BROILER

HANDBOOK

More Meat, More Profit

Contents
Section 1: Introduction Page 2
1.1 Why farm Broilers?
1.2 Broiler Production Process
1.3 Housing and Equipment
1.4 Broiler Farming Objectives
1.5 Record Keeping

Section 2: Chick Management Page 8

2.1 Stockmanship
2.2 Chick Transport and Handling
2.3 Shed Preparation
2.4 Brooding Management
• Temperature Guidelines
• Assessing Temperature
• Spot Brooding Temperature
• Water & Drinking
• Feed & Feeding
• Light Control

Section 3: Growing Management Page 19

3.1 Stock Density

3.2 Light and Temperature
3.3 Water and Drinking
3.4 Feed and Feeding
3.5 Litter Management 
3.6 Stress Management
3.7 Biosecurity

Section 4: Post farming Page 27

4.1 Ready for Market
4.2 Shed Clean-out

Contact Page 29

Page 1
 Section 1

Introduction
The purpose of this handbook is to provide management guidelines that
optimise broiler performance and increase profits. While many poultry
principles are universal, it’s important to recognise that every farm is
different. The most successful farmers develop their own management
programs. This requires an understanding of local environmental factors,
poultry housing and equipment. This handbook is intended as a reference
source for PNG poultry farmers.

The handbook was created by Zenag Chicken for a PNG farming context.
The document draws on our rich farming history, as well as common
poultry practices from around the world.

In this section, you’ll learn:

CONTENTS REFERENCE PAGE

1. Why farm Broilers? Page 3

2. Broiler Production Process Page 4
3. Housing and Equipment Page 5
4. Broiler Farming Objectives Page 6
5. Record Keeping Page 7

Page 2
 1.1 Why Farm Broilers?

Small-hold poultry farming is one of the fastest growing SME sectors in

PNG. NARI estimates that approximately 1 in 4 PNG households are
engaged in some form of poultry production. Furthermore, stringent
biosecurity measures have ensured the country remains free of the
world’s worst avian diseases. PNG’s relative disease-free and
favourable climate are the cornerstones of the poultry industry’s success.

As a healthy and cheap source of protein, demand for chicken meat

continues to grow steadily. Consumer preferences for poultry will
continue to be driven by rising incomes and population growth.
Furthermore, well managed birds can be ready for sale at 6 weeks of age.
This short production cycle can generate quick returns for broiler farmers.

42 Days

Page 3
 1.2 Broiler Production Process

Male line Female line Time scale

Rearing Rearing 0-18 weeks

Grandparent Farm
Egg production Egg production 19-65 weeks
(From New Zealand)

Egg storage Egg storage 7-10 days

Incubation Incubation 21 days

Hatchery

Hatching Hatching

Rearing 0-18 weeks

Parent Farm Egg production 19-65 weeks

Egg storage 7-10 days

Incubation 21 days
Hatchery

Hatching Same day

Brooding 0-10 days

Growing 11-42 days

Broiler Farm

Depletion Day 42

Total time frame 52 weeks (364 days)

Page 4
 1.3 Housing and Equipment

Housing
Chicken sheds should be carefully planned to provide comfort and ideal
conditions for optimal growth. The following factors should be considered
when building a chicken shed:

1. Reflective roofing. Reduce impact of sun’s heat.

2. Open sides (Chicken wire). Maximise ventilation and fresh air flow.
3. East to West facing. No direct sunlight inside shed.
4. Litter is soft and dry.
5. Stocking density recommendation: 15kg/m2 hot climates and 20kg/m2
cold climates)
6. Biosecurity: No contact with other people, animals or birds.

STRONG BIOSECURITY = STRONG DISEASE CONTROL

Equipment
Equipment should always be clean and well maintained for optimal
growth. The following equipment factors should be considered:

1. Feeders: Plan for 50 chickens per feeder.

2. Water Drinker: Plan for 50 chickens per drinker.

If stocking rate increases more feeders and drinkers should be provided.

