 mark]

Markscheme
domain of g −1 is x>0 A1

[1 mark]

( )= arctan x ∈R
 A function h is defined by h(x)= arctan x2 , where x ∈ R.

π
7d. Given that (h ∘ g)(a)=
4
, find the value of a . [7 marks]
q
Give your answer in the form p + 2 √ r, where p, q, r ∈ Z+ .
Markscheme
attempts to find (h ∘ g)(a) (M1)

) ((h ∘ g)(a)= arctan( ))

g (a) 1
(h ∘ g)(a)= arctan( 2 2 ( a2−2a−3 )
(A1)

)= π4 (arctan( 2 ( a2−2a−3 )= )
g (a) 1 π
arctan( 2 ) 4

attempts to solve for g(a) M1

⇒ g(a)= 2 ( 1
( a2−2a−3 )
= 2)

EITHER
⇒ a = g −1 (2) A1
attempts to find their g −1 (2) M1

√4 ( 2 ) 2+2
a = 1+ 2 A1

Note: Award all available marks to this stage if x is used instead of a.

OR
⇒ 2a2 − 4a − 7 = 0 A1
attempts to solve their quadratic equation M1
− ( −4 ) ±√ ( −4 ) 2+4 ( 2 ) ( 7 )
(= )
4±√72
a= 4 4
A1

Note: Award all available marks to this stage if x is used instead of a.

THEN
a = 1 + 32 √2 (as a > 3) A1
(p = 1, q = 3, r = 2)

Note: Award A1 for a = 1 + 12 √18 (p = 1, q = 1, r = 18)

[7 marks]

Z O Z
 In the following Argand diagram, the points Z1 , O and Z2 are the vertices of
triangle Z1 OZ2 described anticlockwise.

The point Z1 represents the complex number z1 = r1 eiα , where r1 > 0. The point
Z2 represents the complex number z2 = r2 eiθ , where r2 > 0.
Angles α, θ are measured anticlockwise from the positive direction of the real axis
such that 0 ≤ α, θ < 2π and 0 < α − θ < π.

8a. Show that z1 z2 ∗ = r1 r2 ei ( α−θ ) where z2 ∗ is the complex conjugate of z2 . [2 marks]

Markscheme
z2 ∗ = r2 e-iθ (A1)
z1 z2 ∗ = r1 eiα r2 e-iθ A1
z1 z2 ∗ = r1 r2 ei ( α−θ ) AG

Note: Accept working in modulus-argument form

[2 marks]

Re( ∗ )= 0 Z OZ
8b. Given that Re(z1 z2 ∗ )= 0, show that Z1 OZ2 is a right-angled triangle. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Re(z1 z2 ∗ )= r1 r2 cos(α − θ) (= 0) A1
α − θ = arcos 0 (r1 , r2 > 0)
π
α−θ= 2 (as 0 < α − θ < π) A1
so Z1 OZ2 is a right-angled triangle AG

[2 marks]

In parts (c), (d) and (e), consider the case where Z1 OZ2 is an equilateral triangle.

8c. Express z1 in terms of z2 . [2 marks]

 Markscheme
EITHER

(= rr12 ei ( α−θ ) )= ei 3 (since r1 = r2 )

z1 π

z2
(M1)

OR
( θ + π3 )
(= r2 eiθ ei 3 )
π
z1 = r2 ei (M1)

THEN
z1 = z2 ei 3
π
A1

Note: Accept working in either modulus-argument form to obtain

+ i sin π3 ) or in Cartesian form to obtain z1 = z2 ( 12 +
π √3
z1 = z2 (cos 3 2 i).

