TORSION

CE 009: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

MODULE 4

PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARC DANIEL LAURINA

Introduction
Analysis of Internal Forces

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

3
Effect of Internal Force System

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

4
TYPE OF STRESS

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

Effect of Internal Force System

Torsional moment or torque, T. This effect is developed when

the external loads tend to twist one segment of the body with
respect to the other about an axis perpendicular to the area.

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina

6
Torsion

• Torsion
 refers to the twisting of a straight bar when it is
loaded by moments (or torques) that tend to
produce rotation about the longitudinal axis of the
bar
• Torque/ Twisting Moment
 is a moment that tends to twist a member about its
longitudinal axis.
 Its effect is of primary concern in the design of drive
shafts used in vehicles and machinery.
Materials/Machines Subjected to Torsion

 The effect of torque is of primary

concern in the design of drive
shafts used in vehicles and
machinery.
Materials/Machines Subjected to Torsion

• Transmitted Shaft • Drive Shaft

• Ship Propeller Shaft

 Torsion on
Circular Shafts
Torsional Deformation of Member

• When a circular shaft, whether solid or tubular, is subjected to torsion,

every cross section remains plane and undistorted, and simply rotates
about the axis of the member.
• Circular cross section is an efficient shape for resisting torsional loads,
circular shafts are commonly used to transmit power in rotating
machinery
Torsional Deformation on Circular Shafts

General Assumptions:
1. Circular sections remains circular
2. Plane sections remain plane and do not warp
3. Radial lines remains straight
4. Torque is applied perpendicular to the axis of
the shaft
5. Stresses are within the proportional limit
Angle of Twist
Angle of Twist
Shear Stress
Torsion Formula

• Shear stress varies linearly with the radial

distance 𝜌 from the axis of the shaft

• Stress is maximum when 𝜌 = 𝑟

Torsion Formula for Solid and Hollow Shaft
Torsion Formula for Solid and Hollow Shaft
Power Transmission
Power Transmission

• In many practical applications, shafts are used to transmit power.

• Power is defined as the work performed per unit of time.
Power Transmission
Sign Conventions
Sign Convention: Right Hand Rule
Summary of Formulas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YTKedLQOa0&t=96s
Video: Understanding Torsion
Derivation of Formulas
Example 1

What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist through
more than 3 degrees in a 6 m length when subjected to a torque of 14 kN-m?
What maximum shearing stress is developed? G = 68 GPa. Calculate also the
torsional rigidity and torsional stiffness of the shaft.
 TORSION
CE 009: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
MODULE 4 Part 2

PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARC DANIEL LAURINA

Example 2

A hollow steel shaft used in a construction auger has outer diameter

d2 = 6.0 in. and inner diameter d1 = 4.5 in. The steel has shear
modulus of elasticity G = 11.0 x10^6 psi. For an applied torque of 150
k-in., determine the following quantities:
(a) shear stress t2 at the outer surface of the shaft,
(b) shear stress t1 at the inner surface, and
(c) rate of twist u (degrees per unit of length).
Also, draw a diagram showing how the shear stresses vary in
magnitude along a radial line in the cross section
Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture
Video_Module 4_Part 1_25:00-44:00
Example 3

Determine the maximum shear

stress developed in the 40𝑚𝑚
diameter shaft A and D are
frictionless
Example 4

Figure (a) shows a 2-in.-diameter solid steel cylinder that is built into the support
at C and subjected to the torques TA and TB.
(1) Determine the maximum shear stresses in segments AB and BC of the
cylinder; and
(2) compute the angle of rotation of end A. Use G = 12 x 10^6 psi for steel.

Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture

Video_Module 4_Part 1_44:00-1:29:00
Example 5

The pump operates using the motor that has a power of 85𝑊. If the impeller at B
is turning at 150 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛 determine the maximum shear stress developed in the
20𝑚𝑚 diameter transmission shaft at A.
Example 6

Four pulleys are attached to the 50-

mm-diameter aluminum shaft. If
torques are applied to the pulleys as
shown in the figure, determine the
angle of rotation of pulley D relative to
pulley A. Use G = 28 GPa for aluminum

Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture

Video_Module 4_Part 1_1:29:00-1:47:00
 Statically
Indeterminate
Shafts
Statically Indeterminate problems

