MANUFACTURING

INDUSTRIES
 What is Manufacturing ?

Production of goods in large quantities

after processing from raw materials to
more valuable products.

People employed in the secondary

activities manufacture the primary
materials into finished goods.
Importance of
Manufacturing
 IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING

❏ Help in modernising agriculture.

❏ Reduce the heavy dependence of people

on agricultural income by providing
them jobs in secondary and tertiary
sectors.

❏ Eradicates - Unemployment and Poverty

❏ Aims - at bringing down regional

disparities by establishing industries in
tribal and backward areas.

❏ Export of manufactured goods - Brings

Foreign Exchange.
 India’s prosperity lies in increasing and
diversifying its manufacturing industries
as quickly as possible.
 Agriculture & Industries : Move hand in
hand

Agro-industries -
Boosts agriculture by
raising it's productivity. Industries
They sell their depend upon
products such as agriculture for
irrigation pumps, raw material
fertilisersz insecticide,
PVC Pipes, etc.
 In the present day
world of globalisation,
our industry needs to
be more efficient,
competitive &
Self-sufficient
Explain with examples the
interdependence of agriculture and
industries.

Answer :
1. Agriculture serves as a major source
of raw materials for industries
2. Agro-based industries aid
agriculture.
3. Agriculture provides food to people
working in industries.
Contribution of Industry
to National Economy
Share of manufacturing sector stagnant
at 17% of GDP out of total of 27% for the
industry- over the last two decades.

This is much lower in comparison to some

East Asian economies, where it is 25 to
35%.

The National Manufacturing

Competitiveness Council (NMCC)
has been set up by the Government to take
appropriate policy measures to improve
the productivity of manufacturing sector.
Industrial Location
 INDUSTRIAL LOCATION - Complex in Nature

Influenced by - availability of raw material,

labour, capital, power and market, etc.

Problem - Rarely possible to find all these

factors available at one place.

Key to decision of Factory location - least

cost.

Government Policies also influence the

location of industry.
Industrialisation & Urbanisation : Go Hand
in Hand

Urbanisation follows, when Industrialisation

starts.

Sometimes, industries are located in or near

the cities.

Cities provide market & services - banking,

insurance, transport, labour, consultants and
financial advice, etc.

URBAN AGGLOMERATION - Many industries

tend to come together to make use of the
advantages offered by the urban centres.
 Industries in Pre- Independence
Era

Port Cities - Most manufacturing

units were located near Port such
as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc.

Consequence - Emergence of
industrially developed urban
centres surrounded by a huge
agricultural rural hinterland.
Classification of
Industries
 On the basis of source of raw
materials used

Agro based
Cotton, woollen, jute,
silk textile,
rubber etc.

Mineral based
Iron and steel,
cement, aluminium,
machine tools,
petrochemical.
 On the basis of their main role

Basic or key industries

Industries which supply
their products as raw
materials to manufacture
other goods e.g. iron and
steel and copper
smelting, etc. Consumer Industries
Industries that produce
goods for direct use by
consumers – sugar,
toothpaste, paper,
sewing machines, fans
etc.
On the basis of capital investment

Small-scale
Industries

Industries with
investments upto
one crore. Large-scale
Industries

Industries with
investments
more than one
crore.
 On the basis of ownership

Public sector

Owned and operated by

government agencies –
BHEL, SAIL etc.
Private sector

Industries owned and

operated by individuals or a
group of individuals –TISCO,
Bajaj Auto Ltd., etc.
 Joint sector industries

Jointly run by the state and

individuals or a group of
individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL)

Cooperative sector industries - Owned

& operated by the producers or
suppliers of raw materials, workers or
both.

➔ Share the profits or losses

proportionately.

➔ Examples are the sugar industry

in Maharashtra, the coir industry
in Kerala.
 On the basis of bulk and weight of
raw material and finished goods

Heavy Industries - Industries that

use heavy raw material & produce heavy
goods such as iron & steel.

Light Industries - That use light raw

materials & produce light goods such
as electrical goods industries.
Explain the factors which are responsible for
location of industries.

Answer : The location of manufacturing

industries depends on a number of physical
and socio economic factors.

1.NEARNESS TO THE SOURCE OF RAW

MATERIAL :
2.POWER RESOURCES
3.MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION
4. LABOUR
5. GOVERNMENT POLICIES
6. AVAILABILITY OF MARKET
Agro - Based Industries
Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar
and edible oil, etc. industries are based
on agricultural raw materials
 Textile Industries

1. Occupies unique
position in the
Indian
economy.

2. Significant 4. Self-reliant and

contribution to complete in the
industrial value chain i.e.,
production & from raw material
employment to the highest
generation. value added
products.