[2 marks]

8d. Hence show that z1 2 + z2 2 = z1 z2 . [4 marks]

Markscheme
= z2 ei 3 into z1 2 + z2 2
π
substitutes z1 M1

z1 2 + z2 2 = z2 2 ei 3 + z2 2 (= z2 2 (ei 3 + 1))
2π 2π
A1

EITHER
2π
ei 3 + 1 = ei 3
π
A1

OR

z2 2 (ei 3 + 1)= z2 2 (− 12 +
2π √3
2 i + 1)

= z2 2 ( 12 +
√3
2 i) A1

THEN
z1 2 + z2 2 = z2 2 ei 3
π

= z2 (z2 ei 3 ) and z2 ei 3 = z1
π π
A1

so z1 2 + z2 2 = z1 z2 AG

Note: For candidates who work on the LHS and RHS separately to
+ z2 2 = z2 2 ei 3 + z2 2 (= z2 2 (ei 3 + 1)),
2π 2π
show equality, award M1A1 for z1 2
2π
A1 for z1 z2 = z2 2 ei 3 and A1 for ei 3 + 1 = ei 3 . Accept working in either
π π

modulus-argument form or in Cartesian form.

[4 marks]

2 C
 Let z1 and z2 be the distinct roots of the equation z 2 + az + b = 0 where z ∈ C
and a, b ∈ R.

8e. Use the result from part (c)(ii) to show that a 2 − 3b = 0. [5 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
z1 + z2 = −a and z1 z2 = b (A1)
a2 = z1 2 + z2 2 + 2z1 z2 A1
a2 = 2z1 z2 + z1 z2 (= 3z1 z2 ) A1
substitutes b = z1 z2 into their expression M1
a2 = 2b + b OR a2 = 3b A1

Note: If z1 + z2 = −a is not clearly recognized, award maximum

(A0)A1A1M1A0.

so a 2 − 3b = 0 AG

METHOD 2
z1 + z2 = −a and z1 z2 = b (A1)

(z1 + z2 )2 = z1 2 + z2 2 + 2z1 z2 A1

(z1 + z2 )2 = 2z1 z2 + z1 z2 (= 3z1 z2 ) A1

substitutes b = z1 z2 and z1 + z2 = −a into their expression M1
a2 = 2b + b OR a2 = 3b A1

Note: If z1 + z2 = −a is not clearly recognized, award

maximum (A0)A1A1M1A0.

so a 2 − 3b = 0 AG

[5 marks]

2 C R
 + az + 12 = 0, where z ∈ C and a ∈ R.
8f. Consider the equation z 2 [3 marks]
Given that 0 < α − θ < π, deduce that only one equilateral triangle Z1 OZ2 can
be formed from the point O and the roots of this equation.

Markscheme
a2 − 3 × 12 = 0
a = ±6 (⇒ z 2 ± 6z + 12 = 0) A1
for a = −6 :
z1 = 3 + √3i, z2 = 3 − √3i and α − θ = − 53π which does not satisfy
0<α−θ<π R1
for a = 6 :
z1 = −3 − √3i, z2 = −3 + √3i and α − θ = π3 A1
so (for 0 < α − θ < π), only one equilateral triangle can be formed from point
O and the two roots of this equation AG

[3 marks]

2 −1
R
 2x−1
A function f is defined by f(x)= x+1
, where x ∈ R, x ≠ −1.

The graph of y = f(x) has a vertical asymptote and a horizontal asymptote.

9a. Write down the equation of the vertical asymptote. [1 mark]

Markscheme
x = −1 A1

[1 mark]

9b. Write down the equation of the horizontal asymptote. [1 mark]

Markscheme
y=2 A1

[1 mark]

= ( )
9c. On the set of axes below, sketch the graph of y = f(x). [3 marks]
On your sketch, clearly indicate the asymptotes and the position of any points
of intersection with the axes.
 Markscheme

rational function shape with two branches in opposite quadrants, with

two correctly positioned asymptotes and asymptotic behaviour shown A1
axes intercepts clearly shown at x = 12 and y = −1 A1A1

[3 marks]

9d. Hence, solve the inequality 2x−1 [1 mark]

0< x+1
< 2.
 Markscheme
1
x> 2 A1

Note: Accept correct alternative correct notation, such as ( 12 , ∞) and

] 12 , ∞[.

