Integration – MTH0002 – Main Stream

Spring 2023 – Dr. Fayad Galal

Course Description :
(1) Antiderivatives or the Indefinite Integral (The Indefinite
Integral, Properties of the Indefinite Integral, Integration by
Substitution, Integrals Involving Quadratic Expressions,
Miscellaneous Substitutions).
(2) Techniques of Integration (integration by Parts, Reduction
Formulas, Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Integrals,
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Substitutions, Integration of
Rational Functions by Partial Fractions).
(3) The Definite Integral (The Definite Integral as a Limit to
Riemann Sums, The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
(Part (1) – Part (2)), Properties of The Definite Integral,
Some Important Integrals, Some Important Theorems,
Improper Integrals (Integrals with Infinite Limits of
Integration – Integrals with Discontinuous Integrands),
Numerical Integration (Trapezoidal Rule, Simpson’s Rule)).
(4) Applications of the Definite Integral (Area between Curves,
Solids of Revolution (Volumes by Circular Disk – Volumes
by Washer Technique – Volumes by Cylindrical Shell
Technique), Arc Length, Area of a Surface of Revolution).
(5) Partial Derivatives (Directional Derivatives, Tangent Plane
and Normal Line, Critical Points of Functions of Several
Variables).
References :
(1) Thomas, '' Calculus Early Transcendentals '', Pearson
Education Limited, 12th Edition , 2014 .
(2) James Stewart, '' Calculus Early Transcendentals '',
Cengage Learning, 8th Edition , 2016 .
1
Integration – MTH0002 – Main Stream – Spring 2022
Lecture Notes (1) – Dr. Fayad Galal
Chapter (1) : Antiderivative or the Indefinite Integral
1.1 The Indefinite Integral :
Definition (1.1) :

 f  x  dx  F  x   C
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if
F'  x   f  x  for every x in I , C is an arbitrary constant .

Example (1) :
Find an antiderivative of f  x   3 x 2 that satisfies F  1    1 .
Solution
 The general antiderivative
F  x    3 x 2 dx  x 3  C . 1 
 The curves y  x 3  C are shown in Figure .

2
 The condition F  1    1 means that the curve passes
through the point  1 ,  1  , substituting x  1 and
F  x    1 in equation  1  we obtain
 1  1   C
3
 C  2. 2 
* From  1  and  2  , then the required antiderivative is
F x   x 3  2 .

Example (2) :
Discuss whether the integral
  ln x  2
dx  x  ln x  2
 2x C
is right or wrong ?
Solution
Remember that :
*  f  x  dx  F  x   C , F'  f
 Since
d   1
x  ln x   2 x  C  x . 2 ln x .   ln x   2
2 2
dx   x
 2 ln x   ln x   2
2

  ln x  ,
2

then the integral is wrong .

3
Theorem (1.2) :
d
(i)   f  x  dx   f  x  .
dx
d 
(ii)  dx f  x   d x  f  x   C .

Remember that :
d
*  f  x  dx  F  x   C , F'  f * f x   f ' x 
dx

Example (3) :
Evaluate the following :
(i)
d 

dx   cosh 3
x 2
 1 d x .


(ii) 
d
dx tan 1
e 
5x 
 dx . 
Solution
d    cosh 3 x 2  1 .
 
3 2
(i) cosh x 1 dx
dx  
Using Theorem :
d
*   f  x  dx   f  x 
dx 

(ii) 
d
d x tan 1
e 
5x 
 dx tan 1
e 5x
C .  
Using Theorem :

*   f  x   dx  f  x   C
d
dx 

4
Table of Derivatives of the Elementary Functions :
d
f x  f x 
dx
C 0 , C is a constant
xn n xn1
1
x , x 0
2 x
x x x
or , x 0
x x
ex ex
b x b x ln b , b  0
1
ln x , x 0
x
1
ln x , x 0
x
1
log b x , x 0 , b 0 , b 1
x ln b
sin x cos x
cos x  sin x
tan x sec 2 x , x    / 2   n ; n  
cot x  csc 2 x , x  n ; n  
sec x sec x tan x , x    / 2   n ; n  
csc x  csc x cot x , x  n ; n  