Page 5
 1.4 Broiler Farming Objectives

Broiler Farming Key Objectives

The overall objective in broiler farming is to grow chickens as cheaply
and efficiently as possible to increase profits. The following performance
indicators should be reviewed to assess performance of each flock.

• Low Mortality i.e. Only few chickens die during growing period.
• Low FCR (Feed Conversion Rate). The amount of feed consumed per
kilo of meat. The lower the FCR, the more efficient chickens are at
converting feed into meat.

Total Feed Consumed

FCR =
Total Live Weight

E.g. 50 chicken sample has total weight of 110kg (50 x 2.2kg each). Total
feed consumption was 160kg (25kg Starter + 50kg Grower + 95kg Finisher)

170kg
FCR =
110kg
FCR= 1,545 (Each chicken consumed 1.545kg of feed per kg of growth)

Broiler Performance Targets

Flock Age Average Live Total Mortality
FCR
(Days) Weight (kg) (%)
35 2.14 2.5 1.548
36 2.24 2.5 1.568
37 2.33 3.0 1.587
38 2.43 3.0 1.607
39 2.52 3.5 1.627
40 2.62 3.5 1.647
41 2.71 4.0 1.667
42 2.81 4.0 1.687

Page 6
 1.5 Record Keeping

Record keeping is important as it monitors performance. Accurate

record keeping will allow you to clearly see if management changes have
made a difference to overall flock performance.

BROILER PERFORMANCE SHEET

Farm: Shed: Date Placed:

Flocks: Day Placed:
DOC Body Weight (G): Total # Placed: GM:
BODY
DAY DATE AGE MORTS TOTAL DEP % CUMU ENDING
INVTY
NOTES
(For Managers use) LUX
LIGHT
ON
STD ACT
1 57
2 73
3 91
4 111
5 134
6 160
7 189
8 220
9 256
10 294
11 336
12 381
13 429
14 480
15 535
16 539
17 655
18 719
19 786
20 856
21 929
22 1004
23 1082
24 1162
25 1244
26 1328
27 1414
28 1501
29 1590
30 1680
31 1771
32 1863
33 1956
34 2050
35 2144
36 2239
37 2334
38 2429
39 2524
40 2620
41 2715 PERFORMANCE
42 2809 MORT:
43 2904 ALW:
44 2997 AGE:
45 3091 FCR:

Page 7
 Section 2

Chick Management
OBJECTIVE

Providing chicks with a good start is the most important part of managing
your flock. This will successfully develop optimal feeding and drinking
behaviour, resulting in correct organ development and fast growth with
maximum uniformity.

Chick behaviour should always be monitored as they will tell you If they
are comfortable or not. Always refer back to the 5 key principles of
Stockmanship when assessing a flock.

In this section, you’ll learn:

CONTENTS REFERENCE PAGE

1. Stockmanship Page 9
2. Chick Transport and Handling Page 10
3. Shed Preparation Page 11
4. Brooding Management Page 12

• Temperature Guidelines Page 13

• Assessing Temperature Page 14
• Spot Brooding Temperature Page 15
• Water and Drinking Page 16
• Feed and Feeding Page 17
• Light Control Page 18

Page 8
 Stockmanship

DISTRIBUTION
Are chickens evenly distributed?

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• Are chickens active? • Is it easily available?
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Page 9
 2.1 Chick Transport and Handling

Minimising stress and maintaining optimal temperature are the two most
important considerations when transporting DOCs. Heat stress and
suffocation are the two most common causes of DOC mortality.

• Handle with care • Never leave in direct sun

• Stack with gaps so hot air escapes • Never stack on wet ground
• Stack in shade on dry ground • Never shake DOC box

• 25°C is the ideal temperature for transporting DOCs.

• Over 30°C will cause heat stress and potentially kill DOCs.