The procedure for solving statically indeterminate torsion problems is similar to

the steps presented in axially loaded bars:
1. Draw the required free-body diagrams and write the equations of
equilibrium.
2. Derive the compatibility equations from the restrictions imposed on the
angles of twist.
3. Use the torque-twist relationships to express the angles of twist in the
compatibility equations in terms of the torques.
4. Solve the equations of equilibrium and compatibility for the torques
Example 7

The shaft in Fig. (a) consists of a 3-in.-diameter

aluminum segment that is rigidly joined to a 2-in.-
diameter steel segment. The ends of the shaft are
attached to rigid supports. Calculate the maximum
shear stress developed in each segment when the
torque T = 10 kip- in. is applied. Use G = 4 x 10^6 psi
for aluminum and G = 12 x 10^6 psi for steel. Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture
Video_Module 4_Part 2_01:30-0:34:00
Example 8

The compound shaft, composed of steel, aluminum, and bronze segments,

carries the two torques shown in the figure. If Tc = 250 lb-ft, determine the
maximum shear stress developed in each material. The moduli of rigidity for
steel, aluminum, and bronze are 12 x 10^6 psi, 4 x 10^6 psi, and 6 x 10^6 psi,
respectively

Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture

Video_Module 4_Part 2_34:00-0:55:00
Example 9

A composite shaft is made by slipping a bronze tube of 3-in. outer diameter and 2-
in. inner diameter over a solid steel shaft of the same length and 2-in. diameter.
The two components are then fastened rigidly together at their ends. What is the
largest torque that can be carried by the composite shaft if the working shear
stresses are 10 ksi for bronze and 14 ksi for the steel? For bronze, G = 6 x10^6 psi,
and for steel, G =12 x10^6 psi.

Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture

Video_Module 4_Part 2_55:00-1:41:00
 TORSION
CE 009: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
MODULE 4 Part 3

PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARC DANIEL LAURINA

Flanged Bolt
Couplings
Flanged Bolt Couplings

• Used to connect two shafts

• Torque is transmitted by shearing force created in the bolts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBNJmGF5SO0 Flanged Bolt Couplings
I. Symmetrical Flanged Bolt Couplings

• Torque capacity of one bolt

• For n number of bolts in one bolt circle:

I. Symmetrical Flanged Bolt Couplings

• For more than one bolt circle

• For rigid flanges, the shear deformations in the bolts are proportional to their
radial distances from the shaft axis. The shearing strains are related by

• If same bolt: uniform cross-section (A1 = A2) and homogeneous (G1 = G2)
Example 10

• A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-

mm-diameter steel bolts on a bolt circle 400
mm in diameter, and six 10-mm-diameter steel
bolts on a concentric bolt circle 300 mm in
diameter, as shown in figure. What torque can
be applied without exceeding a shearing stress
of 60 MPa in the bolts?
II. Unsymmetrical Flanged Bolt Couplings
Helical Spring
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Era7OOKyVEw Helical Spring
Helical Springs: Shear Stress

• A wire or round rod of diameter d wound into a helix of

mean radius R with n number of turns
• Maximum Shearing Stress
A. For Light Springs
• Sum of the direct shear stress and the torsional shearing
stress
Helical Springs: Shear Stress

• Maximum Shearing Stress

A. For Light Springs
• Sum of the direct shear stress and the torsional shearing
stress
Helical Springs: Shear Stress

B. For Heavy Springs, Use Wahl’s Formula

Helical Springs: Deformation
Helical Springs: Series vs Parallel

Springs in Series

Springs in Parallel
Example 11

• Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in a phosphor bronze spring

having mean diameter of 200 mm and consisting of 24 turns of 20-mm diameter
wire when the spring is stretched 100 mm. Use Wahl’s Formula and G = 42 GPa.
Non – Circular
Shafts
CIRCULAR SHAFTS
SOLID NON-CIRCULAR SHAFTS

• Shafts that have a noncircular cross section however, are not axisymmetric, and so
their cross sections will bulge or warp when the shaft is twisted
SOLID NON-CIRCULAR SHAFTS

• As a consequence of this deformation the torsional analysis of noncircular shafts

becomes considerably more complicated
SOLID NON-CIRCULAR SHAFTS
SOLID NON-CIRCULAR SHAFTS
Example 12

Segments AB and BC of the shaft have

circular and square cross sections,
respectively If end A is subjected to a
torque of 𝑇=2𝑘𝑁𝑚 determine the
absolute maximum shear stress
developed in the shaft and the angle of
twist of end A The shaft is made from
steel and is fixed at C Take 𝐺=75𝐺𝑃𝑎
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