5
 sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech 2 x
coth x  csch 2 x , x  0
sech x  sech x t anh x
csch x  csch x coth x , x  0

1 1
sin x , x 1
1 x2
1
cos  1 x  , x 1
1 x 2

1
tan  1 x
1  x2

1 1
cot x 
1  x2

1 1
sec x , x 1
x x 12

csc  1 x 
1
, x 1
x x 12

6
sinh  1 x 1
1  x2
1
cosh  1 x , x 1
x2 1

1
tanh  1 x , x 1
1 x 2

1
coth  1 x , x 1
1 x 2

sech  1 x 
1
, 0  x 1
x 1 x2
csch  1 x 
1
, x 0
x 1x 2

7
Table (1) : Integrals of Some Elementary Functions :
f x   f  x  dx
x n 1
x n
 C , n  1
n 1
1
n1  ln x  C , x  0
x
1 1
n  2 x C , x 0
2 x

ex ex  C
x bx
b C ,b 0,b 1
ln b
sin x  cos x  C
cos x sin x  C
sec 2 x tan x  C , x    / 2   n ; n  
csc 2 x  cot x  C , x  n ; n  
sec x tan x sec x  C , x    / 2   n ; n  
csc x cot x  csc x  C , x  n ; n  
sinh x cosh x  C
cosh x sinh x  C
sech 2 x tanh x  C
csch 2 x  coth x  C , x  0
sech x t anh x  sech x  C
csch x coth x  csch x  C , x  0
8
Properties of the Indefinite Integral :
Theorem (1.3) :

(i)  k f  x  dx  k  f  x  dx for any costant k .

(ii)   f  x   g  x   dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx .
Example (4) :
Evaluate the following integrals :

(i)  3 x  2 csc x cot x  5 sech 2 x d x . 
2 3 
(ii)     x  dx .
x x 
Solution
(i) I    
3 x  2 csc x cot x  5 sech 2 x d x

3x
  2 csc x  5 tanh x  C .
ln 3
2 3 
(ii) I      x  dx
x x 
Remember that :
x
* d x  or
x 1
, x  0 ,  x dx  x x  C
dx x x 2
 1
1 

 x dx  ln x  C , x  0
*  dx  
x   1 dx   ln x  C , x  0
 x


1
 2 ln x  6 x  x x C .
2
9
Example (5) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
(i) 
 1  sec x  cot x
(ii)  e 5 ln  2 x 3  d x .
dx .
csc x
(iii)  sinh  ln x  dx .
Solution
(i) I  
 1  sec x  cot x
dx
csc x
 1  cos x
 
cos x  sin x
1
  .
sin x
dx   cos x  1  d x
1 sin x
sin x
 sin x  x  C .
5 ln  2 x  3  ln  2 x  3 
5
(ii) I   e dx   e dx
Remember that :
* ln x r  r ln x , r   , e ln x  x , x  0

2 x  3  6
2 x  3 6
   2 x  3  dx  C .
5
C 
2 6  12
Notes (Table (1) Modified) :
n 1
1  ax  b 
*   ax  b  dx 
n
C , n  1
a n 1
1
*  e ax b dx  e ax b  C
a
1
*  cosh  ax  b  dx  sinh  ax  b   C
a

*
Similarly for remaining integrals in Table  1 
10
(iii) I   sinh  ln x  dx .
Remember that :
1
* sinh x  e x  e  x
2
  * cosh x  
1 x
2
e  e x 

2
e 
1 ln x
 e  ln x dx 
1
2
  e ln x
e ln x  1
 dx
1  1 1  x2 
   x   dx  2  2  ln x   C .
2  x  