Create space between Direct sunlight Under shade

boxes

Page 10
 2.2 Shed Preparation

Sheds should be fully cleaned and prepared for brooding before new
DOCs arrive onto the farm. This will ensure best performance of the flock
and help reduce the risk of disease. Pre-Placement checklist:

Drinker Equipment
1. Confirm equipment capabilities suit placement.
(1x bell drinker = 50x DOC)
2. All drinkers working fine with fresh water.
3. Flushed, cleaned and disinfected.

Feeder Equipment
1. Confirm equipment capabilities suit placement.
(1x feeder = 50x DOC)
2. Cleaned and disinfected.
3. All feeders working fine with fresh starter feed.
4. Tip feed on paper (70g per chick).

Litter
1. Dry, soft, low levels of dust are comfortable for chicks.
2. Recommended material: Wood shavings or coffee husk/coconut husk.
3. DO NOT USE SAWDUST!
4. Spread evenly throughout shed 5-10cm in depth.

Brooding Area
1. A designated brooding area is installed inside shed 1.5 m2 per 50x DOC.
2. Area is cleaned, disinfected and fresh litter spread.
3. Paper laid out covering 100% of brooding area. Removed after 3 days.

Heater System
1. Ensure heating system works and the temperature is regulated.

Right image: Example of shed prepared

and ready for chick placement

Page 11
 2.3 Brooding Management

Brooding is the most important part of a chickens life. Growth in the first
14 days affects the development of immune and digestive systems. To
ensure strong early development, brooding should be managed carefully
following these key principles:

1. Temperature management
2. Easy access to cool clean water
3. Easy access to high quality chick starter feed
4. Fresh air
5. High light intensity and long day length
6. Comfort (no stress, no disease)

Some farmers use brooding rings, others use a small section of the shed,
others use the whole shed. Whatever your preference, the key principles
remain the same.

Left image: Example of

small section brooding

Right image: Example of

half shed brooding

Page 12
 Brooding Management
Temperature Guidelines

Development Phase Growth Phase

Days: 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 - 21 / 5 - 10 - 15 - 20 - 25 - 30 - 35 - 42

Hatchery Broiler Shed

“Cold Blooded” “Warm Blooded”

As seen in the diagram above, during egg incubation and the first 5 days
of life, chicks cannot produce enough heat to properly control their body
temperature. It is critical to provide enough heat during this “Cold
Blooded” period to ensure optimal development and growth
performance. Always observe chick behaviour!

Brooding
Temperature
Guideline ( C)
Age C
1 34.5

2 34.0
3 33.5
4 33.0
5 32.5
6 32.0
Mercury thermostats should be One simple method of
7 31.5 placed just above chick height monitoring chick temperature is to
inside the shed and used as a tool place feet on face.
8 31.0 for management.
9 30.5 • If their feet feel cold
they are cold. Increase
10 30.0 temperature of shed.
• If their feet feel hot they are
11 29.5 hot. Decrease temperature of
12 29.0 shed.
• If feet feel same temperature
13 28.5 as your face, they are ok.

14 28.0

Page 13
Brooding Management
Temperature Checking

Description
• No Activity
• Even Distribution
• Spread Wings and Pant
TOO HOT!!

Action Required
• Decrease Temperature
• Increase Ventilation

Description
• Good activity
• Even Distribution
• Sound comfortable

Action Required
• None Required

Description
• No activity
• Huddle together

TOO COLD!!

Action
• Increase Temperature
• Check Ventilation

Page 14
 Brooding Management
Spot Brooding Temperature

Spot Brooding
Spot brooding is the most common brooding method used throughout
PNG. For optimal broiler performance results, ensure to constantly check
chick behaviour as an indicator of correct brooding temperature.