[1 mark]

9e. 2 | x | −1 [2 marks]
Solve the inequality 0< | x | +1
< 2.
Markscheme
EITHER
2 | x | −1
attempts to sketch y= | x | +1
(M1)

OR
attempts to solve 2|x|−1 = 0 (M1)

1
Note: Award the (M1) if x= 2 and x = − 12 are identified.

THEN
x < − 12 or x > 1
2 A1

Note: Accept the use of a comma. Condone the use of ‘and’. Accept
correct alternative notation.

[2 marks]

( )= √1 − 2 −1 ≤ ≤1
 A function f is defined by f(x)= x√1 − x2 where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
The graph of y = f(x) is shown below.

10a. Show that f is an odd function. [2 marks]

Markscheme
attempts to replace x with −x M1

f(−x)= −x√1 − (−x)2

= −x√1 − (−x)2 (= −f(x)) A1

Note: Award M1A1 for an attempt to calculate both f(−x) and −f(−x)
independently, showing that they are equal.
Note: Award M1A0 for a graphical approach including evidence that either
the graph is invariant after rotation by 180° about the origin or the graph
is invariant after a reflection in the y-axis and then in the x-axis (or
vice versa).

so f is an odd function AG

[2 marks]

≤ ≤ , ∈R
10b. The range off is a ≤ y ≤ b, where a, b ∈ R. [6 marks]
Find the value of a and the value of b .
Markscheme
attempts both product rule and chain rule differentiation to find f'(x) M1
− 12 1
f'(x)= x × 1
2 ×(−2x)×(1 − 2
x) + (1 − x2 ) 2 × 1 (= √1 − x2 − x2
)
√ 1−x2
A1
1−2x2
=
√ 1−x2
sets their f'(x)= 0 M1
1
⇒x=± A1
√2

attempts to find at least one of f(± 1 ) (M1)

√2

Note: Award M1 for an attempt to evaluate f(x) at least at one of their

f'(x)= 0 roots.

a = − 12 and b = 1
2 A1

Note: Award A1 for − 12 ≤ y ≤ 12 .

[6 marks]

( )= √ 2 −1 1≤ ≤2
 Consider the function f(x)= √x2 − 1, where 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.

11a. Sketch the curve y = f(x), clearly indicating the coordinates of the [2 marks]
endpoints.
Markscheme

correct shape (concave down) within the given domain 1 ≤x≤2 A1

(1, 0) and (2, √3)(=(2, 1. 73)) A1

Note: The coordinates of endpoints may be seen on the graph or marked on

the axes.

[2 marks]

−1
11b. Show that the inverse function of f is given by f −1 (x)= √x2 + 1. [3 marks]

Markscheme
interchanging x and y (seen anywhere) M1
x = √y 2 − 1
x2 = y 2 − 1 A1
y = √x2 + 1 A1
f −1 (x)= √x2 + 1 AG

[3 marks]

−1
11c. State the domain and range of f −1 . [2 marks]

Markscheme
0 ≤ x ≤ √3 OR domain [0, √3](=[0, 1. 73]) A1

1 ≤ y ≤ 2 OR 1 ≤ f −1 (x)≤ 2 OR range [1, 2] A1

[2 marks]

= ( ) 2
 The curve y = f(x) is rotated 2π about the y-axis to form a solid of revolution
that is used to model a water container.

11d. Show that the volume, V m3 , of water in the container when it is filled [3 marks]
to a height of h metres is given by V = π( 13 h 3 + h).

Markscheme
attempt to substitute x = √y 2 + 1 into the correct volume formula
(M1)
h h
∫ ∫
+ 1) d y (= π 0 (y 2 + 1)d y)
2
V = π0 (√y 2 A1

h
= π[ 13 y 3 + y]0 A1

= π( 13 h3 + h) AG

Note: Award marks as appropriate for correct work using a different variable
h
∫ 2
e.g. π 0 (√x2 + 1) d x

[3 marks]
11e. Hence, determine the maximum volume of the container. [2 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to substitute h = √3 (= 1. 732 …) into V (M1)
V = 10. 8828 …
V = 10. 9 (m3 ) (= 2√3π) (m3 ) A1

[2 marks]

At t = 0, the container is empty. Water is then added to the container at a

constant rate of 0. 4 m3 s−1 .