Example (6) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
(i)  tan 2 x dx . (ii)  tan x  sec x  2
dx .
(iii)  cosh 2 x dx . (iv)   sin x  cos x  d x .
2

Solution
tan 2 x , cot 2 x , tanh 2 x , coth 2 x



(i) I   t an 2 x dx

  sec 2 x  1 dx 
 tan x  x  C .
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1 * cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x * 1  tanh 2 x  sech 2 x
* cot 2 x  1  csc 2 x * coth 2 x  1  csch 2 x
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x * cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  cosh 2 x

11
(ii) I    tan x  sec x  dx
2

Remember that :
* a  b  2  a 2  b 2  2 ab

 
  tan 2 x  sec 2 x  2 sec x t an x dx
   sec x  1  sec x  2 sec x tan x  dx
2 2

   2 sec x  1  2 sec x tan x  dx

2

 2 tan x  x  2 sec x  C .

sin 2 x , cos 2 x , sinh 2 x , cosh 2 x


(iii) I   cosh 2 x dx
1
  1  cosh 2 x  dx
2
Using Integral :
1
*  cosh  ax  b  dx  a
sinh  ax  b   C

1  1 
  x  sinh 2 x C .
2  2 
Remember that :
1 1
* cos 2 x   1  cos 2 x  * cosh 2 x   1  cosh 2 x 
2 2
1 1
* sin 2 x   1  cos 2 x  * sinh 2 x   cosh 2 x  1 
2 2

12
(iv) I    sin x  cos x  dx
2


  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2 sin x cos x dx 
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1 * cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  cosh 2 x
* sin 2 x  2 sin x cos x * sinh 2 x  2 sinh x cosh x

   1  sin 2 x  dx
Using Integral :
1
*  sin  ax  b  dx   a
cos  ax  b   C

1
 x cos 2 x  C .
2

Example (7) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
(i)  sin 3 x cos 5 x dx . (ii)   sin 5 x  3 cos 2 x  2
dx .
(iii)  cosh 4 x cosh 2 x dx .
Solution

sin Ax cos Bx , cos Ax cos Bx , sin Ax sin Bx

(i) I   sin 3 x cos 5 x dx

Remember that :
1
* sin A cos B   sin  A  B   sin  A  B  
2
1
* cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  
2
1
* sin A sin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  
2

13
 1
  sin 8 x  sin   2 x   dx
2
Remember that :
* sin   x    sin x * sinh   x    sinh x
* cos   x   cos x * cosh   x   cosh x

1

2   sin 8 x  sin 2 x  d x
Using Integral :
1
*  sin  ax  b  dx   a cos  ax  b   C
1  cos 8 x cos 2 x 
   8  2   C
2
1  1 
 
 4 cos 8 x  cos 2 x   C .
4

(ii) I    sin 5 x  3 cos 2 x  dx

2


  sin 2 5 x  9 cos 2 2 x  6 sin 5 x cos 2 x dx 
1 9 6 
    1  cos 10 x    1  cos 4 x    sin7 x  sin 3 x   dx
2 2 2 
 1 9 
  5  cos 10 x  cos 4 x  3 sin7 x  3 sin 3 x  d x
 2 2 
Using Integral :
1
*  cos  ax  b  dx  a
sin  ax  b   C

1 9 3
 5x  sin 10 x  sin 4 x  cos7 x  cos 3 x  C .
20 8 7
14
 


sinh Ax cosh Bx , cosh Ax cosh Bx , sinh Ax sinh Bx

(iii) I   cosh 4 x cosh 2 x dx

Remember that :
1
* sinh A cosh B   sinh  A  B   sinh  A  B  
2
1
* cosh A cosh B  cosh  A  B   cosh  A  B  
2
1
* sinh A sinh B  cosh  A  B   cosh  A  B  
2
1
  cosh 6 x  cosh 2 x  dx
2
Using Integral :
1
*  cosh  ax  b  dx  a
sinh  ax  b   C