TEMPERATURE TOO HIGH TEMPERATURE CORRECT

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• Spread Wings and Pant • Even Distribution
• Chicks move away from heat source • Sound comfortable
• Action: Lower temperature • No Action Required

TEMPERATURE TOO LOW WINDY

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• No Activity • No Activity
• BAD Distribution • BAD Distribution
• Chicks noisy and move close to heat • Action: Review wind/breeze, uneven
source light distribution or outside noise
• Action: Increase Temperature stress

Page 15
 Brooding Management
Water and Drinking

Water is an essential component of chick development and affects the

long term growth of a chicken. Water provided should be clean, a cool
temperature and changed every day to refresh. Water spillage should be
kept to a minimum as it degrades litter quality. Chicks should not have to
travel more than 2 metres to find water inside a shed.
Bell Drinkers

1. Bell drinkers should be provided at a rate of 1/50 chicks.

2. Height = equal to breast level of standing chick.
3. Water level should be 5mm below lip of drinker. Avoid spillage.
4. Regular checks, assessments and adjustments.
5. Flush regularly to maintain cool temperature and clean for good
hygiene.
Nipple Drinkers

1. Nipple Drinkers should be provided at a rate of 1/10 chicks.

2. Nipple height = equal to eye level.
3. Pressurise system by installing header water tank.
4. Water pressure should be low so there is a water droplet on nipple.
5. Flow rate should be 40ml/ minute.
6. Flush regularly to maintain cool temperature and good hygiene.

Page 16
 Brooding Management
Feed and Feeding

Feed
Broiler feed is the largest proportion of overall cost of production. For
optimal final performance and growth, chicks should have immediate
access to clean and fresh starter feed.
1. Frequent additions of small amounts stimulates feeding activity.
2. High quality chick starter in a dust-free crumble form should be
used at a rate of 500g per chick.
3. Feeder height should ensure easy accessibility for DOCs.

Feed needs to be in a Feeder height needs to allow Example of shed workers

dust-free crumble form. for easy chick accessibility. tipping broiler starter feed
during brooding.
Crop Fill Check
Crop fill check is a way to monitor early feeding activity of DOCs.

Crop Fill Assessment Guidelines

Target Crop Full

Time Since
(% chicks with full Full + Rounded Crop Empty Crop
Placement
crops)

12 Hours >85%

24 Hours >95%

48 Hours >100%

Page 17
 Brooding Management
Light Control

Light programs in brooding stimulates the chicks into feeding and

drinking, providing the best possible start for early development. Light
intensity and distribution throughout the shed significantly affects broiler
activity and growth. To save power costs, coincide light programs with
natural daylight sunrise and sunset.

Recommended Lighting Program

Age Light Intensity Day Length Dark periods
(Days) (Lux) (Hours) (Hours)
1-7 40 23 1
8 10 20 4
9-14 10 14 10

1. There should ALWAYS be some period of darkness for rest and

development.
2. If the recommended lighting schedule above is uneconomical or not
available the program can be altered. Priority should be given to
providing 23hrs of light for first 7 days as this dramatically improves
chick development.
3. Any change to the lighting program should always be altered at the
“ON TIME.” DO NOT alter the “OFF TIME” as chicks prepare for sleep at
the same time every day.

Top image: Example of good light intensity and distribution throughout a shed.

Page 18
 Section 3

Growing Management
OBJECTIVE

To provide the perfect environment for optimal growth and flock

performance.

Carefully monitoring chicken behaviour will indicate their level of comfort.

Always refer to the 5 key principles of Stockmanship when assessing a
flock.

CONTENTS REFERENCE PAGE

1. Stocking Density Page 20

2. Light and Temperature Page 21
3. Water and Drinking Page 22
4. Feed and Feeding Page 23
5. Litter management Page 24
6. Stress management Page 25
7. Biosecurity Page 26
8. Ready for Market Page 27
9. Shed Clean-out Page 28

Page 19
 3.1 Stocking Density

Stocking Density
Stocking density affects flock performance (FCR, growth rate and
mortality) and shed litter quality. Optimal stocking densities result in
maximum economic returns, however they depend on the
environmental conditions, bird management and ventilation capability.

