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iMedPub Journals Journal of Reproductive Health and Contraception 2022

www.imedpub.com Vol.7 No.5:1000152
ISSN 2471-9749

The Consequences of In vitro Fertilization Treat m ent

Maryam Farzaneh*
Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
*Corresponding author: Maryam Farzaneh, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of
Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Tel: 9104579736; Email: [email protected]
Received: May 4, 2020, Manuscript No. ipjcs-20-3979 Editor assigned: May 7, 2020, PreQC No. ipjcs-20-3979; Reviewed: May 21, 2020, QC No.
ipjcs-20-3979; Revised: June 28, 2022, QI No. ipjcs-20-3979; Manuscript No. R-26601; Published: July 26, 2022, DOI: 10.21767/2471-9749.2022.
7.5.152
Citation: Farzaneh M (2022) The Consequences of In vitro Fertilization Treatment. J Reproduct Health Contracept Vol: 7 No: 5:152.

sperm are placed next to the egg in an environmentally

controlled chamber in a laboratory [10]. Fertilization is the
Abstract process in which one of the sperm is placed next to the egg to
form a diploid cell, known as zygote [11,12].
Infertility as a disease of the reproductive system is the
inability to become pregnant after 12 months of intercourse In the IVF, there are several steps including hormonal
without contraception using no birth control methods. In stimulation or superovulation with exogenous gonadotropins or
vitro Fertilization (IVF) as a form of Assisted Reproductive similar substances to release more than one healthy egg in a
Technology (ART) and the most effective intervention is month, egg retrieval or follicular aspiration after a minor
used to treat infertility issues with the joining of a woman's surgery, In vitro Maturation (IVM) of gametes, insemination or
egg and a man's sperm outside the body, in a laboratory.
inserting the highest quality sperm with the best quality eggs,
There are several steps including hormonal stimulation, egg
retrieval, insemination, fertilization, embryo culture, and fertilization, embryo culture or cleavage-stage embryos, pre-
embryo transfer to the woman's body. If the chance of implantation genetic diagnosis, and embryo transfer to the
fertilization is low, in Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection woman's uterus [13,14]. If the chance of fertilization is low, in
(ICSI) procedure the sperm is directly injected into the Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) procedure the sperm
cytoplasm of an egg. IVF as a breakthrough in the treatment being directly injected into the cytoplasm of an egg with a
of infertility provides the best opportunity of having a child micropipette to promote fertilization [15,16]. After traditional
using their own eggs. IVF can be more successful than other
IVF or ICSI, once sperm-egg fusion happens, the fertilized egg or
forms of ART such as Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
method. Although the procedure of IVF has many an embryo is cultured for 2-6 days and transferred to the same
advantages for a couple who would be unable to have a or another woman’s womb [17,18] (Figure 1 ). After fertility
baby, it has some disadvantages. The review aims to update treatment, at the same time, more than one embryo may be put
the potential impact and risks at different times in the IVF into the uterus of a female [19]. Embryo Transfer (ET) number is
process. dependent on the various variables such as maternal age and
egg quality and fertility [20]. Although the procedure of IVF has
Keywords: Infertility; In vitro fertilization; Pregnancy; many advantages for a couple who would be unable to have a
Embryo culture; Advantages; Disadvantages
baby, it has some disadvantages. This review aims to update the
potential impact and risks at different times in the IVF process.

Introduction Literature Review

Infertility as a disease of the reproductive system is biological With the advent of ART, IVF as a breakthrough in the
inability to achieve pregnancy after 12 months or more of treatment of infertility provides the best opportunity of having a
unprotected intercourse [1]. The development of In vitro child using their own eggs [21]. The advantage of IVF is achieving
Fertilization (IVF) improved the management of female infertility a successful pregnancy in women with blocked or damaged
and used to overcome reproductive problems [2,3]. IVF is a fallopian tubes, in unexplained or undiagnosed infertility,
complex series of procedures used to treat infertility issues or management for women with cancer, women with menopause
prevent genetic disorders [4,5]. IVF as a form of Assisted or premature ovarian failure, women with endometriosis,
Reproductive Technology (ART) and a major breakthrough in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), and patients
embryo transfer is the joining of a woman's egg and a man's with a low ovarian reserve or people who would be unable to
sperm outside the body, in vitro “in glass” [6]. In 1978, the first bear a child [22,23]. Male factor infertility will exhibit a much
‘IVF baby’ was born using natural IVF by Louise Brown [7]. Since higher chance of the live birth IVF success rate than in other
then, IVF outcomes improved and provided large numbers of cases of IVF [24,25]. IVF can be more successful than other
women the possibility of becoming pregnant and increased their forms of ART such as Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) method
chances [8,9]. In traditional IVF, 50,000 or more swimming