1  sinh 6 x sinh 2 x 
    C
2  6 2 
1 1 
  sinh 6 x  sinh 2 x  C .
4 3 

Another Method :
I   cosh 4 x cosh 2 x dx
Remember that :
1

* sinh x  e x  e  x
2
 * cosh x  
1 x
2
e  e x 
1
2
  1
 2
  
   e 4 x  e  4 x   e 2 x  e  2 x  dx


Remember that :
* e x . e y  e xy

15
  e 
1
 6x
 e 2 x  e  2 x  e  6 x dx
4
Using Integral :
ax  b 1 ax  b
* e dx 
a
e C

1  e6 x e 2 x e  2 x e  6 x 
     C
4  6 2 2 6 
1 1  e6 x  e  6 x   e 2 x  e  2 x 
      C
4 3  2   2 
1 1 
  3 sinh 6 x  sinh 2 x   C .
4

Example (8) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
1 sec x
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
x 1  x 1 sec x  t an x
1
(iii)  dx .
1  tanh x
Solution
1
(i) I   dx
x 1  x 1
1 x 1  x 1
 . dx
x 1  x 1 x 1  x 1
Remember that :
*  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2

16
 x 1  x 1
 
1
 dx  x 1  x  1 dx
x  1   x  1  2
Using Integral :
n 1
1  ax  b 
  ax  b 
n
* dx  C , n  1
a n 1

1  x  1 3/ 2 x  1 3/ 2 
   C
2  3/ 2 3/ 2 
 


1
3
  x  1  3/ 2
  x  1  3/ 2
C .

sec x
(ii) I   dx
sec x  tan x
sec x sec x  tan x
 . dx
sec x  tan x sec x  t an x
sec 2 x  sec x tan x

sec x  tan x
2 2
dx   sec 2

x  sec x tan x dx 
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

 tan x  sec x  C .

Another Method :
1
sec x cos x cos x
I  dx   . dx
sec x  tan x 1

sin x cos x
cos x cos x

17
 1 1  sin x
 . dx
1  sin x 1  sin x
1  sin x 1  sin x
 dx   dx
1  sin x
2 2
cos x
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1

 
  sec 2 x  sec x tan x dx  tan x  sec x  C .
1
(iii) I   dx
1  tanh x
1 1  tanh x
 . dx
1  tanh x 1  tanh x
1  tanh x 1  tanh x
 dx   dx
1  tanh x
2 2
sech x

  cosh 2 x  sinh x cosh x dx 
Remember that :
* 1  tanh 2 x  sech 2 x
1
* cosh 2 x   1  cosh 2 x  * sinh 2 x  2 sinh x cosh x
2
1 1 
    1  cosh 2 x   sinh 2 x  dx
2 2 
Using Integrals :
1
*  cosh  ax  b  dx 
a
sinh  ax  b   C

1
*  sinh  ax  b  dx  cosh  ax  b   C
a
1  sinh 2 x cosh 2 x 
 x   C .
2  2 2 
18
Another Methods :
1 1 cosh x
(1) I   dx   . dx
1  tanh x sinh x cosh x
1
cosh x
cosh x cosh x  sinh x
 . dx
cosh x  sinh x cosh x  sinh x
cosh 2 x  sinh x cosh x
 dx
cosh x  sinh x
2 2

Remember that :
* cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1


  cosh 2 x  sinh x cosh x dx 
1 1 
    1  cosh 2 x   sinh 2 x  dx
2 2 
1  sinh 2 x cosh 2 x 
  x   C .
2  2 2 

1 1 cosh x
(2) I   dx   . dx
1  tanh x sinh x cosh x
1
cosh x
cosh x
 dx
cosh x  sinh x

Remember that :

* sinh x 
1
2

ex  e x  * cosh x 
1
2
 ex  e x 
* sinh x  cosh x  e x

19
 1

ex  e x 
 1  e  dx
2 1  2x
 dx 
ex 2
Using Integral :
ax  b 1 ax  b
* e dx 
a
e C

1  1  2x 
  x  e C .
2  2 

20
1.2 Integration by Substitution :
Remember that :

F  g  x    f  g  x   . g '  x  , f  F'
d
*
dx
Theorem (1.4) :

* Direct Method :
If F is an antiderivative of f , then

 f  g  x   . g'  x  d x  F  g  x    C .