11f. Find the time it takes to fill the container to its maximum volume. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
(= )
10.8828… 2√3π
time = 0.4 0.4
(M1)

= 27. 207 …
= 27. 2(= 5√3π)(s) A1

[2 marks]

11g. Find the rate of change of the height of the water when the container is [6 marks]
filled to half its maximum volume.
 Markscheme
attempt to find the height of the tank when V = 5. 4414 … (= √3π)
(M1)

π( 13 h3 + h)= 5. 4414 … (= √3π)

h = 1. 1818 … (A1)
attempt to use the chain rule or differentiate V = π( 13 h3 + h) with respect to
t (M1)
dh dh dV 1 dV
dt
= dV
× dt
= × dt
OR ddV = π(h2 + 1) dd ht (A1)
π ( h2+1 ) t

attempt to substitute their h and dV = 0. 4 (M1)

dt
dh 0.4
dt
= π ( 1.1818…2+1 )
= 0. 053124 …
= 0. 0531 (m s−1 ) A1

[6 marks]

1
Consider the function f(x)= 2x − 2x
, x ∈ R.

12a. Show that f is an odd function. [2 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to replace x with −x M1
f(−x)= 2−x − 1
2− x

EITHER
1
= 2x
− 2x = −f(x) A1

OR

= −(2x − 1
2x
)(= −f(x)) A1

Note: Award M1A0 for a graphical approach including evidence that either
the graph is invariant after rotation by 180° about the origin or the graph
is invariant after a reflection in the y-axis and then in the x-axis (or
vice versa).
so f is an odd function AG

[2 marks]

−1
R
 x−1
The function g is given by g(x)= x2−2x−3
, where x ∈ R, x ≠ −1, x ≠ 3.

12b. Solve the inequality f(x)≥ g(x). [4 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to find at least one intersection point (M1)
x = −1. 26686 … , x = 0. 177935 … , x = 3. 06167 …
x = −1. 27, x = 0. 178, x = 3. 06
−1. 27 ≤ x ≤ −1, A1
0. 178 ≤ x < 3, A1
x ≥ 3. 06 A1

[4 marks]

2 R
 Consider the equation kx2 −(k + 3)x + 2k + 9 = 0, where k ∈ R.

13a. Write down an expression for the product of the roots, in terms of k. [1 mark]

Markscheme
2k+9
product of roots = k
A1

[1 mark]

13b. Hence or otherwise, determine the values of k such that the equation [3 marks]
has one positive and one negative real root.
 Markscheme
recognition that the product of the roots will be negative (M1)
2k+9
k
<0
critical values k = 0, − 92 seen (A1)

− 92 < k < 0 A1

[3 marks]

A scientist conducted a nine-week experiment on two plants, A and B, of the

same species. He wanted to determine the effect of using a new plant fertilizer.
Plant A was given fertilizer regularly, while Plant B was not.
The scientist found that the height of Plant A, h A cm , at time t weeks can be
modelled by the function h A (t) = sin(2t + 6) + 9t + 27, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 9.
The scientist found that the height of Plant B, h B cm , at time t weeks can be
modelled by the function h B (t) = 8t + 32, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 9.

Use the scientist’s models to find the initial height of

14a. Plant B. [1 mark]

Markscheme
32 (cm) A1

[1 mark]
14b. Plant A correct to three significant figures. [2 marks]

Markscheme
hA(0)= sin(6)+27 (M1)
= 26. 7205 …
= 26. 7 (cm) A1

[2 marks]

14c. Find the values of t when h A (t)= hB (t). [3 marks]

 Markscheme
attempts to solve hA(t)= hB (t) for t (M1)
t = 4. 0074 … , 4. 7034 … , 5. 88332 …
t = 4. 01, 4. 70, 5. 88 (weeks) A2

[3 marks]