3. Contributes 4%
in GDP
Value addition in the textile industry
COTTON TEXTILES
 COTTON TEXTILES

Ancient India Cotton Textiles - Produced with

hand spinning & handloom weaving techniques

After 18th century- Power-looms came into use.

Impact of Power loom on Traditional Industries

➔ They suffered a setback- during the

colonial period.

➔ Failed to compete with the mill-made cloth

from England
First successful textile mill was
established in Mumbai in 1854.

High demand for clothes in UK

due to two world wars gave a
boost to the development of the
cotton textile industry in British
India.
1. Early years -
Cotton textiles
industries 2. Why ?
concentrated- Availability of raw
Maharashtra & cotton, market,
Gujarat. transport, labour,
moist climate, etc.

4. Support other
3. Generate industries - By
employment - boll creating demand.
pluckers & workers Example: chemicals
engaged in ginning, & dyes, packaging
spinning, weaving, materials
dyeing, designing, engineering
packaging, tailoring works.
 1. Spinning continues to
be centralized in
Maharashtra, Gujarat
& Tamil Nadu.

2. Weaving is highly
3. India has world class decentralised to provide
production in spinning, scope for incorporating
but weaving supplies low traditional skills and
quality of fabric designs of weaving in
cotton, silk, zari,
embroidery, etc.

Weaving is done by - handloom,

powerloom & in mills.
The handspun khadi provides
large scale employment to
weavers in their homes as a
cottage industry.
 India’s Textile Trade

India exports yarn to Japan, USA, U.K,

Russia, France, Nepal, Sri lanka,
Singapore, etc.

India - Second largest installed

capacity of spindles in the world,
after China.

Share in World Trade of Cotton Yarn -

accounts for 1/4th of the total.
Even after Industrial development,
India accounts only 4% in Garments
trade. Why ?
Our spinning mills are competitive at the
global level and capable of using all the
fibres we produce.

PROBLEM - weaving, knitting and processing

units cannot use much of the high quality yarn
that is produced in the country.

Fragmentation : A Major Drawback for

declining share

There are some large and modern factories

in these segments, but most of the production
is in fragmented small units, which cater to the
local market.

As a result, many of our spinners export cotton

yarn while apparel/garment manufactures
have to import fabric.
 SUPPOSE

Yarn is sold at Rs. 85 per

kg. If it is sold as a
trouser it fetches Rs 800
per kg. Value is added at
every stage from fibre to
yarn to fabric and to
garment.
 Requirement : Improvement in weaving
sector instead of exporting yarn

Although, we have made significant

increase in the production of good
quality cotton the need to import is still
felt.
 PROBLEMS

Irregular Low
Power output
Supply from
labour

Old &
Outdated
Machinery Stiff
competition
- from
synthetic
fibre
JUTE TEXTILES
India largest producer of - raw jute &
jute goods.

2nd largest exporter after Bangladesh.

There were about 80 jute mills in 2010-11

Mills located - West Bengal, mainly along

the banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow
belt.
HUGLI BASIN - An Ideal location for Jute Mills

Factors responsible -

Proximity of the jute producing areas,

Inexpensive water transport - Supported by a

good network of railways, roadways and
waterways to facilitate movement of raw
material to the mills,

Abundant water - for processing raw

jute,

Cheap labour - from West Bengal and

adjoining states.

Kolkata as a large urban centre - provides

banking, insurance and port facilities for
export of jute goods.
 First jute mill was set
up near Kolkata in 1855
at Rishra.

After Partition in 1947 -

3/4th of the jute
producing area went to
Bangladesh
Stiff competition in the
international market
from synthetic
substitutes.

Competition from
international
competitors like -
Bangladesh, Brazil,
Philippines, Egypt and
Thailand.
SUGAR INDUSTRY
 1. India - 2nd largest
producer of Sugar
though,
1st largest producer of
gur and khandsari.

3. Industry ideal for- the 2. Raw material used-

cooperative sector. Bulky.
PROBLEM - During
REASON - Seasonal haulage its sucrose
Nature content reduces
 What is the reason
behind the shift &
concentration of mills in
the southern & western
states
 2. Cooler
climate
ensures longer
crushing
season.