* Substitution Method :
If g  x  is a differentiable function whose range is an interval
I , and f is continuous on I , then

 f  g  x   . g'  x  dx Let u  g x 

  f u  du du  g'  x  d x

 F u   C  F  g  x    C .

Example (1) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
 
(i)  e x cos e x dx . (ii) 
1
x
sinh  x  dx .
e2 x

sin 2 e 2 x
 dx .
(iii)  x
Solution

21
  
(i) I   e x cos e x dx  Direct Method
Using Theorem :
*  f  g  x   . g'  x  dx  F  g  x    C , f  F'

 
 sin e x  C .

Another Method :

 
I   e x cos e x dx  Substitution Method

Let u  ex  du  e x d x

  cos u du  sin u  C  sin e x  C .  

(ii) I  
1
x
sinh  x  dx  Direct Method
Using Theorem :
*  f  g  x   . g'  x  dx  F  g  x    C , f  F'

2
1
2 x
sinh  x  dx  2 cosh  xC .

Another Method :

I 
1
x
sinh  x  dx  Substitution Method

1
Let u x  du  dx
2 x
 2  sinh u du  2 cosh u  C  2 cosh  xC .

22
(iii) I  
e2 x
sin 2 e 2  x
 dx  Substitution Method
x
2
Let u  e2 x
 du  e 2 x
dx
2 x
  sin 2 u du
Remember that :
1
* sin 2 x   1  cos 2 x 
2
1
 1  cos 2u  du
2
Using Integral :
1
*  cos  ax  b  dx  a sin  ax  b   C

1  sin 2 u 
  u  C .
2  2 


1  2
e
2 
x 1
 sin 2e 2
2  x
 
C .


Notes :  Direct Method

*  cos  g  x   . g'  x  dx  sin  g  x    C
*  sinh  g  x   . g'  x  dx  cosh  g  x    C
 sec  g  x   . g'  x  dx  tan  g  x    C
2
*

*  sech  g  x   tanh  g  x   . g'  x  dx   sech  g  x    C


*
Similarly for remaining integrals in Table  1 

23
Remark (1) :

If f is the exponential function , then the theorem

 f  g  x   . g'  x  dx  F  g  x    C , f  F' becomes

* Direct Method :
g x 
(i) e . g'  x  dx  e g  x   C .
g x 
(ii)  b   . g'  x  dx 
b
g x
C ,b 0 ,b 1 .
ln b
* Substitution Method :
If g  x  is a differentiable function whose range is an interval
I , and f is continuous on I , then
g x 
(i)  e . g'  x  dx Let u  g x 

  eu du du  g'  x  d x

 eu  C  e    C .
g x

g x 
(ii)  b . g'  x  dx Let u  g x 

  b u du du  g'  x  d x

bu b g x 
 C  C ,b 0 ,b 1 .
ln b ln b

24
Example (2) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
1 1
e cosh x
e sin x
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
x 12
x x 2

5 tan x
(iii)  1  sin x
2
dx .

Solution
cosh  1 x
e
(i) I   dx  Direct Method
x 1 2

cosh  1 x 1
e . dx
x 1
2

Using Integral :
*  e   . g'  x  dx  e    C
g x g x

cosh  1 x
 e C .
Another Method :
cosh  1 x
e
I  dx  Substitution Method
x 12

1
Let u  cosh  1 x  du  dx
x 1
2

cosh  1 x
  e du  e  C  e
u u
C .

