FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

LABORATORY REPORT

COURSE MATERIALS AND FLUID LABORATORY

CODE BFC20601

SEMESTER 2 2022/2023

SECTION 4

GROUP NO. 6

GROUP MEMBER 1. MUHAMMAD HAZEQ ZIKRY BIN MUHAMAD REZA

(AF220091)

2. MUHAMMAD MUKMIN BIN ZULKARNAIN (CF200131)

3. MUHAMMAD NUR AIMAN BIN MOHD HANAFI

(DF220063)

4. SITI KHADIJAH SHAMSUL DAHARI (CF220027)

5. ZAHIDAH BINTI ZAMRI (AF220146)

LECTURER DR. NOR HAZURINA BINTI OTHMAN

SUBMISSION DATE 31 MEI 2023

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OBJECTIVES 2
1.2 LABORATORY SCOPES 2
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF LABORATORY TESTING 2
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Compressive Strength Test 4
2.1.1 Factors Affecting Compressive Strength 4
2.1.2 Relevance in Concrete Evaluation and Design 4
2.1.3 Advantages and Limitations 4
2.1.4 Conclusion 5
2.2 Rebound Hammer Test 5
2.2.1 Factors Affecting Rebound Hammer Values 5
2.2.2 Relevance in Concrete Strength Assessment 6
3.0 METHODOLOGY 7
3.1 MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT 7
3.2 PROCEDURE 8
4.0 RESULT 9
4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 9
4.2 REBOUND HAMMER TEST 10
5.0 CONCLUSION 11
 ABSTRACT

Concrete is a key component of many building components, including the foundation,

column, beam, slab, and staircase. Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water make up
the majority of the materials in concrete. These concrete components affect the compressive
strength of concrete. This laboratory is conducted to test the compressive strength of concrete .
In this laboratory experiment, a compressive strength test and rebound hammer test are
performed to achieve the objective. Through this laboratory experiment, we can determine the
compressive strength of concrete, which gives an overview of all the qualities of concrete.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Compressive strength of concrete refers to its ability to withstand compressive forces or

loads without undergoing significant deformation or failure. It is one of the most important
mechanical parameters for determining the strength and durability of concrete. The compressive
strength of hardened concrete is determined by applying a compressive force on cylindrical or
cubical concrete specimens until they fail. To ensure uniformity and accuracy, the test is
performed in a laboratory using specialised equipment and adhering to specified standards. The
compressive strength test and the rebound hammer test are two examples of concrete strength
testing.
Concrete compressive strength testing is one of the destructive tests commonly
performed on-site to determine the maximum compressive load that a concrete can withstand
before failing. The test sample used for the testing may be a cylinder [15 cm x 30 cm is usual] or
a cube [15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm is the most common] depending on the code used. ASTM C39,
for example, specifies a standard test technique for determining the compressive strength of
concrete cylinders.
The Rebound Hammer test is a non-destructive concrete testing method that provides a
practical and quick assessment of the compressive strength of the concrete without the need for
destructive testing. This test assesses the state of concrete by measuring its hardness, which is
represented by the rebound number. The rebound number is directly proportional to the strength
of the concrete. However, a laboratory-based compressive strength test remains necessary for
precise estimation of compressive strength.

1
1.1 OBJECTIVES

The objective of this laboratory is to determine the compressive strength of the hardened
concrete.

1.2 LABORATORY SCOPES

Three units of cubical concrete sample of size 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm will be
tested with a compressive strength test. The British standard for concrete compressive strength is
BS EN 12390-3:2019 "Testing hardened concrete - Part 3: Compressive strength of test
specimens." This standard specifies the laboratory process for evaluating the compressive
strength of hardened concrete samples. It specifies specimen preparation procedures, testing
equipment requirements, loading rates, and the calculation of compressive strength data.
Following this standard guarantees uniformity and accuracy in calculating the compressive
strength of concrete in accordance with British standards.

