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Lect 5

1. The document describes methods to determine the voltage regulation of a synchronous generator, including direct load testing of small generators and indirect methods like impedance, ampere-turn, and zero power factor for large generators. 2. It also provides procedures to experimentally determine a generator's synchronous impedance and reactance by performing open circuit and short circuit tests at varying field currents to obtain characteristic curves. 3. The short circuit ratio is defined as the ratio of field currents needed for rated open circuit voltage versus rated short circuit current, and relates to the synchronous reactance.

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Ahmed Essam
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Lect 5

1. The document describes methods to determine the voltage regulation of a synchronous generator, including direct load testing of small generators and indirect methods like impedance, ampere-turn, and zero power factor for large generators. 2. It also provides procedures to experimentally determine a generator's synchronous impedance and reactance by performing open circuit and short circuit tests at varying field currents to obtain characteristic curves. 3. The short circuit ratio is defined as the ratio of field currents needed for rated open circuit voltage versus rated short circuit current, and relates to the synchronous reactance.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Essam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Synchronous generator test

• Determine of voltage regulation


To determine the voltage regulation of smooth
cylindrical rotor type alternator the following methods
may be used

1. Direct method
2. Indirect method
Synchronous generator test
1. Direct method
Direct load test is performed only on small synchronous
generators (say 5 KVA)
V the reading of voltmeter at rated current (I) and rated
power (P)
𝑬𝒂 −𝑽𝒂
𝑬𝒐 or 𝑬𝒂 no load voltage 𝑽. 𝑹% =
𝑽𝒂
Synchronous generator test
1. Indirect method
For large size synchronous are used to determine
voltage regulation these methods are
I. Synchronous impedance method or EMF method
II. Ampere turn method or MMF method
III. Zero power factor method or Potier method
I. Synchronous impedance method or EMF method
This method is based on the concept of replacing the effect of armature
reaction by a fictitious reactance
෩𝒂 = 𝑬
𝑽 ෩ 𝒂 − 𝑰෨𝒂 𝒁𝒔 where 𝒁𝒔 = 𝑹𝒂 + 𝑱𝑿𝒔
෩ 𝒂 at leading power factor
The approximate expression for 𝑬
𝑬𝒂 = 𝑽𝒂 + 𝑰𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝚽 − 𝑰𝑿𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝚽)
𝑬𝒂 − 𝑽𝒂 = 𝑰𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝚽 − 𝑰𝑿𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝚽)
Voltage regulation will zero when 𝑬𝒂 − 𝑽𝒂 = 𝟎
𝑰𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝚽 = 𝑰𝑿𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝚽)
Synchronous generator test
Determination of synchronous impedance
To determine the value of synchronous impedance of a
synchronous generator experimentally, the following
two test are performed
(i) open circuit test
(ii) short circuit test
(i) open circuit test
To perform open circuit test the terminals of a
synchronous generator kept open and is rotated by
prime-mover at synchronous speed and measure the
no load voltage 𝑬𝒂 and field current 𝑰𝒇 (excitation) is
gradually varied (increase in step)very small change
A graph is plotted taking 𝑰𝒇 along abscissa 𝑰𝒇 along the
ordinate called open circuit characteristics (O.C.C)
curve so obtained as shown in figure
(ii) Short circuit test:-
The terminal of synchronous
generator are shorted circuited by
an ammeter as shown in figure the
field current increase and the short
circuit current 𝑰𝒔.𝒄 is recorded for
every change in the filed current A
graph is plotted called short circuit
characteristics (S.C.C)
Determination of synchronous impedance
To determine synchronous impedance of synchronous generator
let OA be field current 𝑰𝒇 for this field current open circuit voltage
AB and short circuit current AC 𝑰𝒔.𝒄 or
𝑬𝒂 = 𝑰𝒔.𝒄 ∗ 𝒁𝒔

𝑬𝒂 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆


𝒁𝒔 = =
𝑰𝒂 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
At the same filed current an approximate graph of 𝒁𝒔 against current
𝑰𝒇 is drawn by the data
Determination of synchronous reactance
To determine the value of synchronous reactance, first
of all armature resistance is calculated by voltmeter–
ammeter method, circuit shown in Fig. Since the value
of armature resistance is very small, a low DC supply
voltage is connected across the terminals of a one-
phase alternator.
The value of armature resistance
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑅𝑑𝑐 =
𝐼𝑑𝑐
is the DC resistance. The

actual resistance of the armature of an


alternator is 1.25 to 1.75 times to that
of DC resistance.
Therefor 𝑅 = 1.25𝑅𝑑𝑐
Therefor synchronous reactance

𝑋𝑠 = 𝑍𝑠2 − 𝑅𝑎2
Short circuit ratio (SCR)
The ratio of field current to produce rated
voltage on open circuit to the field current
required to circulate rated current on
short-circuit while the machine is driven
at synchronous speed is called short-
circuit ratio (SCR) of a synchronous
machine.
𝐼𝑓1
short circuit ratio 𝑆𝐶𝑅 = 𝐼
𝑓2

𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 1
= = = = 𝐴𝐵ൗ
𝑂𝐷 𝐷𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐸

𝐴𝐵 Per unit voltage on open−circuit


Where 𝐴𝐸
=
Corresponding per unit current on short−circuit = 𝑿𝒔

1
𝑆𝐶𝑅 =
𝑿𝒔
Example
A three-phase star connected 1200 kVA, 3300 V, 50 Hz,
alternator has armature resistance of 0·25 ohm per phase. A field
current of 40 A produces a short circuit current of 200 A and an
open circuit emf of 1100 V between lines. Calculate regulation on
full load 0·8 power factor lagging.
Solution
Rated power = 1200 kVA = 1200 . 𝟏𝟎𝟑 VA
Terminal line voltage, 𝑽𝑳 = 3300 V (star connected)
Armature resistance, R = 0·25 Ω
At field current of 40 A;
Short circuit current, 𝑰𝒔.𝒄 = 200 A
1100
Open circuit emf (phase value), 𝐸𝑝ℎ = 3
= 635.14

𝑬𝒂 𝟔𝟑𝟓.𝟏
Synchronous impedance 𝒁𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔.𝒄
=
𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟓Ω

𝑿𝒔 = 𝒁𝟐𝒔 − 𝑹𝟐𝒂
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟎𝟑
Full load current 𝑰 = 𝟑∗𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎
= 𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝑨

𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎
Terminal line voltage, 𝑽𝑳 = 𝟑
= 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓. 𝟐 𝑽

Power factor 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝚽 = 𝟎. 𝟖


𝑬𝒂 = 𝑽 + 𝑰𝒂 ∗ 𝒁𝒔

𝑬𝒂 − 𝑽𝒂 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎−𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓.𝟐
Rg. 𝑽. 𝑹 = 𝑽𝒂
=
𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓.𝟐
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟖%

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