25
 1
e sin x
(ii) I   dx  Direct Method
x x 2

1
sin  1 1
2  d x  2 e sin C
x x
e .
 x
2
2 x 1
Using Integral :
*  e   . g'  x  dx  e    C
g x g x

Another Method :
sin  1 x
e
I  dx  Substitution Method
x x 2

Let u  sin  1 x
1 1
du  dx  dx
 x x x
2 2
2 x 1 2

sin  1
 2  e du  2 e  C  2 e
u u x
C .

5 tan x
(iii) I   dx  Direct Method
1  sin x
2

Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1

5 tan x 5 tan x
 2
dx   5 tan x
. sec x dx 
2
C .
cos x ln 5
Using Integral :

g x  b g x 
* b . g'  x  dx  C , b 0 , b 1
ln b
26
Another Method :
5 tan x
I  dx  Substitution Method
1  sin x2

5 t an x
 2
dx   5 tan x
. sec 2
x dx
cos x
Let u  tan x  du  sec 2 x dx

u 5u 5 tan x
  5 du  C  C .
ln 5 ln 5

27
Remark (2) :

If f is the power function , then the theorem

 f  g  x   . g'  x  dx  F  g  x    C , f  F' becomes

* Direct Method :
n 1
 g  x  
 g  x   . g '  x  d x 
n
 n 1
C ,n 1 .

* Substitution Method :
If g  x  is a differentiable function whose range is an interval
I , and f is continuous on I , then

 g  x   . g'  x  dx u  g x 
n
 Let

  u n du du  g'  x  d x
n 1
u n 1
 g  x  
 C   C , n  1 .
n 1 n 1

* Special Cases :
n Direct Method Substitution Method
g'  x  1
1  g x 
dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0  u
d u  ln u  C , u  0

1 g'  x  1

2  g x 
dx  2 g x   C , g x   0  u
du  2 u  C , u  0

28
Example (3) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
tan 
1 2
x sin  ln x 
(i)  1x 2
dx . (ii)  x cos 3
 ln x 
dx .

Solution
 
2
tan  1 x
(i) I   dx  Direct Method
1x 2

  1
1 2
  t an x . dx
1x 2

Using Integral :
n 1
 g  x  
 g  x   . g'  x  dx 
n
*  n 1
C , n  1

tan 
1 3
x
 C .
3

Another Method :
tan 
1 2
x
I  dx  Substitution Method
1x 2

1
Let u  tan  1 x  du  dx
1x 2

tan 
1 3
u3 x
  u du 
2
C  C .
3 3

29
 sin  ln x 
(ii) I   dx  Substitution Method
x cos 3
 ln x 
1
Let u  ln x  du  dx
x
sin u
 3
d u   tan u 1
. sec 2
u du  Direct Method
cos u
Using Integral :
n 1
 g  x  
 g  x   . g'  x  dx  
n
*  n 1
C , n  1

t an u  2 tan 2  ln x 
 C  C .
2 2
Another Method :
I    sec u  . sec u tan u du
1
 Direct Method

 sec u  2 sec 2  ln x 
 C  C .
2 2

Example (4) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
tanh x 3  sech 2 x x  1  2
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
1  sinh x
2
x  2 3
Solution
tanh x 3  sech 2 x
(i) I   dx
1  sinh x
2

30
 Remember that :
1
* cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1 ,  sech x
cosh x
1

2   2 sech 2 x . tanh x 3  sech 2 x dx
 Direct Method
Using Integral :
n 1
 g  x  
 g  x   . g'  x  dx  
n
*  n 1
C , n  1

 3  sinh x  2 3/ 2
1 1
 
3/ 2
 C   3  sech 2 x C .
2 3/ 2 3

Another Method :
tanh x 3  sech 2 x
I  dx
1  sinh x
2

  sech 2 x . t anh x 3  sech 2 x dx

 Substitution Method
Let u  3  sech 2 x
d u   2 sech 2 x . tanh x dx
1 1 u3/ 2

2  u du  
2 3/ 2
C

1
 
3/ 2
  3  sech 2 x C .
3

31
 x  1  2
(ii) I  dx  Substitution Method
x  2 3
Let u x 2  du  dx
u  1  2 u 2  2u  1
 3
du   3
du
u u
1 2 1  2 1
    2  3  d u  ln u   2  C
u u u  u 2u
2 1
 ln x  2   C .
x 2 2 x  2 
2