14d. For t > 6, prove that Plant A was always taller than Plant B. [3 marks]
Markscheme
hA(t)−hB (t)= sin(2t + 6)+t − 5 A1

EITHER
fort > 6, t − 5 > 1 A1
and as sin(2t + 6)≥ −1 ⇒ h A (t)−h B (t)> 0 R1

OR
the minimum value of sin(2t + 6)= −1 R1
so for t > 6, hA(t)−hB (t)= t − 6 > 0 A1

THEN
hence for t > 6, Plant A was always taller than Plant B AG

[3 marks]

0≤ ≤9
14e. For 0 ≤ t ≤ 9, find the total amount of time when the rate of growth of [6 marks]
Plant B was greater than the rate of growth of Plant A.
Markscheme
recognises that h A '(t) and hB '(t) are required (M1)
hA'(t)= hB '(t) for t
attempts to solve (M1)
t = 1. 18879 … and 2. 23598 … OR 4. 33038 … and 5. 37758 … OR
7. 47197 … and 8. 51917 … (A1)

Note: Award full marks for

4π 5π
t= 3
− 3, 3
− 3, ( 73π − 3, 8π
3
−3 10π
3
− 3, 11π
3
− 3).
Award subsequent marks for correct use of these exact values.

1. 18879 … < t < 2. 23598 … OR 4. 33038 … < t < 5. 37758 … OR

7. 47197 … < t < 8. 51917 … (A1)
attempts to calculate the total amount of time (M1)
3(2. 2359 … − 1. 1887 …) (= 3(( 53π − 3)−( 43π − 3)))
= 3. 14 (= π) (weeks) A1

[6 marks]
 This question asks you to investigate conditions for the existence of
complex roots of polynomial equations of degree 3 and 4.

The cubic equation x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0, where p, q, r ∈ R, has roots α, β

and γ.

15a. By expanding (x − α)(x − β)(x − γ) show that: [3 marks]

p = −(α + β + γ)
q = αβ + βγ + γα
r = −αβγ.
 Markscheme
attempt to expand (x − α)(x − β)(x − γ) M1
=(x2 −(α + β)x + αβ)(x − γ) OR =(x − α)(x2 −(β + γ)x + βγ) A1

(x3 + px2 + qx + r)= x3 −(α + β + γ)x2 +(αβ + βγ + γα)x − αβγ A1

comparing coefficients:
p = −(α + β + γ) AG
q =(αβ + βγ + γα) AG
r = −αβγ AG

Note: For candidates who do not include the AG lines award full marks.

[3 marks]

15b. Show that p2 − 2q = α2 + β 2 + γ 2 . [3 marks]

 Markscheme
p2 − 2q = (α + β + γ)2 − 2(αβ + βγ + γα) (A1)

attempt to expand (α + β + γ)2 (M1)

= α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + 2(αβ + βγ + γα)−2(αβ + βγ + γα) or equivalent A1
= α2 + β 2 + γ 2 AG

Note: Accept equivalent working from RHS to LHS.

[3 marks]

15c. Hence show that (α − β)2 + (β − γ)2 + (γ − α)2 = 2p2 − 6q. [3 marks]
 Markscheme
EITHER

attempt to expand (α − β)2 + (β − γ)2 + (γ − α)2 (M1)

=(α2 + β 2 − 2αβ)+(β 2 + γ 2 − 2βγ)+(γ 2 + α2 − 2γα) A1

= 2(α2 + β 2 + γ 2 )−2(αβ + βγ + γα)

= 2(p2 − 2q)−2q or equivalent A1

= 2p2 − 6q AG

OR
attempt to write 2p2 − 6q in terms of α, β, γ (M1)
= 2(p2 − 2q)−2q
= 2(α2 + β 2 + γ 2 )−2(αβ + βγ + γα) A1

=(α2 + β 2 − 2αβ)+(β 2 + γ 2 − 2βγ)+(γ 2 + α2 − 2γα) A1

= (α − β)2 + (β − γ)2 + (γ − α)2 AG

Note: Accept equivalent working where LHS and RHS are expanded to
identical expressions.