Meanwhile, the rebound hammer test will be performed on the 150 mm x 150 mm x 150
mm cubical concrete sample, following the British standard BS EN 12504-2:2019 "Testing
concrete in structures - Part 2: Non-destructive testing - Determination of rebound number." The
specifications for rebound hammer equipment, including its design, calibration, and operation,
are specified in BS EN 12504-2. It describes how to execute the test, including how to prepare
the concrete surface, where to put the rebound hammer, and how many impacts to make. The
standard also specifies how to interpret rebound values and their relationship to concrete
strength. Following BS EN 12504-2 ensures consistency and standardised testing procedures for
rebound hammer testing. It aids in assessing the quality, homogeneity, and structural
performance of concrete in existing structures without causing damage or interruption.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF LABORATORY TESTING

The compressive strength of the concrete cube test offers information on all of the
properties of concrete. This single test determines whether or not the concreting was done
correctly. It also provides information on the potential strength of the concrete mix from which
the sample was taken. In addition, the test aids in determining whether the correct mix
proportions of various components were used to achieve the desired strength.

2
 Rebound hammer test is also done to determine the compressive strength of concrete, but
by relating it with the rebound index. Besides, this method can be used to assess the uniformity
and quality of concrete based on the standard specification

3
 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Compressive Strength Test

The compressive strength test is a fundamental and widely used method for assessing the
strength of concrete. It provides essential information about the ability of concrete to withstand
compressive loads and is crucial in evaluating its structural integrity. This section presents a
literature review on the significance of the compressive strength test, its test procedure, factors
influencing compressive strength, and its relevance in concrete evaluation and design.

2.1.1 Factors Affecting Compressive Strength

Several factors can influence the compressive strength of concrete. The most significant
factor is the water-cement ratio, as it directly affects the hydration process and the interfacial
transition zone between cement paste and aggregates. Other factors include the type and grading
of aggregates, the quality and quantity of cementitious materials, the curing conditions (such as
temperature and moisture), and the presence of admixtures or additives. Understanding these
factors is crucial for concrete mix design, quality control, and assessing the performance of
concrete structures.

2.1.2 Relevance in Concrete Evaluation and Design

The compressive strength test is highly relevant in various aspects of concrete evaluation
and design. During the construction phase, it helps verify the quality and conformity of concrete
batches, ensuring that the specified strength requirements are met. It also aids in assessing the
suitability of concrete mixes for specific applications and in evaluating the performance of
construction materials and techniques. In the design phase, compressive strength data is essential
for calculating structural capacities, determining load-bearing capacities, and ensuring the safety
and durability of concrete structures.

2.1.3 Advantages and Limitations

The compressive strength test offers several advantages. It provides a direct measurement
of the concrete's ability to resist compression, allowing for accurate assessments of its strength.
The test is widely accepted, standardized, and relatively simple to perform. However, there are

4
limitations to consider. The compressive strength test is destructive, requiring the preparation and
testing of specimens separate from the structure. The test provides a single-point measurement
and may not fully capture the variability of concrete properties within a structure. Additionally,
the test does not directly account for other concrete properties, such as durability or flexural
strength.

2.1.4 Conclusion

The literature review emphasizes the significance of the compressive strength test in
assessing the strength and integrity of concrete. The test procedure, factors influencing
compressive strength, and its relevance in concrete evaluation and design have been discussed.
The compressive strength test is essential in ensuring the quality, safety, and performance of
concrete structures. By considering the factors affecting compressive strength and recognizing its
limitations, engineers can effectively utilize the compressive strength test to make informed
decisions during construction, maintenance, and design processes.

2.2 Rebound Hammer Test

The rebound hammer test is a commonly used method for assessing the compressive
strength of concrete. It provides a non-destructive approach to estimate the strength of concrete
structures in situ. This section presents a literature review on the significance of the rebound
hammer test, its test procedure, factors influencing rebound hammer values, and its relevance in
concrete strength assessment.