Another Method :

I 
x  1  2
dx  
 x  2   1 
2
dx
x  2  3
x  2 3
 x  2   2 x  2   1
2
 du
x  2  3

 1 2 1 
    du
 x  2 x  2  2 x  2 3 
 
Using Integrals :
n 1
1  ax  b 
*   ax  b  dx 
n
C , n  1
a n 1
1 1
*  dx  ln ax  b  C , ax  b  0
ax  b a

2 1
 ln x  2   C .
x 2 2 x  2 
2

32
Example (5) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
1 1
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
x  x ln x 1e x

1
(iii)  10 dx .
x x
Solution
1
(i) I   dx  Direct Method
x  x ln x
1

x
 dx
1  ln x
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 

  ln 1  ln x  C .
Another Method :
1
1 x
I  dx   dx  Substitution Method
x  x ln x 1  ln x
1
Let u  1  ln x  du   dx
x
1
  u
du   ln u  C   ln 1  ln x  C .

33
 1 e x
(ii) I   .  x dx
1e x
e
 e x
  x dx  Direct Method
e 1
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 

  ln e  x  1  C , since e  x  1  0

 
I   ln e  x  1  C . 
Another Method :
1
I  dx  Direct Method
1e x


1  e   e
x x

dx    1 
ex 
x 
dx
1  ex  1e 
 x  ln 1  e x  C , since 1  e x  0
 
I  x  ln 1  e x  C . 
1
(iii) I   dx  Direct Method
x x
10

1  x 10 1  9 x  10
 . dx    9
dx
x 10  x  x 10 9 1x
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 

34
 1 1
  ln 1  9  C .
9 x
Another Method :
1 1
I   10 dx   
 
dx Direct Method
x x x x 1
9


 1 x x
9 9
 1 1 9 x8 
dx      dx
x x  1  x 1 
9 9
 x 9

1
 ln x  ln x 9  1  C .
9

Example (6) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
sin 2 x
(i)  dx . (ii)  cosh x  1 d x , x  0 .
1  sin x2

Solution
sin 2 x
(i) I   dx  Direct Method
1  sin x
2

2 sin x cos x
 dx
1  sin x
2

Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  2 g x   C , g x   0
g x 

 2 1  sin 2 x  C .

35
Another Method :
sin 2 x
I  dx  Substitution Method
1  sin x2

2 sin x cos x
 dx
1  sin x2

Let u  1  sin 2 x  d u  2 sin x cos x dx

1
 du  2 u  C  2 1  sin 2 x  C .
u

(ii) I   cosh x  1 dx , x  0
Remember that :
x x
* 1  cos x  2 cos 2   * 1  cosh x  2 cosh 2  
2  2 
x  x 
* 1  cos x  2 sin 2   * cosh x  1  2 sinh 2  
2  2 

x 
  2 sinh   d x
2
2 
x  x 
 2  sinh   d x  2  sinh   dx , x  0
2  2 
Remember that :
 x , x 0
* x2  x   , sinh x  0 for x  0
  x , x  0
1
*  sinh  ax  b  dx  cosh  ax  b   C
a

x 
 2 2 cosh    C , x  0 .
2 
36
Another Method :
cosh x  1
I  cosh x  1 . dx , x  0
cosh x  1

cosh 2 x  1
 dx
cosh x  1
Remember that :
* cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1

sinh 2 x sinh x
 dx   dx
cosh x  1 cosh x  1
Remember that :

* x 2  x , sinh x  0 for x  0
sinh x
  cosh x  1
dx , x  0  Direct Method
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  2 g x   C , g x   0
g x 

 2 cosh x  1  C , x  0 .