[3 marks]

15d. Given that p2 < 3q, deduce that α, β and γ cannot all be real. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
p2 < 3q ⇒ 2p2 − 6q < 0
⇒ (α − β)2 + (β − γ)2 + (γ − α)2 < 0 A1

if all roots were real (α − β)2 + (β − γ)2 + (γ − α)2 ≥ 0 R1

Note: Condone strict inequality in the R1 line.

Note: Do not award A0R1.

⇒roots cannot all be real AG

[2 marks]

Consider the equation x3 − 7x2 + qx + 1 = 0, where q ∈ R.

15e. Using the result from part (c), show that when q = 17, this equation has [2 marks]
at least one complex root.
 Markscheme
p2 = (−7)2 = 49 and 3q = 51 A1
so p2 < 3q ⇒ the equation has at least one complex root R1

Note: Allow equivalent comparisons; e.g. checking p2 < 6q

[2 marks]

Noah believes that if p2 ≥ 3q then α, β and γ are all real.

15f. By varying the value of q in the equation x3 − 7x2 + qx + 1 = 0, [2 marks]

determine the smallest positive integer value of q required to show that Noah is
incorrect.

Markscheme
use of GDC (eg graphs or tables) (M1)
q = 12 A1

[2 marks]
15g. Explain why the equation will have at least one real root for all values of [1 mark]
q.

Markscheme
complex roots appear in conjugate pairs (so if complex roots occur the other
root will be real OR all 3 roots will be real).
OR
a cubic curve always crosses the x-axis at at least one point. R1

[1 mark]

4
 Now consider polynomial equations of degree 4.
The equation x4 + px3 + qx2 + rx + s = 0, where p, q, r, s ∈ R, has roots
α, β, γ and δ.
In a similar way to the cubic equation, it can be shown that:
p = −(α + β + γ + δ)
q = αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ
r = −(αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ)
s = αβγδ.

15h. Find an expression for α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2 in terms of p and q. [3 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to expand (α + β + γ + δ)2 (M1)

(α + β + γ + δ)2 = α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2 + 2(αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ)

(A1)
⇒ α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2 = (α + β + γ + δ)2 − 2(αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ)
(⇒ α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2 =)p2 − 2q A1

[3 marks]
15i. Hence state a condition in terms of p and q that would imply [1 mark]
x4 + px3 + qx2 + rx + s = 0 has at least one complex root.

Markscheme
p2 < 2q OR p2 − 2q < 0 A1

Note: Allow FT on their result from part (f)(i).

[1 mark]

15j. Use your result from part (f)(ii) to show that the equation [1 mark]
x4 − 2x3 + 3x2 − 4x + 5 = 0 has at least one complex root.

Markscheme
4 < 6 OR 22 − 2 × 3 < 0 R1
hence there is at least one complex root. AG

Note: Allow FT from part (f)(ii) for the R mark provided numerical reasoning is
seen.

[1 mark]

4 3 2
 The equation x4 − 9x3 + 24x2 + 22x − 12 = 0, has one integer root.

15k. State what the result in part (f)(ii) tells us when considering this [1 mark]
equation x4 − 9x3 + 24x2 + 22x − 12 = 0.

Markscheme
(p2 > 2q) (81 > 2 × 24) (so) nothing can be deduced R1

Note: Do not allow FT for the R mark.

[1 mark]

15l. Write down the integer root of this equation. [1 mark]

Markscheme
−1 A1

[1 mark]

4 3 2
 15m. By writing x4 − 9x3 + 24x2 + 22x − 12 as a product of one linear and [4 marks]
one cubic factor, prove that the equation has at least one complex root.

Markscheme
attempt to express as a product of a linear and cubic factor M1
(x + 1)(x3 − 10x2 + 34x − 12) A1A1

Note: Award A1 for each factor. Award at most A1A0 if not written as a
product.

since for the cubic, p2 < 3q (100 < 102) R1

there is at least one complex root AG

[4 marks]

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