2.2.1 Factors Affecting Rebound Hammer Values

Several factors can influence the rebound hammer values obtained from the test.
Concrete properties such as strength, density, and surface hardness have a significant impact on
rebound readings. Other factors include the moisture content of the concrete, the surface
roughness, the age of the concrete, and the presence of aggregates near the test surface. The
impact angle and the energy applied during the striking also affect the rebound values.
Understanding these factors is essential to ensure accurate and reliable strength assessment using
the rebound hammer test.

5
2.2.2 Relevance in Concrete Strength Assessment

The rebound hammer test is highly relevant in assessing the compressive strength of
concrete structures. It provides a quick and non-destructive method to estimate the strength of
existing structures, enabling engineers to evaluate the structural integrity and identify potential
areas of concern. In addition, the test can be used during construction to monitor the strength
development of fresh concrete, ensuring that the specified strength requirements are being met.
The rebound hammer test offers a valuable means of quality control and quality assurance in
concrete construction.

6
 3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT

Compressive Strength and Rebound Hammer Test

Compressive
Strength
Machine

Test cubes

Rebound
Hammer

7
Sieve Brush

3.2 PROCEDURE

1. Remove the specimen from the water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.
2. The dimensions of the 3 cubes are 100 x 100 x 100.
3. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine.
4. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the
opposite sides of the cube cast.
5. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
7. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails.
8. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
9. For the big cube with the dimension of 150 x 150 X 150, a rebound hammer test will be
conducted towards the cube.
10. The rebound hammer firmly held perpendicular to the test surface 12 times and gradually
pushed toward the test surface until the hammer impact.
11. After impact, the pressure is maintained on the instrument. The rebound number is read
on the scale to the nearest whole number and recorded

8
 4.0 RESULT

4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Area of concrete = 100 mm x 100 mm = 1000 mm2

Concrete Compressive strength

No.

1 𝐹=
𝑃
𝐴
3
98.03×10 𝑁
= 2
1000 𝑚𝑚
2
= 98. 03 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
= 98. 03 𝑀𝑃𝑎

2 𝐹=
𝑃
𝐴
3
77.54×10 𝑁
= 2
1000 𝑚𝑚
2
= 77. 54𝑁/𝑚𝑚
= 77. 54 𝑀𝑃𝑎

3 𝐹=
𝑃
𝐴
3
21.10×10 𝑁
= 2
1000 𝑚𝑚
2
= 21. 10 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
= 21. 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎

98.03 + 77.54 + 21.10

Average compressive strength = 3
= 65. 56 𝑀𝑃𝑎

9
4.2 REBOUND HAMMER TEST

Surface 1 Surface 2 Surface 3

1 13 18 19

2 20 19 26

3 17 21 21

4 21 23 33

5 24 23 20

6 25 24 21

7 26 22 13

8 21 23 2

9 17 24 26

10 20 21 22

11 24 20 21

12 14 23 21

Average 242 / 12 = 20 261 / 12 = 22 264 / 12 = 22

20 + 22 + 22
R= 3
= 21

When R = 21, Wmean = 12.9 MPa

10
 5.0 CONCLUSION

The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a commonly used
non-destructive testing method for assessing the compressive strength and uniformity of concrete
structures. Based on the information provided, here is a general conclusion for the rebound
hammer test:

In conclusion, the rebound hammer test is a valuable tool in the field of concrete
assessment and quality control. It provides a quick and non-destructive means of estimating the
compressive strength of concrete structures. By measuring the rebound of a spring-loaded
hammer when it impacts the concrete surface, engineers, contractors, and inspectors can gather
valuable information about the in-place strength and uniformity of the concrete.

The rebound hammer test is particularly useful for evaluating large concrete structures,
such as buildings, bridges, and dams, where obtaining core samples for laboratory testing may
not be practical or feasible. It allows for on-site assessment of the concrete's strength and can
help identify areas of potential concern or areas that may require further investigation.