37
Table (2) : Integrals of Some Trigonometric and
Hyperbolic Functions :
f x   f  x  dx
tan x ln sec x  C , x    / 2   n ; n  
cot x ln sin x  C , x  n ; n  
sec x ln sec x  tan x  C , x    / 2   n ; n  
csc x ln csc x  cot x  C , x  n ; n  

tanh x ln cosh x  C
coth x ln sinh x  C , x  0

 tan 1
 sinh x   C
sech x

  
2 tan  1 e x  C

 
  2 tan  1 e  x  C

csch x ln csch x  coth x  C , x  0

Proof
sin x
(i) I   tan x d x   dx  Direct Method
cos x
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 
 sin x
  cos x
dx   ln cos x  C
38
 1 1
 ln cos x  C  ln C
cos x
Remember that :
* ln x r  r ln x , x  0

 ln sec x  C .

sec x  tan x
(ii) I   sec x d x   sec x . dx
sec x  tan x
sec 2 x  sec x tan x
 dx  Direct Method
sec x  tan x
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 

 ln sec x  tan x  C .

* Similarly we can prove remaining integrals in Table (2)

(Except  sech x dx ) .

Example (7) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
(i)   sec x  5 tanh  2 x  3   dx .
(ii)   tan 4 x  tan 2 x  sech  1  tan 3 x  d x .
2  sin x
(iii)  1  cos x
dx .

Solution
(i) I    sec x  5 tanh  2 x  3   dx

39
 Using Integrals :
*  sec x dx  ln sec x  tan x  C
1
*  tanh  ax  b  dx  a
ln cosh  ax  b   C

5
 ln sec x  tan x  ln cosh  2 x  3   C .
2

 
(ii) I   tan 4 x  tan 2 x sech 1  tan 3 x dx  
 
  tan 2 x . tan 2 x  1 . sech 1  tan 3 x d x  

  tan 2 x . sec 2 x . sech 1  tan 3 x dx 
 Substitution Method
Let u  1  tan 3 x
d u  3 tan 2 x . sec 2 x d x
1 1
  sechu d u  tan  1  sinh u   C
3 3
Using Integral :
*  sech x dx  tan
1
 sinh x   C


1
3
 
tan  1 sinh 1  tan 3 x  C . 
Another Method :
1
I   3 tan 2 x . sec 2 x . sech 1  tan 3 x d x
3
 
 Direct Method
Using Theorem :
*  f  g  x   . g'  x  dx  F  g  x    C , f  F'


1
3
 
tan  1 sinh 1  tan 3 x   C .

40
 2  sin x
(iii) I   dx
1  cos x
2  sin x 1  cos x
 . dx
1  cos x 1  cos x
2  sin x  2 cos x  sin x cos x
 dx
1  cos x
2

Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
2  sin x  2 cos x  sin x cos x
 2
dx
sin x

  2 csc 2 x  csc x  2 csc x cot x  cot x dx 
Using Integrals :
*  cot x dx  ln sin x  C
*  csc x dx  ln csc x  cot x  C
  2 cot x  ln csc x  cot x  2 csc x  ln sin x  C .

Another Methods :
2  sin x
(1) I   dx
1  cos x
Remember that :
x
* 1  cos x  2 cos 2  
2 
2  2 sin  x / 2  cos  x / 2 
 dx
2 cos x / 2 
2


  sec 2  x / 2   tan  x / 2   dx

41
 Using Integrals :
1
 sec  ax  b  dx  tan  ax  b   C
2
*
a
1
*  tan  ax  b  dx  a ln sec  ax  b   C

 2 tan  x / 2   2 ln sec  x / 2   C .

2  sin x
(2) I   dx
1  cos x
 2 sin x 
   dx
 1  cos x 1  cos x 
 2 sin x 
     d x
 2 cos  x / 2  1  cos x 
2

  sin x 
   sec 2  x / 2    dx  Direct Method
 1  cos x 
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 

 2 tan  x / 2   ln 1  cos x  C .

42
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