1. Cane 3. Success of
produced here cooperatives in
are of higher these states,
sucrose especially
content Maharashtra
 Challenges faced by Sugar
Industry

1. Seasonal
2. Old &
nature of the
inefficient
industry
method of
production.

4. Need to
3. Transport delay maximise the use
in reaching cane of Baggase
to factories (sugarcane
remains)
MINERAL BASED
INDUSTRY
Industries that use minerals and metals
as raw materials are called mineral
based industries.
IRON & STEEL
INDUSTRY
 Basic Industry- all other
industries depend on it for
their machinery.

Steel is needed - to
manufacture a variety of
engineering goods, defence,
medical, etc.

Production & consumption of

steel is often regarded as the
index of a country’s
development.
Iron & Steel Industry : Heavy Industry

All the raw materials as well as finished

goods are heavy and bulky entailing
heavy transportation costs.

Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are

required in the ratio of approximately 4 :
2 : 1.

Manganese is also required to harden

the steel
 India’s Position in Iron & Steel
Production

➔ Ranked 2nd among the world

crude steel producers.

➔ Largest producer of sponge iron.

➔ In 2018 per capita consumption

of steel in the country was only
around 70.9 kg per annum against
the world average of 224.5 kg.
 MINI STEEL PLANT INTEGRATED STEEL
PLANTINTER

Smaller & have Large in size

electric furnaces, use
steel scrap and
sponge iron.

They produce mild Handles everything

and alloy steel of in one complex – from
given specifications. putting together raw
material to steel
making, rolling and
shaping.
 Most of the public sector undertakings
market their steel through Steel Authority
of India Ltd. (SAIL)

❏ In the 1950s China and India

produced almost the same quantity
of steel.

❏ Today, China is the largest producer

& consumer of steel.

❏ In 2004, India was the largest

exporter of steel which accounted for
2.25 per cent of the global steel trade
Maximum concentration of iron
and steel industries- Chotanagpur
Plateau region.

Why ?
➔ Low cost of Iron Ore
➔ High grade raw material in
proximity
➔ Cheap Labour
➔ Vast growth potential in the
home market
Challenges faced by Iron & Steel Industry

1. High cost &

limited
availability of
coking coal

2. Lower 4. Poor
productivity of Infrastructure.
Labour

3. Irregular
supply of
energy
 Liberalisation &
Foreign Direct
Investment - have
given a boost to the
industry with the
efforts of private
entrepreneurs

REQUIREMENT
Allocate resources for
research &
development to
produce steel
more computatitively.
ALUMINIUM
SMELTING
Second most important metallurgical
industry in India.

Properties - It is light, resistant to

corrosion, a good conductor of heat,
malleable & becomes strong when mixed
with other metals.

Uses - for manufacturing aircraft,

utensils & wires.

Gained popularity as a - substitute of

steel, copper, zinc & lead in a number of
industries.

Location - Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala,

Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra & Tamil Nadu
 In 2008-09 India
produced over 15.29
lakh million tonnes of
aluminium.
 RAW MATERIAL

Bauxite - used in the smelters is a very

bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.

Bauxite Alumina Aluminium

(4-6 tonnes) (2 tonnes) (1 tonnes)

Factors affecting location of Aluminium

Industry

❖ Regular supply of electricity

❖ Raw material at minimum cost
 CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES
 2. It comprises
both large &
small scale
manufacturing
units.

1. The Chemical
industry in
3. Contributes
India is fast
3% in the GDP.
growing &
diversifying.
 Share in World Trade

It is third largest in Asia and

occupies the twelfth place in
the world in term of its size.
 Rapid growth has been recorded in both
inorganic & organic sectors.

INORGANIC CHEMICAL ORGANIC CHEMICAL

Includes Sulphuric acid, Includes petrochemicals.

nitric acid, alkalies, soda
ash & caustic soda.

Used to make glass, Used for manufacturing

soaps & detergents, of synthetic fibres,
paper. synthetic rubber,
plastics, dye-stuffs,
Drugs &
pharmaceuticals.

These industries are Located near oil

widely spread over the refineries or
country. petrochemical plants.
 The chemical industry is its own
largest consumer.

Basic chemicals undergo

processing to further produce
other chemicals that are used for -
❏ Industrial application
❏ Agriculture
❏ Directly for consumer markets.
FERTILISER INDUSTRIES
❏ Centred around the production of
nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea),
phosphatic fertilizers & ammonium
phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers
which have a combination of nitrogen (N),
phosphate (P), and potash (K).

❏ Potash is completely imported - India does

not have any reserves of commercially
usable potash.