The rebound hammer test is a relatively simple and portable method that can be easily
performed by trained personnel. However, it is important to note that the rebound number
obtained from the test does not directly correlate to the actual compressive strength of the
concrete. Instead, it provides an indication of the relative strength and uniformity of different
concrete areas or elements, allowing for comparisons and identifying potential areas for further
evaluation.

It is essential to consider that the rebound hammer test has limitations and should be used
in conjunction with other testing methods for a more comprehensive assessment of concrete
strength and quality. Additional tests, such as core sampling and laboratory testing, may be
necessary to obtain more precise and accurate results.

Overall, the rebound hammer test is a valuable non-destructive testing method that
provides useful information about the in-place strength and uniformity of concrete structures. It
can assist in making informed decisions regarding the structural integrity, durability, and

11
maintenance requirements of concrete elements, contributing to the overall safety and
performance of the structures.

12
 LABORATORY 1:COMPRESSIVE
Laboratory Topic : __________________________________
STRENGTH & REBOUND HAMMER TEST
Student Name : MUHAMMAD HAZEQ ZIKRY BIN MUHAMAD REZA
AF220091
PHOTO
Matric Number:
Section: 4
OPEN
- ENDED LABORATORY INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT RUBRIC (AFFECTIVE)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
AND ENVIRONMENTAL

CRITERIA Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 Mark Scale W Marks

Very good commitment

Unable to show the teamwork Good participation in
Teamwork Less participation in group Moderate participation and participation as
spirit (no participation) in group during lab work, 7
(35) during lab work in group during lab work well as helpful in group
group during lab work shows the commitment
during lab work

Ability to show very

Safety good awareness on
Ability to show good
Unable to show awareness on Less awareness on safety Moderate awareness on safety during lab work,
awareness on safety 7
(35) safety during lab work during lab work safety during lab work always remind other
during lab work
group members on
safety

Very good attitude and

Very poor attitude and not Moderate attitude but Good attitude and
Disipline Poor attitude and not wearing wearing suitable attire
wearing suitable attire during wearing suitable attire wearing suitable attire 4
(20) suitable attire during lab work during lab work, always
lab work during lab work during lab work
shows high motivation

X is how many times student attend the lab session Please insert the value of X =

Attendance
(10) 10
Y is the total lab session that students must attend Please insert the value of Y =

Total Marks
Laboratory Topic : LABORATORY 1: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH & REBOUND HAMMER TEST

Student Name : MUHAMMAD NUR AIMAN BIN MOHD HANAFI______

Matric Number: DF220063____________________________

Section:_______4________________
OPEN-ENDED LABORATORY INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT RUBRIC (AFFECTIVE)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CRITER Very Poor = 1 Poor Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 Mark Scale W Marks
IA =2

Very good
Unable to show the Good participation in
Teamw Less participation in Moderate commitment and
teamworkspirit (no group during lab 7
ork group during lab participation in group participation as well
participation) in group work, shows the
(35) work during lab work as helpful in group
during lab work commitment
during lab work

Ability to show very

good awareness on
Ability to show
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goodawareness 7
ety onsafety during lab safetyduring lab onsafety during lab work,always remind
on safetyduring
(35 work work work other group
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) members on safety

Very good attitude

Very poor attitude and not Moderate attitude Good attitude and
Disipli Poor attitude and not and wearing suitable
wearing suitable attire butwearing suitable wearing suitable 4
ne(20) wearingsuitable attire attire during lab
duringlab work attireduring lab attire during lab
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X is how many times student attend the lab session Please insert the value of
X=
Attendan
1
ce
0
(10) Y is the total lab session that students must attend Please insert the value of
Y=
Total Marks
Laboratory Topic: LABORATORY 1: COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH & REBOUND HAMMER TEST

PHOTO
Student Name : ZAHIDAH BINTI ZAMRI
Matric Number: AF220146

Section: 4

OPEN-ENDED LABORATORY INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT RUBRIC (AFFECTIVE)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