Overstocking increases the environmental pressures on broilers and will

reduce performance. In general, stocking densities should be reduced in
hot climates and increased in cold climates. Stocking density should be
calculated at final processing weight. Our recommendations for PNG are:

Maximum Stocking Density for sheds with NO ventilation (No Fans)

1. Hot climates (PNG coastal areas) = 15-18 kg/ m2 (6-7 x 2.5kg chickens/ m2)
2. Cold climates (PNG highlands) = 25 kg/ m2 (8-9 x 2.5kg chickens/ m2)

For sheds with Tunnel Fan Ventilation

1. Hot climates (PNG coastal areas) = 25kg/ m2 (10x 2.5kg chickens/ m2)
2. Cold climates (PNG highlands) = 35kg/ m2 (14x 2.5kg chickens/ m2)

Cool Climate + Tunnel Fan Ventilation Hot Climate + No Fan Ventilation

= High Stocking Density = Low Stocking Density
= Optimal Flock Performance = Optimal Flock Performance

Page 20
 3.2 Light and Temperature

Light Guidelines
1. Light must be evenly distributed throughout the entire shed. No dark
areas.
2. There should be no direct sunlight inside the chicken shed.

East-west facing shed to avoid

Broiler Growing
direct sunlight on chickens Lighting Guidelines

Age (Days) 15-42

Light intensity
10
(Lux)
Day length
14
(Hours)
Dark periods
10
(Hours)

Temperature Guidelines
1. Assess chicken behaviour for signs of heat stress.
2. In hot conditions ensure there is plenty of cool water easily accessible
for the chickens.

Broiler Growing
Temperature
Guidelines
Stocking
°C
Density
20 kg/m2 26 - 28

22 kg/m2 25 - 27

24 kg/m2 24 - 26

26 kg/m2 23 - 25

28 kg/m2 22 - 24

Page 21
 3.3 Water and Drinking

Water is an essential component of a chicken’s life and should always be

easily accessible for birds at all stages of the growing period.

Bell Drinker Management

Bell Drinker 1. Lower water level after brooding to
avoid spillage.
2. Minimum 6mm water level above base.
3. Adjust bell drinker height so water is in
line with a chicken’s back.
4. Clean daily to reduce bacterial growth.
5. Drain and replace water constantly to
refresh.
6. Ratio of 50 chickens per bell drinker.

Nipple Drinker
Nipple Drinker Management
1. Increase water pressure after brooding
to avoid spillage.
2. Minimum flow rate of 60ml/min.
3. Adjust nipple line height so a chicken
stretches up to drink.
4. Clean lines between flocks to reduce
bacterial growth.
5. Ratio of 10 chickens per nipple drinker.

Top image: Example of shed with correct drinker and Water Spillage
feeder heights. = Poor litter quality
= Poor flock performance

Page 22
 3.4 Feed and Feeding

For optimal flock performance always buy chicken feed from a reputable
feed manufacturing company. Chickens should always have access to
feed. Below is what we recommend feeding a flock:

Broiler Starter Broiler Grower Broiler Finisher

• Sieved Crumble • Mini-pellet • Pellet
• No dust • 1.5 – 3mm size • 5 – 8mm size
• Ratio 500g /chick • Ratio 1000g / bird • Feed until harvest

1. Ensure feeder heights are correct for the age of each flock.
2. Don’t waste feed from spillage.
3. Regularly clean the feeders to ensure the feed stays fresh.
4. Ratio of 25 chickens per feeder.

Auto Feed Hanging Manual

Plastic Feed

Page 23
 3.5 Litter Management

Correct litter management is fundamental to

achieve optimal flock performance, good flock
health with low sickness/disease risk, and
attributes to providing high quality meat.

Key Litter Functions:

1. Dry, good moisture absorption ability.
2. Provides insulation barrier.
3. Low levels of dust (SAWDUST IS NOT GOOD!).
4. Soft and comfortable for the chicken’s feet.
5. Recommended material: Wood shavings,
coffee or shredded coconut husk, rice hulls,
shredded paper.

