EEE 471

Power System Analysis

Dr. Muhammad Quamruzzaman

Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
CUET
 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

The generation of electrical energy (by converting other naturally available forms
of energy), controlling of electrical energy, transmission of energy over long
distances to different load centers, and distribution and utilization of electrical
energy together is called an electrical power system.

- Generation subsystem

- Transmission subsystem

- Distribution subsystem
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

Generation subsystem Transmission subsystem

Generates electrical energy Transmits the electrical energy over long

distances (from generating plants to main load
-Alternator centers)
-Turbine
-Exciters - Transmission lines
-Voltage regulators - regulating transformers and
-Step-up transformers - static/rotating VAR units (which are used to
control active/reactive powers)

Distribution subsystem
Distributes electrical energy from load centers to
individual consumer points

- Feeders
- step-down transformers
- Distributors
- Individual consumer connections
 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Generation, Transmission and
Distribution Voltage levels
Due to the constraints of insulation, the power can not be generated at
voltages above 33 kV and for household equipment the voltage is
restricted to less voltage i.e. 230V or 110V.

Transmission voltage depends on the distance and power to be

transmitted. The transmission line can be categorized as primary
transmission and secondary transmission. Similarly, distribution line can
be categorized as primary distribution and secondary distribution.

The common voltage levels are

Generator: 11kV to 25 kV
Primary transmission: 66kV, 110kV, 132kV, 230kV, 400kV, 765kV
Secondary transmission: 33kV, 66kV, 110kV, 132kV
Primary distribution: 2.2kV, 3.3kV, 6.6kV, 11kV, 15kV, 22kV, 33kV
Secondary distribution: 440V
However, there is no clear demarcation line between primary and
secondary transmission voltage levels.
 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

Challenge

- Electrical energy cannot be stored economically and

- The electric utility can exercise little control over the load
demand (power) at any time.

- The power system must, therefore, be capable of matching

the output from the generators to demand at any time at
specified voltage and frequency.
 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

POWER SYSTEM….Large and Complex

Constant increase in electrical energy demand results……

More and more
- generating units,
- the transmission lines
- Distribution network
- Necessary controlling and protective circuits
…..make the power system a large complex system.

Hence highly trained engineers are needed to develop and

implement the advanced technology for planning,
operation and control of power systems.
 The objective of the Course

To present methods of analysis with respect to the planning and

expansion, operation and control of power systems, which
involves…..

Modeling (representation of the system suitable for analysis)

Load flow studies
Fault calculations
Protective schemes
Stability studies.
 The objective of the Course

System modeling relates to representation of the system

suitable for analysis. It includes one line diagram, impedance
diagram, reactance diagram, per unit quantities, per unit
impedance diagram, formation of bus admittance & impedance
matrices

Load flow analysis is the determination of the voltage, current,

real and reactive powers at various points in the power network
under normal operating conditions.
 The objective of the Course
A fault in a power network is any failure which interferes with
the normal operation of the system. Fault calculations or Fault
analysis consist of determining the fault currents for various
types of faults at various points of the network.

Faults can be very destructive to power systems. System

protection schemes are therefore be evolved and implemented
for the reliability and safety of power systems. (included in the
course EEE 483 – Switchgear and Protection)

Stability analysis deals with the determination of the effects of

disturbances on power systems. The disturbance may vary from
the usual fluctuation of the load to severe fault causing the loss
of an important transmission line.
 Syllabus
Power Network Representations: Per unit method of performance calculation, changing the base of per
unit quantities, per unit impedance in single phase transformer and three phase transformer circuits, per
unit impedance of three winding transformers, one-line diagram, impedance and reactance diagram.

Network Matrices and Power Flow Analysis:Node equations,bus admittance and impedance matrices,
Classification of buses,Development of power flow model in complex variables form and polar variables
form, Power flow solutions using Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods, Control of voltage, real
power and reactive power, Optimal Power Flow (OPF).

Symmetrical Three phase faults: Importance of fault analysis, Basic assumptions in fault analysis in
power system, transient and sub transient reactance of synchronous machines and short circuit currents,
Symmetrical fault calculation methods – Thevenin equivalent method, bus impedance matrix method.

Symmetrical components: Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors, unsymmetrical series

impedances, sequence impedance and sequence networks,sequence networks of generators, transformers
and lines, sequence network of systems.

Unsymmetrical Faults: Unsymmetrical short-circuits on an unloaded generator, single line-to-ground

fault, line-to-line fault, double line-to-ground fault, unsymmetrical faults of power systems, faults
through impedance, unsymmetrical open circuits and series impedances.