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Vol.7 No.5:1000152

that involves putting sperm directly into a woman's cervix, fertilization is low, in Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
fallopian tubes, or uterus to facilitate fertilization [26,27]. IUI can procedure the sperm is directly injected into the cytoplasm of an
be a useful option for single women and same couples to egg with a micropipette to promote fertilization (Figure 2).
become parents. If IUI has not been successful, IVF with donor
sperm can provide a great opportunity for helping couples who
wish to have a child [28-30]. IVF with fewer drugs can decrease
the risk of side effects in some patients who are at high risk for
Ovarian Hyper Stimulation Syndrome (OHSS) [31-33]. IVF with
Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) and Pre-implantation
Genetic Screening (PGS) can also help to find out fertilization
problems and inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis,
Huntington’s Disease (HD), Down’s syndrome, and muscular
dystrophy to improve the chances of a successful outcome
[34,35]. With the permission of the biological parents, unused
embryos can be donated for human Embryonic Stem Cell (hESC)
research, or to help other people who would be unable to have
Figure 2: The advantages and disadvantages of IVF
a baby [36-40]. Therefore, IVF is the most powerful fertility
technology.
treatment available that can help couples overcome various
types of infertility and give patients a good chance of success
(Figure 1). Discussion
Multiple variables such as the economic and political
environment of the country, the education and reproductive
health care level, and medical-care equipment at the hospital
can be important to accessing IVF treatment [42]. Despite the
development of IVF more than 30 years ago, the cost as an
important element and a barrier to accessing IVF treatment
remains high. IVF is an expensive treatment in most parts of the
world. The average cost of one fresh IVF cycle in the United
States costs around $12,000. If patients require further ART, the
cost will be higher as much as $15,000 via private funding. IVF
treatment in the United Kingdom and Australia costs per IVF/ICSI
cycles is around $5,000-6,000 that is available in a range of
prices [43]. IVF in developing countries is limited to people who
can afford the cost involved. In resource-poor countries, a large
majority of the population cannot afford infertility treatment;
because the insurance company only covered fertility diagnosis,
not treatment. In recent years, there has been growing interest
in finding strategies to enhance the level of mother care in low-
resource countries [44,45].
Therefore, the development of low-cost and cost-effective IVF
treatment is urgent in areas with limited resources. Public
funding (full, partial) and the provision of health insurance for
IVF treatment can remove the remaining barrier to IVF by
covering fertility care or egg-freezing [46]. There are several
strategies to reduce cost in IVF including simplifying diagnostics
methods, decreasing the cost of ovarian stimulation, reducing
fertility drug levels, simplifying the IVF procedures, and
decreasing the need for sophisticated IVF related equipment in
the laboratory. Research has shown that IVF is not an effective
treatment due to reproductive aging and has low success rates
less than 20% per cycle in women 40 and beyond [47]. So, these
Figure 1: Step by step IVF treatment procedure.
patients by using their own oocytes do not benefit from ART
In the IVF, there are several steps including hormonal procedures. Although IVF side effects will vary depending upon
stimulation to release more than one healthy egg in a month, the patient, multi-fetal pregnancy or the risk of multiple births
putting a needle through vaginal wall and into the ovary for egg should be considered as an adverse effect of IVF for infertility
retrieval, insemination or inserting the highest quality sperm treatment. Therefore, critical attention would be necessary to
with the best quality eggs, fertilization, embryo culture and improve treatment fertilization problems.
embryo transfer to the woman's womb [41]. If the chance of

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Vol.7 No.5:1000152

15. Tanveer A, Malviya N, Yadav D (2018) Omics approaches in in vitro

Conclusion fertilization. Omics Technol Bio-Eng.
To date, IVF has increased the treatment of infertility and 16. Wintner EM, Hershko-Klement A, Tzadikevitch K, Ghetler Y, Gonen
used to overcome reproductive problems or prevent genetic O, et al. (2017) Does the transfer of a poor quality embryo
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elucidated to facilitate effective IVF treatment, especially for (IVF) outcome? J Ovarian Res 10: 1-5.
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afford many of the health care. IVF, unlike other medical Lemmen JG, et al. (2017) Effect of women’s age on embryo
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Declaration of Interest autonomy? Bioethics 23: 39-46.
19. Zhang M, Bu T, Tian H, Li X, Wang D, et al. (2019) Use of cumulative
The authors declare no conflict of interest. live birth rate per total number of embryos to calculate the
success of IVF in consecutive IVF cycles in women aged ≥ 35 years.
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