Litter Management
1. Spread evenly throughout the shed at 10 - 20cm depth.
2. Avoid water spillage from drinkers as it “cakes” litter.
3. Constant ranking to air-out litter and remove “caked litter”.
4. Litter can be re-used between flocks, however should be piled
together and composted for 14 days before re-using. The composting
effect will kill most bacteria in litter.
5. If there is disease challenge DO NOT RE-USE LITTER between flocks.

Wet/muddy and caked litter Example of dry, soft and Water spillage = bad for
= bad for flock health fluffy litter health

Page 24
 3.6 Stress Management

Stress can affect broiler performance and sometimes even kill chickens.
Farm managers need to continuously assess potential causes of stress
and implement measures to mitigate stress risk. Factors associated with
triggering stress in broilers include:

1. Noise - Outside lawn mower, people yelling, barking dogs etc.

2. Predation - Cats and dogs trying to eat chickens.
3. Temperature - Shed environment conditions too hot.
4. Disease - Poor biosecurity management.

Example of outside noise stress (lawn mower) on broilers. Stress leads to

smothering, high mortality and bad flock performance.

Page 25
 3.7 Biosecurity

Biosecurity Management
Biosecurity refers to management protocols to prevent the introduction
and spread of disease/sickness onto a farm or flock. It is an integral
management component of any poultry farm. Strong biosecurity
management includes:

1. Minimising the number of people visiting a shed/farm.

2. Ensuring workers have clean uniforms, wear appropriate footwear
and they shower before entry.
3. When entering sheds, workers/visitors should wash and sanitise
hands and boots.
4. Control entry of rodents, insects and wild animals.
5. Continuously cleaning and drying all equipment.
6. Ensuring at least 14 days downtime, full shed clean-outs and shed
sanitisation between flocks.

Shoes must be clean when Clean uniforms and head nets will
entering the sheds. prevent disease.

Page 26
 3.7
4.1 Ready
ReadyFor
for Market
market

Much time, work and money has gone into farming a flock to reach this
point of their life. The main objective is to ensure minimal mortality during
the catching, handling and transporting process to the market.

Handling, Transporting and Holding at Market

1. Always handle chicken with care as seen in

the photo the right.
2. NEVER LEAVE BIRDS IN DIRECT SUNLIGHT.
3. Ensure sufficient ventilation is provided
during transportation to market.
4. Chickens should not be without feed for
more than 8 hours.
5. Provide water whenever possible during
transport and at the market.

Example of optimal broiler care at market.

Page 27
 4.2 Shed Clean-out

Shed clean-outs are a critical part of strong biosecurity management. It

is highly recommended to clean-out and disinfect sheds between flocks.
Once a flock has been fully removed from a shed, cleaning should begin.

Below is the recommended cleaning procedure for a broiler shed:

1. Completely remove or pile litter in the centre of shed for a 14-day

composting period.

2. Brush and remove dust and spider webs inside the shed.

3. Dry clean any equipment that cannot be washed with water

(e.g. Electrical cables and lights etc.).

4. Remove all feeding and drinking equipment for washing with

detergent. Be careful to check detergents are compatible with
equipment manufacture requirements.

5. Once carefully scrubbed and cleaned, hang equipment to dry in an

allocated area under shade with good air flow. NEVER DRY
EQUIPMENT IN DIRECT SUNLIGHT. This will degrade the plastic over
time.

Example of a shed litter pile 14 day compost.

Page 28
 Contact
CONTACT

LAE (Main Office)

Phone: 472-3900
E-mail: laesales@[Link]

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LAE MAIN WHARF

Lae Main Wharf

PORT MORESBY
Phone: 325-1199
E-mail: pomsales@[Link]

SOUTH PACIFIC
(SP) BREWERY LTD

Spring Garden Rd

COCA COLA AMATIL (PNG)

Wa
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ABLE COMPUTING

Page 29
Meatier
Tastier
Juicier

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Pawa Kaikai
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