Power System Stability: Definition and classification of stability, swing equation, power-angle
equation, equal area criterion of stability, multi-machine stability studies, step-by-step solution of the
swing curve, factors affecting transient stability,Frequency and voltage stability.
Distributed generation, smart grid and SCADA, PMU.
 Syllabus
Power Network Representations: Per unit method of performance calculation, changing the base of per
unit quantities, per unit impedance in single phase transformer and three phase transformer circuits, per
unit impedance of three winding transformers, one-line diagram, impedance and reactance diagram.

Network Matrices and Power Flow Analysis:Node equations,bus admittance and impedance matrices,
Classification of buses,Development of power flow model in complex variables form and polar variables
form, Power flow solutions using Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods, Control of voltage, real
power and reactive power, Optimal Power Flow (OPF).

Symmetrical Three phase faults: Importance of fault analysis, Basic assumptions in fault analysis in
power system, transient and sub transient reactance of synchronous machines and short circuit currents,
Symmetrical fault calculation methods – Thevenin equivalent method, bus impedance matrix method.

Symmetrical components: Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors, unsymmetrical series

impedances, sequence impedance and sequence networks,sequence networks of generators, transformers
and lines, sequence network of systems.

Unsymmetrical Faults: Unsymmetrical short-circuits on an unloaded generator, single line-to-ground

fault, line-to-line fault, double line-to-ground fault, unsymmetrical faults of power systems, faults
through impedance, unsymmetrical open circuits and series impedances.

Power System Stability: Definition and classification of stability, swing equation, power-angle
equation, equal area criterion of stability, multi-machine stability studies, step-by-step solution of the
swing curve, factors affecting transient stability,Frequency and voltage stability.
Distributed generation, smart grid and SCADA, PMU.
Books:

Text: Elements of Power System Analysis – William D. Stevenson, Jr. (4th edition)

Reference:

(i) Power System Analysis and Design- Glover, Sarma, Overbye (4th edition)

(ii) Electrical Power Systems- Ashfaq Husain

(iii) Power System Analysis- Hadi Saadat

 System modeling
(Representation of Power System suitable for analysis)

 One line diagram

 Impedance diagram
 Reactance diagram
 Per unit quantities
 Per unit impedance diagram
 Formation of bus admittance & impedance matrices
 One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)
Single phase representation of balanced 3- networks
Ia ZT

Under balanced conditions

|Ia|= |Ib|= |Ic|and are displaced in Zg
+ ZL
phase by 120. Ea
Zn In = 0 Ia
N n
 In  Ia  Ib  Ic  0 Ec Eb ZL ZL
+ +
Zg Zg Ic Ib
Zn does not have any effect Ib ZT
on network behaviour.
Ic ZT

For the reference phase a

ia ZT
Ea  Z g  ZT  Z L  I a ...........................(1)
Zg
The currents and voltages in other phases have the + ZL
Ea
same magnitude but are shifted in phase by 120.
 Solution of eqn (1) completely determines the N n
solution of 3- network.
 One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)
Single phase representation of balanced 3- networks
Y-Y Transformer:
ia IA

a N1 : N2 A
van VAN
N1 N2

n N van VAN
ic IC
n N

ib IB Fig. 1- representation

Fig. 3- Y-Y transformer
 One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)
Single phase representation of balanced 3- networks
Y- Transformer:  Side can be converted to equivalent Y and represent in
single phase.
ia
a IA
van A
N1 N2

n N2 N 3
IC
ic C
c
IB
b B
ib

Ia N1 : N2 /3 IA
a A

van VAN

n N
One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)

 Electric power systems are very complex and their size is

unwieldy.

 It is very difficult to represent all the components of the

system on a single frame.

 The complexities could be in terms of various types of

protective devices, machines (transformers, generators,
motors, etc.), their connections (star, delta, etc.), etc.

 Hence, for the purpose of power system analysis, a simple

single phase equivalent circuit is developed called, the one
line diagram (OLD) or the single line diagram (SLD).
 One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)
An OLD/SLD is the simple and concise form of
representing a given power system.

 Single phase circuit

 Completing circuit through the neutral is omitted

 Component parts are indicated by standard symbols

rather than by their equivalent circuits

 Circuit parameters are not shown

 Transmission line is represented by single line between

two ends
One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)

A given OLD/SLD will contain only such data that are

relevant to the system analysis under consideration.

For example

- the details of protective devices need not be shown for

load flow analysis

- it is necessary to show the details of shunt values for

stability studies.
One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)

10.8 kV
11 kV 160 kVA
100 kVA 12%
8% 11/220 kV 220/11 kV
j100 M
G
Load B
Bus 1 Bus 2

Fig. 1-1

Impedances are represented in phase values (or p.u./percent values), voltage is

line value and power is 3- value in practice.

Under balanced conditions, the impedance of neutral grounding is not going to

have any effect as the neutral current = 0.
One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)

Apparatus Symbols

Fig. 1-2