❏ India - 3rd largest producer of nitrogenous

fertilizers.

❏ There are 10 public sector undertakings and

one in cooperative sector- at Hazira in
Gujarat under the Fertiliser Corporation of
India
Impact of Green Revolution on Fertilizers Industry

The industry expanded to several other parts of

the country.

States contributing half of the production -

Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and
Kerala

Other significant producers - Andhra Pradesh,

Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam,
West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and
Karnataka.
 CEMENT INDUSTRIES

Essential for construction activity such

as building houses, factories, bridges,
roads, etc.

Requires bulky & heavy raw materials

like limestone, silica & gypsum.

Requirements - Coal, electric power &

rail transportation.

Strategically located plants in Gujarat

(access to market in the Gulf countries).
 1. First plant setup-
Chennai, 1904.

3. This industry is doing 2. Readily available

well in terms of market - in East Asia,
production as well Middle East, Africa
as export. & South Asia due to
quality produce.
AUTOMOBILE
INDUSTRIES
Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport
of good services and passengers.

Liberalisation- led
to rapid growth in
the industry,
including passenger
cars, two & three
wheelers.

FDI brought in
new tech and
aligned the
industry with
global
developments
Industrial location - Delhi, Gurugram,
Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata,
Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad,Jamshedpur
& Bengaluru.
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
& ELECTRONICS INDUSTRIE

❏ Covers wide range of products - from

transistor sets to television, telephones,
cellular telecom, etc.

❏ Bengaluru - emerged as ‘Electronic

capital of India’.

❏ Other important centres - Mumbai, Delhi,

Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata,
Lucknow & Coimbatore.

❏ Major IT concentration - Bengaluru,

Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad &
Pune.
The continuing growth in the hardware
and software is the key to the success
of IT industry in India.

Employment generation - Key

impact of this industry.

30% of the people employed

in this sector are women.
 INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION &
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
 Types of Pollution

AIR NOISE

LAND
WATER
 AIR POLLUTION

1. Caused by the
2. Airborne
presence of high
particulate
proportion of
materials contain
undesirable gases,
both solid & liquid
such as sulphur
particles like dust,
dioxide & carbon
sprays mist and
monoxide.
smoke.

3. Smoke is 4. Toxic gas leaks

emitted by can be very
chemical and hazardous with
paper factories, long-term effects.
brick kilns, Adversely affects
refineries and human health,
smelting plants, animals, plants,
etc. buildings and
the atmosphere as
a whole
 WATER POLLUTION
1. Caused by organic
and inorganic
industrial wastes &
effluents charged
into rivers.
2. Main culprits- 4. Major solid waste
paper, pulp, chemical, in India- Fly ash,
textile and dyeing, phospho- gypsum
petroleum refineries, and iron & steel
tanneries & slags.
electroplating
industries.

3. Industries let out

dyes, detergents,
acids, salts and
heavy metals with
carbon, plastics &
rubber, etc. into the
water bodie
 THERMAL POLLUTION

1. Hot water from

factories & thermal
plants is drained
into rivers and
ponds before
cooling.

3. Close relation 2. Impact: Highly

between soil & water toxic waste, leads to
pollution. Dumping of cancers, birth
wastes specially glass, defects and
harmful chemicals, etc., miscarriages.
renders soil useless.

Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the

pollutants to the ground & the groundwater
also gets contaminated.
 NOISE POLLUTION

➔ Caused- Industrial &

construction activities,
machinery, factory equipment,
generators, etc.

➔ Result - irritation & anger, can

also cause hearing
impairment, increased heart
rate & blood pressure among
other physiological effects.

➔ Unwanted sound is an irritant

and a source of stress.
Suggestions to reduce the industrial
pollution of fresh water

1. Minimising use water for processing by

reusing & recycling it.

2. Harvesting of rainwater to meet

water requirements

3. Treating hot water & effluents before

releasing them in rivers and ponds.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done
in three phases:

Primary treatment by mechanical means. This

involves screening, grinding, flocculation &
sedimentation.

Secondary treatment by biological process.

Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical &

physical processes. This involves recycling of
wastewater.
Measures to control air pollution

Smoke can be
reduced by
using oil or gas
instead of coal
in factories.

Particulate matter
in the air can be
reduced by fitting
smoke stacks to
factories.
 Measures to control noise pollution

➔ Machinery and equipment can be used

and generators should be fitted with
silencers.

➔ Noise absorbing material may be used

apart from personal use of earplugs
and earphones.