I w I
I I I
CRITERIA Very Poor= 1 Poor= 2 Moderate= 3 Good= 4 Very Good= 5 Mark Scale Marks

Very good commitment

Unable to show the teamwork Good participation in
Teamwork Less porticipotion in group Moderate porticipotion ond participation as well
spirit (no participation) in group during lab work, 7
(35) during lab work in group during lab work as helpful in group
group during lab work shows the commitment
during lab work

Ability to show very

good awareness on
Ability to show good
Safety Unable to show awareness on Less awareness on safety Moderate awareness on safety during lab work,
awareness on safety 7
{35) safety during lab work during lab work safety during lab work always remind other
during lab work
group members on
safety

Very good attitude and

Very poor attitude and not Moderate attitude but Good attitude and
Disipline Poor attitude and not wearing wearing suitable attire
wearing suitable attire during wearing suitable attire wearing suitable attire 4
(20) suitable attire during lab work during lab work, always
lab work during lab work during lab work
shows high motivation

Xis how many times student attend the lab session Please insert the value of X =
Attendance
10
(10)

Y is the total lab session that students must attend Please insert the value of Y =

Total Marks
Laboratory Topic : LABORATORY 1: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH & REBOUND HAMMER TEST
Student Name : MUHAMMAD MUKMIN BIN ZULKARNAIN
Matric Number: CF200131
PHOTO
Section: 4

OPEN-ENDED LABORATORY INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT RUBRIC (AFFECTIVE)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CRITERIA Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 Mark Scale W Marks

Very good commitment

Unable to show the teamwork Good participation in
Teamwork Less participation in group Moderate participation and participation as well
spirit (no participation) in group during lab work, 7
(35) during lab work in group during lab work as helpful in group
group during lab work shows the commitment
during lab work

Ability to show very

good awareness on
Ability to show good
Safety Unable to show awareness on Less awareness on safety Moderate awareness on safety during lab work,
awareness on safety 7
(35) safety during lab work during lab work safety during lab work always remind other
during lab work
group members on
safety

Very good attitude and

Very poor attitude and not Moderate attitude but Good attitude and
Disipline Poor attitude and not wearing wearing suitable attire
wearing suitable attire during wearing suitable attire wearing suitable attire 4
(20) suitable attire during lab work during lab work, always
lab work during lab work during lab work
shows high motivation

X is how many times student attend the lab session Please insert the value of X =
Attendance
10
(10)
Y is the total lab session that students must attend Please insert the value of Y =

Total Marks
Laboratory Topic : LABORATORY 1: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH & REBOUND HAMMER TEST

Student Name : SITI KHADIJAH SHAMSUL DAHARI________

PHOTO
Matric Number: CF220027____________________________
Section:_______4________________
OPEN-ENDED LABORATORY INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT RUBRIC (AFFECTIVE)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CRITE Very Poor = 1 Poor Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 Mark Scale W Marks
RIA =2

Very good
Unable to show the Good participation
Teamw Less participation in Moderate commitment and
teamworkspirit (no in group during lab 7
ork groupduring lab participation in group participation as well
participation) in group work, shows the
(35) work during lab work as helpful in group
during lab work commitment
during lab work

Ability to show very

good awareness on
Ability to show
Saf Unable to show awareness Less awareness on Moderate awareness safety during lab
goodawareness 7
ety onsafety during lab safetyduring lab onsafety during lab work,always remind
on safetyduring
(35 work work work other group
lab work
) members on safety

Very good attitude

Very poor attitude and Moderate attitude Good attitude and
Disipli Poor attitude and not and wearing suitable
not wearing suitable attire butwearing suitable wearing suitable 4
ne(20) wearingsuitable attire attire during lab
duringlab work attire during lab attire during lab
during lab work work, always shows
work work
high motivation

X is how many times student attend the lab session Please insert the value of
X=
Attenda
1
nce
0
(10) Y is the total lab session that students must attend Please insert the value of
Y=
Total Marks